Biosystematic Index

A Agaricoid clade, 410 Abeoforma whisleri,11 , 373 Abies,34 Agaricomycetidae, 405 Abradeosporangium, 219 , 271, 276, 297, 298, 321, 357 Absidia, 234 Agaricostilbales, 284 Absidia glauca, 214 , 281, 284–285 Absidiaceae, 219 Agaricostilbum, 278, 284 Absidia s.s, 219, 234 A. palmicola, 284 Absidioideae, 219 A. pulcherrimum, 280, 284 Acaromyces, 301, 305, 309, 315 Agaricus, 409 Acaromyces ingoldii, 301 Agaricus bisporus, 373 Acaulopage, 220, 236 Ahmadiago, 311 A. lophospora, 236 Albatrellaceae, 405 A. pectospora, 235 Albatrellus, 404 Acaulospora, 255, 264 Albuginaceae, 50, 51, 70, 83 Acaulosporaceae, 260 Albuginales, 51, 66, 69–71, 84 Achlya, 49–51, 62, 65 Albugo, 40, 49–51, 69, 70, 82, 83 A. irregularis,63 A. candida,66 A. racemosa,47 A. laibachii, 40, 71 Achlyaceae, 51, 62, 63, 65 Alismataceae, 309 Acrasea, 22 Allantomyces, 218, 231 Acrasidae, 22 Allochytridium, 157, 158 Acrasiomycota, 21–34 Alloclavaria, 396 Acrasis, 11, 22, 23 Allomyces, 179, 182, 185 A. granulata,22 Alogomyces, 158, 159 A. helenhemmesae,22 Althornia,44 A. rosea, 22, 23 Althornidiaceae, 44 Acrididae, 210 Amanitaceae, 411 Actinomortierella, 219 Amanita muscaria, 409 Actinomucor, 219 Amanita phalloides, 374 Acytostelium,26 Ambisporaceae, 261 Aegerita tortuosa, 395 Amoebae, 235, 236 Aenigmatomyces, 220, 237 proteus, 236 Agaricaceae, 410 Amoebidales, 210 Agaricales, 409 Amoebidium,6

Systematics and Evolution, 2nd Edition The Mycota VII Part A D.J. McLaughlin and J.W. Spatafora (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 432 Biosystematic Index

Amoebophilus, 220, 236 Aqualinderella, 49–51 Amoebophilus simplex, 236 Aquamortierella, 219, 233 , 11, 21–34 Aquastella,64 Amphifila, 44, 46 Arabidopsis,40 Amphifilaceae, 44 Arabidopsis thaliana,71 Amphimedon queenslandica,9 Araceae, 309, 310 Amylocorticiaceae, 407 Araiospora, 49–51, 69, 82 Amylocorticiales, 406 Araiospora pulchra,66 Amylocorticiellum, 406 Araliaceae, 310 Amylocorticium, 406 Araucariaceae, 311 Amylomyces, 220 Archaeomarasmius leggetti, 386–387 Anacardiaceae, 309 Archaeosporaceae, 256, 261 Anaeromyces, 164 , 260–261 Anarthriaceae, 311, 320 Arcticomyces, 309, 315 , 218, 222, 223 , 27, 33 Ancylistales, 218 Arecaceae, 309, 310 Ancylistes, 215, 218, 222, 223, 238 Arizonaphlyctidaceae, 161 Ancylistineae, 218 Arizonaphlyctis, 161 Anisolpidium,48 Arkaya, 159 Anisolpidium ectocarpii, 47, 48, 80 Arrhytidia, 366 Anomalomyces, 311, 320 Artocarpus integer, 211–212 Anomoloma, 406 Artomyces, 404 Anomoporia, 406 , 215, 230, 283, 284, 288, 289, 298 Antherospora, 310, 318 Asellaria, 218, 230 Anthracocystis, 311, 320 A. jatibonicua, 230 Anthracoidea, 296, 299, 300, 310, 320, 321 A. ligiae, 225, 230 Anthracoideaceae, 310, 319–321 Asellariaceae, 218, 230 Antrodia clade, 399 , 209–210, 216–218, 225, 230, 239 Aphanodictyon, 49, 50 Asparagaceae, 310, 311, 318 Aphanomyces, 49–51, 58, 61, 62, 64 Asteridae, 314 A. amphigynus,61 Asterophlyctis, 156 A. astaci,40 Asterostroma, 404 Aphanomycopsis, 49–51, 59, 60 Astraeus, 407 Aphanomycopsis sexualis, 60, 81 Athelia, 406 Aphididae, 210 Atheliales, 406 Aphids, 210 Athelopsis, 406 Aplanes, 49–51, 65 Atkinisellaceae, 51 Aplanochytriacaeae, 46 Atkinsiella, 49–51, 55, 58, 82 Aplanochytridiaceae, 44 Atkinsiella dubia, 58, 60 Aplanochytrium, 44–46 Atkinsiellaceae, 58 Aplanopsis, 51, 65 Atkinsiellales, 51, 58 Aplectosoma, 220 Atractiella, 280, 281, 285 Apodachlya, 49, 50, 51, 59, 79 Atractiellales, 274, 285 Apodachlya pyrifera,60 Atractiellales sensu lato, 275 Apodachlyella, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 81 , 276, 281, 285 Apodachlyellaceae, 50 Atractocolax, 287 , 212, 220, 234 Aurantiochytrium, 44, 46 Appianoporites vancouverensis, 387 Aurantiosporium, 281, 297 Apterivorax, 218 Aureococcus,40 Biosystematic Index 433

Auricularia auricula-judae, 391 Benua, 50, 52, 76 Auriculariales, 274, 283, 285, 332, 390 Berkholderia rhizoxinica, 213 Auriculibuller, 334 Biatoropsis, 334 Auriculoscypha, 289 Bicosoecida, 41 Auriscalpiaceae, 405 Biscallitheca,84 Auriscalpium, 404 Blakeslea, 216, 219, 234 Austrobasidium, 309, 315 Blakeslea trispora, 212–214, 216 Austrogautieria, 394 Blastocladia, 179, 180, 185 Austrosmittium, 218, 231, 238 Blastocladiaceae, 185 Azygozygum, 219 Blastocladiales, 179, 278 Blastocladiella B B. emersonii, 192 Backusella, 219, 228 B. variabilis, 192 Backusellaceae, 219 Blastocladiomycetes, 176, 278 Bactromyces, 218 , 142, 146, 165–167 Baetimyces, 218 Blastocystis,40 Ballocephala, 218, 219, 230 Blyttiomyces, 156, 162–163 Baltomyces, 218, 230 Boidinia, 404 Bandoniozyma, 348 Bojamyces, 218, 231 Bankera, 399 Bolbitiaceae, 410 Bankeraceae, 400 Boletales, 407 Bannoa, 286 Boletineae, 408 Bannoa hahajimensis, 286 Boletopsis, 399 Barbatospora, 218, 230 Boletus, 407 Barbeyella minutissima,34 Boletus edulis, 373 Bartheletia, 351 Bondarcevomyces taxi, 407 , 218, 222, 223 Bondarzewiaceae, 405 Basidiobolales, 210, 215, 217, 218, 223 Borealophlyctidaceae, 161 , 218, 221, 222 Borealophlyctis, 161 Basidiobolus, 10, 210, 211, 215, 217, 218, Boreostereum, 402 221–223, 236, 238, 239 Botryobasidiaceae, 388 Basidiobolus ranarum, 212, 222, 223 Botryobasidium, 387 Basidiodendron, 390 Botryochytrium, 44, 46 Basidiolum fimbriatum, 237 Botryoconis, 309 , 215, 271, 295 Botrytis cinerea, 301 Basidiophora, 49, 50, 52, 76 Brachybasidiaceae, 309, 313–315 Basidophora entospora,69 Brachybasidium, 309 Basidiopycnis, 285 Brachybasidium pinangae, 314 Batkoa, 218 Brachymyces, 220 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 9, 146, 152, Bremia, 49, 50, 52, 76 167 Bremia lactucae,69 Bauerago, 287, 297 Bremiella,50 Bdellospora, 220 Brevilegnia, 49–51, 65 Beenakia, 393 Brevilegnia megasperma,64 Beenakiaceae, 394 Brevilegniella, 49–51 Benjaminiella, 220, 227, 229 Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, 381 Benjaminiella poitrasii, 229 Buchloe¨ dactyloides, 317 Bensingtonia, 284 Bullera, 336, 347 434 Biosystematic Index

Bulleribasidium, 348 C. ceraceus, 368 Bulleromyces, 334, 339, 340 C. crustulinus, 361, 366, 368 Burgoa, 388 C. grandinioides, 368 Burrillia, 309, 313, 318 C. lagerheimii, 368 C. pallidus, 361, 365, 368 Ceriporia, 398 C Chaetocladiaceae, 219 Caecomyces, 164 Chaetocladioideae, 219 Calcarisporiella, 211, 220, 234 Chaetocladium, 211, 219, 226, 227, 235 Callimastix, 187, 197 Chaetodermella, 402 Calocera, 367, 370 Chaetomium, 230, 238 C. cornea, 359, 363, 370 Chionosphaera, 284 C. viscosa, 359, 363–366, 370 Chionosphaeraceae, 284 Calvarula, 392 Chlamydoabsidia, 219 Calyptralegnia, 49–51, 64, 65 Chlamydomyzium, 50, 51, 59, 81, 82 Camptobasidium, 287 Chlamydomyzium anomalum,60 Camptobasidium hydrophilum, 288 Chlororachnion,11 Canteriomyces,48 Choanephora, 211–212, 216, 219, 226, 234 , 387 C. cucurbitarum, 211, 213 , 387 Choanephoraceae, 216, 219, 225–226, 229 Cantharellus cibarius, 373 Choanephora rots, 211 Capniomyces, 218, 231 Choanephoroideae, 219 Capniomyces stellatus, 225, 238 Choristocarpus, 55, 81 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 66, 69 Chromista, 41 Carcinomyces, 334, 336 Chrondrus crispus,57 C. effibulatus, 351 Chrysosplenium, 314 Carex, 320 Chytridiaceae, 152, 156, 157 Carouxella, 218, 230, 231 , 147, 150, 151, 155–157, 159, 162, Catenaria, 180 166, 167 Catenariaceae, 186 , 141–168, 215 Catenochytridium, 157, 158 Chytridium, 144, 156, 158 Catenomyces, 161, 186 Chytriomyces, 156, 158 Catenophlyctis, 186 Chytriomycetaceae, 151, 152, 156, 157 Caudomyces, 218 Cintractia, 300, 310, 320 Caulochytrium, 160 Cintractiaceae, 320 Centrolepidaceae, 311 Cintractiella, 311 Centrolepidosporium, 311 , 220 Ceraceomyces, 406 Circinomucor, 219 Ceraceosoraceae, 309 Cladochytriaceae, 156, 157 Ceraceosorales, 299, 304, 305, 309, 311–313 Cladochytriales, 147, 155–159, 166, 167 Ceraceosorus, 309, 313 Cladochytrium, 157 Ceraceosorus bombacis, 313 Claroideoglomeraceae, 257, 259 , 11, 31 Classicula fluitans, 285 Ceratiomyxales, 31 Classiculales, 285 Ceratobasidiaceae, 388 , 276, 285 Ceratobasidium, 388 Clathraceae, 392, 393 Cercozoa, 104 Claustulaceae, 393 Cerinomyces, 364, 365, 368 Clavaria, 409 C. albosporus, 368 Clavariachaete, 396 C. canadensis, 361, 368 Clavariadelphaceae, 393, 394 Biosystematic Index 435

