Inquiry Action Project: Belize Wetlands Student-led Investigation

Author: Ray Stewart, 8th grade science Teacher at Westwood Middle School, Elyria, Ohio, U.S.A.

Title: Comparing Belize Wetlands with other Globally Significant Wetlands

Abstract

The quality of wetlands may be compared using diversity as an indicator of environmental health and well-being. Students used data from bird checklists to compare three globally significant wetlands; The Mai Po wetlands of , The Crooked Tree wetlands of Belize and the Magee Marsh wetland complex in Ohio. Students in Ohio collaborated with students in Honk Kong using a special purpose social network on the ning.com platform. These young students worked with making comparisons on the basis of comparison. Some difficulty occurred in part due to the lack of overlapping taxa. Their general research led them to make non-empirical comparisons. The Belize wetlands were chosen for the highest status in health and well-being mostly for their general lack of urban impact and development pressure rather than diversity of bird taxa. Students have agreed to work to provide financial support by raising funds to contribute to a non-profit that benefits Belize wetlands.

Introduction

Wetlands of the world are both the most productive ecosystems supporting the greatest variety of living organisms and the most threatened by human encroachment, alteration and degradation. Few people are aware of the scale of biological wealth that is lost when wetlands are impacted by human activity. By drawing attention to this often overlooked biome, this project aspires to raise awareness of the threats to this globally significant .

According to the International Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, a wetland is; ‘areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters” and may include “riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands or islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying within.’

Mitchell writes that, ‘Wetlands benefits, sometimes called ‘goods and services’, may be broadly grouped according to functions (e.g., groundwater recharge, flood control, maintenance of biodiversity), products or uses (e.g., agricultural produce, fish, building materials, fuelwood, wildlife products), and attributes (e.g., aesthetic values, cultural or religious significance). The maintenance of wetlands as functioning ecological systems often ensures that important contributions to development are maintained.’ The importance of these cannot be underestimated. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands states that, ‘Wetlands are among the world’s most productive environments. They are cradles of biological diversity, providing the water and primary productivity upon which countless species of plants and depend for survival. They support high concentrations of , , reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrate species.’

The locations we selected are the Mai Po and Deep Bay wetlands in Hong Kong, The Crooked Tree and Coastal Wetlands in Belize and the Magee Marsh complex in Ottawa County, Ohio. According to Wetlands International, Mai Po Marshes and Inner Deep Bay “…is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (UK), a Water Quality Control Zone and a Shorebird Network Site. First designated as a Ramsar site by the United Kingdom and, then, transferred to in 1997. It consists of a shallow coastal bay with extensive intertidal mudflats backed by dwarf mangroves, shrimp and fishponds. Thirteen globally threatened species of birds and 17 species of invertebrates new to science are present. An important area for internationally important numbers of wintering and migrating waterbirds, the site regularly holds over 1% of the global population of at least three species of birds. Human activities include research, conservation education, fish farming and recreation.” Mai Po is a Ramsar designated globally significant wetland.

Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, Orange Walk is a 6,637 hectare Wildlife Sanctuary. It is a subtropical freshwater complex comprising a network of shallow lagoons, streams, creeks, and marshes. The larger of the two included areas centers upon the island village of Crooked Tree (ca.180 households), founded as a logging camp ca.1750, one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in Belize; a secondary group of wetlands, including Jones and Mexico Lagoons, lies on the far side of the Northern Highway a kilometre to the east. The area provides critical habitat for wildlife, particularly migratory and local birds, and the shallow water system is especially important for wading species. A number of Mayan archaeological sites are found in the area. Villagers practice subsistence farming, livestock, fishing, logging, and charcoal production, and the area is well-known for its cashew products, especially wine. Development to the northeast raises the possibility of habitat fragmentation and pollution. The Sanctuary is managed on behalf of the Government by the Belize Audubon Society. Crooked Tree is a Ramsar designated globally significant wetland.

The Magee Marsh Complex and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge in Northwestern Ohio include both state and federal jurisdictions. The State of Ohio Magee Marsh Wildlife Area is 2,202 acres and according to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is currently and historically one of the best waterfowl hunting areas in the United States. Adjacent to the Magee Marsh complex is the federally managed Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, “The Ottawa complex consists of over 9000 acres of marshes, wooded wetlands, coastal wetlands, shrublands, grasslands, and an estuary that support a variety of wildlife communities. The complex is recognized as an important stopover area for migratory , shorebirds, and waterfowl. Dramatic flights of migratory birds may be seen at Ottawa NWR, notably the spring migration of warblers, and the autumn passage of waterfowl. West Sister Island is home to the largest wading bird colony in the U.S. Great Lakes. These birds may be observed feeding in coastal marshes. The Ottawa NWR complex has received recognition as being a Globally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy, and is part of the Western Lake Erie Regional Shorebird Reserve in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.”

According to the Ohio department of Natural Resources, “Most of Ohio's wetlands were drained and filled to make way for farms, roadways, houses and other development. Mining, fluctuating water levels and logging also impacted Ohio's wetlands. In fact, nearly 90 percent of Ohio's original wetlands have disappeared. From the 1780's to the 1980's, Ohio wetland areas declined from about 5,000,000 acres to about 483,000 acres.” One example of Ohio’s lost wetlands is The Great Black Swamp, which was once 120 miles in length and an average of 40 miles in width (about the size of Connecticut). What remains is the Magee Marsh and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge complex in Lucas and Ottawa Counties.

It is difficult to compare the value of biological assets. According to Gregory et al, 2003, “Composite indices… have many desirable properties, foremost being the reduction of complex information into simple visual summaries”. Gregory’s research uses birds to create an index of comparison. There does not appear to be any one simple way to define biological diversity within an ecosystem. Schultze et al, attempts to correlate many different taxa in tropical landscapes but finds few correlations between different taxonomic groups.

These wetlands can be compared on many different criteria but the focus of this comparison is the diversity of bird species. Students begin by documenting the variety of birds in each location using a basic checklist of bird species. Students working individually or in small teams focus their investigations on one bird order, family or related group. Their work considers the members of each bird order that is represented in the three wetland communities. By comparing the numbers of species in a variety of bird orders students look for patterns in the extent of bird populations from these diverse wetlands. Belize is an exemplary country to focus the significance of global wetlands upon. It has extensive coastal, brackish and freshwater wetlands. This project was fashioned to compare the wetlands of Belize with other globally significant wetland areas while engaging middle school students in discovery and inquiry of the plight of these precious ecosystems that are at risk from human impacts. Students in Ohio engage with students in Hong Kong and potentially Belize, to compare wetlands in these three parts of the world.

All participants in this project use a social network created for this investigation, http://belize- wetlands.ning.com (the ning). This private network provides a platform for both formal and informal communications with it members. Students claim specific sections of research which they post back to the group. Through dialog with remote students and online resources a comparison of these habitats will add to the reflection on differences in bird order representations. This data on habitat and biology will then be used to determine the relative quality of these wetland areas. It is the students’ responsibility to propose explanations for these differences based on their research on these wetlands. By reading the forum posts and participating in dialog on the blogs they will form evidence based opinions on the relative quality, health and well-being of these different wetland habitats. Dialog will continue on the ning and in the classroom to determine which location is highest quality.

