Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
Proceedings of The 1st “International Conference On Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) 2015
Editors : Prof. Les Christidis Assoc.Prof. Fil.Dr. Tomas Cedhagen Dr. Andreas Kunzmann Dr.rer.nat. Ir. Eugenius Alfred Renjaan, M.Sc Dr.rer.nat Gino Valentino Limmon, M.Sc
Disclaimer The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. Views expressed in all contributions are those of the authors and not those of the MSFT or publisher.
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic Langgur-Sathean Ring Road. Km. 6, Langgur Southeast Maluku Postal Code 97611 Phone(+62) 812 12161645; www.polikant.ac.id
Title Proceedings of The 1st “International Conference On Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) 2015 Editors Les Christidis; Tomas Cedhagen; Andreas Kunzmann; Eugenius Alfred Renjaan; Gino Valentino Limmon Publisher Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic
First Edition, 2015
Cover Design by Agung Layout by Wellem Anselmus Teniwut
ISBN 978-602-14894-1-3
Reports can be freely downloaded from http://www/msft.polikant.ac.id
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
Organizing Committee of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technologies (MSFT) 2015 Host Organizer Politeknik Perikanan Negeri Tual (Polikant) Advisory Committee Eugenius Alfred Renjaan (Polikant-Indonesia) Chairman Gino Valentino Limmon (Unpatti-Indonesia) Co Chairman Ismael Marassabessy (Polikant-Indonesia) Program Chair Wellem Anselmus Teniwut Secretary Cenny Putnarubun Riska Andalina Publications Chair Meiskyana Reynold Renyaan Martha Rettob Dani Sjafardan Royani Publicity Chair Syahibul Kahfi Hamid Linda Dangeubun Workshop Chair Agmi S.P Beruat Semuel Balubun Maria M. Ngamelubun
Local Arrangement Chair Glenty B.A. Somnaikubun Abdul Malik Serang Anthon Daud Kilmanun Julianus Notanubun Fien Sudirjo Simon Marsholl Picaulima Erwin Tanjaya Jusron Ali Rahajaan Jakomina Metungun Bruri Berel Tumiwa Roberto Mario Kabi Teniwut
Technical Program Committee Jhony Dobo Wisye Pattiwael Ida I Dewa Ayu Raka Susanty Dullah Irwan Latar Moses Tjoanda Elizabeth Juleny Tapotubun Eka Anto Supeni Jakomina Tahapary Nally Y.G.F. Erbabley Muznah Toatubun Nini Munirah Renur Kamilius D. Betaubun Wiwin Gaby Hukubun Imanuel Musa Thenu Pitjont Tomatala Mariana Y. Beruatjaan Helena Afia Sahusilawane Maria Kristina Ohoiwutun Erol Ricardo Soselisa Pieter Semuel Foudubun
Key Partners Jamaluddin Jompa (Unhas-Indonesia) Ocky Karna Radjasa (Undip-Indonesia) Muhammad Muklis Kamal (IPB-Indonesia) Yusli Wardiatno (IPB-Indonesia) Achmad Fachrudin (IPB-Indonesia) Budi Resosudarmo (ANU-Australia) Andreas Kunzmann (ZMT Bremen-Germany)
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR OF TUAL STATE FISHERIES POLYTECHNIC
On behalf of Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic, I am thanking all scientists and delegations to attend the 2015 MSFT The 1st International Conference in Langgur, Southeast Maluku, Indonesia. Communities on small islands are generally isolated from many scientific and technological advances, which often results in the non-sustainable use of marine resources and low economic growth. This international conference was initiated to serve as a platform for the information exchange of research results from various fields of marine science and fisheries technology, including relevant socioeconomic and business disciplines, as well as the sharing of practical experiences in the utilization and management of the marine resources of small islands on an on-going basis. I am honored that the conference opened by Maluku Provincial Governor Ir. Said Assagaff. With over 40 National and International speakers from, Australia, United States of America, Sweden, Denmark, Malaysia, German and France and Indonesia. The conference also as bridge for small islands like Southeast Maluku and Maluku in particular and Indonesia in general to the world in order to enforcing and improving sustainable development with applied marine science and fisheries technology. The first MSFT covers a broad range of topics related to applied marine science and fisheries technology, from monetizing marine resources, latest technology on improving aquaculture, density on coral reef related to sustainable of marine resources to the practical solution on increasing the welfare of small islands communities. I hope these Proceedings will furnish the scientists of the world with an excellent reference book. I trust also that this will be an impetus to stimulate further study and research in all these areas.