Clavulicium, 365 Corallochytrium limacisporum,9 , 387 Core polyporoid clade, 399 Clinoconidium, 309 Cornumyces, 50, 51, 59, 81 Clinoconidium farinosum, 315 Cornumyces pygmaeum,60 Clintamra, 305, 311, 320 Corticiaceae, 402 Clintamraceae, 320 Corticiaeae, 400 Closterium, 222 Corticiales, 400 Clydaea, 158 Corticium, 400 Coccidiodictyon, 289 Corticium radiosum, 232 Cochlonema, 220, 236 Cortinariaceae, 410 C. cerasphorum, 236 Cortinarius, 409 C. euryblastum, 236 Corymbia, 316 C. megalosomum, 236 Couchia,50 Cochlonemataceae, 220, 235–237 Craterocolla, 389 Coelomomyces, 180, 186, 278 Crepidotaceae, 410 Coelomomycetaceae, 186 ,32 Coelomycidium, 180, 186 Cristelloporia, 395 Coemansia, 219, 232, 237 Cronartium quercuum, 282 C. pectinata, 225 Crypticola, 50, 51, 76, 82 C. reversa, 10, 232 C. clavulifera,58 Coenocytic mycelium, 223 C. entomophaga,58 Cokeromyces, 212, 220, 237 Crypticolaceae, 51, 58 Cokeromyces recurvatus, 212, 229, 236, 238 Cryptobasidiacae, 315 Cokeromycetoideae, 220 Cryptobasidiaceae, 309, 315 Colacogloea, 287 Cryptococcus, 336, 347 Colacosiphon filiformis, 286 C. albidus, 346 Coleopteromyces, 218 C. curvatus, 340, 346 Colocasia antiquorum, 212 C. gattii, 344 Columnocystis, 402 C. laurentii, 346 Combresomyces,84 C. liquefaciens, 346 Commelinaceae, 309 C. marinus, 347 Completoria, 215, 218, 223 C. neoformans, 344 Completoria complens, 222 C. terreus, 346 Completoriaceae, 218, 222, 223 C. terricola, 346 Conidiobolus, 210–212, 215, 218, 222, 223, 238 Cryptocolaceae, 50 C. coronatus, 211, 212, 221 , 281, 286 C. incongruus, 212 Cryptomycocolax abnormis, 286 C. lamprauges, 212 Cryptomycota, 142, 166 C. obscurus, 221 Cryptotrichosporon, 348 C. thromboides, 211 Cucurbitaceae, 211 Conidiosporomyces, 310 Cuniculitrema, 336 Coniodictyum, 296, 309, 315 Cuniculitremaceae, 350 Coniophora, 407 Cunninghamella, 212, 213, 216, 219, 226, 234 Coniophorineae, 408 Cunninghamella echinulata, 213 Contarinia, 212 , 219 Convolvulaceae, 310, 315, 322 Cunninghamelloideae, 219 Coprinopsis cinerea, 374 Curvibasidium, 287 Coprinus, 409 Cylindrobasidium, 409 Copromyxa,22 Cylindrochytridium, 157 Copromyxella,22 Cyllamyces, 164 436 Biosystematic Index

Cyperaceae, 298, 302, 310, 311, 319–322 Dendrocorticium, 400 Cyrenella, 286 Densospora, 234 Cyrenella elegans, 276, 278, 286 Dermatosoraceae, 320 Cystobasidiales, 287 Dermatosorus, 310, 319, 320 , 278, 286–287 Derxomyces, 336, 347 Cystobasidiopsis, 284 Developayella, 41, 82 Cystobasidiopsis nirenbergiae, 284 Dianema,33 Cystobasidium, 286 Diasporangium, 49, 50 Cystochytrium,48 Dicellomyces, 309 Cystodermateae, 410 Dicellomyces gloeosporus, 314 Cystofilobasidiales, 348–349 Dichotomocladioideae, 219 Cystofilobasidium, 334, 340, 349 Dichotomocladium, 219, 227 C. bisporidii, 349 Dicranophora, 211, 219, 234 Cystopage, 220 Dicranophoraceae, 219 Cystopage cladospora, 236 Dicranophoroideae, 219 Cytosiphon,50 Dictyocaulus viviparus, 216 Dictyosteliomycota, 13, 21–34 Dictyostelium,26 D D. discoideum,9,21 Dacrymyces, 365 D. septentrionalis,26 D. aquaticus, 368 D. sphaerocephalum,24 D. capitatus, 364 Dictyotremella, 348 D. chrysospermus, 359 Dictyuchus, 49–51, 64, 65, 80 D. dendrocalami, 361, 365, 368 Didymium,32 D. enatus, 361 D. difforme,30 D. estonicus, 360, 366 D. iridis,29 D. macnabbii, 361 Dimargaris, 218, 230 D. minor, 362, 366 Dimargaris bacillispora, 225 D. ovisporus, 361, 365, 366 Dimargaritaceae, 218 D. palmatus, 358, 359 , 210, 214, 215, 217, 218, 225, D. paraphysatus, 361 228–232, 237–239 D. pinacearum, 362, 368, 370 Dioszegia, 336, 347 D. punctiformis, 368 Diplophryidaceae, 44 D. stillatus, 358–361, 363 Diplophrys,44 D. subarcticus, 362, 368, 370 Diplophrys marina, 44, 46 D. unisporus, 370 Dipsacomyces, 219, 232 D. variisporus, 359 Diptera, 223 Dacrymyces s. str., 368 Dispira, 218, 230 , 357–370, 374 Dissophora, 211, 219, 233 Dacryodiomyces, 218, 231 , 259–260 Dacryomitra, 368, 370 Ditiola, 367 Dacryomitra pusilla, 366, 370 Ditiola haasii, 359 Dacryonaema, 367 Diversispora, 256, 260 Dacryonaema rufum, 359, 364 Doassansia, 309, 313, 318 Dacryopinax, 367 Doassansiaceae, 309, 312, 313 D. elegans, 364, 370 Doassansiales, 301–305, 309, 311–313, 321 D. spathularia, 359 Doassansiopsidaceae, 304, 310, 318 Dacryoscyphus, 368, 370 Doassansiopsis, 310, 313, 318, 321 Dacryoscyphus chrysochilus, 362, 363, 368, 370 Doassinga, 296, 303, 304, 309, 313 Dasyspora, 283 Drechslerosporium, 218 Biosystematic Index 437

Drepanoconis, 309 , 210, 215–217, 221–223, Ducellaria, 59 230, 237, 239 Ducellieraceae, 59 Entomophthoromycotina, 184, 215 Ducellieria, 50, 51, 81 Entomopthorales, 222 Ducellieriaceae, 50 Entophlyctis, 147, 156, 159 Entorrhiza, 297, 298, 309 Entrophospora, 261 E Entrophospora infrequens, 256, 261 Eballistra, 310, 314 Entrophosporaceae, 261 Eballistraceae, 310, 315, 316 Entyloma, 296, 298, 300, 301, 303, 309, 314, 322 Eccrinales, 210 Entyloma , 314 Eccrinidus,6 Entylomaster, 309, 313 Echinochlamydosporium, 219 Entylomataceae, 309 Echinodontium, 404 Entylomatales, 295, 301–304, 309, 312–314 Echinosporangium Kylin, 219 Eocronartium, 289 Echinosporangium Malloch, 219 Eocronartium muscicola, 278, 279, 282 , 31 Ephemerellomyces, 218 ,32 Eraphthora, 52, 75 Ectocarpus, 40, 55 Ericaceae, 315 Ectrogella, 49–51, 54, 82 Ericales, 309, 321 Ectrogellaceae, 50, 51 Eriocaulaceae, 311 Ectrogellales, 50 Eriocaulago, 311 Efibulobasidium, 389 Eriomoeszia, 311, 320 Eichleriella, 390 Eriosporium, 311 Ejectosporus, 218 Erratomyces, 310, 317 Ellisomyces, 219, 228 Erratomyces patelii, 317 Elmerina, 390 Ertzia, 406 Elongisporangium, 51, 72 Erynia, 217, 218, 223 Encephalitozoon, 120 Erynia sepulchralis, 221 Encephalitozoon cuniculi,8 Erynioideae, 218 Endochytriaceae, 156, 157 Eryniopsis, 218 Endochytrium, 157 Erysiphales, 288 Endocochlus, 220 Erythrobasidium, 286 Endogonaceae, 219, 233, 255 Escherichi coli,26 Endogonaeae, 214 Eucalyptus, 316 , 210, 214, 217, 219, 229, 233, 234 Euglena,11 Endogone, 219, 233, 234, 253, 254, 256, 264 Euphorbiaceae, 311 Endogone pisiformis, 227, 233 Euryancale, 220, 236 Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 121 E. marsipspora, 236 Entoloma, 409 E. phallospor, 236 Entolomataceae, 410 E. sacciospora, 236 Entomophaga, 218, 238 Eurychasma, 49–51, 55, 80, 82, 84 Entomophthora, 218, 224 Eurychasma dicksonii, 55, 56, 78, 79 Entomophthoraceae, 218, 222–224 Eurychasmaceae, 50, 51, 55 Entomophthoralean fungi, 210 Eurychasmales, 51, 52, 55 , 210, 214–218, 222, 223, 235, Eurychasmidium, 49, 50, 55 237–239 Eurychasmopsis, 50, 51, 81 Entomophthoreae, 214 Excavata, 11, 21–34 Entomophthoroideae, 218 Exidiopsis, 390 Entomophthoromycetes, 218, 221–224 Exobasidiaceae, 309, 315 438 Biosystematic Index