Looking at the bird check lists the Mai Po wetlands has the highest species count and may come out as the winner. However, careful analysis of the family or order diversity may work in favor of Belize and the Crooked Tree. Bird orders and species reported from Belize Methods Order Order Species Members Count We acquired checklists of birds from each of our three Anseriformes Ducks 16 Apodiformes Hummingbirds & Swifts 29 locations, Magee Marsh, Mai Po Nature Preserve, and Belize. Caprimulgiformes Nightbirds 9 Charadriiformes Shorebirds & 63 See example of a summary table at right. Checklists in detail Relatives Ciconiiformes Stork & Relatives 26 are submitted as attached documents. Students selected a Columbiformes Pigeons & Doves 19 Family or Order of birds that were present in one of those & Allies 8 Cuculiformes Cuckoos, Hoatzins, Turacos 8 areas and compared it to the diversity of that Family or Order And Relatives Falconiformes Falcons & Allies 42 of birds in the other locations. Based on their research of the Galliformes Chicken-like Birds 7 Gruiformes Coots, Cranes and Rails 15 three locations, they proposed explanations for the Passeriformes Perching Birds 268 Pelecaniformes Pelicans & Relatives 10 differences on species count within their focus Family or Phoenicopteriformes Flamingos 1 & Relatives 17 Order of birds. Podicipediformes Grebes 2 th Procellariiformes Shearwaters 3 Sally Wan, 6 grade teacher of science and technology at the Psittaciformes Parrots & Allies 10 Pui Kiu College in Hong Kong has eagerly agreed to collaborate Strigiformes Owls 13 Tinamiformes Tinamous 4 on this project with her students. We met, virtually, as a result Trogoniformes Trogons 4 of our mutual membership in the International Society of Technology in Education (ISTE). She developed a lesson plan for this project based on the following; Inquiry Question: What is the ecology and conservation of birds in Hong Kong? Themes: • What are the common birds in wetlands in Hong Kong? • What are the characteristics of the common birds in wetlands in Hong Kong? • What are the living habits of birds in wetlands in Hong Kong? • How are Hong Kong birds different from the birds in Ohio and Belize? • How can we protect the birds? The discussions and collaborations can be seen at http:/belize-wetlands.ning.com/. There are currently 73 members on the ning including advanced science students from my classes, a nearly equal number of students in Hong Kong and a few teachers and supervisors. The potential for discovery and collaboration beyond the confines of this IAP are recognized. Although some students have been slow to contribute there are others who are champions.

Results Total Bird species count Comparison of bird species at the three wetland locations for the three wetlands are Wetland # of species Information all impressive. The Location source crooked tree data is Crooked Tree, Belize 300+ (617 countrywide) Avibase (Bird Studies suspect because there has Canada) Mai Po, Hong Kong 380+ World Wildlife Fund- not been a long-standing Hong Kong and concerted effort to Magee Marsh, Ohio 274 + (49 accidentals) U.S. FWS Ottawa NWR document the bird species narrowly residing only within the reserve. When all of Belize’s wetlands are considered, the countrywide number may be closer to representing the wetland bird populations of Belize. Crooked Tree is a freshwater system about 20 miles from the coast. When coastal wetlands are also considered many of the pelagic species would be included. According to the Ramsar definition of wetlands, quoted in the introduction, the mangrove communities and even the reef systems would be included. The Mai Po wetland bird species count of resident and migratory birds is impressive not just for its diversity but for the high volume of birds that are seen. Enormous flocks visit the wetland on their coastal migrations. There is also a significant number of rare and endangered species that take advantage of the wetland. The Magee Marsh complex has been well studied for generations. The documentation is very accurate and complete. This wetland is strategically located on a major branch of the Mississippi flyway. Migratory birds are especially concentrated through here since they enjoy the resources and take advantage of the islands in the Western Basin of Lake Erie as they cross into Canada. Exploring exotic birds and their habitats led to some curious dead-ends and surprising revelations. Students work was disappointing. Even though they are ‘advanced science’ students their ability to do the research on their own was lack-luster. They were mostly slow or unable to sift through the lists and identify common families at different locations. The few comparisons of bird diversity that were made showed only a superficial understanding of that diversity. Discussion Students were charged with the focus of species diversity but found a larger context to make a comparison. The scope of this project is broad and loosely tethered. As a guided inquiry, students are given responsibility to examine some basic information and to generate hypotheses. The format of the investigation is novel in that it uses a social networking platform for cooperation, communication and questioning. It is also novel with respect to content. Although students have background in rudimentary environmental science concepts, they are not familiar with bird classification. The initial stage of this investigation challenges students to look at a small group of birds and make comparisons of diversity in distinctly wetland communities. Although these students are in an accelerated program, they are just 13-14 years old and have never been faced with this level of independent inquiry. This alone is enough to slow the progression of this project. Other aspects of the comparison caught students’ interest and led to other considerations selecting the ‘best’ wetland location. Student, Kaytlin M., summarizes this thinking in one of her forum posts; “After studying the three different wetlands (Belize, China, and Ohio) I think the best wetland is the Belize Wetlands. I think this because … wetlands are disappearing. Ohio is draining out the wetlands to make room for buildings, homes, and farming land. That’s why I think Belize is better because it has plenty of fresh water and their wetlands are not being drained for human purposes like for building houses and shopping plazas.” Action component Students have suggested that they engage in a fundraiser to provide financial support. We have found that the World Wildlife Fund which is global and plays a lead role in the protection of the Mai Po Wetlands in Hong Kong. The ‘Friends of Magee Marsh’ supports educational efforts at our Ohio wetland. In Belize there are two choices that make sense, Belize Audubon which manages Crooked Tree and other natural areas would be a likely non-profit to receive our donation. The Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center which helps to protect wildlife and provides education about Belize wetlands and other natural areas is the other. Since I have personal contacts at the Zoo and TEC and since Belize Audubon has not responded to my correspondence the Zoo and TEC is the best choice. Especially since their recent damages from hurricane Richard, assistance to get back on their feet is well deserved. Students have unanimously agreed that the Belize Wetlands is most worthy of support. After discussing possible ways to show support students plan to have a bake sale in support of the Belize Zoo and TEC. On the last two days before Winter Break we will have a classroom bake sale. Students have volunteered to make Christmas cookies and brownies which will be sold for 50 cents each. An anonymous staff member has stepped up to match every dollar raised by the bake sale. In this way every cookie sold will provide one dollar in assistance to the Belize Zoo in their time of need. Conclusions Although there is no consistent agreement among academics that the diversity of birds are valid indicators of ecosystem health or quality, birds catch the attention of many who might not otherwise find wetland habitats attractive. It is more likely that human compassion for the birds will inspire protection for these greatly endangered habitats. These students participated in an academic, technological and social adventure. Although the bird diversity data was not well processed, the students took other factors into consideration to achieve the goal of identifying the highest quality wetland. It is not clear if bird diversity points to Crooked Tree or the Belize wetlands in general but the context of Belize as a more pristine setting was used to select it over the hard numbers that we set out to compare. There were many obstacles to the successful completion of this project. The first was lack of access to the ning from school. Although I could access it for classroom demonstration purposes, the filter on students is much stricter. After several attempts to unblock the site I was informed that the domain ning.com has some undesirable subdomains and that unblocking it for my purposes would expose students to these other ‘adult’ subdomains in the system. My only recourse is to find a different host for the social network. I will consider alternatives for next year but am not able to transfer all of the content in the middle of this ongoing project. As a result, students were required to do all of the work on their own time, unsupervised, from outside of the school district. The other major shortcoming was the long delay of the Hong Kong students to join our project. The Belize component never materialized. Such are the challenges of large scale collaborations. Many things outside of my control conspired to limit the potential of this scientific inquiry. Nevertheless, students have learned about technology, the world, foreign culture, bird biology and ecology in this adventure that took them well beyond the traditional classroom. We will continue our wetland exploration next semester as we prepare for a spring field trip to the Magee Marsh/Ottawa NWA area during peak migration. At that point we will be searching for neotropical migrants that may have wintered in Belize.

Works Cited

Gregory, R. D., et al. “Using Birds as Indicators of Biodiversity.” Ornis Hungarica 12-13 (2003): 11-24. European Bird Census Council. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

“Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands Belize Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary.” Wetlands.org. Wetlands International, 17 May 2006. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

“Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands Hong Kong Mai Po Inner Deep Bay.” Wetlands.org. Wetlands International, 17 May 2006. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

“Magee Marsh Wildlife Area.” Ohio Department of Natural Resources. State of Ohio, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Mitchell, Arthur H. “Wise use of wetlands, the Ramsar Convention on wetlands, and the need for an Asian Regional Wetlands Training Initiative.” Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 4.3 (2001): 235-242. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.

Tiner, Ralph W. Wetland Indicators: a guide to wetland identification, delineation, classification, and mapping. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press LLC, 1999. Print.