Eugenius Alfred Renjaan
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
PREFACE
From August 18-21, 2015 Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic was pleased to host The First biannual “International Conference On Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) 2015” with main theme “Enforcing Sustainable Development of Marine Resources of Small Island”. MSFT 2015 was held in Langgur, Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia. The Organizing Committee was pleased to note that the event gained significant interest, With over 40 National and International speakers from, Australia, United States of America, Sweden, Denmark, Malaysia, German and France and Indonesia from 22 institutions around te world as well as 31 oral presenters 18 poster presentations during 4 panel sessions. The conference hosted six keynote presentations. Dr. Zainal Arifin (Indoneisia) “Potential of Marine Pollution from Oil and Gas Industries in Eastern Indonesia and Its Prevention Efforts”, Prof. Les Christidis (Australia) presented “Incorporating diversity in aquaculture approaches as a way of future proofing the sustainable development of marine resources of small islands”, Prof. Laszlo Szekely, MD, PhD (Sweden) presented “Do we need thousand new anti-cancer drugs and can we find them in the sea?”, Assoc.Prof. Fil.Dr Tomas Cedhagen (Denmark) presented “Environmental Monitoring Through next-generation sequence Metabarcoding: Assessing The Impact of Fish Farming on bentchic macro and meiofauna communities”, Prof. Hans Glise, MD, PhD (Sweden) presented “Monetizing Marine Biodiversity for Economic Development in a Sustainable way” and Dr. Andreas Kunzmann (Germany) presented “Improving Seaweed Farmers Livelihoods Through Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and High Quality Seaweed Processing” We wish to express our gratutide to sponsors that generously assisted the work of MSFT 2015, Bank Mandiri, Bank Modern and Bank BRI. The organizing committee was delighted with the success of the conference, and wishes to note that the conference would not have occurred without the efforts of the many members of the committee, who gave generously of their time. Finally, editors have worked hard to review and edited all papers of MSFT Proceeding and we apologize if there are still any shortcoming and it will be our valuable evaluation for better work in coming years.
We thank all authors and participants for their contributions.
Chairman, Co Chairman, Program Chair
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
TABLE OF CONTENTS Organizing Commitee ______iii Message from Director of Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic ______iv Preface ______v Table of Contents ______vi
LIST OF ABSTRACTS Keynote Speakers Potential of Marine Pollution from Oil and Gas Industries in Eastern Indonesia and Its Prevention Efforts By Zainal Arifin, Mohammad Romli, Andreas Kunzman ______1 Incorporating Diversity In Aquaculture Approaches as A Way of Future Proofing The Sustainable Development of Marine Resources of Small Islands By Les Christidis ______2 Environmental Monitoring Through next-generation sequence Metabarcoding: Assessing The Impact of Fish Farming on bentchic macro and meiofauna communitues By Tomas Cedhagen ______3 Do we need thousand new anti-cancer drugs and can we find them in the sea? By Laszlo Szekely ______4 Monetizing Marine Biodiversity for Economic Development in a Sustainable way By Niclas Adler and Hans Glise ______5 Improving Seaweed Farmers Livelihoods Through Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and High Quality Seaweed Processing By Andreas Kunzmann ______6
Scope: Marine Biodiversity and Marine Conservation Segara Anakan Lagoon Biodiversity Facing Natural and Human-Impacted Pressure By A.D Syakti, N.V Hidayati, E. Hilmi, N. Andriani, Harisam, Hartoyo, A.S Siregar ______7 Assessment of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) for Seagrass Ecosystem Management: A Case Study Kotania Bay By Mintje Wawo ______8 An Analysis of coral reef condition in Ambon Island By Gino Valentino Limmon ______9 Fingerprint Method Application Based on Artificial Neural Network for Coral Lifeform Identification and Quantification By Jusron Ali Rahajaan, Indra Jaya, Totok Hestirianoto ______10 Coastal Vulnerability Assessment to Sea Level Rise in Inner Ambon Bay By Aditya B. C. Hutapea, Ivonne M. Radjawane, Willem M. Tatipatta ______11 Utilization of Tofu Waste as a Cultivation Media for Tetraselmis sp. Microalgae in Preliminary Study of Biodiesel Production By Cenny Putnarubun, Martha Rettob, I.B.W Gunam, Semuel Kuriake Balubun ______12
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
Scope: Fisheries Social Economic and Business Kei Language Lexicon of Sea Environmental In Warbal: Ecolinguistics Study By Meiksyana Raynold Renjaan, Meyske Angel Rahantoknam, Anna Maria Ngabalin, Marselus Hungan ______13
Scope: Marine Resources Exploration Assess the Oceanographic Environmental Condition Using Multi Approaches to Determine the Big-eye Tuna Fishing Ground Area in South Java Water By Ivonne M. Radjawane, Rendy Arya Duta, Indah Lutfiyati, Ibnu Sofian ______14 Coupling of Biological-Chemical Parameters In The Banda Sea By Irma Kesaulya, Malik Sudin Abdul, Taufiniringsi Kesaulya, Johanis D Lekalette ______15
Scope: Marine Culture Sea Current Determine Environmental Carrying Capacity For Cultivation of Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) In Kei Kecil Island, Indonesia By Eugenius Alfred Renjaan ______16 Some Eco-physiological Responses of Chlorella Cultured at Different Environment By Endang Jamal, Agapery Y. Pattinasarany, Femy Piris ______17 Strategy on Ovarian Maturation of Brood Mud Crab Through Variations In Feeding By Bethsy Pattiasiana ______18
