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STM Report 2015 The STM Report An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing Celebrating the 350th anniversary of journal publishing Mark Ware Mark Ware Consulting Michael Mabe International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Fourth Edition March 2015 The STM Report, Fourth Edition March 2015 © 2015 STM: International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Fourth Edition published March 2015; updated with minor revisions November 2015 Published by International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Prins Willem Alexanderhof 5, The Hague, 2595BE, The Netherlands About STM STM is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. It has over 120 members in 21 countries who each year collectively publish nearly 66% of all journal articles and tens of thousands of monographs and reference works. STM members include learned societies, university presses, private companies, new starts and established players. STM Aims and Objectives • to assist publishers and their authors in their activities in disseminating the results of research in the fields of science, technology and medicine; • to assist national and international organisations and communications industries in the electronic environment, who are concerned with improving the dissemination, storage and retrieval of scientific, technical and medical information; • to carry out the foregoing work of the Association in conjunction with the International Publishers Association (IPA) and with the national publishers associations and such other governmental and professional bodies, international and national, who may be concerned with these tasks. STM participates in the development of information identification protocols and electronic copyright management systems. STM members are kept fully up to date (via newsletters, the STM website, and e-mail) about the issues which will ultimately affect their business. STM organises seminars,training courses, and conferences. Mark Ware Consulting provides publishing consultancy services to the STM and B2B sectors. For more information see www.markwareconsulting.com. 2! The STM Report, Fourth Edition March 2015 Contents Executive summary!...............................................................................................6 Scholarly communication!..................................................................................12 The research cycle.....................................................................................................! 12 Types of scholarly communication!.......................................................................13 Changes in scholarly communication system!.....................................................14 The journal............................................................................................................! 16 What is a journal?!.....................................................................................................16 The journals publishing cycle!...............................................................................16 Sales channels and models!.....................................................................................19 Journal economics and market size!......................................................................23 Journal and articles numbers and trends!.............................................................27 Global trends in scientific output!..........................................................................36 Authors and readers!.................................................................................................43 Publishers...................................................................................................................! 45 Peer review.................................................................................................................! 45 Reading patterns!.......................................................................................................52 Disciplinary differences!..........................................................................................56 Citations and the Impact Factor.............................................................................! 58 Costs of journal publishing....................................................................................! 66 Authors’ behaviour, perceptions and attitudes!...................................................69 Publishing ethics!......................................................................................................73 Copyright and licensing..........................................................................................! 75 Long term preservation!...........................................................................................81 TRANSFER code.......................................................................................................! 82 Researchers’ access to journals...............................................................................! 83 Open access!..........................................................................................................88 3 The STM Report, Fourth Edition March 2015 Drivers of open access!.............................................................................................88 Open access business models!................................................................................90 Types of open access journal..................................................................................! 98 Delayed open access...............................................................................................! 101 Open access via self-archiving ("Green" OA)!...................................................102 Other open access variants....................................................................................! 116 SCOAP3....................................................................................................................! 116 Open access to scholarly books!...........................................................................117 Public access!............................................................................................................118 System-wide and economic perspectives!..........................................................118 Other developments in open access....................................................................! 120 Transition and sustainability issues!...................................................................122 Effect of self-archiving on journals.....................................................................! 127 Open access impacts on use!..................................................................................129 New developments in scholarly communication!.......................................132 “Science 2.0” or "Open Science"!..........................................................................133 FORCE11 and “Science in Transition”!...............................................................133 Publishing platforms and APIs!...........................................................................134 Social media.............................................................................................................! 134 Mobile access and apps!.........................................................................................137 Research data...........................................................................................................! 138 Semantic web and semantic enrichment!...........................................................143 New article formats and features.........................................................................! 145 Text and data mining!.............................................................................................146 Reproducibility.......................................................................................................! 147 Big data & analytics................................................................................................! 148 Identity and disambiguation................................................................................! 149 Research management and analytics!..................................................................150 4 The STM Report, Fourth Edition March 2015 FundRef!....................................................................................................................150 Library publishing!.................................................................................................151 Open Annotation!....................................................................................................151 Learned societies.....................................................................................................! 152 Author services and tools......................................................................................! 153 Collaborative writing and sharing tools!............................................................153 Open notebook science!.........................................................................................154 Conclusions!........................................................................................................155 Information sources!..........................................................................................161 Publisher organisations.........................................................................................!
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