“What are Wetlands?” The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

“Wildlands and Wildlife.” Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Appendix Bird Checklists: • Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary bird checklist • Mai Po bird checklist • Ottawa bird checklist

Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary A few of the over 300 resident or migrating birds commonly seen around the Lodge and along the nearby Lagoons and Trails. Agami Heron Grackle Swallow Amazon Gray Hawk Northern Shoveler American Coot Gray-headed Kite Olivaceous Neotropical American Pygmy Gray-necked Wood Rail Cormorant Kingfisher Osprey American White Pelican Great Blue Heron Peregrine Falcon American Wigeon Great Egret Pied-billed Grebe Anhinga Great Kiskadee Prothonotary Warbler Bare-throated Tiger Heron Green Heron Purple Gallinule Barn Swallow Red-winged Blackbird Groove-billed Ani Black Vulture Gull-billed Tern Black-bellied Whistling Jabiru Stork Roseate Spoonbill Duck Kingbird Ruddy Crake Black-collared Hawk Laughing Gull Savannah Vulture Black-crowned Least Bittern Snail Kite Night Heron Least Grebe Snowy Egret Black-necked Stilt Least Sandpiper Social Flycatcher Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Lesser Scaup Solitary Sandpiper Blue-winged Teal Lesser Yellow-headed Southern Lapwing Boat-billed Flycatcher Vulture Sungrebe Boat-billed Heron Lesser Yellowlegs Tri-colored Heron Caspian Tern Limkin Tropical Kingbird Cattle Heron Little Blue Heron Turkey Vulture Mangrove Swallow Vermillion Flycacher Common Moorhen Muscovy Duck White Ibis Fork-tailed Flycatcher Northern Jacana White-rumped Sandpiper Glossy Ibis Northern Rough- winged White-tailed Hawk Wood Stork Yellow-crowned Night- Heron Yellow Warbler

Mai Po Wetlands Hong Kong Bird Checklist 類 至 類 Species Species taxa (in Chinese) 英文名稱 中文名稱 學名

Red-throated Loon 紅喉潛鳥 Gavia stellata

Pacific Loon 太平洋潛鳥 Gavia pacifica

Yellow-billed Loon 黄嘴潛鳥 Gavia adamsii

Little Grebe 小鸊鷉 Tachybaptus ruficollis

Great Crested Grebe 鳳頭鸊鷉 Podiceps cristatus

Horned Grebe 角鸊鷉 Podiceps auritus

Black-necked Grebe 黑頸鸊鷉 Podiceps nigricollis

Streaked Shearwater 白額鸌 Calonectris leucomelas

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 曳尾鸌 Puffinus pacificus

Short-tailed Shearwater 短尾鸌 Puffinus tenuirostris

Dalmatian Pelican 卷羽鵜鶘 Pelecanus crispus

Masked Booby 藍臉鰹鳥 Sula dactylatra

Red-footed Booby 紅腳鰹鳥 Sula sula

Brown Booby 褐鰹鳥 Sula leucogaster

Great Cormorant 普通鸕鷀 Phalacrocorax carbo

Japanese Cormorant 暗綠背鸕鷀 Phalacrocorax capillatus

White-tailed Tropicbird 白尾鸏 Phaethon lepturus

Christmas Island Frigatebird 白腹軍艦鳥 Fregata andrewsi

Great Frigatebird 黑腹軍艦鳥 Fregata minor

Lesser Frigatebird 白斑軍艦鳥 Fregata ariel

Grey Heron 蒼鷺 Ardea cinerea

Purple Heron 草鷺 Ardea purpurea

Great Egret 大白鷺 Egretta alba

Intermediate Egret 中白鷺 Egretta intermedia

Little Egret 小白鷺 Egretta garzetta

Swinhoe’s Egret 黃嘴白鷺 Egretta eulophotes

Pacific Reef Egret 岩鷺 Egretta sacra

Cattle Egret 牛背鷺 Bubulcus ibis

Chinese Pond Heron 池鷺 Ardeola bacchus

Striated Heron 綠鷺 Butorides striatus

Black-crowned Night Heron 夜鷺 Nycticorax nycticorax Japanese Night Heron 栗鳽 Gorsachius goisagi

Malayan Night Heron 黑冠鳽 Gorsachius melanolophus

Yellow Bittern 黃葦鳽 Ixobrychus sinensis

Schrenck’s Bittern 紫背葦鳽 Ixobrychus eurhythmus

Cinnamon Bittern 栗葦鳽 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

Black Bittern 黑鳽 Dupetor flavicollis

Great Bittern 大麻鳽 Botaurus stellaris

Black Stork 黑鸛 Ciconia nigra

Oriental Stork 東方白鸛 Ciconia boyciana

Black-headed Ibis 黑頭白鹮 Threskiornis melanocephalus Glossy Ibis 彩鹮 Plegadis falcinellus