Exobasidiales, 295, 299, 301, 302, 304–306, 309, Gamsiella, 219, 233 311–316, 319, 321 Gamsiella multidivericata, 226 Exobasidianae, 312 Ganoderma, 398 Exobasidiellum, 309 Gastrosporium, 392 , 303, 309–317, 321 Gauteriaceae, 393 Exobasidium, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 309, 311, Gauthieromyces, 218 315, 321 Gautieriaceae, 394 Exoteliospora, 298, 305, 311 Geastraceae, 392 Geastrales, 391–392 F Geastrum, 391 Geminaginaceae, 320 Fabaceae, 310, 316, 317 Geminago, 311, 320 Fagaceae, 310, 316 Genistella, 218 Farysia, 301, 302, 310, 317, 320 Genistellaceae, 218 Farysizyma, 302, 310, 317, 320 Genistelloides, 218, 231 Farysporium, 311 Genistelloides hibernus, 238 Favolaschia, 409 Genistellospora, 218, 231 Fellomyces, 336, 343 Geolegnia, 49–51 Femsjonia, 367, 368 Georgefischeria, 300, 310, 315 Femsjonia peziziformis, 366 Georgefischeriaceae, 310, 315, 316 Fennellomyces, 220 Georgefischeriales, 301, 303, 304, 310, 311, Fennellomyces linderi, 227 313–316, 319–322 Filobasidiales, 347, 349 Geosiphonaceae, 261 Filobasidiella, 334, 339, 350 Geosiphonales, 210 F. bacillispora, 344 Geosiphon pyriformis, 256, 261 F. depauperata, 340 Geranium pratense,69 F. neoformans, 340 Geranomyces, 160 Filobasidium, 334, 349 Gigaspora, 255, 259 Fimicolochytrium, 160 Gigasporaceae, 253 Fistulina, 409 Gigasporineae, 255 Flamingomyces, 310, 318, 319 Gilbertella, 216, 219 Floromyces, 310, 318 Gilbertella persicaria, 211, 212, 227–229 Floromycetaceae, 304, 310, 318 Gilbertellaceae, 219 Fomes, 397 Gilbertelloideae, 219 Fonticula, 10, 11, 22 Gjaerumia, 296, 310, 315 Fonticula alba,7 Gjaerumiaceae, 310, 315, 316 Foraminifera, 105 Glaciozyma, 287 Franzpetrakia, 311 Globisporangium,72 Fulvisporium, 287, 297 Gloeocantharellus, 393 Funneliformis mosseae, 254 Gloeocystidiellum, 404 Furculomyces, 218 Gloeophyllales, 402 Furia, 217, 218 Gloeophyllum, 402 Furia gastropachae, 221 Glomales, 210 Fusarium,6 Glomeraceae, 253, 258–259 , 210, 255, 258–259 G , 83, 210, 214, 215, 233, 234, 251 Gaertneriomyces, 145, 160, 161 Glomineae, 255 Gallacea, 394 Glomosporiaceae, 310, 318, 319, 321 Gallaceaceae, 394 Glomosporium, 310, 318 Galteriella biscalitheceae,84 Glomus, 234, 255 Biosystematic Index 439

Glotzia, 218, 231 Harpellomyces, 218, 231 Gominocheate,51 Harpochytrium, 145, 163, 164 Gomphaceae, 394 Hassiella monosperma,83 Gomphales, 393 Hebelomateae, 410 Gomphus, 393 , 289 Gonapodya, 163, 167 , 278, 289 Gongronella, 219 Helicobasidium purpureum, 282 Gonimocheate,50 Helicocephalidaceae, 210, 220, 235, 237 Graminella, 218, 231 Helicocephalum, 220, 228 Graminelloides, 218 Helicogloea, 282, 285 Graminivora, 52, 75 H. intermedia, 281 Graphiola, 300, 305, 310, 321 H. variabilis, 282 Graphiolaceae, 310, 315 Heliconiaceae, 309 Guehomyces, 336 Helicostylum, 211, 219 Guepiniopsis, 367, 369 H. elegans, 211 Guepiniopsis buccina, 359, 364 H. pulchrum, 211 Guttulina rosea,22 Heliocybe, 402 Guttulinopsis,22 Hemileia vastatrix, 278 Gymnopileae, 410 Hemitrichia calyculata,30 Gyrodontium, 407 Henningsomyces, 409 Hericiaceae, 405 Hericium, 404 H Herpobasidium, 289 Halioticida, 51, 57 Hesseltinella, 210, 216, 219 Halioticida noduliformans,56 Heterobasidiomycetes, 273 Haliphthoraceae, 50, 51, 57 Heterobasidion, 404 Haliphthorales, 51, 57–58 Heterodoassansia, 309, 313, 318 Haliphthoros, 49, 50, 54, 58, 80 Heterogastridiales, 288 Haliphthoros milfordensis, 56, 58, 78 Heterogastridium, 287 Haliphthorus, 50, 51 Heterokonta,41 Halocrusticida, 51, 57 Heteromycophaga, 348 Halocrusticida parasitica,56 Heterotextus, 367, 368 Halodaphnea, 50, 57 H. alpinus, 359 Halophytophthora, 50, 51, 71–73 H. miltinus, 364 Halophytophthora vesicula,68 Heterotolyposporium, 310, 320 Halteromyces, 219 Hobsonia, 285 Hannaella, 336, 347 Holozoa, 6 Haplosporangium, 219 Homobasidiomycetes, 273, 374 Haptoglossa, 50, 51, 55, 56, 76, 78–81, 84 Holtermannia H. dickii,78 H. corniformis, 349 H. erumpens, 55, 56, 81 Holtermanniales, 349 H. heteromorpha, 55, 56, 81 Holtermanniella, 347, 349 H. polymorpha,55 H. mycelialis, 339 Haptoglossaceae, 50, 51, 55 Homolaphlyctis, 167 Haptoglossales, 50, 51, 55–57 Homoptera, 210 , 218, 231 Hyalococcus, 348 Harpella melusinae, 225 Hyaloperonospora, 40, 52, 73, 75, 76 Harpellaceae, 218 H. arabidopsidis,40 , 209, 210, 214, 215, 218, 225, 230, H. parasitica,69 231, 238, 239 Hyaloraphidium, 163 440 Biosystematic Index

Hyaloria pilacre, 390 Jola, 279, 281, 289 Hydatinophagus,50 Juglandaceae, 310 Hydnaceae, 388 Juncaceae, 310, 319, 320 Hydnellum, 399 Hydnodontaceae, 395 K Hydnomerulius pinastri, 409 Karlingiomyces, 159 Hydnopolyporus, 398 Kavinia, 393 Hydnum, 387 Kickxella, 219, 232 Hydrangeaceae, 309 Kickxella alabastrina, 232 Hydrocharitaceae, 309 Kickxellaceae, 219 Hygrophoraceae, 411 Kickxellales, 210, 214, 215, 217, 225, 228–230, Hygrophoroid clade, 411 232, 237, 239 Hygrophoropsis, 407 , 210, 215, 217–219, 224–237 Hylocereus costaricensis, 211 Kirkia Benny, 220 Hylocereus undatus, 211 Kirkia Oliv, 220 Hymenochaetaceae, 396 Kirkomyces, 220 Hymenochaetales, 396 Kirkomycetoideae, 220 Hymenogastraceae, 410 Kjeldsenia, 392 , 275 Klastostachys, 218, 231 Hyperamoeba,32 Kneiffiella clade, 397 Hyphochytriomycota, 41, 78 Kochiomyces, 160 Hyphochytrium,48 Kochmania, 310 Hyphochytrium catenoides, 47, 48, 78 Kockovaella, 336 Hyphodontia, 396 Kondoa, 284 Hyphomucor, 219 Kordyana, 309 Hypomyces, 407 Kriegeria, 287 Hysterangiaceae, 394 Kriegeria eriophori, 280 Hysterangiales, 394–395 Krieglsteinera, 287 Hysterangium, 394 Kuntzeomyces, 311 Kurtzmanomyces, 284 I Kuzuhaea, 220, 235 Ileodictyon, 392 Kwoniella, 334, 340 Infundibura, 285 Ingoldiomyces, 310 L Inocybaceae, 410 Labryrinthula,78 Insolibasidium, 289 Labyrinthula, 44–46 Irpicodon pendulus, 406 Labyrinthula terrestris,44 Isoachlya, 49, 51 Labyrinthulaceae, 44, 46 Isomucor, 219, 220, 234 Labyrinthulales, 44 Itersonilia, 340 Labyrinthuloides, 45, 46 Labyrinthuloides yorkensis,46 J Labyrinthulomycota, 40–46, 77 Jaapia argillacea, 402 Lachnellaceae, 411 Jaapiales, 402 Lachnocladium, 404 Jaculispora submersa, 285 Lactarius, 404 Jamesdicksonia, 296, 300, 310, 314 Laculus, 218, 231 Jaminaea, 301, 310, 312 Lacustromyces, 159 Jaminaea angkorensis, 317 Laeticorticium, 400 Johncouchia, 289 Laetisaria, 400 Biosystematic Index 441

Lagena, 49–51, 78, 79 Leucogyrophana, 407 Lagena radicola, 67, 71, 78, 81 Leucophleps, 404 Lagenaceae, 50 Leucosporidiella, 287 Lagenidiales, 49, 55 Leucosporidium, 287 Lagenidium, 49–51, 58, 71, 83 Liceales, 31, 32 L. callinectes,83 , 211, 212, 219, 234 L. giganteum,76 Lichtheimiaceae, 219 L. pygameum, 59, 60 Lichtheimioideae, 219 Lagenisma, 50, 51, 54, 82 Ligniera, 105 Lagenisma coscinodisci,81 L. junci, 107 Lagenismataceae, 50, 51 L. pilorum, 107 Lagenismatales, 50 L. verrucosa, 107 Lamproderma,30 Lignosus, 398 Lancisporomyces, 218, 231 Liliaceae, 310 Langdonia, 311, 320 Limonomyces, 400 Latrostium,48 Linderina, 219, 232 Lauraceae, 309 Linderina pennispora, 232 Laurilia, 404 Liroa, 287, 297 Laurobasidium, 296, 309, 315 Lobosporangium, 219, 233 Laurobasidium lauri, 296, 315 Lobosporangium transversale, 226 Lecophagus, 237 Lobulomyces, 158 Legeriodes, 218, 231 Lobulomycetales, 145, 147, 156, 158–159, 162, 167 Legeriomyces, 218, 231 ,33 Legeriomycetaceae, 218, 231 ,27 Legeriosimilis, 219, 231 Lycoperdales, 392 Leguminosae, 322 Lycoperdon, 409 Lentamyces, 219, 234, 235 Lygniopteris,84 Lentamyces parricida, 235 Lyophyllaceae, 410 Lentamycetaceae, 219 Lysuraceae, 393 Lentariaceae, 393, 394 Lentinellus, 404 Lentinula edodes, 373 M Lentinus tigrinus, 398 Macalpinomyces, 311 Lenzitopsis, 399 Macowanites, 404 Lepidoderma,33 Macrobiophthora, 218, 223 Lepidostroma, 406 Malassezia, 297, 299, 301, 302, 305, 310, 316 Lepidostromataceae, 406 Malasseziales, 309–313, 316 Lepidostromatales, 406 Malvaceae, 309–311 Lepiota, 409 Marasmioid clade, 410–411 Leptolegnia, 49–51, 62, 65 Marchandiomyces, 400 Leptolegniaceae, 50, 62 Martensella, 219, 232 Leptolegniella, 49–51 Martensella corticii, 232 Leptolegniellaceae, 50, 51, 59 Martensiomyces, 219, 232 Leptomitaceae, 50, 51, 59, 79 Martensiomyces pterosporus, 225 Leptomitales, 49–52, 58, 59 Massospora, 215–218, 224 Leptomitus, 49–51, 59 Massosporoideae, 218 Leptomitus lacteus,60 Mastigobasidium, 287 Leptosporomyces, 406 Maullinia, 105 Leucocintractia, 310, 320 M. ectocarpii, 107 Leucogloea, 285 Maunachytrium, 158 442 Biosystematic Index