Scope: Marine Food Processing Exploration of Nutritional and Molecular Characteristics on Baronang Fish (Siganidae sp) from Seribu Island, Jakarta-Indonesia By Mala Nurilmala, Lita A Wahyuningtyas, Joko Santoso, Nurjanah ______19 Fatty Acids Availabilty On Laor (Polychaeta) By Imelda K.E. Savitri, Matheus Ch. A. Latumahina, A. M. Tapotubun ______20 Amino Acid Composition of Marine Worm (Kian) From Ur Island by Different Methods of Preservation By Agnes Batmomolin, Jhon D Haluruk, Cenny Putnarubun ______21 The Use of Atung (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) Seed Powder as a Natural Preservative At The Loin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) By Erynola Moniharapon ______22
Poster Presentation Antibacterial Investigated of Phospholipase A2 From The Spines Venom of Crown of Thorns Starfish Acanthasterplanci By Imelda Krisanta Enda Savitri, Fera Ibrahim, Nunuk Widhyastuti, Muhamad Sahlan, Anondho Wijanarko ______23 Bioprospecting of Some Marine Tunicates From Spermonde Archipelago South Sulawesi By Magdalena Litaay, Risco B Gobel, Zaraswati Dwyana, Nur Haedar, Nenis Sardiani, Erviana Tahir, Grace Christine, Arafah Nurfadillah ______24 LAT (Caulerpa spp), An Endemic Seaweed From Mollucas; Inventaritation of Its Utilization and Potential By Alfonsina Marthina Tapotubun ______25
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The Potentinal and Diversity of Coral Reef Fishes In Kei Island, Maluku By Frederik Rijoly, Grace E. M. Rijoly, Gino Valentino Limmon ______26 The Making of Jelly Drink from Seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni) Effect of using seaweed extract (Caulepra racemosa.) to fresh scads fish quality (Decapterus sp.) during storage room temperature By Saul. A Serpara, Selfi. M. Nara ______27
LIST OF PAPERS Scope: Marine Biodiversity and Marine Conservation Macro Invertebrates Diversity at Buli Bay: Ecology Determinants and Relationship with Water Quality Parameters By Mohammad Ridwan Lessy, Jefry Bemba, Salim Abubakar ______28 Composition and Density of Coral Fish on Coastal Waters of Village Eri, Outer Ambon Bay By Wiwien Gaby Hukubun ______35 Simple Technology to Develop Marine Wastes: from a Prototype to a Large Scale Industry By Hendry Izaac Elim, et al ______40 Scope: Fisheries Social Economic and Business Improving Performance of Fisheries Sector in Maluku Province: Impulse Response Factor (IRF) Approach By Wellem Anselmus Teniwut, Eygner Gerald Talakua, Bruri Berel Tumiwa ______46 Analysis of People Perception on Seaweed Processing Products By Syahibul Kahfi Hamid, Ida I Dewa Ayu Raka Susanty ______50 Scope: Marine Resources Exploration Energy Transferring From Plankton to Small Pelagic Fish in the Surrounding Waters of Ambon Bay By N.V Huliselan, M.A Tuapattinaja, S Haumahu ______56 Distribution of Phytoplankton in Kao Bay, North Mollucas By Frederika S. Pello, Sara Haumahu, Niette V. Huliselan, Maureen A. Tuapattinaja ______64 The Influence of Immersion Period and Fish Distribution Pattern in Shallow Water FADs By Hafinuddin, Sakri Ibrahim , Wan Mohd. Rauhan Wan Hussin, Wan Muhamad Amir Wan Ahmad ______71 Application on Eco-Friendly Fishing Technology in Sathean village (Ohoi Sathean) and Selayar By Ida I Dewa Ayu Raka Susanty, Jakomina Tahapary ______79 Mini Purse Seine Fisheries of The West Season In Sathean Village Southeast Maluku District By Erwin Tanjaya, Eko Anto Supeni ______82 Application of Light Reflectors in The Operation of Lift Net In Selayar Water, Southeast Maluku By Imanuel Musa Thenu, Jakomina Tahapary ______88 Scope: Marine Culture Socio-cultural and ecological condition of seaweed culture in Lembongan Island, Bali Province By I Wayan Arthana, Dwi Budi Wiyanto, I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang ______96 Detecting Plant Growth Regulator In Seaweeds Using Bioassays By Ramal Yusuf, Paul Kristiansen, Abd Syakur, Hidayati Masud, Hawalina ______107
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF SEAWEED CULTURE IN LEMBONGAN ISLAND, BALI PROVINCE
I Wayan Arthana1, Dwi Budi Wiyanto2, I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang2 1 Aquatic Resource Management Studi Program, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University, Bali, 2 Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University, Bali Correspondent Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Research of seaweed culture development at Nusa Lembongan's Beach waters of Bali Province through ecological and socio-cultural study focus has been done. It was selected as much as 16 station locations for water quality measurement in the beaches and distributed of questionnaire to know the condition of socio-cultural of seaweed farmers. Seaweed culture activities were quite often disturbed by pest and weeds namely sea fish and algae of Chaetomorpha crassa . Base on education level, mostly of seaweed farmers are low education in which from 33 seaweed farmer respondents, 55% are pre elementary school, 3% get elementary school, 9% get senior high school, 6 % get bachelor school and 27 % are no school. Only 9 % of the farmers join in seaweed farmer’s group activities. Condition of waters quality is shown by pH's level among 7-8, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranging among 8,4-9,2 ppm, waters temperature around 24-28 0C, waters depth during high sea level around 1.0-2.7 meters, meanwhile during low sea level is only ranging among 40-50 cm. Range of waters salinity is 31-33 ppt, conductivity among 52-53 μmhos/cm, waters turbidity among 0.12-8.49 ppm and current speed is ranging among 0.1-0.6 m/sec. Keywords: Ecology and socio-cultural, seaweed culture, waters quality