Eurasian Spoonbill 白琵鷺 Platalea leucorodia

Black-faced Spoonbill 黑臉琵鷺 Platalea minor

Lesser Whistling Duck 栗樹鴨 Dendrocygna javanica

Whooper Swan 大天鵝 Cygnus cygnus

Greylag Goose 灰雁 Anser anser

Greater White-fronted Goose 白額雁 Anser albifrons

Lesser White-fronted Goose 小白額雁 Anser erythropus

Ruddy Shelduck 赤麻鴨 Tadorna ferruginea

Common Shelduck 翹鼻麻鴨 Tadorna tadorna

Cotton Pygmy-goose 棉鳧 Nettapus coromandelianus

Mandarin Duck 鴛鴦 Aix galericulata

Eurasian Wigeon 赤頸鴨 Anas penelope

Falcated Duck 羅紋鴨 Anas falcata

Gadwall 赤膀鴨 Anas strepera

Baikal Teal 花臉鴨 Anas formosa

Common Teal 綠翅鴨 Anas crecca

Green-winged Teal 美洲綠翅鴨 Anas carolinensis

Mallard 綠頭鴨 Anas platyrhynchos

Indian Spotbill 印缅斑嘴鸭 Anas poecilorhyncha

Chinese Spotbill 中華斑嘴鴨 Anas zonorhyncha

Philippine Duck 棕頸鴨 Anas luzonica Northern Pintail 針尾鴨 Anas acuta

Garganey 白眉鴨 Anas querquedula

Northern Shoveler 琵嘴鴨 Anas clypeata Common Pochard 紅頭潛鴨 Aythya ferina

Baer’s Pochard 青頭潛鴨 Aythya baeri

Ferruginous Duck 白眼潛鴨 Aythya nyroca

Tufted Duck 鳳頭潛鴨 Aythya fuligula

Greater Scaup 斑背潛鴨 Aythya marila

Velvet Scoter 斑臉海番鴨 Melanitta fusca

Black Scoter 黑海番鴨 Melanitta americana

Common Goldeneye 鵲鴨 Bucephala clangula

Smew 白秋沙鸭 Mergellus albellus

Red-breasted Merganser 紅胸秋沙鴨 Mergus serrator

Osprey 鶚 Pandion haliaetus

Black Baza 黑冠鵑隼 Aviceda leuphotes

Crested Honey 鳳頭蜂鷹 Pernis ptilorhyncus

Black-winged Kite 黑翅鳶 Elanus caeruleus

Black Kite 黑鳶 Milvus migrans

Brahminy Kite 栗鳶 Haliastur indus

White-bellied Sea 白腹海鵰 Haliaeetus leucogaster

Eurasian Black Vulture 禿鷲 Aegypius monachus

Crested Serpent Eagle 蛇鵰 Spilornis cheela

Grey-faced Buzzard 灰臉鵟鷹 indicus

Pied Harrier 鵲鷂 Circus melanoleucos

Eastern Marsh Harrier 白腹鷂 Circus spilonotus

Crested Goshawk 鳳頭鷹 Accipiter trivirgatus

Chinese Goshawk 赤腹鷹 Accipiter soloensis

Japanese Sparrowhawk 日本松雀鷹 Accipiter gularis

Besra 松雀鷹 Accipiter virgatus

Eurasian Sparrowhawk 雀鷹 Accipiter nisus

Common Buzzard 普通鵟 buteo

Greater Spotted Eagle 烏鵰 Aquila clanga

Steppe Eagle 草原鵰 Aquila nipalensis

Imperial Eagle 白肩鵰 Aquila heliaca

Bonelli’s Eagle 白腹隼鵰 Hieraaetus fasciatus

Mountain Hawk Eagle 鷹鵰 Spizaetus nipalensis

Common Kestrel 紅隼 Falco tinnunculus

Amur Falcon 阿穆爾隼 Falco amurensis Eurasian Hobby 燕隼 Falco subbuteo

Peregrine Falcon 遊隼 Falco peregrinus

Chinese Francolin 中華鷓鴣 Francolinus pintadeanus

Japanese Quail 鵪鶉 Coturnix japonica

Yellow-legged Button-quail 黃腳三趾鶉 Turnix tanki

Barred Button-quail 棕三趾鶉 Turnix suscitator

Common Crane 灰鶴 Grus grus

Siberian Crane 白鶴 Grus leucogeranus

Slaty-breasted Rail 灰胸秧雞 Gallirallus striatus

Eastern Water Rail 普通秧雞 Rallus inidicus

Western Water Rail 西方秧雞 Rallus aquaticus

Slaty-legged Crake 白喉斑秧雞 Rallina eurizonoides

Band-bellied Crake 斑脅田雞 Porzana paykullii

White-browed Crake 白眉田雞 Porzana cinerea

Baillon’s Crake 小田雞 Porzana pusilla

Ruddy-breasted Crake 紅胸田雞 Porzana fusca

Brown Crake 紅腳苦惡鳥 Amaurornis akool

White-breasted Waterhen 白胸苦惡鳥 Amaurornis phoenicurus

Watercock 董雞 Gallicrex cinerea

Common Moorhen 黑水雞 Gallinula chloropus

Eurasian Coot 骨頂雞 Fulica atra

Pheasant-tailed Jacana 水雉 Hydrophasianus chirurgus

Greater Painted-snipe 彩鷸 Rostratula benghalensis

Great Thick-knee 大石鴴 Esacus recurvirostris

Eurasian Oystercatcher 蠣鷸 Haematopus ostralegus

Black-winged Stilt 黑翅長腳鷸 Himantopus himantopus

Pied Avocet 反嘴鷸 Recurvirostra avosetta

Oriental Pratincole 普通燕鴴 Glareola maldivarum

Northern Lapwing 鳳頭麥雞 Vanellus vanellus

Grey-headed Lapwing 灰頭麥雞 Vanellus cinereus

Pacific Golden Plover 太平洋金斑鴴 Pluvialis fulva

Grey Plover 灰斑鴴 Pluvialis squatarola

Common Ringed Plover 劍鴴 Charadrius hiaticula

Long-billed Plover 長嘴鴴 Charadrius placidus

Little Ringed Plover 金眶鴴 Charadrius dubius Kentish Plover 環頸鴴 Charadrius alexandrinus

Lesser Sand Plover 蒙古沙鴴 Charadrius mongolus

Greater Sand Plover 鐵嘴沙鴴 Charadrius leschenaultii

Oriental Plover 東方鴴 Charadrius veredus

Black-tailed Godwit 黑尾塍鷸 Limosa limosa

Bar-tailed Godwit 斑尾塍鷸 Limosa lapponica

Little Curlew 小杓鷸 Numenius minutus

Whimbrel 中杓鷸 Numenius phaeopus

Eurasian Curlew 白腰杓鷸 Numenius arquata

Far Eastern Curlew 紅腰杓鷸 Numenius madagascariensis Spotted Redshank 鶴鷸 Tringa erythropus

