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Negotiating Identities in CARICOM: How CARICOM Nationals Experience Intra-Regional Migration and Regionalism

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Negotiating Identities in CARICOM: How CARICOM Nationals Experience Intra-Regional Migration and Regionalism Negotiating Identities in CARICOM: How CARICOM Nationals Experience Intra-Regional Migration and Regionalism A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Canada By Oral Robinson © Oral Robinson, September 2015. All rights reserved Permission to use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professors who supervised my dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department of Sociology or the Dean of the College in which my dissertation work was done. It is understood that any copy or publication or use of this dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of material in this dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Sociology University of Saskatchewan 9 Campus Drive S7N 5A5 Canada i Abstract As the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) deepens its economic and political integration, the development of the CARICOM identity is seen as both a natural outgrowth, and as paramount to its success. This is because a regional identity can promote social cohesion and shape political objects, including social policies. Regional identities are also shaped by politics, social relations and personal attributes. Using data from a cross-national survey and semi- structured interviews, this thesis examines the nuances of identity formation in CARICOM. It specifically asks three questions: a) how do intra-regional CARICOM migrants negotiate their identities and self-identify? b) How do intra-regional CARICOM migrants construct their lived- experiences in other CARICOM countries? And c) how do intra-regional migrants rationalize the impact of CARICOM regionalism on their identities? These data are analyzed statistically, and through the interpretations of migrants’ discourses and experiences. The study identifies six factors that determine attachments to CARICOM: education level, citizenship region, the meaningfulness of CARICOM, benefits of CARICOM, belonging in member countries, and the nature of migratory experiences. All these variables moderately impact attachment to CARICOM except perceived benefits, which is strongly associated with identification with CARICOM. Perceptions of benefits also impact how migrants rationalized regionalism and their experiences. Overall, support for regional integration and a regional identity are strong, but the CARICOM identity is weak and non-salient primarily because expectations of benefits do not match lived realities. The deepening of the CARICOM identity are therefore contingent on: people experiencing CARICOM’s expected benefits; the development of policies that address perceived failures; CARICOM rebranding itself and being more engaged with its constituents; and on collaborative actions being taken to embed the regional identity into national ones. ii Acknowledgements The idea for this thesis started long before I entered graduate school, and its successful completion would not have been possible without the support of my friends, my family, my supervisor, committee members and everyone who believed in me. First, I want to thank the many CARICOM nationals I met while living in Barbados, who shared their intra-regional migration stories with me. Those stories inspired me to pursue this research for my PhD studies. I also want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Kara Somerville, who enthusiastically agreed to guide me through this project when I approached her. I also want to thank her for the overwhelming confidence that she has shown in my ability to do this research, and for her endless support. Special thanks my committee members: Dr. Daniel Béland, Dr. Loleen Berdahl and Dr. Wilfrid Denis, who embraced this research completely from the onset. Their support, advice, and suggestions throughout the entire research process have been extraordinary. So thank you for journeying with me, and for providing constructive feedback to make sure that I reached my potential. I want to thank the participants for availing themselves for the research and for sharing their experiences honestly with me. Without their participation, this research would not have been possible. I also want to thank my friends, who helped with the recruitment by circulating the recruitment flyer and posting details about the research on their social networking pages. I also want to thank the migrant associations, students’ associations and the University of the West Indies (UWI) Alumni Association for promoting the study to their members. Thanks also to the Social Sciences Research Laboratory (SSRL) at the University of Saskatchewan for hosting and collecting data from the online survey. In particular, I want to thank the Experimental Research Manager and Specialist, Jesse Langstaff for the helping me with the layout of the survey, which iii ensured that it was easy for participants to navigate. Thanks also for providing weekly updates during the data collection phase, which helped me to strategically coordinate recruitment activities. Thanks also to Christine Taylor for proofreading this manuscript, and for helping me to find ways of better expressing my thoughts. Finally, I want to thank all family, friends and everyone who has supported this project in one way or another. Without you, this would not be possible. Thank you again! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE……………………………………………………………………... i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………... v LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….…… xii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………....................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………..…….. xvi CHAPTER I –INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…… 1 1.0 Background…………………………………………………………………..…… 1 1.01 The Current State of Free Movement of Labour in CARICOM………………… 4 1.02 Negotiating a CARICOM Identity………………………………………………. 6 1.03 Rationale…………………………………………………………………………. 8 1.04 Research Questions………………………………………………………..……… 10 1.05 Context & Objectives………………………………………………..……………. 11 1.06 Outline of Dissertation…………………………………………………….……… 12 CHAPTER II –THEORIES OF IDENTITIES AND INTEGRATION………….……….…. 16 2.0 Overview………………………………………………………………………..…... 16 2.01 Identities: A Conceptual Overview………………………………………………... 16 2.02 Identities as Imagined……………………………………………………………. 21 2.03 Supranational Identities: The case for a CARICOM Identity……………………. 23 2.04 Migration & Identities……………………………………………………………. 28 2.05 Migration, Belonging & Identities……………………………………………….. 30 32 v 2.06 Deterritorialization: Fragmented, Hybrid & Multiple Identities…………………. 35 2.07 Concentric Identities……………………………………………………………… 2.08.a A Theoretical Review of Identities………………………………………………. 36 2.08.b Interpretive Sociology…………………………………………………… 36 2.08.c Critical Theory & Reflexive Identities…………………………………… 42 2.09 Identity Construction: Processes & Outcomes….……………………………...…. 44 2.10 Summary & Research Implications……………………………………………… 46 CHAPTER III –THE CARIBBEAN COMUNITY: HISTORY, INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION AND IDENTITIES………………………………………………………… 48 3.0 Overview…………………………………………………………………………… 48 3.01 The CARICOM Identity Debate…………………………………………………. 49 3.02 Three Theoretical Models of Caribbean Society………………………………….. 51 3.03 Levels of Identities in the Caribbean…………………………………………….. 54 3.04 Features of a CARICOM identity………………………………………………… 56 3.05 Inhibitors to a CARICOM identity……………………………………………….. 59 3.06 Globalization & the History of Integration in the Caribbean ……………………. 63 3.07 “Implementation Deficit” & Disillusionment with Integration…………………… 66 3.08 Intra-Regional Migration & Integration in CARICOM…………………………... 71 3.09 Empirical Research on Intra-Regional Migration & Caribbean Identities……….. 79 3.10 Summary & Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 82 CHAPTER IV –METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 84 4.0 Overview…………………………………………………………………………… 84 4.01 Multiple Methods Design………………………………………………………… 84 vi 4.02 Recruitment of Participants………………………………………………………. 86 4.03.a The Online Survey..……………………………………………………………... 88 4.03.b Pre-testing & Launch of Survey………………………………………….. 90 4.03.c Analysis of the Survey Data………….……………………………….…. 91 4.04.a The Interviews……………..……………………………………………………. 94 4.04.b Recruitments of Interview Subjects……………………………………….. 95 4.04.c Interview Process………………………………………………………….. 98 4.04.d Analysis of the Interviews………………………………….……………… 99 4.05 Ethical Considerations…………………………………………………………….. 100 4.06 Reflexivity………………………………………………………………………… 101 4.07 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 103 CHAPTER V –INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRANTS’ IDENTITIES………………………... 105 5.0 Overview………………………………………………………………….……….. 105 5.01.a Representativeness of the Survey Data……………………………………….… 106 5.01.b Identity Salience………………………………………………….…… 110 5.02.a Determinants of the CARICOM Identity………………………….…….………. 118 5.02.b Gender
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