1. INTRODUCTION The territory of Bali Province is surrounded by sea that has the potential of fisheries resources to be developed. One of the activities of marine and fisheries sector that is being concern is the cultivation of seaweed. Development of seaweed cultivation is the major project in the framework for economic development in coastal areas. Determination of the commodity is motivated by several considerations, among others, the availability of large area, simple cultivation technology, environmentally friendly, relatively short production period, high labor absorption, relatively low production costs, have high sales value as an export commodity. In addition, through the cultivation of seaweed development program is expected to stimulate economic growth in the region in line with rising incomes (Arthana, et al., 2014). Bali coastal area up to 200 nautical miles limit is ± 95,000 km2. Coastal area potential for mariculture is around 1551.75 ha and only used for the cultivation of mariculture around 418.5 hectares or 26.96% with the types of commodities that has been developed is seaweed of Eucheuma spinosum and Eucheuma cotonii. Potential development of seaweed cultivation in Bali covers an area of 780 hectares, spread across 5 districts, each of which is in Buleleng 7.0 ha, Jembrana 65 ha, Badung 400 ha, Klungkung 290 ha and Karangasem 18 ha. Lembongan Island itself is belonging to Klungkung regency. The success of seaweed cultivation is influenced by several environmental factors namely physical, chemical and biological (Soenardjo, 2011). Seaweed growth is strongly influenced by physiologic tolerance of the plant to adapt to environmental factors such as: substrate, salinity, temperature, and light intensity. Besides, the selection of the location and the method to be used also determine the success (Soenardjo, 2011). Seaweed farming activities in Bali continues to progress both in terms of aspects of land use, increased production and improved welfare for businesses such as farmers, processors and marketers. Especially for Lembongan Island waters, ideal for the development of seaweed farming which according to Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan (2006), salinity waters at the location should be about 28-35 ppt and it is fulfilled. Likewise, the temperature of sea water that good for seaweed cultivation is ranges between 27 - 30oC and the depth of waters that is good for cultivation of seaweed Eucheuma spp is 0.3 to 0.6 meters at its lowest ebb for off bottom method (Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2006) also fulfilled. Seaweed farming activities is not escape from some constraints such as harvest failures and loss of quality of the harvest. The constraints may be due to environmental conditions and less appropriate growing season when farmers start their activities. Therefore, knowledge about the characteristics of
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia coastal and optimum environmental conditions for the cultivation of seaweed is really needed. Furthermore, to maintain the sustainability of seaweed cultivation in Lembongan Island will require an assessment in terms of both ecological and social resilience towards seaweed farming in terms of both quality and quantity. The purpose of this study was to determine the ecological condition of the water and socio-economic conditions of the community on Lembongan Island as a policy reference in the development of seaweed cultivation.
2. METHODOLOGY In the waters of Lembongan Island was selected 16 points of water quality measurement stations (Figure 1) as well as social studies using the survey method. In this study, there were 33 respondents of seaweed farmers. Interviews conducted in the huts belonging to farmers which are located adjacent to the beach location of seaweed cultivation. In addition to data collection activities through interviews, this study also observed on the activity of seaweed cultivators and postharvest handling by farmers. Some of this data has been presented at the National Conference IX, Coastal Resources Management, Marine and Small Islands Surabaya, East Java, 19 to 23 November 2014, then performed the recalculating of data and rewriting.
2.1 Data Collection Methods The parameters measured in the field (in situ) include the physical and chemical parameters. Physical parameters are consisting of temperature, depth, turbidity, conductivity and current velocity. Chemical parameters are consisting of salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH. Table 1 shows the measuring instruments used.
Table 1. Table Tools Used in Research Parameter Tool Specification Place a. Physics 1. Temperature (°C) Thermometer Hg Insitu 2. Water Depth (m) Deeps can Insitu 3. Turbidity (ppm) Sechi disk Insitu 4. Current (m/sec) Current meter Insitu 5. Conductivity (μmhos/cm) Conductivity meter Insitu b. Chemistry 1. Salinity (ppt) Refractometer Insitu 2. pH pH meter insitu 3. Oxygen (ppm) Oxygen meter insitu c. Social Socio-economic and cultural Questionnaires Insitu conditions of society
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
Figure 1. Map of research sampling locations.
Description: Station 1 is represented by samples 1, 2 and 3 Station 2 is represented by samples 4, 5 and 6 Station 3 is represented by samples 7, 8 and 9 Station 4 is represented by samples 10, 11 and 12 Station 5 is represented by samples 13, 14, 15 and 16
3. RESULTS Seaweed cultivation in Lembongan Island is the center of seaweed cultivation in Bali Province. Seaweed cultivation methods developed by farmers using off bottom method, with a length of rope between 5-10 meters, and the spacing of ± 20 cm. Type of seaweed that is grown is Eucheuma cottoni. The harvest yield, commonly is sold in dry condition, be gathered to collectors, and then sent to Nusa Penida Island.