Mayorella, 236 Monoblepharella, 163 M. penardi, 236 Monoblepharidales, 163 M. vespertilioides, 236 Monoblepharidomycota, 141–168 Medusoides,50 Monoblepharis, 163 Meira, 301, 305, 309, 312, 314 Moreaua, 310, 320 Melampsora epitea, 283 , 211, 213, 219, 226, 233, 237, 238 Melampsora laricis-epitea, 275 M. alliacea, 212–213 Melampsora laricis-populina, 282 M. alpina, 212–213 Melaniella, 298, 309, 313 M. elongata, 213 Melaniellaceae, 309, 313 M. wolfii, 212 Melanopsichium, 311, 319, 320 , 219, 233 Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum, 320 , 210, 211, 213–215, 217, 219, 226, Melanotaeniaceae, 304, 311, 313, 318–321 229, 232, 233, 237 Melanotaeniaeae, 318 Mortierellomycotina, 210, 215, 217, 219, Melanotaenium, 298, 311 224–237 Melanoxa, 310, 319 Mrakia, 343 Melanthiaceae, 310 Mrakiella, 347 Melanustilospora, 310, 318 Mucor, 211, 212, 216, 219, 234 Membranomyces, 387 M. amphibiorum, 212 Membranosorus, 105 M. irregularis, 212 Membranosorus heterantherae, 107 M. mucedo, 211, 214 Mercenaria, 44, 46 M. piriformis, 211 Meredithblackwellia, 287 M. rouxii, 229 Meristacraceae, 218, 222, 223, 238 Mucoraceae, 219, 226, 229 Meristacrum, 218, 223, 238 , 209–217, 219, 220, 225–230, Merosporangia, 216, 225, 228 233–235, 237–240 Mesophellia, 394 Mucoroideae, 219 Mesophelliaceae, 394 , 210, 211, 215, 217, 219, Metazoa, 6 224–237 Microallomyces, 185 Multiclavula, 387 Microbotryales, 282, 297 Mundkurella, 310, 319 , 281, 287–288 Muribasidiospora, 309, 315 Microbotryum, 282, 297, 317, 320 Mycenaceae, 410 M. reticulatum, 280 , 27 M. violaceum, 282, 287 Mycocladaceae, 220 Micromucor, 220 Mycocladus, 220 , 10, 115 Mycoe¨milia, 219, 232 Microstomatales, 305 Mycogloea, 278, 284 Microstroma, 296, 299, 300, 305, 310, Myconymphaea, 219, 232 316, 317 Mycosyringaceae, 310, 318, 319 Microstromataceae, 310, 316 Mycosyrinx, 300, 304, 310, 318, 321 Microstromatales, 295, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, Mycosyrinx cissi, 318 310, 313, 316–317 Mycotypha, 220, 227, 229 Mindeniella, 49–51 Mycotypha africana, 227 Minimedusa, 388 , 220 Mixia osmundae, 279, 288 Mycotyphoideae, 220 , 278, 281, 288 Myiophagus, 180 Modicella, 219, 233 Myriostoma, 391 Modicella malleola, 226 Myrtaceae, 310 Moesziomyces, 311 Myxomycetes, 21, 27, 31–34 Biosystematic Index 443

Myxomycota, 11, 21–34 Ochrophyta, 41 Myzocytiopsidaceae, 50, 72 Octomyxa, 105 Myzocytiopsidales, 50, 72 Oedogoniomyces, 163 Myzocytiopsis, 50, 51, 71, 82, 83 Olpidiopsidaceae, 50, 51, 57 M. lenticulare,67 Olpidiopsidales, 50, 51, 58 M.vermicola, 76, 81 Olpidiopsis, 49–51, 57, 80, 81 Myzocytium, 49, 50, 71 O. porphyrae,78 Myzocytium anomalum,60 O. saprolegniae, 56, 79 Olpidium, 10, 145, 146, 160 N O. brassicae, 223 O. porphyrae, 57, 79 Naegleria fowleri,11 O. saprolegniae, 57, 78 Naiadella fluitans, 285 Oomycota, 41, 49–54, 78 Nannfeldtiomyces, 309, 313, 318 Opalinida, 41 Naohidea, 286 Opisthokonta, 1, 22 Narasimhania, 309, 313, 318 Orchesellaria, 218, 230 Nellymyces, 50, 51 Orchidaceae, 298 Nematophthora, 50, 51 Ordonia, 289 , 141–168 Orphanomyces, 305, 311 Neocallimastix, 164 Orphella, 219, 230, 231 Neokarlingia, 159 Orpinomyces, 164, 165, 167 Neolentinus, 402 Orthomyces, 217, 218 Neotremella, 348 O. aleyrodis, 217 Neovossia, 310 Orthoptera, 210 Neozygitaceae, 218, 222, 223 Osmunda, 288 Neozygitales, 210, 217, 218, 224 Osmundaceae, 311 Neozygites, 218 Osteomorpha, 395 Neozygitomycetes, 218, 222, 224 Otospora, 260 Nephrochytrium, 157 Ouramoeba botulacauda, 236 Neurospora,4,5 Ouramoeba vorax, 236 Newbya, 51, 62, 65 Ovatosporangium,73 Nidulariaceae, 410 Oxalidaceae, 310 Nosema bombycis, 119 Oxyporus clade, 397 Nostoc, 261 Nothadelphia, 233 Nothia aphylla, 234 P Novotelnova, 52, 76 Pachnocybales, 289 Nowakowskiella, 157, 166 Pachnocybe ferruginea, 281, 289 Nowakowskiellaceae, 157 Pachymetra, 50, 51, 62 Nucellangium glabrum,83 Pachymetra chaunorhiza, 61, 62 Nuclearia,6,10 Pacispora, 257 Nucletmycea, 166 Pacisporaceae, 260 Nymphaeaceae, 309 Palaeoagaricites antiquus, 386–387 Palaeoclavaria burmites, 387 O Paleoblastocladia, 179 Obelidium, 156 Palmaria palmata,57 Oberwinkleria, 310 , 217, 218 Oblongichytrium, 44, 46 P. ithacensis, 221 Oblongochytridiaceae, 44 P. neoaphidis, 221 Occultifur, 286 Papiliotrema, 334, 336 444 Biosystematic Index

Paraglomeraceae, 260 Phellinus ellipsoideus, 396 , 260 Phellodon, 399 Paraglomus, 256 Pheodactylum,40 Paranosema locustae, 116 Phlebia, 398 Paraperonospora, 50, 52, 76 Phlebioid clade, 399 Paraphysoderma, 180, 186 Phleogena, 285 Parasitella, 219 Phlyctochytrium, 145, 156, 157, 159 P. parasitica, 214 Phlyctorhiza, 156 P. simplex, 235 Phragmidium, 279 Parietichytrium, 44, 46 Phragmotaenium, 310 Parvulago, 310, 320 Phragmoxenidium, 348 Paxillus, 407 Phycomyces, 220, 234 Pectospora, 235 Phycomyces blakesleeanus, 213, 214, 227 Penicillium, 238, 289 , 220, 229 Peniophora, 404 Phyllogloea, 348 Peniophoraceae, 405 Phylloporus, 407 Peniophorella praetermissa, 396 , 31 Pennella, 219, 231 Physarum polycephalum, 21, 29 Pennisetum clandistinum,62 Physocladia, 156 Pericladiaceae, 319 Physoderma, 180, 186 Pericladium, 311, 319, 320 Physodermataceae, 186 Peridiospora, 219, 234 Phytomyxea, 99 Perofascia, 52, 76 Phytophthora, 10, 40, 49–51, 68, 69, 71, Peronoplasmopara,49 73, 80 Peronosclerospora, 50, 52, 64, 75 P. capsici,40 Peronosclerospora sorghii,68 P. cinnamomi, 40, 74, 80 Peronospora, 49, 50, 52, 73, 76 P. infestans, 40, 68, 74, 75 Peronospora viciae,69 P. sojae,68 Peronosporaceae, 50, 51, 68, 69, 72–76 Phytopythium, 51, 72, 73 Peronosporales, 49–51, 70–76, 81 Phytopythium ostracodes,68 Peronosporomycetes, 51, 52, 65–76 Picea,34 Petersenia, 49–51, 57 Pilaira, 219, 226, 234 Phaeoclavulina, 393 , 216, 220, 229 Phaerochaete chrysosporium, 398 Pilobolus, 210, 213, 215–216, 220, 234, 237 Phaffia, 347 Pilocintractia, 310, 320 Phagomyxa, 105 Pinnaticoemansia, 219, 232 P. bellerocheae, 107 Piptocephaladiaceae, 210 P. odontellae, 107 Piptocephalidaceae, 210, 220, 228, 235–238 Phagomyxida, 99 Piptocephalis, 220, 235–238 Phakopsora pachyrhizi, 278 P. lepidula, 228 Phallaceae, 392, 393 P. xenophila, 228 Phallales, 392–393 Pirella, 219, 227 Phallogaster, 394 P. circinans, 211, 227 Phallogastraceae, 394 P. naumovii, 227 Phallomycetidae, 391–395 Piriformospora, 389 Phanerochaete, 398 Piromyces, 164, 165, 167 Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 374 Pirsonia, 48, 82 Phascolomyces, 220 Pirsonia developayella,41 Phascolomyces articulosus, 227 Planetella, 310, 320 Phellinus, 396 Plantaginaceae, 309 Biosystematic Index 445

Plasmodiophora, 11, 99 Postia placenta, 374, 398 P. bicaudata, 107 Powellomyces, 160, 166 P. brassicae,99 Powellomycetaceae, 160 P. diplantherae, 107 Proabsidia, 219 Plasmodiophorida, 99 Proceropycnis, 285 Plasmopara, 49, 50, 52, 76 Proliferobasidium, 309 Plasmopara pusilla,69 Proliferobasidium heliconiae, 314 Plasmophagus,50 Protoachlya, 49–51, 65 Plasmoverna, 52, 76 Protobremia, 52, 76 Platycarpa, 289 Protomerulius, 390 Platygloea, 289 Protomycetales, 298 Platygloea unispora, 366 Protomycocladus, 220 Platygloeales, 289 Protophallaceae, 393 Plecopteromyces, 219, 231 Protostelium,11 Plectospira, 49–51, 62, 64 Protozoa, 27, 34 Plectospira myriandra,61 Protubera canescens, 392 Pleistophora, 123 Psathyrellaceae, 410 Pleocystidium,50 Pseudodermatosorus, 309, 313 Plerogone,50 Pseudodoassania, 309, 313, 318 Pleurotaceae, 411 Pseudoharpella, 219 Pleurotus ostreatus, 373 Pseudohydnum, 390 Plicaturopsis crispa, 406 Pseudoperonospora, 40, 52, 76 Pluteaceae, 411 Pseudoperonospora cubensis,76 Poaceae, 298, 309–311, 317, 319–322 Pseudosphaerita, 49–51, 54 Poakatesthia, 52, 75 Pseudosphaeritaceae, 50, 51 Poales, 315, 319 Pseudotracya, 309, 313 Pocheina,22 Pseudozyma, 301, 302, 311, 317 Pocheina rosea,22 Psudoperonospora,50 Podochytrium, 156 Ptechetelium, 289 Podoserpula pusio, 406 Pteromaktron, 219 Poitrasia, 216, 219, 234 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, 281 Polycaryum, 186 Puccinia psidii, 278 Polychytriales, 147, 158, 159, 166 Puccinia striiformis, 281 Polychytrium, 145, 159 Puccinia triticina, 281 Polygonaceae, 311, 320 Pucciniales, 288 Polymyxa, 105 , 281, 288–289 P. betae,99 , 271, 276, 278, 281, 283, 285, P. graminis,99 287, 297, 298, 321 Polyozellus multiplex, 399 Punctulariaceae, 401 Polyphlyctis, 156 Punctularia strigoso-zonata, 401 Polyporales, 397 Pustula, 51, 70 Polyporus, 398 Pylaiella,55 Polysphondylium,26 Pyrococcus horikoshii,9 Polysphondylium tenuissimum,24 Pythiaceae, 50, 51, 67, 69, 71–72 Pontimaceae, 50 Pythiales, 50, 69, 71 Pontisma, 49–51, 57 Pythiella, 49, 51, 59 Pontismataceae, 51, 57 Pythiogeton, 49–51, 71, 72 Porphyra,57 Pythiogetonaceae, 50, 71 Porpomyces, 395 Pythiopsis, 49–51, 64, 65 Portalia, 310, 320 Pythium, 49–51, 60, 67, 69, 71, 72, 80, 84 446 Biosystematic Index