Common Redshank 紅腳鷸 Tringa totanus

Marsh Sandpiper 澤鷸 Tringa stagnatilis

Common Greenshank 青腳鷸 Tringa nebularia

Nordmann's Greenshank 小青腳鷸 Tringa guttifer

Lesser Yellowlegs 小黃腳鷸 Tringa flavipes

Green Sandpiper 白腰草鷸 Tringa ochropus

Wood Sandpiper 林鷸 Tringa glareola

Terek Sandpiper 翹嘴鷸 Xenus cinereus

Common Sandpiper 磯鷸 Actitis hypoleucos

Grey-tailed Tattler 灰尾漂鹬 Heteroscelus brevipes

Ruddy Turnstone 翻石鷸 Arenaria interpres

Red-necked Phalarope 紅頸瓣蹼鷸 Phalaropus lobatus

Red Phalarope 灰瓣蹼鷸 Phalaropus fulicarius

Eurasian Woodcock 丘鷸 Scolopax rusticola

Pintail Snipe 針尾沙錐 Gallinago stenura

Swinhoe’s Snipe 大沙錐 Gallinago megala

Common Snipe 扇尾沙錐 Gallinago gallinago

Long-billed Dowitcher 長嘴鷸 Limnodromus scolopaceus

Asian Dowitcher 半蹼鷸 Limnodromus semipalmatus Red Knot 紅腹濱鷸 Calidris canutus

Great Knot 大濱鷸 Calidris tenuirostris

Sanderling 三趾濱鷸 Calidris alba

Red-necked Stint 紅頸濱鷸 Calidris ruficollis Little Stint 小濱鷸 Calidris minuta

Temminck’s Stint 青腳濱鷸 Calidris temminckii

Long-toed Stint 長趾濱鷸 Calidris subminuta

Pectoral Sandpiper 斑胸濱鷸 Calidris melanotos

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 尖尾濱鷸 Calidris acuminata

Dunlin 黑腹濱鷸 Calidris alpina

Curlew Sandpiper 彎嘴濱鷸 Calidris ferruginea

Spoon-billed Sandpiper 勺嘴鷸 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

Broad-billed Sandpiper 闊嘴鷸 Limicola falcinellus

Ruff 流蘇鷸 Philomachus pugnax

Pomarine Jaeger 中賊鷗 Stercorarius pomarinus

Parasitic Jaeger 短尾賊鷗 Stercorarius parasiticus

Long-tailed Jaeger 長尾賊鷗 Stercorarius longicaudus

Black-tailed Gull 黑尾鷗 Larus crassirostris

Mew Gull 海鷗 Larus canus

Heuglin’s Gull 灰氏銀鷗 Larus heuglini

Yellow-legged Gull 黃腳銀鷗 Larus cachinnans

Vega Gull 织女銀鷗 Larus vegae

Slaty-backed Gull 灰背鷗 Larus schistisagus

Glaucous-winged Gull 灰翅鷗 Larus glaucescens

Glaucous Gull 北極鷗 Larus hyperboreus

Pallas’s Gull 漁鷗 Larus ichthyaetus

Brown-headed Gull 棕頭鷗 Larus brunnicephalus

Relict Gull 遺鷗 Larus relictus

Black-headed Gull 紅嘴鷗 Larus ridibundus

Slender-billed Gull 細嘴鷗 Larus genei

Little Gull 小鷗 Larus minutus

Saunders’s Gull 黑嘴鷗 Larus saundersi

Black-legged Kittiwake 三趾鷗 Rissa tridactyla

Whiskered Tern 鬚浮鷗 Chlidonias hybridus

White-winged Tern 白翅浮鷗 Chlidonias leucopterus

Gull-billed Tern 鷗嘴噪鷗 Sterna nilotica

Caspian Tern 紅嘴巨鷗 Sterna caspia

Common Tern 普通燕鷗 Sterna hirundo

Roseate Tern 粉紅燕鷗 Sterna dougallii Black-naped Tern 黑枕燕鷗 Sterna sumatrana

Aleutian Tern 白腰燕鷗 Sterna aleutica

Bridled Tern 褐翅燕鷗 Sterna anaethetus

Sooty Tern 烏燕鷗 Sterna fuscata

Little Tern 白額燕鷗 Sterna albifrons

Greater Crested Tern 大鳳頭燕鷗 Sterna bergii

Ancient Murrelet 扁嘴海雀 Synthliboramphus antiquus

Japanese Murrelet 冠海雀 Synthliboramphus wumizusume Rock Dove 原鴿 Columba livia

Oriental Turtle Dove 山斑鳩 Streptopelia orientalis

Red Turtle Dove 火斑鳩 Streptopelia tranquebarica

Spotted Dove 珠頸斑鳩 Steptopelia chinensis

Barred Cuckoo Dove 斑尾鵑鳩 Macropygia unchall

Emerald Dove 綠翅金鳩 Chalcophaps indica

Orange-breasted Green Pigeon 橙胸綠鳩 Treron bicinctus

Thick-billed Green Pigeon 厚嘴綠鳩 Treron curvirostra

White-bellied Green Pigeon 紅翅綠鳩 Treron sieboldii

Yellow-crested Cockatoo 小葵花鳳頭鸚鵡 Cacatua sulphurea

Rose-ringed Parakeet 紅領綠鸚鵡 Psittacula krameri

Chestnut-winged Cuckoo 紅翅鳳頭鵑 Clamator coromandus

Large Hawk Cuckoo 大鷹鵑 Hierococcyx sparverioides

Hodgson’s Hawk Cuckoo 霍氏鹰鹃 Hierococcyx nisicolor

Northern Hawk Cuckoo 北方鷹鵑 Hierococcyx hyperythrus

Indian Cuckoo 四聲杜鵑 Cuculus micropterus

Common Cuckoo 大杜鵑 Cuculus canorus

Horsfield's Cuckoo 霍氏[中]杜鵑 Cuculus horsfieldi

Asian Lesser Cuckoo 小杜鵑 Cuculus poliocephalus

Plaintive Cuckoo 八聲杜鵑 Cacomantis merulinus

Drongo Cuckoo 烏鵑 Surniculus lugubris

Common Koel 噪鵑 Eudynamys scolopacea

Greater Coucal 褐翅鴉鵑 Centropus sinensis

Lesser Coucal 小鴉鵑 Centropus bengalensis

Eastern Grass Owl 草鴞 Tyto longimembris

Oriental Scops Owl 紅角鴞 Otus sunia Collared Scops Owl 領角鴞 Otus lettia

Eurasian Eagle Owl 雕鴞 Bubo bubo

Brown Fish Owl 褐漁鴞 Ketupa zeylonensis

Brown Wood Owl 褐林鴞 Strix leptogrammica

Asian Barred Owlet 斑頭鵂鶹 Glaucidium cuculoides

Northern Boobook 鷹鴞 Ninox japonica

Short-eared Owl 短耳鴞 Asio flammeus

Grey Nightjar 普通夜鷹 Caprimulgus indicus

Savanna Nightjar 林夜鷹 Caprimulgus affinis

Himalayan Swiftlet 短嘴金絲燕 Collocalia brevirostris

White-throated Needletail 白喉針尾雨燕 Hirundapus caudacutus

Silver-backed Needletail 灰喉針尾雨燕 Hirundapus cochinchinensis

Common Swift 普通雨燕 Apus apus

Pacific Swift 白腰雨燕 Apus pacificus

Little Swift 小白腰雨燕 Apus affinis

Crested Kingfisher 冠魚狗 Ceryle lugubris

Pied Kingfisher 斑魚狗 Ceryle rudis

Common Kingfisher 普通翠鳥 Alcedo atthis

Ruddy Kingfisher 赤翡翠 Halcyon coromanda

White-throated Kingfisher 白胸翡翠 Halcyon smyrnensis

Black-capped Kingfisher 藍翡翠 Halcyon pileata

Collared Kingfisher 白領翡翠 Halcyon chloris

Blue-throated Bee-eater 藍喉蜂虎 Merops viridis

Blue-tailed Bee-eater 栗喉蜂虎 Merops philippinus

Dollarbird 三寶鳥 Eurystomus orientalis

Eurasian Hoopoe 戴勝 Upupa epops

Great Barbet 大擬啄木鳥 Megalaima virens

Eurasian Wryneck 蟻鴷 Jynx torquilla

Speckled Piculet 斑姬啄木鳥 Picumnus innominatus

Rufous-bellied 棕腹啄木鳥 Dendrocopos hyperythrus

Rufous Woodpecker 栗啄木鳥 Celeus brachyurus

Grey-headed Woodpecker 灰頭綠啄木鳥 Picus canus

Bay Woodpecker 黃嘴栗啄木鳥 pyrrhotis

Fairy Pitta 仙八色鶇 Pitta nympha

Blue-winged Pitta 藍翅八色鶇 Pitta moluccensis Greater Short-toed Lark 大短趾百靈 Calandrella brachydactyla

Eurasian Skylark 雲雀 Alauda arvensis

Oriental Skylark 小雲雀 Alauda gulgula

Plain Martin 褐喉沙燕 Riparia paludicola

Pale Martin 淡色沙燕 Riparia diluta

Barn Swallow 家燕 Hirundo rustica

Red-rumped Swallow 金腰燕 Hirundo daurica

Asian House Martin 煙腹毛腳燕 Delichon dasypus

Northern House Martin 白腹毛脚燕 Delichon urbicum

Forest Wagtail 山鶺鴒 Dendronanthus indicus

Yellow Wagtail 黃鶺鴒 Motacilla flava

Citrine Wagtail 黃頭鶺鴒 Motacilla citreola

Grey Wagtail 灰鶺鴒 Motacilla cinerea

White Wagtail 白鶺鴒 Motacilla alba

Richard’s Pipit 理氏鷚 Anthus richardi

Blyth's Pipit 布氏鷚 Anthus godlewskii

Olive-backed Pipit 樹鷚 Anthus hodgsoni

Red-throated Pipit 紅喉鷚 Anthus cervinus

Rosy Pipit 粉紅胸鷚 Anthus roseatus

Pechora Pipit 北鷚 Anthus gustavi

Buff-bellied Pipit 黃腹鷚 Anthus rubescens

Water Pipit 水鷚 Anthus spinoletta

Upland Pipit 山鷚 Anthus sylvanus

Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike 暗灰鵑鵙 Coracina melaschistos

Swinhoe’s Minivet 小灰山椒鳥 Pericrocotus cantonensis

Ashy Minivet 灰山椒鳥 Pericrocotus divaricatus

Grey-chinned Minivet 灰喉山椒鳥 Pericrocotus solaris

Scarlet Minivet 赤紅山椒鳥 Pericrocotus flammeus

Red-whiskered Bulbul 紅耳鵯 Pycnonotus jocosus

Chinese Bulbul 白頭鵯 Pycnonotus sinensis

Sooty-headed Bulbul 白喉紅臀鵯 Pycnonotus aurigaster

Mountain Bulbul 綠翅短腳鵯 Hypsipetes mcclellandii

Chestnut Bulbul 栗背短腳鵯 Hypsipetes castanonotus

Black Bulbul 黑短腳鵯 Hypsipetes leucocephalus

Orange-bellied Leafbird 橙腹葉鵯 Chloropsis hardwickii Tiger Shrike 虎紋伯勞 Lanius tigrinus