3.1. Water Conditions on Research Location In general, the quality of the waters of Lembongan Island is still feasible for the growth of seaweed. Results of water quality measurements are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Results of water quality measurements in Lembongan Island Oxy- Tempe- Sali- Conduc- Turbi- Station Sample pH Deep Current gen rature nity tivity dity 1 7.93 4.90 26.00 14.00 33.00 52.10 3.46 0.10 2 7.92 8.00 25.50 14.00 33.00 52.60 0.89 0.30 1 3 7.86 8.00 25.30 16.00 32.00 52.50 0.90 0.30 Average 7.90 6.97 25.60 14.67 32.67 52.40 1.75 0.23 Stdev 0.04 1.79 0.36 1.15 0.58 0.26 1.48 0.12 4 7.83 3.30 27.00 12.00 31.00 52.90 2.75 0.60 5 7.94 3.80 26.30 14.00 31.00 53.20 2.03 0.30 2 6 7.79 4.60 24.90 14.00 31.00 53.10 1.00 0.30 Average 7.85 3.90 26.07 13.33 31.00 53.07 1.93 0.40 Stdev 0.08 0.66 1.07 1.15 0.00 0.15 0.88 0.17
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
7 7.96 4.80 26.60 16.00 31.00 53.40 3.10 0.30 8 7.92 4.80 27.00 24.00 31.00 53.10 3.50 0.20 3 9 7.99 5.00 27.20 10.00 30.00 53.20 1.92 0.20 Average 7.96 4.87 26.93 16.67 30.67 53.23 2.84 0.23 Stdev 0.04 0.12 0.31 7.02 0.58 0.15 0.82 0.06 10 8.04 7.30 27.10 17.00 30.00 52.90 0.34 0.30 11 8.01 7.40 26.90 27.00 29.00 52.60 0.47 0.20 4 12 7.95 7.30 27.10 14.00 29.00 52.20 0.16 0.30 Average 8.00 7.33 27.03 19.33 29.33 52.57 0.32 0.27 Stdev 0.05 0.06 0.12 6.81 0.58 0.35 0.16 0.06 13 8.01 6.30 27.60 17.00 30.00 52.70 0.12 0.60 14 8.01 7.90 28.10 15.00 30.00 52.70 0.34 0.50 15 8.03 8.00 28.00 14.00 31.00 52.90 1.98 0.40 5 16 8.03 7.80 28.10 14.00 30.00 52.70 1.38 0.40 Average 8.02 7.50 27.95 15.00 30.25 52.75 0.96 0.48 Stdev 0.01 0.80 0.24 1.41 0.50 0.10 0.88 0.10
The value of pH is still relatively normal for the growth of seaweed farming which range of 7.79 – 8.04 (Figure 2). Figure 2 shows that the pH value at station 5 was higher than that in station 1 and 2. In this regard stations 1 and 2 are an intensive seaweed cultivation area by society while at station 5 fewer cultivation activity. The pH value of the water that is suitable for the growth of seaweeds is between pH of neutral (7) to base (9) (Sulistijo, 2002). According Sujatmiko and Wisman (2003), pH waters that is good for cultivation of E. cottonii is ranging between 7-9 with the optimum range of 7.3 to 8.2. Water acidity conditions have an important role in the growth of seaweed, because the pH value will be representative of proportional to the organic carbon content in water that is very necessary in the process of photosynthesis. The degree of acidity (pH) of seawater tends to be alkaline, this is due to the availability of CO₂ in the form of carbonate or bicarbonate, then bicarbonate releases free CO₂ and used by seaweed for photosynthesis (Luning, 1990).
8.10
8.00
7.90 7.80
7.70 7.60 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 2. pH conditions in Lembongan Island.
Dissolved oxygen conditions in the study site ranged of 3.30 to 8.00 ppm (Figure 3). Oxygen solubility variation between samples measured at stations 1 and 5 were higher than exist at station 3 and 4. The position of stations 1 and 5 located near open water that may be the cause of such large fluctuations compared to that measured at stations 3 and 4 which is a channel with a smaller water agitation. In this channel was measured low oxygen level that is between 3.30 - 3.80 ppm which is unusual for marine waters. Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water that comes from photosynthesis and atmospheric absorption. Dissolved oxygen in waters is very important role for metabolic processes including the absorption of food by living creatures in the waters. The more the number of dissolved
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia oxygen, the water quality will be better. If the dissolved oxygen levels are too low can lead to odors resulting from anaerobic degradation of organic materials. Dissolved oxygen content at all five stations, are still in the tolerance limits for the growth of seaweed. This range is still feasible to Eucheuma cottonii to grow and develop (Serdiati dan Widiastuti, 2010). It is also consistent with the statement Kamlasi (2008) that seaweed can grow and develop optimally in the range of solubility of oxygen more than 6.5 ppm. Water temperature at the study site was ranged from 24.9 - 28.1 oC (Figure 4). The temperature conditions measured at station 1 is lower than that at station 5, probably due to the time difference measurements in the field. At station 1 was measured in the morning and then continued up to the last at station 5 during a day. High enough temperature fluctuations occur at station 2 in which the position is in the transition between open sea and a channel between Ceningan and Lembongan island.