P. chondricola,72 Rhizophlyctidales, 143, 147, 151, 156, 161–163, P. insidiosum,49 167 P. monospermum,74 Rhizophlyctis, 159–161 P. porphyrae,72 Rhizophydiales, 147, 149–156, 162, 163, 167 P. ultimum,40 Rhizophydium, 150–152, 166 Rhizopodaceae, 220 Q Rhizopodopsis, 220 Rhizopogon, 407 Quambalaria, 301, 310 Rhizopus, 212, 213, 220, 234 Quambalariaceae, 310, 316 R. microsporus, 213 Quatsinoporites cranhamii, 386 R. oryzae, 211 R. stolonifer, 211, 229 R Rhodosporidium, 287 Racocetra, 259 Rhodosporidium toruloides, 274 Radiigera, 391 Rhodotorula, 283, 286, 287, 301, 310, 317 Radiomyces, 220, 234 R. glutinus, 283 Radiomycetaceae, 220 R. graminis, 281, 287 Ramaria, 393 Rhopalomyces, 220, 235 Ramariaceae, 394 R. elegans, 237 Ramicandelaber, 219, 230, 232 R. strangulatus, 228 Ranunculales, 314 Rhynchogastrema, 334 Redeckera, 256, 260 Rickenella, 396 Reesia,48 Rickenella clade, 397 Reniforma strues, 276, 278 Rictus lutensis,79 Residual polyporoid clade, 399 Rosaceae, 310 Resinicium, 396 Rozella, 1, 4, 8, 84, 142, 146, 160 Restionaceae, 311, 319, 320 Rozellopsidaceae, 50, 51 Restiosporium, 311, 320 Rozellopsis, 49–51, 54 Reticulocephalis, 220, 236 Ruppiacae, 310 Rhamnaceae, 309 Russula, 404 Rhamphospora, 300, 305, 309, 313 Russulaceae, 405 Rhamphospora nymphaeae, 313 Russulales, 403 Rhamphosporaceae, 309, 313 Rhamphospora nymphaeae, 313 S Rhipidiaceae, 50, 51, 69 Saccharomyces cerevisiae,3,4,8 Rhipidiales, 50–52, 66, 69–70 Saccharum,62 Rhipidium, 49, 51, 66, 69 Saccoblastia, 285 Rhizaria, 11, 99 Sakaguchia, 286 Rhizidiomyces,48 , 212, 220, 234 Rhizidiomyces apophysatus, 47, 78 , 220 Rhizidium, 156, 157 Salilagenidiales, 50, 58 Rhizidomyces infiatus,48 Salilagenidium,50 Rhizoclosmatium, 156 Salisapilaceae, 71 solani, 388 Salisapilia,51 , 211, 212, 219, 234 Salisapiliaceae, 51 Rhizomucor variabilis var. variabilis, 212 Salispilaceae, 71 Rhizomucoroideae, 219 Salispilia,83 Rhizophagus irregularis, 253, 254 Salmacisia, 310, 317 Rhizophlyctidaceae, 161 Salmacisia buchloe¨ana, 317 Biosystematic Index 447

Saprolegnia, 49–51, 61, 64, 65, 78, 80 Sicyoidochytrium, 44, 46 S. ferax, 56, 64 Siepmannia, 220, 234 S. parasitica,40 Sigmogloea, 348 Saprolegniaceae, 50, 51, 61–63, 65 Sigmoideomyces, 220, 236 Saprolegniales, 49–51, 58–65 Sigmoideomycetaceae, 210, 220, 235, 236 Saprolegniomycetes, 51, 52, 58–65 Simuliidae, 223 Sapromyces, 49–51, 70 Simuliomyces, 219, 231 Sapromyces elongatus, 66, 69 Simuliomyces spica, 238 Sarcodon, 399 Sinotrichium, 219, 231 Saxifragaceae, 309, 314 Siphonaria, 156 Schenella, 391 Sirobasidiaceae, 350 Schenellaceae, 392 Sirobasidium, 332, 334 Schizangiella, 218 Sirolpidiaceae, 50, 51, 57 Schizochytrium, 44–46 Sirolpidium, 49–51, 57 Schizochytrium minutum,46 Sirotrema, 334 Schizonella, 305, 310, 320 Sistotrema, 387 Schizophyllaceae, 411 Smittium, 219, 231, 238 Schizophyllum commune, 374 S. culicis, 231 Schizoporaceae, 397 S. culisetae, 231 Schroeteria, 298 Sommerstorffia, 49–51, 61, 64 Sclerocystis, 255 Sonoraphlyctidaceae, 161 Scleroderma, 407 Sonoraphlyctis, 161 Sclerodermatineae, 408 Sorochytriaceae, 186 Sclerogaster, 391 Sorochytrium, 180, 186 Sclerogastraceae, 392 Sorodiplophyrs,44 Sclerogone, 219, 234 Sorodiscus, 105 Sclerophthora, 52, 62, 75 Sorodiscus callitrichis, 107 Sclerospora, 49, 50, 52, 64, 75 Sorosphaera, 105 Sclerosporaceae, 50 Sorosphaera veronicae, 107 Sclerosporales, 50, 58 Sorosporium, 310 Scoliolegnia, 50, 51 Sparassis, 398 Scutellospora, 259, 264 Spartiella, 219, 231 Scytinopogon, 395 Sphacelotheca, 287, 297 Sebacina, 389 Sphaerechinus granularis,32 Sebacinales, 389 Sphaerita,50 Selaginellaceae, 309, 313 Sphaerobolaceae, 392 Semimorula liquescens,32 Sphaerobolus, 391 Senecio vulgaris,69 Sphaerosporangium,51 Sepedonium, 407 Sphagnum, 276 Septobasidiales, 289 Spiculogloeales, 284 Septobasidium, 278, 289 Spinalia, 218, 230 Septobasidium burtii, 279 Spinalia radians, 230 Septochytriaceae, 157 Spinellus, 211, 220, 234 Septochytrium, 157 Spirodactylon, 219, 232 Septosperma, 145 Spiromyces, 219, 230, 232 Serendipita, 389 S. aspiralis, 232 Serpulomyces, 406 S. minutus, 232 Shivasia, 310 Spizellomyces, 145, 160, 161, 167 448 Biosystematic Index

Spizellomycetaceae, 160 Syzygangia,71 Spizellomycetales, 143, 145, 147, 156, 159–162, Syzygites, 220, 234 167 Syzygites megalocarpus, 229, 235 Spongospora, 11, 105 Syzygospora, 334, 336, 349, 351 S. nasturtii,99 S. subterranea,99 Sporidiobolales, 282, 283, 288 T Sporidiobolus, 287 Tabanomyces, 218, 223, 238 Sporidiobolus pararoseus, 279, 287 Taphrina deformans, 274 Sporisorium, 301, 311, 320, 321 , 298 Sporobolomyces, 283, 284, 286, 287 Tapinella, 407 Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, 283 Tapinellineae, 408 Sporodiniella, 220, 235 Tarichium, 218, 222 Sporodiniella umbellata, 235 Tausonia, 336 Stachylina, 218 Tectimyces, 219, 231 Stachylinoides, 218 Testicularia, 311 Steccherinum, 398 Tetragoniomyces, 332, 340, 350 Stegocintractia, 310, 320 Tetramyxa, 105 Stemonitales, 31 Tetramyxa parasitica, 107 Stemonitis, 27, 33 Thalassiosira pseudonana,8 Stereaceae, 405 Thallassiosira,40 Stereopsis, 406 Thamnidiaceae, 219 Stereum, 404 Thamnidioideae, 219 Sterigmatomyces, 284 Thamnidium, 211 Sterigmatomyces halophilus, 284 Thamnidium elegans, 211 Sterigmatosporidium, 348 Thamnidium Link, 220 Stilbum, 284 Thamnidium Tuck. ex Schwend, 220 Stipella, 219, 231 Thamnocephalis, 220, 236 Stollia, 311, 320 T. quadrupedata, 236 Straminipila, 41, 44 T. sphaerospora, 228 Straminopila, 10 Thamnostylum, 220 Strongwellsea, 217, 218 Thaxterosporium, 218 Strophariaceae, 410 Thecamoeba quadrilineata, 236 Stylina, 310 Thecaphora, 296, 301, 305, 310, 317, 318 Stylopage, 220 T. haumanii, 318 Stylopage rhabdospora, 235 T. oxalidis, 317 Stypella, 390 T. thlaspeos, 318 Subulicystidium, 395 Thelephora, 399 Suillineae, 408 Thelephoraceae, 400 Suillus, 407 Thelephorales, 399 Sulzbacheromyces, 406 Thermomucor, 211, 219 Sympodiomycopsis, 301, 310, 317 Thermus thermophilus,9 , 210, 220, 228 Thoreauomyces, 160 Syncephalastrum, 220 Thraustochytriaceae, 44 Syncephalastrum racemosum, 227, 228, 237 Thraustochytridiacae, 44 Syncephalis, 220, 235–237 Thraustochytridiales, 44 S. hypogena, 228, 237 Thraustochytrium, 44–46, 78 S. sphaerica, 237 T. multirudientale,46 Synchytrium, 145, 146, 156, 162, 166 T. rossi,45 Syzgangia,50 Thraustotheca, 49–51, 65 Biosystematic Index 449