Bull-headed Shrike 牛頭伯勞 Lanius bucephalus

Brown Shrike 紅尾伯勞 Lanius cristatus

Red-backed Shrike 紅背伯勞 Lanius collurio

Long-tailed Shrike 棕背伯勞 Lanius schach

Japanese 小太平鳥 Bombycilla japonica

Lesser Shortwing 白喉短翅鶇 Brachypteryx leucophrys

Japanese Robin 日本歌鴝 Erithacus akahige

Rufous-tailed Robin 紅尾歌鴝 Luscinia sibilans

Siberian Rubythroat 紅喉歌鴝 Luscinia calliope

Siberian Blue Robin 藍歌鴝 Luscinia cyane

Bluethroat 藍喉歌鴝 Luscinia svecica

Red-flanked Bluetail 红脇藍尾鴝 Tarsiger cyanurus

Oriental Magpie Robin 鵲鴝 Copsychus saularis

Black Redstart 赭紅尾鴝 Phoenicurus ochruros

Hodgson's Redstart 黑喉紅尾鴝 Phoenicurus hodgsoni

Daurian Redstart 北紅尾鴝 Phoenicurus auroreus

Plumbeous Redstart 紅尾水鴝 Rhyacornis fuliginosus

Slaty-backed Forktail 灰背燕尾 Enicurus schistaceus

Common Stonechat 黑喉石(即鳥) Saxicola torquata

Grey Bushchat 灰林(即鳥) Saxicola ferrea

Pied Wheatear 白頂(即鳥) Oenanthe pleschanka

White-throated Rock Thrush 白喉磯鶇 Monticola gularis

Chestnut-bellied Rock Thrush 栗腹磯鶇 Monticola rufiventris

Blue Rock Thrush 藍磯鶇 Monticola solitarius

Blue Whistling Thrush 紫嘯鶇 Myophonus caeruleus

Orange-headed Thrush 橙頭地鶇 Zoothera citrina

Siberian Thrush 白眉地鶇 Zoothera sibirica

Scaly Thrush 虎斑地鶇 Zoothera dauma

Japanese Thrush 烏灰鶇 Turdus cardis

Common Blackbird 烏鶇 Turdus merula

Brown-headed Thrush 赤胸鶇 Turdus chrysolaus

Grey-backed Thrush 灰背鶇 Turdus hortulorum

Pale Thrush 白腹鶇 Turdus pallidus

Eyebrowed Thrush 白眉鶇 Turdus obscurus Dusky Thrush 斑鶇 Turdus naumanni

Naumann’s Thrush 紅尾鶇 Turdus naumanni

Red-throated Thrush 赤頸鶇 Turdus ruficollis

Chinese Thrush 寶興歌鶇 Turdus mupinensis

Streak-breasted Scimitar Babbler 棕頸鉤嘴鶥 Pomatorhinus ruficollis

Pygmy Wren Babbler 小鱗胸鷦鶥 Pnoepyga pusilla

Rufous-capped Babbler 紅頭穗鶥 Stachyris ruficeps

Chinese Babax 矛紋草鶥 Babax lanceolatus

Masked Laughingthrush 黑臉噪鶥 Garrulax perspicillatus

Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush 黑領噪鶥 Garrulax pectoralis

Black-throated Laughingthrush 黑喉噪鶥 Garrulax chinensis

Hwamei 畫眉 Garrulax canorus

White-browed Laughingthrush 白頰噪鶥 Garrulax sannio

Silver-eared Mesia 銀耳相思鳥 Leothrix argentauris

Red-billed Leiothrix 紅嘴相思鳥 Leiothrix lutea

Blue-winged Minla 藍翅希鶥 Minla cyanouroptera

White-bellied Yuhina 白腹鳳鶥 Yuhina zantholeuca

Striated Yuhina 栗耳鳳鶥 Yuhina castaniceps

Vinous-throated Parrotbill 棕頭鴉雀 Paradoxornis webbianus

Japanese Swamp Warbler 斑背大尾鶯 Megalurus pryeri

Asian Stubtail Warbler 鱗頭樹鶯 Urosphena squameiceps

Pale-footed Bush Warbler 淡腳樹鶯 Cettia pallidipes

Japanese Bush Warbler 日本樹鶯 Cettia diphone

Brownish-flanked Bush Warbler 強腳樹鶯 Cettia fortipes

Baikal Bush Warbler 北短翅鶯 Bradypterus davidi

Brown Bush Warbler 棕褐短翅鶯 Bradypterus luteoventris

Russet Bush Warbler 高山短翅鶯 Bradypterus seebohmi

Large 大草鶯 Graminicola bengalensis

Lanceolated Warbler 矛紋蝗鶯 Locustella lanceolata

Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler 小蝗鶯 Locustella certhiola

Middendorff’s Grasshopper Warbler 北蝗鶯 Locustella ochotensis

Styan’s Grasshopper Warbler 史氏蝗鶯 Locustella pleskei

Black-browed Reed Warbler 黑眉葦鶯 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps

Manchurian Reed Warbler 遠東葦鶯 Acrocephalus tangorum

Paddyfield Warbler 稻田葦鶯 Acrocephalus agricola Blunt-winged Warbler 鈍翅葦鶯 Acrocephalus concinens

Blyth’s Reed Warbler 布氏葦鶯 Acrocephalus dumetorum

Oriental Reed Warbler 東方大葦鶯 Acrocephalus orientalis

Thick-billed Warbler 厚嘴葦鶯 Acrocephalus aedon

Syke's Warbler 赛氏篱鶯 Hippolais rama

Zitting Cisticola 棕扇尾鶯 Cisticola juncidis

Bright-capped Cisticola 金頭扇尾鶯 Cisticola exilis

Yellow-bellied Prinia 黃腹鷦鶯 Prinia flaviventris

Plain Prinia 純色鷦鶯 Prinia inornata

Mountain Tailorbird 金頭縫葉鶯 Orthotomus cuculatus

Common Tailorbird 長尾縫葉鶯 Orthotomus sutorius

Willow Warbler 歐柳鶯 Phylloscopus trochilus

Chiffchaff 嘰喳柳莺 Phylloscopus collybita

Dusky Warbler 褐柳鶯 Phylloscopus fuscatus

Yellow-streaked Warbler 棕眉柳鶯 Phylloscopus armandii

Radde’s Warbler 巨嘴柳鶯 Phylloscopus schwarzi

Pallas’s Leaf Warbler 黃腰柳鶯 Phylloscopus proregulus

Chinese Leaf Warbler 雲南柳鶯 Phylloscopus yunnanensis

Yellow-browed Warbler 黃眉柳鶯 Phylloscopus inornatus

Hume’s Leaf Warbler 淡眉柳鶯 Phylloscopus humei

Arctic Warbler 極北柳鶯 Phylloscopus borealis

Greenish Warbler 暗綠柳鶯 Phylloscopus trochiloides

Pale-legged Leaf Warbler 淡腳柳鶯 Phylloscopus tenellipes

Sakhalin Leaf Warbler 庫頁島柳鶯 Phylloscopus borealoides

Eastern Crowned Warbler 冕柳鶯 Phylloscopus coronatus

Goodson’s Leaf Warbler 古氏[冠紋]柳鶯 Phylloscopus goodsoni

Sulphur-breasted Warbler 黑眉柳鶯 Phylloscopus ricketti

Grey-crowned Warbler 灰冠鶲鶯 Seicercus tephrocephalus

Bianchi's Warbler 比氏鶲鶯 Seicercus valentini

White-spectacled Warbler 白眶鶲鶯 Seicercus affinis

Chestnut-crowned Warbler 栗頭鶲鶯 Seicercus castaniceps

Rufous-faced Warbler 棕臉鶲鶯 Abroscopus albogularis

Lesser Whitethroat 白喉林鶯 Sylvia curruca

Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher 白喉林鶲 Rhinomyias brunneata

Grey-streaked Flycatcher 灰紋鶲 Muscicapa griseisticta Dark-sided Flycatcher 烏鶲 Muscicapa sibirica

Asian Brown Flycatcher 北灰鶲 Muscicapa dauurica

Brown-breasted Flycatcher 褐胸鶲 Muscicapa muttui

Ferruginous Flycatcher 棕尾褐鶲 Muscicapa ferruginea

Verditer Flycatcher 銅藍鶲 Eumyias thalassina

Yellow-rumped Flycatcher 白眉姬鶲 Ficedula zanthopygia

Narcissus Flycatcher 黃眉姬鶲 Ficedula narcissina

Green-backed Flycatcher 綠背姬鶲 Ficedula elisae

Mugimaki Flycatcher 鴝姬鶲 Ficedula mugimaki

Slaty-backed Flycatcher 銹胸藍姬鶲 Ficedula hodgsonii

Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher 橙胸姬鶲 Ficedula strophiata

Red-breasted Flycatcher 紅胸姬鶲 Ficedula parva

Red-throated Flycatcher 紅喉姬鶲 Ficedula albicilla

Blue-and-white Flycatcher 白腹姬鶲 Cyanoptila cyanomelana

Fujian Niltava 棕腹大仙鶲 Niltava davidi

Small Niltava 小仙鶲 Niltava macgrigoriae

Hainan Blue Flycatcher 海南藍仙鶲 Cyornis hainanus

Pale Blue Flycatcher 純藍仙鶲 Cyornis unicolor

Blue-throated Flycatcher 藍喉仙鶲 Cyornis rubeculoides

Grey-headed Flycatcher 方尾鶲 Culicicapa ceylonensis

Black-naped Monarch 黑枕王鶲 Hypothymis azurea

Asian Paradise Flycatcher 壽帶 Terpsiphone paradisi

Japanese Paradise Flycatcher 紫壽帶 Terpsiphone atrocaudata

Chinese Penduline Tit 中華攀雀 Remiz consobrinus

Yellow-bellied Tit 黃腹山雀 Parus venustulus

Great Tit 大山雀 Parus major

Yellow-cheeked Tit 黃頰山雀 Parus spilonotus

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch 絨額鳾 Sitta frontalis

Plain Flowerpecker 純色啄花鳥 Dicaeum concolor

Buff-bellied Flowerpecker 紅胸啄花鳥 Dicaeum ignipectus

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 朱背啄花鳥 Dicaeum cruentatum

Mrs Gould’s Sunbird 藍喉太陽鳥 Aethopyga gouldiae

Fork-tailed Sunbird 叉尾太陽鳥 Aethopyga christinae

Chestnut-flanked White-eye 紅脇繡眼鳥 Zosterops erythropleurus

Japanese White-eye 暗綠繡眼鳥 Zosterops japonicus Crested Bunting 鳳頭鵐 Melophus lathami

