Downloaded from Brill.Com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM Via Free Access History of Science Scholars in Action

Scholars in Action

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access History of Science Scholars in Action

and Medicine Library The Practice of Knowledge and the Figure of the Savant in the 18th Century VOLUME 34/1

Volume 1 Scientific and Learned Cultures and Edited by André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber Their Institutions

Editor In collaboration with M. Feingold Philippe Rogger California Institute of Technology

VOLUME 9

LEIDEN • BOSTON The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/slci 2013

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access History of Science Scholars in Action and Medicine Library The Practice of Knowledge and the Figure of the Savant in the 18th Century VOLUME 34/1

Volume 1 Scientific and Learned Cultures and Edited by André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber Their Institutions

Editor In collaboration with M. Feingold Philippe Rogger California Institute of Technology

VOLUME 9

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.

Cover illustration: Marco Trüeb (on the basis of a bronze bust of Albrecht von Haller by Johann Friedrich Funk, 1777).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Scholars in action : the practice of knowledge and the figure of the savant in the 18th century / edited by Andre Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber ; in collaboration with Philippe Rogger. volumes cm. — (History of science and medicine library ; volume 34) (Scientific and learned cultures and their institutions ; volume 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24390-3 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24391-0 (e-book) 1. Learning and scholarship—Europe—History—18th century. 2. Scholars—Europe—History— 18th century. 3. Knowledge, Theory of—History—18th century. 4. Europe—Intellectual life— 18th century. I. Holenstein, Andr?. II. Steinke, Hubert. III. Stuber, Martin. IV. Rogger, Philippe.

AZ604.S36 2013 001.209409’033—dc23 2013001248

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface.

ISSN 1872-0684 ISBN 9789004243903 (hardback, set) ISBN 9789004249479 (hardback, vol. 1) ISBN 9789004249486 (hardback, vol. 2) ISBN 978-90-04-24391-0 (e-book)

Copyright 2013 by André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.

This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access CONTENTS

Volume 1

Acknowledgements ...... xi List of Figures ...... xiii Notes on Contributors ...... xxi

Introduction: Practices of Knowledge and the Figure of the Scholar in the Eighteenth Century ...... 1 André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke and Martin Stuber

PART I CLIMBING AND GAINING RECOGNITION: THE CAREER OF THE SAVANT

Transnational Careers in the Service of Empire: German Natural Historians in Eighteenth-Century London ...... 45 Thomas Biskup

Starting-Out, Getting-On and Becoming Famous in the Eighteenth-Century Republic of Letters ...... 71 Laurence Brockliss

From Aristocratic Support to Academic Office: Patronage and University in the Scottish Enlightenment ...... 101 Iris Fleßenkämper

“On the Means of Becoming Famous in the Learned World”: Practices in Scholarly Constitution of Status and the Emergence of a Moral Economy of Knowledge in the Eighteenth Century .... 123 Marian Füssel

Compiler into Genius. The Transformation of Dictionary Writers in Eighteenth-Century France and England ...... 145 Caspar Hirschi

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Between Status Attainment and Professional Dialogue: The Significance of Membership in the Leopoldina in 1750 ...... 173 Marion Mücke

Jöcher’s Anthropology of Scholars ...... 195 Ulrich Johannes Schneider

On Some Social Characteristics of the Eighteenth-Century Botanists ...... 205 René Sigrist

PART II READING AND JUDGING: THE ACQUISITION AND EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Usurped Intentions: The Reception of Albrecht von Haller’s Writings in France ...... 237 Florence Catherine

Albrecht von Haller as Librarian: Searching and Finding in the Universe of Books ...... 253 Claudia Engler

Change of Paradigm as a Squabble between Institutions: The Institute of Historical Sciences, the Society of Sciences, and the Separation of Cultural and Natural Sciences in Göttingen in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century ...... 267 Martin Gierl

Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel as a Precursor of Learned Journalism in Germany: Monatliche Unterredungen and Curieuse Bibliothec ...... 289 Thomas Habel

Albrecht von Haller’s Contribution to the Göttingische Anzeigen von Gelehrten Sachen: The Accounting Records ...... 319 Anne Saada

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Samuel Engels’s Bibliotheca selectissima (1743). “Rarity” as a Criterion of Knowledge and Its Classification ...... 339 Torsten Sander