Thraustotheca clavata,64 Tricholomataceae, 410 Tieghemella, 219 Tricholomatoid clade, 410 Tieghemiomyces, 218, 230 Trichomycetes, 209, 210, 214 Tieghemiomyces californicus, 230 Trichosporon, 344, 349 Tilletia, 295–298, 300, 304, 310, 315, 317, 322 T. asahii, 346 T. caries, 317 T. asteroides, 346 T. controversa, 317 T. debeurmannianum, 346 T. horrida, 317 T. dermatis, 346 Tilletiaceae, 305, 310 T. inkin, 346 Tilletiales, 301, 303–305, 310, 311, 313, 316, 317, T. louberi, 346 321, 322 T. mucoides, 346 Tilletiaria, 310 Trichosporonales, 347, 349 Tilletiaria anomala, 300, 315, 316 Trichosporonales, 336 Tilletiariaceae, 310, 311, 315, 316, 321 Trichozygospora, 219, 231 Tilletiopsis, 301, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316 Trichozygospora chironomidarum, 238 T. albescens, 310 Trifoliellum, 219 T. pallescens, 301, 310 Trimorphomyces, 336, 340 T. washingtonensis, 301 Triodiomyces, 311, 320 Tolyposporella, 310, 312 Triparticalcar, 160 Tolyposporium, 310, 320 Tritirachiales, 289 Tomentella, 399 , 278, 289 Tothiella, 310, 318 Tritirachium, 283, 289 Trachysphaera,50 T. oryzae, 289 Tracya, 309, 313, 318 T. roseum, 289 Trametes, 398 Tuberculina, 289 Tranzscheliella, 311 Tubisorus, 311, 320 Trappeaceae, 393 Tubulicrinacae, 397 Trechispora, 395 Tulasnella, 387 Trechisporales, 395 Tulasnellaceae, 388 Tremella, 332, 337, 347, 350 Turbinellus, 393 T. encephala, 334 T. foliacea, 332 T. fuciformis, 332 U T. giraffa, 334 Udeniomyces, 347 T. mesenterica, 332, 336 Uleiella, 298, 311, 320 T. obscura, 334 Uleiellaceae, 320 T. penetrans, 334 Ulkenia, 44, 46 Tremellales, 281, 332, 347, 350 Ulkenia amoeboida,45 Tremellina, 348 Ulmaceae, 309 Tremellodendron, 389 , 220 , 374 Umbelopsis, 213, 220, 238 Tremelloscypha, 389 Unilacryma, 370 Tremiscus, 390 Unilacryma unispora, 358, 361, 365 Trichaptum, 396 Uredinella, 289 Trichia,33 Urediniomycetes, 275, 283 , 31, 32 Urediniomycetidae, 288 Trichocintractia, 311, 320 Uredo farinosa, 315 Trichoderma,6 Urocystidaceae, 310, 318, 319, 321 Tricholoma, 409 Urocystidales, 301, 305, 310, 313, 318–319 Tricholoma matsutake, 373 Urocystis, 296, 298, 300, 301, 305, 310, 319 450 Biosystematic Index

Urocystis cepulae, 301 Wilsoniana,70 Uromyces fabae, 281 Wolfiporia, 398 Urophlyctis, 180, 186 Woronina, 104 Ustacystis, 296, 304, 310, 319 Woronina pythii, 102 Ustanciosporium, 296, 311, 320 Wrightoporia, 404 Ustilaginaceae, 302, 305, 311, 319–322 Ustilaginales, 301, 304, 305, 310, 311, 318–321 X , 275, 304, 310, 311, 313, Xanthophyllomyces, 334, 343, 346, 349 316–321 Xanthorrhoeaceae, 310 , 271, 276, 287, 295–322 Xenolachne, 348 Ustilago, 295–297, 299–302, 305, 311, 315, 320–322 Ustilago maydis, 295, 297, 302, 305 Ustilentyloma, 287, 297 Y Utharomyces, 213, 216, 220, 234 Yelsemia, 311 Youngiomyces, 219, 234 V Vankya, 310, 318, 319 Z Vanrija, 347 Zancudomyces, 219, 231 Veluticeps, 402 Zancudomyces culisetae, 231 Verrucalvaceae, 50, 51, 61, 64 Zoopagaceae, 220, 235, 236 Verrucalvus, 50, 51, 62 , 210, 214, 215, 217, 220, 224, 225, V. calvatus,61 228, 229, 235–239 V. flavofaciens,62 Zoopage, 220 Viennotia, 52, 75 , 210, 215, 217, 220, 224–237, Vitaceae, 310, 318, 321 239 Volvocisporiaceae, 310, 316 Zoophagus, 220, 235, 237 Volvocisporium, 310 Zoophagus insidians, 235 Vuilleminia, 400 Zoophthora, 217, 218, 238 Vuilleminiaceae, 401 Zoophthora radicans, 217, 221 Vuilleminiales, 400 Zundeliomyces, 287, 297 Zychaea, 220 W Zygnemomyces, 218, 219 Wallemia, 351 Zygopolaris, 219, 231 , 374 Zygorhynchus, 210, 211, 213, 220, 237 Websdanea, 311, 320 Z. heterogamus, 226, 229 Websdaneaceae, 311, 319–321 Z. moelleri, 214 Wilsonia,51 Zynemomyces, 230 Subject Index

A Amber, 387 AA. See arachidonic acid (AA) Baltic, 27 Abscission vacuole, 232 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 239 Absorption, 208 Ammonia, 34 Absorptive nutrition, 10 Amoebae Acaulosporoid type, 256 multinucleate, 28 Acidosis, mucormycosis, 212 sorocarpic, 22 Acrasid cellular slime molds, 21, 22 Amoeboflagellates, 28, 29 Acrasids, 21, 22 Amoeboid dispersal, 10 Active spore discharge, 215–216, 223, 224 Amoeboid trophic cells, 23, 25 Adaptation, 4, 11 Anaerobic yeast cell formation, 229 Adhesorium, 100 Anaerobic fermentation, 180, 200 Aerobic yeast cell formation, 229 Anamorphic ascomycete, 234 Aerobic fermentation, 238 Anamorphic fungi, 278 AFTOL. See Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life Anamorphs, 278 (AFTOL) Dacrymycetes, 362–363 Agar Anastomosis, 253, 259, 262 brain-heart infusion (BHIv), 238 Anatomical characters, 376 hay infusion, 26 Angiosperms, 298 MEYE, 230, 236 Anisogamy, 182, 187 Sabouraud dextrose, 238 Antagonism to other fungi, 301 water, 26, 236 Antheridia YpSs, 230 paragynous, 74 Agarics, 380 Antheridial cells, 81 Aggregation center, 24 Antibiotics, 237 AIDS Apical conidiogenous cell, 223 microsporidia, 120 Aplanospores, 62 Alkaline culture media, 237 primary, 65 Allomyces Appendaged sporangiospores, 216 hybridization, 197 Appendaged suspensors, 234 life cycle, 187 Apposed suspensors, 216, 229, 232–235 mitochondrial genome, 200 Aquaculture polyploidy, 197 microsporidia, 119 zoospore ultrastructure, 193 Aquatic fungi, 238, 276, 285, 286, 288, 386 Alpha-aminoadipate pathway, 9 Aquatic hosts Alternation of generations, 181 microsporidia, 119–132

Systematics and Evolution, 2nd Edition The Mycota VII Part A D.J. McLaughlin and J.W. Spatafora (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 452 Subject Index

Aquatic hyphomycetes, 276, 285, 287 epibasidia, 334 Arabian Sea, 290 morphologies, 278 Arachidonic acid (AA), 212–213 phragmobasidia, 278 Arbuscule, 252 stichic, 387 ARSEF. See USDA-ARF Collection of Entomo- Batkoan classification, 214–215 pathogenic Fungal Cultures (ARSEF) Benomyl, 237 Arthopods, 209–210 BHIv. See Agar, brain-heart infusion (BHIv) Arthropod hosts Bicosoecid flagellates, 79 microsporidia, 116–119, 122–123, 127 Binding hyphae, 398 Arthropod parasites, 223 Biodegradation, 212–213 Arthrospores, 216, 224, 225, 228, 230, 235 Biodiesel, 212–213 Asexual dispersal process, 24 Biogeography, 395 Asexual reproduction, 230, 231 Bioinformatics, 411 Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFTOL), Biological control, 238 374 Biological sibling , myxomycetes, 29 Asterids, 322 Bioremediation, 212–213 ATCC. See American Type Culture Collection Biosorption, 212–213 (ATCC) Biotechnology, 212–213, 240 ATPase subunit 6, 374 Biotransformation, 212–213 Atromentin, 407 Biotrophy Attine ant cultivars, 410 facultative, 74 Avian hosts obligate, 71 microsporidia, 120–121, 123–124, 129, 132– Biotype, 32 133 Birds Axenic culture, 233–235, 238 microsporidia, 120, 123–124, 129, 132–133 Axial assembly, 193 Blackflies, 223 Azygospores, 216, 217, 222–224, 229 Blackfly ovarian cysts, 231 Azygosporogenesis, 239 Blastocladiella life cycle, 191 mitochondrial genome, 201 B zoospore ultrastructure, 193 Bacteria, 231 Blastocladiomycota coliform, 25 phylogeny, 183 endosymbiotic, 213 Blastoclads, 177 Baitfish culture, 199 microsporidia, 119 facultatively anaerobic, 180 Ballistoconidia, 390 geographic distribution, 179 Bar bodies, 80 hosts, 180 Barcoding, 240 mycoparasitic, 180 Basidiobolomycosis, 212, 223 parasitic, 180 Basidiocarps, 315, 332 saprobic, 179 Dacrymycetes, 360–362 Blastosporogenesis, 224 Basidiomycete yeasts, 274, 283, 286, 287 Blight disease Basidiospores, 334 irrigated turf grasses, 44 Basidium, basidia, 299, 311, 315, 316, 319, 321, Brown-rot, 383, 398 335, 340, 390 Brown-rot fungi, Dacrymycetes, 363 chiastic, 387 Bruns’ Law, 6 Dacrymycetes, 360-362 Burns, mucormycosis, 212 Subject Index 453

C Commensals, 44 Calcium oxalate, 216 Condiophores, 278 Cambrian period, 82 Conidia, 215–217, 221, 223, 224, 226, 235, 236, Canopy plating isolation technique, 238 238 b-Carotene, 213, 214, 229 asteroconidia, 336 Carotenoids, Dacrymycetes, 364 ballistoconidia, 334, 336, 340 Cattle lungworm, 216 blastoconidia, 336 Cavender method, isolation, 26 capilliconidia, 219 Cell coat, 143, 157 primary, 217, 221, 223, 224 Cellular interaction, 297, 299, 302, 308–309 secondary, 217-220, 223, 224 Cellular slime molds, 21, 22 staurosporous, Dacrymycetes, 368 Cellulin tetraradiate, 286 chitin-glucan polymer, 59 true, 224, 226 Cellulose, 384 unitunicate, 217 Cell wall, 297, 301 villose, 221 carbohydrates, 276 zygoconidia, 336, 340 cellulose, 39 Conidial chains, 236 chemistry, 229 Conidial characters, Entomophthoromycota, Centriole, 223 222 nonkinetosomal, 194 Conidial discharge, 217, 224 Chemoattractant, 23, 25 Conidial germination, 236 Chiastic basidia, 387 Conidiobolomycosis, 212 Chitin, 209 Conidiogenesis, 239 Chitin synthases, 8 Conidiogenous cell, 217 Chitosan, 209 Conidiogenous hymenium, 220 Chlamydospores, 216, 224, 227, 228, 234, 235, Conidiophores, 217, 221, 223 340 secondary, 224 germination, 236 Conifers, 298 perennation, 228 Continuous parenthesomes Dacrymycetes, 361, Chlortetracycline, 237 368 Chronic gill infections Controlled drying, Entomophthoromycota, 238 microsporidia, 119 Convergent evolution, 313 Clades, 233 Coprophilous, 232 Clamp connections, 305, 386 Corticoid forms, 380 Classification, zygomycotan fungi, 210, 215, 240 Corticolous myxomycetes, 33 Cleavage Cruciform division, nuclear, 100 centrifugal, of oospheres, 58 Cryogenic freezers, 238 vesicle, of sporangiospores, 225 Cryogenic storage, 146, 238 Coelomomyces Cryoprotectant, 238 culture, 199 Cryostorage. See Cryogenic storage hybridization, 198 Crystal, crystals life cycle, 191 calcium oxylate, 216 zoospore ultrastructure, 193 spines, bearing, 216 Coenocytic Cultures, 146, 199, 212, 229, 237–239, 290 hyphae, 217, 234, 281, 288 collection, 239 mycelium, 223 microsporidia, 131–133 Coevolution, 321 trap, 262 Colacosomes, 281, 286, 287 Cyanobacteria, 31 Colony collapse disorder, 119 Cyanobionts, 261 Columellae, 232 Cyphelloid forms, 380 454 Subject Index

