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1-1-2001 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Robert J. Bunker Claremont Graduate University

Recommended Citation Bunker, Robert J. "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty." Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Bernard A. Cook. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 2001. 614-615.

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the CGU Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in CGU Faculty Publications and Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 614 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of books by Huxley, Orwell , and Ko es der. In the Library Intermediate-Range Nuclear of Kul tura se ri e works in sociolo gy, politi cal science, his­ Forces Treaty rory of philosophy, li terary criticism, and politics have T he 1987 arms co ntrol agreement between the Soviet been published. Also within th e series the fo ll ow ing sub­ Union and th e U nited Stares tOtall y elimin ating se ri es have been published: Dokumenty (The Documents), intermediate-range and shorter-range ground-launched containi ng so urces on th e co ntemporary hisro ry of central nuclear mi ss il es . T he Interm edi ate-Range Nuclear Forces Europe; Archiwum RevoLucji (Archives of the RevoLution), (INf) Treaty was a response to the deployment in 1977 essays and documents about th e hisrory of co mmunism; of rh e new ov iet SS-20 mobile in te rm ediate- range mi s­ and Bez Cenzury (Without Censorship), books th at had sil e, whi ch drastically altered rhe European security en­ been rejected for publi cation in Poland for politi cal rea­ viro nm ent in favor of rhe Warsaw Pact. The North At­ sons. A quarterl y, Zeszyty Historyczne (The History Note­ lanti c Treaty Organiza tion (NATO) had ea rlier book), has been published since 1962 within the main recogni zed that it lacked th e capacity for a median re­ se ri es. lr is dedicated ro the hisrory of Poland and ce ntral spon se to a Warsaw Pact ground offensive rhar wou ld be Europe after 1918. provided by an interm edi ate- range nuclear force. NATO in ce 1947 th e IL published th e main political peri­ res ponded in 1979 to th e SS-20 deployments with a de­ odi cal of Polish emi gra ti on, a monthly, KuLtura (Cu Lture) , vious "dual track" co unter. T he U n ired tares proposed edited by J. Giedroyc with the help of Z. Hertz and the th e elimination of all ovier interm ediate-range mi ss il es, co ntribution of Juliusz M ieroszewski, Konsranry A. Je­ cl1e "zero option" approach, in return for a ca ncell ation len ki , Gusraw Herlin g-G rudzinski, Jerzy rempowski, of impending American deployments. T his would ap­ Czeshw Mil-osz, j6zef Czapski , Wojciech Skalmowski, pease Eu ropean opinion and blunt Soviet propaga nda, Bohdan Osadczuk, Leopold Unger and Michal- Hell er. whi le simultaneo usly buyin g time for the deployment of ix-hundred iss ues of cl1 e periodi cal dealin g with co ntem­ Pershing II ballisti c and ground-launched cru ise miss iles porary hi story and co ntemporary politics as well as Polish (GLCMs) . formal talks began in 1981 and were sus­ and foreign lirerawre and culture have been published. pended in November 1983 by the Soviets beca us e of Per­ T he IL is an important center for rhe social and po­ shing II and GLCM deployment. liti cal li fe of Polish emigres as we ll as a meeting place for IN f talks were resumed in March 1985 as parr of the emi gres from ce ntral and Eas tern Europe. IL publica tions bil ateral Nuclear and Space Talks (NST), bur remained were banned in Pol and until 1990 and had to be smug­ deadlocked over rhe inclusion of British and French nu­ gled in. T hey were an important so urce of reprints for th e clear forc es, verifi ca tion procedures, and geographic ex­ post-1976 underground publi hing houses in Poland, whi ch th e JL also supported fin ancially. In 1995 in War­ rent of th e proposed treaty. T he INf Treaty was signed saw rh e Society for the Preservation of the lL Archives in on December 8, 1987, after the proposed Paris was found ed ro work on the priceless archives and a total ban on all shorter-range nuclear missiles as well as the library of the IL in Maisons-La.6rre and ro promote intermediate- range miss il es, rhe "double-zero" option, rh e activiti es and rh e heritage of th e lL. and accepted modified Arne ri can verifi cation procedures. The treaty unequivocall y bans GLCMs and ground­ BIBLIOGRAPHY launched ballistic mi ss il es (GLBM) with a range of 500 ledroye, Jerzy. Autobiograjia na cztery r~ce. Warsaw: Czy­ to 5,500 kilometers. All such, mi ss il es and their launchers relnik, 1996. were destroyed within three yea rs after cl1 e treaty emered Jelenk.i , Kon sranty A. "Le Rol e du mensuel 'Ku lrura' en into force on June 1, 1991. Such mi sil es, launchers, and ." Revue du Nord, no. 4 (1988). supporr srrucwres and equipment could henceforth not Kostrzewa, Robert, ed. Between East and West: Writings be possessed by either rhe Soviet Union or cl1e United from "KuLturrz. "New York: Hill and Wang, 1990. Stares. upruniuk, Miroshw. Material]' do dziej6w !L w Pmyzu. The INF Treaty represents a high-water mark in East­ Vol . 1-2. Torurl!War aw: UMK, 1994--95. West arms co ntrol nego tiations because of irs provisions Tyrmand Leopold , ed. ExpLorations in Freedom: Prose, for on-sire in spections to ensure compli ance with rreaty Nan-ative, and Poetly from "Ku Ltltrrz." ew York: Stare terms. The United Stares has concluded that the rwelve University of New York, 1970. newly independent stares of the former USSR are succes­ ---. ed. "KuLtura " Essays. ew York: Stare University so rs ro the INf Treaty. T hese stares have confirmed that of New York, 1970. they are rreaty successors and will abide by treaty prohi­ Mirosfaw Supruniuk bitions. International Expositions 615

