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View / Open Oquinn Oregon 0171N 12117.Pdf NEGOTIATING SECURITY: GENDER, ECONOMICS, AND COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN COSTA RICA by CAITLIN ROSE O’QUINN A THESIS Presented to the International Studies Department and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2018 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Caitlin Rose O’Quinn Title: Negotiating Security: Gender, Economics and Cooperative Institutions in Costa Rica This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the International Studies Department by: Yvonne Braun Chairperson Erin Beck Member Angela Joya Member Vidya Sri Member and Sara D. Hodges Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2018 ii © 2018 Caitlin Rose O’Quinn iii THESIS ABSTRACT Caitlin Rose O’Quinn Master of Arts International Studies Department June 2018 Title: Negotiating Security: Gender, Economics and Cooperative Institutions in Costa Rica Costa Rica is heralded as a leader in social and environmental issues and an example of a successful development story. However, how does this singular narrative minimize the more complex lived experiences of people? I introduce nuances to the story of Costa Rica by centering the lived experiences of women, drawing on primary data from questionnaires and interviews, and situating my research within the long history of cooperatives in Costa Rica, to learn more about issues women face and opportunities these institutions may offer. When looking through the lens of everyday experiences, we see that despite the significant progress in creating a safe country for all, women still experience inequality, discrimination, and violence. My hope is by including women’s voices, we move beyond the “single story” toward a more nuanced understanding of multilayered lives of Costa Rican women and an appreciation for the opportunities they seek and create. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Caitlin Rose O’Quinn GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon Eastern Oregon University Oregon State University DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, International Studies, 2018, University of Oregon Master of Teacher Education, Secondary Education, 2007, Eastern Oregon University Bachelor of Science, Fisheries & Wildlife Science, 2006, Oregon State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Women and Gender Studies / Violence Against Women Latin America Neoliberalism Cooperative Institutions PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduates Teaching Assistant, University of Oregon, 2016 – Present Graduate Employee – Academic Advisor, University of Oregon, 2016 – 2017 Research Assistant, Science Program to Inspire Creativity & Excellence, 2016 Program Supervisor, Everywoman Everywhere Coalition, 2013 – Present Program Coordination, Warrior Sisters, 2015 – Present Community Relations Coordinator, Emerald People’s Utility District, 2013 - 2016 Montessori Teacher, Ridgeline Montessori School, 2009 - 2013 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Thurber Award, International Studies, University of Oregon, 2016 Slape Professional Development Fellowship, University of Oregon, 2016 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my committee chair, Dr. Yvonne Braun, who patiently supported me throughout the many iterations of this project and drafts of my thesis paper. She provided excellent feedback and helped increase my confidence in my writing. I also want to thank the rest of my committee of brilliant women, Dr. Erin Beck, Dr. Angela Joya, and my mentor Vidya Sri, all of whom set the bar high and supported me in reaching those expectations. I so appreciate their insights, knowledge and encouragement. Thank you to all the faculty and staff in the International Studies Department at the University of Oregon who supported me throughout this process and to the George and Conni Slape family who helped make my international field research possible with their generous fellowship award. My sincere appreciation and gratitude to the women in Costa Rica who opened up their homes to me and my daughter while we traveled throughout the country. Thank you for taking us in, feeding us, and being willing to share your stories! Finally, I thank my amazing family - my husband for working hard to support our family while also supporting me in following my dreams, my children for being my cheerleaders and understanding every time I said, “sorry, I have to work on my thesis”! To my mom, who sacrificed so much for me while I was growing up and who constantly showed me what kindness, hard work, courage, and strength really is. And to the many friends I’ve made, in many places, who challenge, support and love me – thank you all! vi To the strong, brave women who work tirelessly for change and who inspire me to keep moving forward every day to do the same! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION, STUDY AIMS, & METHODOLOGY .................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Study Aims & Methodology .................................................................................. 3 Research Methods .................................................................................................. 5 Study Participants & Settings ............................................................................... 6 Cooperative Association Settings ......................................................................... 9 Coopesarapiquí ............................................................................................... 9 CASEM (Cooperativa de Artesanas de Santa Elena y Monteverde) .............. 12 AMASIA (Asociación de Mujeres Artesanas San Isidro de Atenas) ............. 14 ASOMOBI (Asociación de Mujeres Organizadas de Biolley) ....................... 15 Other Research Settings ......................................................................................... 16 Ciudad Colón ................................................................................................... 17 San José ............................................................................................................ 18 Curridabat ........................................................................................................ 19 Aguas Buenas................................................................................................... 19 Outline.................................................................................................................... 21 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE – COSTA RICA’S STORY ........................... 23 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 23 The Dominant Story of Costa Rica ........................................................................ 24 Historical Context for the Creation of Exceptionalism .......................................... 29 Costa Rica’s Shift to Neoliberalism and Weakening of the Welfare State ............ 35 viii Chapter Page Effects of Neoliberalism and Increasing Problems with the Social Contract ........ 41 Neoliberalism and Women .................................................................................... 44 III. CENTERING WOMEN’S VOICES ..................................................................... 52 Introduction – The Law and Women in Costa Rica .............................................. 52 Issues that Women in Costa Rica Describe Facing ............................................... 56 Violence, Discrimination, and Harassment ..................................................... 58 Violence .................................................................................................. 59 Discrimination............................................................................................ 62 Harassment ................................................................................................. 66 Machismo, Gender Ideologies, Male Dominance, Inequality ......................... 69 Limited Opportunities, Lack of Free Time, Dependency on Men ................... 74 Limited Opportunities ................................................................................ 74 Lack of Free Time ...................................................................................... 78 Dependency on Men .................................................................................. 79 Future Hopes for Daughters and Suggested Solutions .................................... 80 Solutions as Suggested by Women .................................................................. 83 IV. COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS IN COSTA RICA ........................................ 86 Introduction to Cooperative Associations .............................................................. 86 Cooperative Associations in Costa Rica ................................................................ 88 Background on Cooperative Associations ............................................................. 90 Women’s Cooperatives .......................................................................................... 93 Background ...................................................................................................... 93 ix Chapter Page Why Women’s Cooperative Associations? .................................................... 95 Cooperative
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