Grey-necked Bunting 灰頸鵐 Emberiza buchanani

Ortolan Bunting 圃鵐 Emberiza hortulana

Tristram’s Bunting 白眉鵐 Emberiza tristrami

Chestnut-eared Bunting 栗耳鵐 Emberiza fucata

Little Bunting 小鵐 Emberiza pusilla

Yellow-browed Bunting 黃眉鵐 Emberiza chrysophrys

Rustic Bunting 田鵐 Emberiza rustica

Yellow-throated Bunting 黃喉鵐 Emberiza elegans

Yellow-breasted Bunting 黃胸鵐 Emberiza aureola

Chestnut Bunting 栗鵐 Emberiza rutila

Black-headed Bunting 黑頭鵐 Emberiza melanocephala

Japanese Yellow Bunting 硫磺鵐 Emberiza sulphurata

Black-faced Bunting 灰頭鵐 Emberiza spodocephala

Japanese Reed Bunting 紅頸葦鵐 Emberiza yessoensis

Pallas’s Reed Bunting 葦鵐 Emberiza pallasi

Common Reed Bunting 蘆鵐 Emberiza schoeniclus

Brambling 燕雀 Fringilla montifringilla

Grey-capped Greenfinch 金翅雀 Carduelis sinica

Eurasian Siskin 黃雀 Carduelis spinus

Common Rosefinch 普通朱雀 Carpodacus erythrinus

Yellow-billed Grosbeak 黑尾蠟嘴雀 migratoria

Japanese Grosbeak 黑頭蠟嘴雀 Eophona personata

White-rumped Munia 白腰文鳥 Lonchura striata

Scaly-breasted Munia 斑文鳥 Lonchura punctulata

Chestnut Munia 栗腹文鳥 Lonchura atricapilla

Russet Sparrow 山麻雀 Passer rutilans

Eurasian Tree Sparrow 樹麻雀 Passer montanus

Baya Weaver 黃胸織布鳥 Ploceus philippinus

Chestnut-tailed Starling 灰頭椋鳥 Sturnus malabaricus

Red-billed Starling 絲光椋鳥 Sturnus sericeus

Chestnut-cheeked Starling 紫背椋鳥 Sturnus philippensis

Purple-backed Starling 北椋鳥 Sturnus sturninus

Rose-coloured Starling 粉紅椋鳥 Sturnus roseus

Common Starling 紫翅椋鳥 Sturnus vulgaris White-cheeked Starling 灰椋鳥 Sturnus cineraceus