Cyst Dung, 145, 210, 230, 232, 233, 236 primary, 62 Dung extract, 237 secondary, 62 Cystidia, 217, 220–222 E Cystosome, 281 Early-diverging clades, Oomycota, 52 Cystosorus, 99 Early land plants, 234 Cytological characters, Agaricomycetes, 376 Earthworms, 34 Cytoplasmic cleavage, 237 Ecological roles, Agaricomycetes, 383–386 Ecology, 4, 5, 34, 276–278, 298, 302 D Economic importance, 211–214 Ecosystems Decomposition, 34 freshwater, 40 Desmid algae, 223 marine, 40, 71 Detritivores, 34 terrestrial, 71 Detritus, 32 Ectomycorrhizae, 210, 233, 373 food chain, 34 Ectoparasities, 235 Development, Chytridiomycota, 145, 147, 160, Ectoplasmic threads, 44 162, 167 Effectors, 299, 302 Devonian, 83, 264 molecules, 49 Diabetes, 212 RxLR-type, 73 Diabetes mellitis, 212 Egyptian henbane, 211 Dicots, 298 Endocyanobiosis, 261 , 21–23, 25, 26 Endomycorrhizal fungi, 233, 234 4-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, 214 Endoparasites, 235 Dikaryophyses, Dacrymycetes, 360–362 crustacean eggs, 58 Dikaryotic phase, Ustilaginomycotina, 299 molluscs, 58 Dimitic hyphae, 398 oyster drill, 58 Dimorphism, 299, 338 Endophytes, 386, 389 Diptera, 223, 238 Endosulfan, 213 Disease Endotoxin, 213 dieback of turf grasses, 40 Entomopathogens, 211, 276, 289 human, 302 Entomophthoromycosis, 212 red rot, 57 Environmental sampling, 278 sea grass bed dieback, 40 Environmental sequencing, 4 seedling blight, 212 Eocene, 27 silk worm, 119 Epibasidia, 334 wasting disease, 57 Ergosterol, 8–9 Dispersal, 143, 145, 146, 215, 216 Eukaryotic tree of life, 21 Glomeromycota, 254 Evolutionary trends, Ustilaginomycotina, 322 long distance, 30, 33, 395 Evolution of phenotype, 1 Distribution, Dacrymycetes, 363–364 Extremophiles, 278, 286, 290 Dolipores, 337, 360, 361, 368, 376 Downy mildews, 73, 75 Brassicolous, 76 F DMCC, 76 Facultative parasite, 235 DMPH, 76 nonhaustorial parasite, 234 GDM group, 75 Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 213 Droplet of fluid in spore release, 232 Ferns, 288 Drug metabolism, 213 prothallia, 215, 222, 223 Dry of zygomycetous fungi, 216, 232 Filopodia, 217 Subject Index 455

Fish Globule, 229 microsporidia, 119, 123, 128 Gloeocystidia, 404 Fitness, 4 Gloeoplerous hyphae, 404 Flagellum, Flagella, 193, 223 Glomoid spore type, 256 apparatus, 147, 148, 164 Glycerol loss, 10 growth, Dimargaritales, 238 rootlet system, 78 Glycolipids, 301 Flattened, wavy/undulate growth, Mortierello- Green beans, 211 mycotina, 233 Gun cells, 55 Food resources myxomycetes, 31, 34 H Food spoilage, 211–214 Habitat, 301 Forcible discharge of spores, 215 arctic, 278 Fossil record deep-sea, 278 myxomycetes, 27 subalpine forest, 211 Fossils, 386 subantarctic island, 211 zygomyceteous, 234 temperate forests, 33 Fruiting bodies, 22–24, 26, 30, 380–383 tropical forests, 28, 32 diversity, 278 wet, 223 perennial, 381 Haploid phase, 299, 301 Fruiting forms, Pucciniomycotina, Haustoria, 235, 236, 308, 313, 315, 335, 337 278, 284, 287 globose, 70 Fruit storage rots, 211 Haustorial parasites, zygomycetous fungi, 230, -like protists, 10–11 236, 238 Hemin, 237 G Heteroecism, 278, 289 Gall formation, 235 Heterothallic, 182, 214, 216, 229 Gall-forming parasite, 214 Heterothallism, 214, 222 Gametangium, Gametangia, 182, 197, 214, 216, Heterotrophs, 209 224, 229 Holdfasts, 209, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231 Gamma bodies, 196 Holocarpic thalli, 54, 71, 72 Gastroid, 315 Homothallic, 182, 214, 216, 222, 229, 239 Gene Homothallism, 191, 299 beta-tubulin, 26 Host jumps, 321 fungal-specific, 8 Host-parasite recognition, 214 internal transcribed spacer 1, 30 Host range, 222, 298 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 240 Host specificity, 321–322 large subunit rDNA, 297 Glomeromycota, 254 partial elongation factor 1-alpha, 30 Human mycoses, 211 Gene reduction Hybridization, 198, 298 microsporidia, 130 Hydrogenosomes, 165, 166 Genomes, 40, 281 Hydrostatic pressure, 217 Geosiphonales, 210 Hymenium, 221, 360–362 Germinal wall, 258, 263 Hymenophore, 381 Germination, 231, 236 Hyperglycemia, mucormycosis, 212 Germination orbs, 260 Hyphae, 10, 31, 216, 227, 228, 230, 236, Germination shield, 253 302, 360 Gleba, 392 binding, 398 Globose vesicle, 228 skeletal, 398 456 Subject Index

trimitic, 398 Lobose pseudopodia, 22 Hyphal attachment, 258 Lycopene, 212, 214 Hyphal bodies, 181, 210, 216, 217, 223, 224 Lyophilize, 238, 239 Lysine, 9 I Ice plant, 211 M Immunosuppression, 212 Macrocysts, 25 Industrial uses, 212–213 Macrosporangiophore, 213 Insect biocontrol, 238 Mammalian hosts Insects, 210, 215, 222, 230, 238, 301, 305, 404 microsporidia, 120–121, 123–124, 129, aquatic, 231, 238 132–133 entomophthoralean fungi, 210, 238 Mammals, 211, 394 microsporidia, 122 Mannose, 276 scale, 289 Marine fungi, 386 stonefly nymphs, winter-emeging, 238 Marine stramenopile symbionts, 386 MAST clade, 59 wood wasps, 404 Marsupials, 394 Interaction apparatus, Ustilaginomycotina, Mating, 213–214, 229 308, 314 Mating systems Interactive vesicles, Ustilaginomycotina, 302, 308 bipolar multiallelic, 286 International Code of Nomenclature, 347 heterothallic, 29 Isopods, 230 homothallic, 25 Isoprenoids, 214 nonheterothallic, 29 Mating type, 25 J Media, 213 Jelly fungi, 374, 391 Meiosis, 80, 103, 187 Joint Genome Institute, 376 Melanin pigments, 224 Merogony, 127 K Merosporangia, 216, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 234, 235 Karnal bunt, 295 unispored, 232 Karyogamy, 80 two-spored, 225, 230 K-bodies, 70 Merosporangiferous Mucorales, 210, 214 Kinetosome, 78, 193 Merosporangiospores, 235 Kinetosome-associated structures (KAS), 147 Metagenomics, 5–6 Microbodies, 281, 282, 285, 286 L Microbody-lipid globule complex (MLC), 147, Labyrinuliform organelle, 232 148, 193 Lenticular bodies, 281 Microconidia, 390 Leucopenia, mucormycosis, 212 Microcysts, 25, 28, 31 Lichenicolous fungi, 386 Microfossils, 83 Lichenized basidiomycetes, 386, 401 Microhabitats, of myxomycetes Life cycle, 23–25, 28–31, 191, 299 aerial portions of dead but still standing microsporidia, 126–129 herbaceous plants, 33 Light, 213 coarse woody debris, 33 Lignin, 384 dung of herbivorous animals, 33 Lignin decomposition, Dacrymycetes, 363 forest floor litter, 33 Lipids, 213 inflorescences of tropical herbs, 32 Liverworts, 234, 389 soil, 25, 34 Subject Index 457

succulent plants, 33 Myxomycetes Micro-Raman spectroscopy, 213 dark-spored clade, 32 Microscala, 281, 282, 285, 289 light-spored clade, 31 Microscope slide preparation, zygomycetous lignicolous, 33 fungi, 237 moist chamber culture technique, 33 Microtubule root, 150, 152, 155, 157–159, 164 nivicolous, 33 Midge larvae, 238 nonfruiting forms, 32 Mineralization, 34 snowbank, 33 Mites, 215, 315 phytophagous, 210 N Mitochondrial genome, 200 National Center for Agricultural Utilization Mitosis, 163, 284 Research (NRRL), 239 closed, 199 Nematode parasites, 237 Mitospores, 225 Nematode, 34, 55, 210, 215, 222, 223, 233, 235, MLC cisterna, 148, 157–159, 162, 163, 167 236 Moisture, myxomycetes, 32 Net annual primary production, 34 Molecular clock, 82, 386 Next generation sequencing, 3–4 calibration points, 387 Nomenclature Molecular ecologists, 233 dual, 302 Molecular operational taxonomic unit, 254, 263 microsporidia, 130 Molecular phylogeny, 297, 311, 319, 368–370 Nonhaustorial parasites, zygomycetous fungi, Molecular systematics, 283, 374 210 Monocentric, 181 Nonmolecular characters, Agaricomycetes, 376 Monocots, 298 NRRL. See National Center for Agricultural Monotypic lineages, 283 Utilization Research (NRRL) Morphological characters, Agaricomycetes, 376 Nuclear cap, 192 Morphospecies, 29 Nuclear characters, zygomycetous fungi, 222 Mosquito larva, 231 nucleolus, 222, 223 Mucormycosis, 212, 234 Nuclear division, Phytomyxea, 100 Multidrug resistance, 213 Nucleus, 223 Mushrooms, Agaricomycetes, 373 Nucleus-associated organelle, 223 Mutualists, 44, 383 Nutrient uptake, 209 Mycelium, 223 Nutrition coenocytic, 251, 253 fermentative, 59 Mycoheterotrophy, 254 Mycoparasites, 214–215, 235, 236, 238, 281, 284–287, 289, 408 O Mycoparasitism, 276, 340 Obligate Mycorrhizae biotrophs, 74–75, 288 arbuscular, 252 biotrophy, 73 arbutoid, 389 coprophiles, 210, 237 cavendishioid, 389 parasites, 215, 223, 235 ectomycorrhizae, 210, 234, 373 parasitism, 83 ericoid, 389 pathogens, 222 orchid, 271, 276, 285, 389 Odor, garlic-/onion-like, 233 Mycorrhizal associates, 234 Okra, 211 Mycoses, 211, 222 Oligocene, 27 humans, 289 Ontogeny, Dacrymycetes, 358–359 Mycotic abortion, 212 Oogonia, 81 Myxogastrids, 21, 27 Ooplast vacuoles 458 Subject Index

