The Origin of Plasmodium Falciparum from Bonobos
On the Diversity of Malaria Parasites in African Apes and the Origin of Plasmodium falciparum from Bonobos Sabrina Krief1., Ananias A. Escalante2.*, M. Andreina Pacheco2, Lawrence Mugisha3, Claudine Andre´ 4, Michel Halbwax5, Anne Fischer5¤, Jean-Michel Krief6, John M. Kasenene7, Mike Crandfield8, Omar E. Cornejo9, Jean-Marc Chavatte10, Clara Lin11, Franck Letourneur12, Anne Charlotte Gru¨ ner11,12, Thomas F. McCutchan13, Laurent Re´nia11,12, Georges Snounou10,11,14,15,16* 1 UMR 7206-USM 104, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 2 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America, 3 Chimpanzee Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), Entebbe, Uganda, 4 Lola Ya Bonobo Bonobo Sanctuary, ‘‘Petites Chutes de la Lukaya’’, Kimwenza–Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 5 Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 6 Projet pour la Conservation des Grands Singes, Paris, France, 7 Department of Botany, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda, 8 Research and Conservation Program, The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 9 Emory University, Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 10 USM0307, Parasitologie Compare´e et Mode`les Expe´rimentaux, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 11 Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology
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