PART III PERCEIVING AND REACTING: THE MAN OF HIS TIMES

The philosophe as a Virtuoso of Communication: Media, Spaces and Strategies in Voltaire’s Practice of Communication during the “Calas Affair” ...... 363 Kirill Abrosimov

Communication and Reputation. Correspondences between the Scientific Cultures in the Eighteenth and Twenty-first Centuries ...... 391 Daniel Fulda

Controversy as the Impetus of Enlightened Practice of Knowledge ...... 413 Rainer Godel

Secret Savants, Savant Secrets: The Concept of Science in the Imagination of European Freemasonry ...... 433 Andreas Önnerfors

Character Masks of Scholarship: Self-Representation and Self-Experiment as Practices of Knowledge around 1770 ...... 459 Hole Rößler

Reacting to Rousseau: Difficult Relations between Erudition and Politics in the Swiss Republics ...... 481 Simone Zurbuchen

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Volume 2

PART IV PRINTING AND COMMUNICATING: THE PRESENTATION AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE

Men of Exchange: Creation and Circulation of Knowledge in the Swiss Republics of the Eighteenth Century ...... 507 Simona Boscani Leoni

Illustrious Connections: The Premises and Practices of Knowledge Transfer between Switzerland and the Italian Peninsula ...... 535 Clorinda Donato

At Home in the World: The Savant in the Service of Global Education ...... 569 Karl S. Guthke

Research Practices in the Early Eighteenth Century: The Example of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer ...... 591 Urs B. Leu

Faced with the Flood: Scholarly Working Practices and Editorial Transformations at the Highpoint of Scientific Publications ...... 609 Miriam Nicoli

PART V OBSERVING AND EXPERIMENTING: THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE

Presentations and Representations of Experimental Performances. The Spread of the Dispositif of Experiment across Practices, Apparatuses, and Architectures at the University of Göttingen in the Eighteenth Century ...... 633 Gunhild Berg

Observation and Enlightenment ...... 657 Lorraine Daston

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Experiments, Judicial Rhetoric and the Testimonium. Practices of Demonstration in the Hamberger-Haller Controversy on the Respiration Mechanism ...... 679 Simone De Angelis

Natural History as Compilation. Travel Accounts in the Epistemic Process of an Empirical Discipline ...... 703 Bettina Dietz

Distances Celestial and Terrestrial. Maximilian Hell’s Arctic Expedition of 1768–1769: Contexts and Responses ...... 721 László Kontler

History in a Test Tube: Natural Historians’ Stratagems for Communicating Empiricism and Theory ...... 751 Annette Meyer

PART VI ADVISING AND SERVING: THE FUNCTION OF THE EXPERT

The Scholar and the Commonweal: Christian Wolff, Albrecht von Haller and the Economic Enlightenment ...... 773 Holger Böning

Republican Identity and the World of the Courts: The Case of the Savant Albrecht von Haller ...... 799 Barbara Braun-Bucher

Knowledge Practices in the Establishment and Reproduction of the Mining Elite in Saxony, 1765–1868 ...... 827 Hartmut Schleiff

Scientific “Patriotism” between Self-Importance, Self-Recommendation and Camouflage. The Enlightenment Requirement of Public Benefit as Reflected in the Title Pages and Prefaces of Popular Works by Scholars ...... 853 Reinhart Siegert

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Political Counsel: A Historical Perspective ...... 877 Justin Stagl

Useful Natural History? Pest Control in the Focus of the Economic Society of Bern ...... 891 Martin Stuber and Regula Wyss