centric/subcentric, 65 II fungal, 384 subcentric, 69 Pest control, 116 Oospores Phenotype and its evolutionary origins, 6–10 centric, 65, 80 Pheromones, 229 centric/subcentric, 65 Photobiology, 213 eccentric, 65 Phototaxis, 199 subcentric, 80 Phragmobasidia, 278 Oospore walls Phylogenetic analysis, zygomycetous fungi, verrucose, 70 215, 217, 234–236, 239 , 3 Phylogenetics, 233, 234, 411 Ordovician, 264 Phylogenetic species recognition, 5 Osmotolerant species, 284 Phylogenetic studies, zygomycetous fungi, 210, 223 Phylogenetic tree, Dictyosteliomycota, 26 P Phylogenomics, 3, 376 PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Phylogeny, 214, 215, 239, 376 (PAHs) microsporidia, 129 Palms, 321 Physiology, Ustilaginomycotina, 301 Panckow, Thomas, 27 Physoderma Paracrystalline structure, 157 life cycle, 191 Paranasal sinus infection, 212 zoospore ultrastructure, 193 Parasites, 230 Phytopathogens, 276, 287, 288 animal, 223 Pigmentation, Dacrymycetes, 364 mushroom, 235 Pithya, 211 plant, 298, 301 Plant oils, 213 quahog clam, 44 Plasmodesmata, 163, 164 Parasitism, 214, 298, 302 Plasmodiophorids, 99 Parasitoid, 48 Plasmodium, Plasmodia, 28, 29, 31, 54, 57, 102 Parenthesomes. See Septal pores cap Platypus, 212 Pathogenicity, 72 Pleistocene, 27 Pathogenicity factors, 49 Pluteoid clade, Agaricomycetes, 411 Pathogens, 210, 344, 383 Polar tube amphibians, 61 microsporidia, 124 crayfish, 61 Pollinator, 212 crayfish plague, 64 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 213 epizooitic ulcerative syndrome, 64 Polypores, 381 fish, 61 Population genetics, 3 hemibiotrophic, 49 Population genomics, 5 human, 374 Pre-penetration apparatus, 253 insect, 215, 238 Preservation invertebrates, 61 microsporidia, 131–133 kikuyu yellows, 62 Proteins legumes, 64 effector-like, 65 necrotrophic, 49 Protist, 6 obligate biotrophic, 49 fungas-like, 10–11 plant, 211–212 Protoplasts, 216, 217 plant roots, 61 Protozoans, 210 Periplasm, 70, 82 Pseudophialide, 232 Periplasmic layer, 69 Pseudoplasmodia, 23 Peroxidases Pseudopodia, 22, 23 Subject Index 459

Psychrophiles, 233, 286 Septate hyphae, 216, 217, 223, 230, 231 Psychrophilic zygomycetes, 211, 235, 237 Sequence data, 230, 231, 234, 237 Psychrotolerent zygomycetes, 211, 232, 237 SSU rDNA, 297 Pucciniales SSU rRNA, 62 life cycle, 278 Sequence identification tools, 5 Pucciniomycotina Sequestrate forms, 392 phylogenetic resolution, 276 Sesquiterpenes, 404 Sex, 24, 25 R Sexual pheromone, 213 Sexual reproduction, 230 Resistant sporangia, 181 Sikyospores, 214 Resporulation, 217 Sikyotic cells, 214 Resting , 178, 181 Singlet microtubules, 223 Resting spores, 99, 145, 146, 161, 217, 222–224 Sirenin, 199 Rhizoids, 217, 220–222, 228 Skeletal hyphae, 398 Rhizomycelium, 181 Slime molds, 21, 27 Rhizonin, 213 Smut fungi, 287, 297 Rhizopus anther, 287 head-rot, 211 loose, 295 rice seedling blight, 213 Smut syndrome, 299 Rhizospheres, 278 Soft rot, 211 Rhynie Chert, 234, 264 Soil, 210, 232, 233, 236, 237 Ribosomal RNA, 297, 374 baited, 232 small subunit (SSUrRNA), 26, 62 Soil invertebrates, 210 RNA polymerase II, 374 Soils Rodents, 230 agricultural, 25, 34 Rohr, 100 canopy, 25 Rooted cladistic analysis, 26 dry, 25 Rotifer eggs, 235 forest, 25 Rotifers, 55, 215, 235 grassland, 25 Rumen, 143, 146, 165, 166 moist, 25 Rust fungi, 275, 288 rain forest, 25 temperate, 26 S tundra, 25 Salmon Sorocarp, 22, 23, 29 microsporidia, 119 SPB. See spindle-pole body (SPB) Saprobes, 210, 215, 223, 230, 233, 234 Speciation, 4 Saprobic, 211, 223 Species complexes, 233 phase, 299 Species concept, 23, 298 taxa, 217 Species determination, 240 Saprotrophs, 49, 383 Species diversity, 283 Sclerotium, 28 Species recognition by population genomics, 5 Sea urchin, 32 Spindle-pole body (SPB), 223, 281, 282, 337 Seaweeds, 55 Sporangial vesicle, 71 Septa, 210, 230, 232, 360 Sporangial wall, 226 Septal plugs, 230, 232 Sporangiogenesis, 239 Septal pore cap, 378 Sporangiola, 213, 216, 225, 234 parenthesome, 337, 378 unispored, 214, 227, 228 Septal pores, 279, 297, 308, 314 Sporangiolum, 226, 227 Septal pore ultrastructure, 376 Sporangiophores, 213, 214, 216, 233 460 Subject Index

Sporangiospores, 215, 216, 225, 226 picoeukaryote, 41 Sporangium, Sporangia, 70, 71, 99, 213, 216, Streptomycin sulfate, 237 224–226, 227, 234 Strigolactones, 253 deciduous, 74 Substrate specificity, Dacrymycetes, endosporangium, 181 363–364 unispored, 231 Suspensors, 214, 216, 227–229, 234 Spore formation heterogamous, 226 mode of, 255, 258, 263 hyphoid, 216 Spore germination outgrowths, 235 Glomeromycota, 253 Symbionts, 209, 230 Spores, 31, 234 Symplechosomes, 281 appendages, 215 Synaptonemal complexes, 103 balls, 305, 311–313, 319 Synteny bodies, 231 microsporidia, 130 dispersal, 215–216 Systematics, Agaricomycetes, 411 drops, 216 endospores, 386, 389 entrophosporoid, 256 T glomoid, 256 Tardigrades, 215, 222, 223 meispores, 229 Taxonomic theory, 214–215 microsporidia, 121–124 , 222–224, 411 multinucleate, 253 Dacrymycetes, 364–368 ontogeny, 255 microsporidia, 130 parthenospores, 216 Teliospores, 299, 305, 312, 335 sikyospores, 214 Temperature, 26, 31 tetraradiate, 223 Termite cultivars, 410 Sporidium, 55 monocentric, 48 Sporiferous saccule, 260, 263 polycentric, 48 Sporocarps, 210, 227, 233 Thalloid liverworts, 234 Glomeromycota, 254, 255, 258 Thallospores, 228 Sporocladium, Sporocladia, 225, 232 Thallus, Thalli, 210, 225, 231, 234, 236, 239 types, 232 complexity, 147, 166 Sporogenesis eucarpic, 71, 83 asexual, 61 holocarpic, 71 Sporogony, 127 monocentric, 48 Sporophores, 29, 226–228, 230 polycentric, 48 Sporosorus, 99 separation, 231 5S rRNA, 297 Thelephoric acid, 399 secondary structure, 274 Thermophilic zygomycetes, 211, 237 Stachel, 100 Thermotolerent zygomycetes, 211, 237 Stem rot, Gilbertella, 211 Thiamine, 237 Sterols, 214, 233 Toads, 212 cycloartenol pathways, 48 Tools for automatic identifications, 6 lanosterol, 48, 58 Transitional helix, 79 Stichic basidia, 387 Translation elongation factor 1-a, 374 Stinkhorns, 380 Transport Storage rots, 211 of nitrogen, 252 Stramenopile/alveolate/rhizaria (SAR) of phosphate, 252 superkingdom, 41 Trap cultures, 262 Stramenopiles, 39 Tremelloid haustoria, 281, 285, 287 marine, 48 Trichomycetes website, 230 Subject Index 461

Trichospores, 225, 230, 231, 239 Yeasts, 31, 299, 316, 340. See also Basidiomycete basal color, 231 yeasts extrusion, 231 phylloplane, 276 Trimitic hyphae, 398 Tripartite tubular hairs, 76 Z Trisporic acid, 213–214, 229 Zoomeiosporangia, 81 Trophic stages, 28, 32 Zoonosis Trophocysts, 213, 215 microsporidia, 120 Zoosporangia, 181 U filamentous, 72 Ultrastructure, 312. See also Septal pores; Zoos- globose, 72 pores irregularly inflated, 72 USDA-ARF Collection of Entomopathogenic ovoid, 72 Fungal Cultures (ARSEF), 239 Zoospores, 70, 76, 143, 145–148, 155, 157–164, 167 V cleavage, 163, 164 diplanetic, 58, 62, 65 Vectors for chytrids, 145 primary, 62, 65 Vegetative structures, Entomophthoromycota, secondary, 62, 65, 69 217, 238 ultrastructural features, 146, 147, 167, 193 Vertebrates, 302, 305 Zygomycetes, 184, 209–212, 214, 237–239 fossils, 234 W morphology, 210, 214 Waxcaps, 410 phylogenies, 215 Whiskery beef, 211 website, 210 White blister rusts, 70 , 212 White rot, 383, 398 molecular methods, 212 Wood decay, Dacrymycetes, 363–364 , 209, 210, 215, 220 Woronin-like bodies, 8, 279 Zygomycotan fungi, 209, 210, 215 Zygophores, 216, 229 X Zygosporangium, 227, 229, 234 Zygospores, 209, 214–217, 223–225, 227–235 Xenoma, 128 parthenogenetic, 229 types (I-III), 231 Y Zygosporogenesis, 216, 239 Yeast cells, 216, 224, 227, 229, 234 Zygosporophore, 231 Yeast-like, Basidiobolales, 223