Black-collared Starling 黑領椋鳥 Sturnus nigricollis

White-shouldered Starling 灰背椋鳥 Sturnus sinensis

Common Myna 家八哥 Acridotheres tristis

Crested Myna 八哥 Acridotheres cristatellus

Black-naped Oriole 黑枕黃鸝 Oriolus chinensis

Black Drongo 黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus

Ashy Drongo 灰卷尾 Dicrurus leucophaeus

Hair-crested Drongo 髮冠卷尾 Dicrurus hottentottus

Eurasian Jay 松鴉 Garrulus glandarius

Blue Magpie 紅嘴藍鵲 Urocissa erythrorhyncha

Grey Treepie 灰樹鵲 Dendrocitta formosae

Common Magpie 喜鵲 Pica pica

Daurian Jackdaw 達烏里寒鴉 Corvus dauuricus

Carrion Crow 小嘴烏鴉 Corvus corone

Large-billed Crow 大嘴烏鴉 Corvus macrorhynchos

Collared Crow 白頸鴉 Corvus torquatus

House Crow 家鴉 Corvus splendens

Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Bird Checklist 2004

C-common-seen on 90% of visits Spring Summer Fall Winter

F-Fairly common-seen on 50-90% March June August Dec

U-uncommon-20-50% Thru And Thru Thru

R-rare-less then 20% of visits May July Nov Feb

X-extremely rare-fewer then 6 times since 1969

- No records

*Has nested on Refuge since 1990

Ducks, Geese, and Swans

Fulvous Whistling-Duck - X - -

Greater White-fronted Goose X - R R

Snow Goose U X U F

Ross’s Goose X - - X

Brant X - X -

Cackling Goose X - R X

Canada Goose* C C C C

Mute Swan* F F F F

Trumpeter Swan* (release) F C C F

Tundra Swan U X F F

Wood Duck* F C C U

Gadwall* C U C F

Eurasian Wigeon X - X -

American Wigeon C U C F American Black Duck* F F C C

Mallard* C C C C

Blue-winged Teal* F C C X

Cinnamon Teal X - X -

Northern Shoveler* C U C U

Northern Pintail* F R C F

Green-winged Teal* C F C U

Canvasback* U R U U

Redhead* F R U U

Ring-necked Duck F - U R

Greater Scaup U - R X

Lesser Scaup C R R U

King Eider - - - X

Harlequin Duck - - - X

Surf Scoter X - X -

White-winged Scoter X X X X

Black Scoter X - X -

Long-tailed Duck - - X X

Bufflehead F - U U

Common Goldeneye F X R F

Hooded Merganser* C F F F

Common Merganser C - R F

Red-breasted Merganser F X U U

Ruddy Duck* F U F U

Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys, and Old World Quail

Ring-necked Pheasant* F F U U

New World Quail

Northern Bobwhite X X X -

Loons

Common Loon X X R X

Grebes

Pied-billed Grebe* C C C U

Horned Grebe U - R X

Red-necked Grebe X - X -

Eared Grebe X - - -

Western Grebe - - X -

Pelicans

American White Pelican X X R -

Cormorants

Double-crested Cormorant* C C C R

Bitterns, Herons, and Allies American Bittern* R U R X

Least Bittern* R U R -

Great Blue Heron* C C C F

Great Egret* F C C R

Snowy Egret* U F F -

Little Blue Heron* R R R -

Tricolored Heron X - X -

Cattle Egret* R R U -

Green Heron* F F F -

Black-crowned Night-Heron* F C C X

Yellow-crowned Night-Heron X X X -

Ibises and Spoonbills

Glossy Ibis X X - -

White-faced Ibis X - - -

New World Vultures

Turkey Vulture U U X X

Hawks, Kites, , and Allies

Osprey R R R X

Bald Eagle* C C C C

Northern Harrier F R F F

Sharp-shinned Hawk F X U R Cooper’s Hawk* U R U U

Northern Goshawk X - - X

Red-shouldered Hawk U X R X

Broad-winged Hawk R X X X

Swainson’s Hawk X X X -

Red-tailed Hawk* C C C C

Rough-legged Hawk U - R F

Golden Eagle R - X X

Caracaras and Falcons

American Kestrel* F F F C

Merlin R X R -

Gyrfalcon X - X X

Peregrine Falcon R X U X

Rails, Gallinules, and Coots

Yellow Rail - - R -

King Rail* X X X -

Virginia Rail* U U U X

Sora* U U U -

Common Moorhen* R F U X

American Coot* C F C F

Cranes Sandhill Crane R - X X

Lapwings and Plovers

Black-bellied Plover U R F X

American Golden-Plover R X U -

Snowy Plover - - X -

Semipalmated Plover U U F X

Piping Plover X - X -

Killdeer* C C C U

Stilts and Avocets

Black-necked Stilt X X - -

American Avocet X - R -

Sandpipers, Phalaropes, and Allies

Greater Yellowlegs F F C X

Lesser Yellowlegs F F C X

Solitary Sandpiper U R U -

Willet X X R X

Spotted Sandpiper* F C F -

Upland Sandpiper R R R -

Whimbrel X X R -

Hudsonian Godwit X X R -

Marbled Godwit X X R - Ruddy Turnstone R U R -

Red Knot X X U -

Sanderling U X U X

Semipalmated Sandpiper U U F -

Western Sandpiper R X R -

Least Sandpiper F F F X

White-rumped Sandpiper R R R -

Baird’s Sandpiper R R R -

Pectoral Sandpiper F U C X

Dunlin F F F R

Curlew Sandpiper - - X -

Stilt Sandpiper R U U -

Buff-breasted Sandpiper X - R -

Ruff X X X -

Short-billed Dowitcher F F F -

Long-billed Dowitcher R R F X

Wilson’s Snipe F R F R

American Woodcock* U U U -

Wilson’s Phalarope R R R -

Red-necked Phalarope X X R -

Red Phalarope - - X X

Skuas, Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers

Pomarine Jaeger - - - X Long-tailed Jaeger - X - -

Franklin’s Gull X X X -

Little Gull X - X -

Black-headed Gull - X - X

Bonaparte’s Gull F R C U

Ring-billed Gull C C C C

Herring Gull* C C C C

Iceland Gull X X - -

Lesser Black-backed Gull X - X X

Glaucous Gull X - - X

Great Black-backed Gull U R U F

Black-legged Kittiwake X - X X

Caspian Tern F U F -

Common Tern* U C F X

Forster’s Tern U U F X

Black Tern* R U R -

Pigeons and Doves

Rock Pigeon* F F F U

Mourning Dove* C C C C

Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis

Black-billed Cuckoo* R R R -

Yellow-billed Cuckoo* U F F -

Barn Owls

Barn Owl X X - -

Typical Owls

Eastern Screech-Owl* U R U U

Great Horned Owl* F F F F

Snowy Owl X - X R

Long-eared Owl R - R R

Short-eared Owl R - R R

Northern Saw-whet Owl R - X X

Goatsuckers

Common Nighthawk R X R -

Whip-poor-will R - X -

Swifts

Chimney Swift U F F -

Hummingbirds

Ruby-throated Hummingbird* U F U -

Kingfishers

Belted Kingfisher F U F R

Woodpeckers and Allies

Red-headed Woodpecker* U U U R

Red-bellied Woodpecker* C C C C

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker R - U X

Downy Woodpecker* C C C C

Hairy Woodpecker* U R U F

Northern Flicker* C C C U

Pileated Woodpecker X - - -

Tyrant Flycatchers

Olive-sided Flycatcher R R R -

Eastern Wood-Pewee* U C F -

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher R R R -

Acadian Flycatcher* R R R -

Alder Flycatcher R R - -

Willow Flycatcher* U C U -

Least Flycatcher U R U -

Eastern Phoebe* F F F -

Vermilion Flycatcher - - X X

Great Crested Flycatcher* U C U -

Western Kingbird - - X -

Eastern Kingbird* U C F -

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher X - - -

Shrikes

Loggerhead Shrike R - X X

Northern Shrike U - R U

Vireos

White-eyed Vireo* R R R -

Yellow-throated Vireo* R X R -

Blue-headed Vireo U X U -

Warbling Vireo* U C F -

Philadelphia Vireo U R R -

Red-eyed Vireo* F C F -

Jays and Crows

Blue Jay* C C C C

American Crow F R U U

Larks

Horned Lark* C F F F

Swallows

Purple Martin* F C F -

Tree Swallow* C C C X

Northern Rough-winged Swallow* U U R - Bank Swallow U U U -

Cliff Swallow U R R -

Barn Swallow* U C F -

Chickadees and Titmice

Black-capped Chickadee* U R U U

Tufted Titmouse* C F F C

Nuthatches

Red-breasted Nuthatch U X U X

White-breasted Nuthatch* F U F F

Creepers

Brown Creeper F - U F

Wrens

Carolina Wren* F C F F

House Wren* F C F -

Winter Wren U - U U

Sedge Wren* X R X -

Marsh Wren* U C U R

Kinglets

Golden-crowned Kinglet F - F U Ruby-crowned Kinglet C - C X

Old World Warblers and Gnatcatchers

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher* F U R -

Thrushes

Eastern Bluebird* U U R X

Veery* F U R -

Gray-cheeked Thrush R X F -

Bicknell’s Thrush - - X -

Swainson’s Thrush F R F -

Hermit Thrush F - F X

Wood Thrush* F F U -

American Robin* C C C U

Mockingbirds and Thrashers

Gray Catbird* C C C X

Northern Mockingbird R X R R

Brown Thrasher* F U U X

Starlings

European Starling* C C C C

Wagtails and Pipits American Pipit U - R X

Waxwings

Cedar Waxwing* F C C R

Wood-Warblers

Blue-winged Warbler U R R -

Golden-winged Warbler R - X -

Tennessee Warbler F X F -

Orange-crowned Warbler R - R X

Nashville Warbler F - F -

Northern Parula U X R -

Yellow Warbler* C C F -

Chestnut-sided Warbler* F R U -

Magnolia Warbler C R F -

Cape May Warbler U X F -

Black-throated Blue Warbler F X F -

Yellow-rumped Warbler C X C R

Black-throated Green Warbler F X U -

Blackburnian Warbler U X U -

Yellow-throated Warbler X - - -

Pine Warbler R - R -

Kirtland’s Warbler X - - -

Prairie Warbler X - X - Palm Warbler C - F -

Bay-breasted Warbler F X F -

Blackpoll Warbler U R F -

Cerulean Warbler R - X -

Black-and-white Warbler* C R F -

American Redstart* F U F -

Prothonotary Warbler* U R R -

Worm-eating Warbler X X X -

Swainson’s Warbler X - - -

Ovenbird* F X U -

Northern Waterthrush F X U X

Louisiana Waterthrush R - X -

Kentucky Warbler R - X -

Connecticut Warbler R X R -

Mourning Warbler U R R -

Common Yellowthroat* C C F R

Hooded Warbler* R X X -

Wilson’s Warbler F R F -

Canada Warbler U R R -

Yellow-breasted Chat* R R X -

Tanagers

Summer Tanager R - - -

Scarlet Tanager* R R R -

Emberizids

Spotted Towhee X - - -

Eastern Towhee* U R R R

American Tree Sparrow F - U C

Chipping Sparrow* U F U -

Clay-colored Sparrow X - - -

Field Sparrow* F C F R

Vesper Sparrow* U U R -

Lark Sparrow - - X -

Savannah Sparrow* U F U X

Grasshopper Sparrow* R U R -

Henslow’s Sparrow R X X -

Le Conte’s Sparrow X - - -

Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow - - X -

Fox Sparrow U - U X

Song Sparrow* C C C C

Lincoln’s Sparrow U X U -

Swamp Sparrow* F C F F

White-throated Sparrow C X C R

Harris’s Sparrow X - - -

White-crowned Sparrow U X F R

Dark-eyed Junco F - F F

Lapland Longspur R - R R Smith’s Longspur X - - -

Snow Bunting U - U U

Cardinals, Saltators, and Allies

Northern Cardinal* C C C C

Rose-breasted Grosbeak* U U U -

Blue Grosbeak X - - -

Indigo Bunting* F C F -

Dickcissel* X U R -

Blackbirds

Bobolink* U U F -

Red-winged Blackbird* C C C F

Eastern Meadowlark* F F U U

Western Meadowlark X X - -

Yellow-headed Blackbird* R R X X

Rusty Blackbird F X U U

Brewer’s Blackbird X - X X

Common Grackle* C C C U

Brown-headed Cowbird* C C F U

Orchard Oriole* U F U -

Baltimore Oriole* F C F -

Fringilline and Cardueline and Allies Purple R - R X

House Finch* F F F F

White-winged Crossbill - - X -

Common Redpoll R - X R

Pine Siskin X - R X

American Goldfinch* C C C C

Evening Grosbeak X - X X

Old World Sparrows

House Sparrow* F C C F