10.00 8.00
6.00
ppm 4.00
2.00
0.00 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 3. Dissolved oxygen conditions in Lembongan Island. Along with temperature, in case of a high rise temperature will result the seaweed thallus become pale yellow and unhealthy. Peak rate photosynthesis of seaweeds occur in high intensity of light at temperature between 20 - 28 °C, but still found good at temperature of 31ºC.
29.00 28.00
27.00
26.00 oC 25.00
24.00 23.00 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Figure 4. Temperature conditions in Lembongan Island. Water depth at the site of the existing seaweed farming activities was 1.00 - 2.70 meters (Figure 5) which was conducted at high tide. But the conditions during low tide, the water depth ranges was between 0.40 - 0.70 m. Figure 5 shows that the condition of the depth was no difference among the all five stations. The depth of the waters for growing seaweed, especially at low tide should be concerned because the depth will affect the growth of seaweed. Seaweed planting location that too deep will cause difficulties in maintenance, while if too shallow will cause seaweed exposed to direct sunlight that is bad for the growth. Planting depth for seaweed relates to the amount of sunlight penetration into water that is an important in the process of photosynthesis. Water depth conditions is a limiting factor in the methods application of cultivation selected for the off bottom method. These method is generally carried out at a depth of waters not less than 0.30 – 0.60 m at the lowest tide.
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Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) August 18-21, 2015 - Langgur, Kei Islands, Indonesia
3.00
2.50 2.00
1.50
meter 1.00 0.50
0.00 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 5. The depth conditions in Lembongan Island.
The results showed that the conditions of salinity ranged between 29.00 - 33.00 ppt (Figure 6). The highest salinity conditions encountered in station 1 where directly exposure the Indonesian Ocean. While the lowest salinity level was in the station 4 where is the mouth of the channel between the tip of Lembongan and Ceningan Island with overgrown by many mangroves. Salinity is the content of dissolved salts present in water. Ocean salinity conditions is influenced by various factors such as the circulation of water, evaporation, precipitation and flow of river water (Mann. 1982). The range of salinity values in the study site is still in the normal category. Each of seaweed can grow well at a certain salinity range depending on tolerance and adaptation to the environment (Dahuri dkk, 2004). According Anggadiredja, et al. (2006), a good range of salinity for growth of Eucheuma cottonii is between 28-30 ppt.
34.00 33.00 32.00 31.00 30.00
permil 29.00 28.00 27.00 26.00 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 6. Salinity conditions in Lembongan Island.
The range of conductivity values at Lembongan Island waters is 52.10 - 53.40 μmhos/cm (Figure 7). Figure 7 also shows that the conductivity value tend to low at station 1 which is directly adjacent to the Indonesian Ocean, then tended to increase more entered the channel between Ceningan and Lembongan island that formerly very intensive cultivated seaweed by society. This is probably related to the level of water temperature measured as conductivity values related to water temperature. If the water temperature rises 1 degree, the conductivity of the water will increase by approximately 1.9 %. The conductivity of sea water is also dependent on the number of dissolved ions per volume and mobility of these ions (Wardoyo, 1975). Marine waters have conductivity values are very high because of the salts dissolved in it (APHA, 1999).
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53.50
53.00
52.50
µmhos/cm 52.00
51.50 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 7. Conductivity conditions in Lembongan Island.
The results showed that the turbidity value on waters ranging from 0.12 to 3.50 ppm (Figure 8). Fluctuations in turbidity between samples in the same station was enormous probably because of its position in coastal waters with very high water agitation. Particularly at station 4, a small fluctuation occur with the lowest levels of turbidity because it was quite far from outbreak of the waves. Turbidity describe the optical properties of water are determined based on the amount of light absorbed and emitted by the materials contained in water. Turbidity caused by organic materials and inorganic materials either suspended or dissolved as mud, silt, organic and inorganic materials such as plankton and other microorganisms (APHA, 1999; Wardoyo, 1975). Turbidity is a limiting factor for photosynthesis and primary production in waters because it affects the penetration of sunlight (Dahuri dkk, 2004). Aslan (1998) states that the value of turbidity standards for environmental seaweed culture is less than 20 ppm. Furthermore, Gornitz et al (1997), says that turbidity can affect the occurrence of respiratory disorders, can reduce oxygen levels in the water and can disrupt the environmental conditions of habitat biota.
4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 ppm 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 8. Turbidity conditions in Lembongan Island.
The current speed of all five research stations around 0.10 - 0.60 m/sec (Figure 9). The current condition at station 5 was higher than that at stations 1, 3 and 4. However, the condition did not differ between station 5 and station 2. The current that stimulate the movement of water is one of the important factors in the growth of macro algae, as it will affect nutrient availability, epiphytic growth and deposition (Kautsky, 1989). Without water movement under water life will be hampered because the average gas diffusion and ion in water is lower than that in the air (Luning, 1990).