BlBLIOG RAPHY c~~ntr i es comp red through their re pecrive national pa- Nolan, ]anne E. "The I F Treary·· El1·1111· na nn· a 0 vil io ns Nor c . 'd al l I Intermediate-Range N uclear Missil es 1987 I · 01nc1 ent y, t 1ey w re a ros from each , to ne othe r. In fact th is U U 1~ · · Presenr," in Richard Dean Burns, Encyclopedia ofAlms · .- ~ compet1n n was expe ted at all the po t- 1945 expo before rh · breakup f the viet ControL and Disarmament, Vo l. 2. New Yo rk: Scribner Unio l~ in the late 1980s, but it n ver quit rea hed the 1993. ' lnten lty that it did at Bru el . Talbon, Strobe. DeadLy Gambits. ew Yo rk: Vintage Two agencies have re p nsi bil iry for U .. involvement Books, 1985. ar post-Wo rl d War li expositions: rhe Dep:mm nt of U.S. Arms Conrro l and Disarm ament Age ncy. Anns Con­ Commerce fo r fai r held in the United tate and the trol and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of U ni~ e d ta res In formation Age ncy (U IA) fo r those hel d the Negotiations. Washingto n, D.C.: Governm ent ours1de the Uni ted rates. After 1992, rh U lA aboli shed Printing O ffi ce, 1990. irs expo raff and w rn ed rhe operati on of all fuw re w rid Robert J Bunker :a irs over to the private ector, with the age n y ma in ta in ­ lll g an advisory role onl y. At enoa ( 1992) and then at SEE ALSO Pershing II M iss il e Taejo n, ourh Ko rea (1993), the U .. effort was adm in­ istered by pri va te-sector Amway officials who w rked with the USIA sraff. However, the United rates still ob­ International Expositions jects ro rh e hos t co untry pay ing total cos ts, es p iall y if Imern ational exhibitions, co mmonl y called "fairs" in the th e fai r is unsuccessful. To dare, the United rates i the , "exhibitions" in Great Britain , and "ex­ only participatin g co untry that does nor ass um e res pon­ positions" in France. T he terms are used imerchangeably sibili ty for fi nancial loss. although they are actual ly events of diffe rent size. The Promoters cl aim rh ar fa irs have three majo r benefits: Bureau oflnternati onal Expos itions, the regul ating body, th ey promote tourism in the country in whi ch the ex po des ignates them as "intern ati onal ex pos itions," whi ch is held as we ll a in co untri es represented at rhe fa irs; bridges th e gap berween fair and exJ1ibi rion and is actually increase trade berween rh e ho t nation and oth er co un ­ a large r, more ex tensive, and more formall y organi zed tri es; and rrengthen diplomati c relati ons. oun rry par­ eve nr. ti cipation works under the "1 we nt to yo urs, yo u co me to The first intern ational expos ition was held in 185 1 in mine" theo ry, which has ofte n pu t major co untries in London, th e Crystal Palace Exhibition. During medi eval political ti ght spots, as happened with th e U nited tares rim es great fa irs were held at major crossroads of trade as ar . T he United Sta tes was under pressure from the a mixture of commerce, entertainment, and theater. T hey Spanish government to appear. Pulling out, whi ch on­ were bas ically intern ati onal to the extent to which there gress wanted, would have been considered an insult by were nations. In England the fairs we re nati onal , a blend , a major U.S. trading partn er. of trade show and public entertainment. From th ese fairs, All world fairs were canceled during Wo rld War U, and rhe industrial exJ1ibirions were developed in France then none we re held agai n until1 958. T hey re um ed with th e spread to England, where they were sponsored by me­ Exposition Uni versell e er Imern ati onale de Bruxell es chani cs insritutes to reach sci entific principl es to the (Brussels, Ex po '58); Seatcl e World 's Fai r (Cenrury 21 Ex­ working cl ass. The mechani cs institute exhibitions in­ position, 1962); New York Wo rld 's Fair (1 964-1965; not cluded scientific, mechani cal, exo ti c, and fin e arts sections BIE approved); Uni versal and Intern ational Exhibition th at merged into the 1851 Crys tal Pal ace ExJ1ibirion and (Montreal, Expo '67); Hemisfair '68: A ConAuence of Culwres of rh e Am eri cas (Sa n Antoni o, 1968); the international expositions that foll owed. World Ex position (, Ex po '70); Intern ational Ex­ These fai rs soon included special themes and more position of the Enviro nment (S pokane, Was hington, nonindustrial features, such as fine arts and amusements. Expo '74); Intern ati onal Ocean Ex pos iti on (Okin awa, All have demonstrated a strong streak of nationalism, 1975-76); Kn oxv ille Ime rnati onal Energy Expos iti on vaunting the national im age and citizens' pride in ir. Fair (1 982); Loui siana World Ex pos ition (New Orleans, managers, often with strong government support, srrove 1984); Tsukuba, Japan (Ex po '85); 1986 World Exposi­ to heighten nationalistic features on behalf of the host tion (Van cou ve r); World Ex po 88 (, 1988); Se­ country to make it look better than irs rivals. This reached vill e (Expo '92); Genoa (1992); and Taejon, Korea its apex (or nadi r, depending on one's point of vi ew) with (1993). A 1996 expo in Budapest was canceled after a the American-Soviet ri valry at th e Brussels exposition in new, democratic Hunga ri an government decided it did !958, during the height of rh e Cold War, when the rwo