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0.70 0.60 0.50
0.40
0.30 m/sec 0.20 0.10
0.00
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Figure 9. The current conditions in Lembongan Island.
Currents and water movement has a great influence on the aeration, nutrient transport, and a large water stirring influence on the presence of dissolved oxygen (Nontji, 2002). Another role is to prevent the accumulation of silt and epiphytes attached to the thallus that may hinder the growth of seaweed. The stronger the current, seaweed growth will be more rapid because the diffusion of nutrients into plant cells so that more and more accelerated metabolism (Soegiarto, 1976). Conditions of optimum water flow velocity for the cultivation of seaweed species Euchioma spinosum is about 0.20 to 0.40 m/sec. 3.2. Biological Factors on Seaweed The results show that in the cultivation of seaweed commonly found very annoying pests by fish and weeds from a kind of algae that attack in a certain time. These algae is Chaetomorpha crassa that is known as hair algae locally. The algae is very disturbing growth for seaweed because attached to the plant, so farmers have to clean the algae every day. In addition to pests, seaweed cultivation activity was also attacked by ice-ice disease. This disease attacks at certain times, namely in July-September, so in these months farmers reduce the volume of seaweed cultivation activity. Forms of pest is shown in Figure 10.
A B C
Figure 10. (a) Bothered pests Chaetomorpha crassa, (b) Fish eat seaweed, (c) Seaweed bothered by pests Chaetomorpha crassa
3.3. Socio-economic Conditions on Seaweed Farmers The existence of seaweed farming activities in the island of Lembongan has an important role in efforts to increase fish production to meet the food and nutritional needs and meet market demands at home and abroad. In addition, this activity also expanded employment opportunities, increase income and welfare of fishermen and preserving aquatic biological resources. Eucheuma cottonii (Weber van Bosse) is developing potential marine commodity in Lembongan Island although in certain months particularly between April to June many plagued by Chaetomorpha crassa. In the area of closer to the open sea, the seaweeds cultivations was eaten by fish. Looking from the current speed data so waters where seaweed farming activities in Lembongan Island done by farmers is relatively quiet. It is enough support for seaweed farming activities because needs a certain environmental requirements, among others, the quiet waters (Soenardjo, 2011).
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Residents in the island of Lembongan, in the beginning was depend their live only from the sea, especially from fishing. After seaweed farming developed well, the majority of the population, especially the women active on farming and use it as a primary income. This activity is also sustaining economic activities a lot. Later, with the development of tourism activity and driven by declining yields and value selling seaweed then some farmer began to move into the tourism sector. Others, especially the youth, many of them are moving to Bali Island looking other job. In line with this tourism, the sea transport facilities between Lembongan Island and the island of Bali, is enough to reach within 30 minutes. Rapid transport and short travel time makes the moving activity of tourists and local people increase intensively. Based on the social survey results of local economy in Lembongan Island, 91% of farmer’s income per month from seaweed activity is more than IRD. 500,000 (Figure 11). In this case, farmers have no fishing restrictions except once in a year called Nyepi Segara when in such one day, any activity in the sea is stopped. Another problem is the farmers who had long been active in the cultivation of seaweed, many of which suffered rheumatic diseases. It is probably too long soak in water to clean the seaweed plants from various elements of bully. Moreover, when the period of the seawater at low tide at dawn in which conditions of the water temperature is still cold make the farmers suffered more.
0% < 50000 Primary 0% 0% 9% 0% School
50000 - 27% 100000 High 55% Elemtary 91% 100000 - 6% School 250000 9% Elemtary 3% 250000 - School 500000
Figure 12. Education seaweed farmers in Figure 11. Seaweed farmers' income in Lembongan Island Lembongan Island
Yes, know 9% 9% the desease
Yes in group 27% No, don't 91% 64% know the No in group desease No, don't know the symptom
Figure 13. Seaweed farmers group in Figure 14. Seaweed farmers knowledge Lembongan Island about the disease in Lembongan Island
The education level of seaweed farmers in Lembongan Island, from 33 respondents, graduates from primary school is 55%, from elementary school is 3%, from high elementary school is 9%, from bachelor is 6% and no school is 27% (Figure 12). Figure 12 shows that their education level is generally low. Similarly, a touch of creativity and innovation in seaweed farming activities by farmers are also slow. They perform routine activities that are almost the same from day to day. In some farmer who divert their activities to the tourism sector is growing. In addition to seeking other variations, they are also driven by a better income though continuity is not guaranteed because the peak of tourist arrivals is seasonal.
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Based on the results of the survey related to the number of groups on seaweed farming in Lembongan Island is as much as 33 respondents who follow the group cultivation was only 9 %, and that does not follow the group cultivation was 91 % (Figure 13). The reason they did not join the group is lack of benefits they get when in groups. In addition, associated with low levels of education so unmotivated and bustle of households that make them not enough time to do their group activity. Later, with incentives provided by local governments to support the activities to the group then slowly the activity and involvement of members in the group is getting better. Some seaweed farmers in Lembongan Island are aware of the disease in seaweed cultivation. There is as much as 64 % know the disease in seaweed, 27 % do not know the disease in seaweed and 9 % do not know any symptom diseases in seaweeds (Figure 14). They wish that there will be a solution to handle attacks of Chaetomorpha crassa. This attack increase the frequency in the months of April to June and the more be cleaned the more rapid the development attack. There is allegation, the presence of these pests is related to a decrease in water temperature in these months. In the other months, where the sea water temperature is warmer, this weeds types Chaetomorpha crassa disappear by itself. Approximately 6 % of the seaweed farmers are expecting assistance in the form of capital contribution to the development of seaweed farming (Figure 15). This capital will be used for the manufacture of processed seaweed and popsicles has been made. Other processed seaweed is candy with the flavor and shape is still modest. If the production of these preparations can develop their production and marketing support as well, it is optimistic of seaweed farming activity in this Lembongan Island will rise again.
0% Mentoring 3%6% 0% Capital contribution
Training
91% Industrial and processing
Others
Figure 15. Suporting expectation of farmers in Lembongan Island
4. CONCLUSIONS 1. In general, the waters condition of Lembongan Island is still within tolerance limits that are good for the growth of seaweed. Condition of pH ranging between 7.79 - 8:04, water temperature ranges between 24.9 - 28.1 oC, during lowest tide the waters depth range between 0.40 - 0.70 m. Salinity waters is ranging between 29.00 - 33.00 ppt, conductivity ranged between 52.1 - 53.4 μmhos/cm, the turbidity of the water ranges between 0.12- 3:50 ppm and current speed ranges between 0.10 - 0.60 m/sec. 2. Disinfect bully seaweed farming activities are fish, weed nuisance is from algae of Chaetomorpha crassa and diseases that attack is ice-ice in the months from July to September. 3. Revenue seaweed farmers per month, 91% of their income above five hundred thousand rupiah. Education level of seaweed farmers in Nusa Lembongan is very low, which is 55% completed primary school, and only 6% of undergraduate education. 4. Seaweed farmers only 9% who follow the group of seaweed farming and who knows the disease in seaweed is 64%.
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LITERATURE CITED [1] Anggadiredja, J.T., A. Zatnika, H. Purwoto, dan S. Istini. 2006. Rumput Laut. Penebar Swadaya. Bogor. [2] APHA (American Public Health Assosiation). 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Ed XVIII. Washington DC [3] Arthana, I.W., D.B. Wiyanto dan I.W.G.A. Karang. 2014. Kajian Komprehensif Produktivitas Usaha Budidaya Rumput Laut Di Bali. Paper dipresentasikan pada Konferensi Nasional IX, Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Pesisir, Laut dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 19-23 November 2014 [4] Aslan, L. M. 1998. Budidaya Rumput Laut. Kanisius.Yogyakarta. [5] Dahuri, R., Rais, J., Ginting, S.P san Sitepu, M.J. 2004. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramita, jakarta [6] Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. 2006. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Rumput LautEucheuma spp. Jakarta. [7] Gornitz, V., T.W. Beaty, R.C. Daniels. 1997. A Coastal Hazards Database of The U.S. Westcost, Tennesse [8] Kamlasi, Y. 2008. Kajian Ekologis dan Biologi Untuk Pengembangan Budidaya Rumput Laut (Eucheuma cottonii) di Kecamatan Kupang Barat Kabupaten Kupang Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tesis Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. [9] Luning, K. 1990. Seaweed There Environment, Biogeography and Ecophysiology. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. Canada [10] Mann, K.H. 1982. Ecology of Coastal Water. Blackwell Scientific Publications.Oxford University London.hal 53. [11] Nontji, A. 2002. Laut Nusantara. Djambatan, Jakarta. [12] Serdiati. N dan Widiastuti, I M, 2010. Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii Pada Kedalaman Penanaman yang Berbeda. [13] Setyati, A. W., 2003. Pemasaran Budidaya Rumput Laut. Program Community College. Industri Kelautan dan Perikanan. Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Semarang. [14] Soegiarto, A. 1976. Pedoman Umum pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir. Lembaga Oceanologi Nasional, Jakarta. [15] Soejatmiko, W dan Wisman I. A. 2003. Teknik Budidaya Rumput Laut dengan Metode Tali Panjang. www.iptek.net.id/ttg/artlkp/artikel18.htm. Diakses pada Tanggal 20 Agustus 2013. [16] Soenardjo, N. 2011.Aplikasi Budidaya Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii (Weber van Bosse) Dengan Metode Jaring Lepas Dasar (Net Bag) Model Cidaun. Buletin Oseanografi Marina 1: 36-44. [17] Standar Nasional Indonesia. 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma cottonii) Bagian 2: Metode Long-line. Badan Standardisasi Nasional.SNI: 7579.2:2010 [18] Sulistijo, M.S. 2002. Penelitian Budidaya Rumput Laut (Alga Makro/Seaweed) di Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi Lembaga Ilmu PengetahuanIndonesia. Jakarta. [19] Wardoyo, S.T.H., 1975. Pengolahan Kualitas Air. Proyek Peningkatan Mutu Perguruan Tinggi IPB, Bogor. [20] Winarno, 1996. Teknik Pengolahan Rumput Laut. Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Jakarta.
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