Index of Personal Names ...... 921

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This volume contains a collection of presentations delivered at a confe- rence on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the birth of Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777). We wish to thank the persons and institutions who contributed to the success of this event: the Albrecht von Haller Foundation (President: J. Harald Wäber; Secretary: Barbara Braun-Bucher), Georg von Erlach (the coordinator of various Haller anniversary events in 2008), the University of Bern and its Institutes of History and History of Medicine, the Hochschulstiftung der Burgergemeinde Bern, the Scientia et Arte Foundation, the Max und Elsa Beer-Brawand-Fonds, the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences, the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Society for the History of Medicine and Sciences, the Bern Society for Natural Sciences, Halleriana Bernensis, and the Gesellschaft zu Ober-Gerwern. This book could not have been produced without the renewed gener- ous support of the Albrecht von Haller Foundation. We are grateful to Theodore Wachs, Marlène Thibault, and Julia Slater for their precise and higly readable translations of contributions originally written in German and French, as well as for editing contributions written in English. Philippe Rogger procured the illustrations, was responsible for formal editing and and compiled the index with help from Lorenz Schläfli. We are especially indebted to Moti Feingold for his helpful comments and his willingness to include this volume in the History of Science and Medicine Library despite its challenging size and scope. Rosanna Woensdregt, Marti Huetink and the team at Brill made sure that a bunch of electronic documents were transformed into an appealing book within a short time. Most of all, however, we wish to thank the authors. Their recent research and insights sparked the idea of producing this book. They have waited for it for a long time. We hope it was worth waiting for.

André Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, Martin Stuber

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Introduction 1 Albrecht von Haller, bronzed plaster of the missing bust (1777) by J.F. Funk. Burgerbibliothek Bern, photograph: Gerhard Howald ...... 2 2 Johann Georg von Zimmermann, Das Leben des Herrn von Haller (Zürich 1755, title page) ...... 24 3 Prize medal of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Göttingen (awarded since 1751) with its patron King George II. Niedersächsisches Münzkabinett der Deutschen Bank (Hannover) ...... 25 4 Haller‘s European correspondence network. Cartography by Richard Stuber (Bern) ...... 28 5 Letter from Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin to Albrecht von Haller, 7 March 1775, in Swedish. Burgerbibliothek Bern ...... 31 6 Frontispiece to Albrecht von Haller’s collection of experiments on irritability and sensibility: Mémoires sur les parties sensibles et irritables du corps animal, 1756–1760 [detail]. Copperplate engraving, artist unknown. Institute for the History of Medicine (Bern) ...... 33 7 Page from Albrecht von Haller’s herbarium with a specimen of the mountain kideny-vetch (Berg-Wundklee) collected by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure on the Mont Salève near Geneva. Herbarium P. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) ...... 34 8 The Emperor‘s Joseph II. visit to Haller in 1777, woodcut after a drawing by G. Roux, mid-19th century. Burgerbibliothek Bern ...... 37 9 L’Hôtel de Ville de Berne (town hall), lithograph, around 1850, after a drawing from the late 18th century. Historisches Museum Bern ...... 38

Thomas Biskup 1 James Gillray’s caricature of Joseph Banks as South Sea caterpillar (1795), Library of Congress (Washington) ...... 56

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2 “Caribaei”, from: Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: Decas Collectionis Suae Craniorum Diversarum Gentium, Gottingae 1790/1820, 11 [pl. en reg. p. 26: crâne] X ...... 58

Laurence Brockliss 1 Esprit Calvet (1728–1810). Portrait in oils, attributed to Philippe Sauvan, Musée Calvet (Avignon) ...... 78 2 Caylus (1692–1765). Frontispiece from his Recueil d’antiquites egyptiennes, etrusques, grecques et romaines (7 vols; Paris, 1752–67). Bern University Library ...... 89

Iris Fleßenkämper 1 Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–1782). Porträt von David Martin, National Galleries of Scotland (Edinburgh) ...... 107 2 William Cullen (1710–1790), chemist and physician. Portrait by William Cochran (ca. 1768), National Galleries of Scotland (Edinburgh) ...... 108 3 Professor Joseph Black (1728–99), chemist. Portrait by David Martin (1787), National Galleries of Scotland (Edinburgh) ...... 112

Caspar Hirschi 1 “Systême figuré des connoissances humaines”, from: Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert (eds.), Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, vol. 1 (Paris 1751) ...... 162 2 Tree of knowledge, from: Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopædia (London 1728) ...... 163

Ulrich Johannes Schneider 1 Frontispiece and titlepage of Christian Gottlieb Jöcher’s Gelehrten-Lexicon, vol. 1 (Leipzig 1750) ...... 196

René Sigrist 1 Evolution of the number of specialized botanists between 1700 and 1825 ...... 217 2 Evolution of the number of “Botanophiles” in three European cities between 1700 and 1825 ...... 218 3 Significant epistolary links, direct or indirect, between seven of the major botanists of the 18th century: Trew, Linné, Haller, Banks, Micheli and Targioni-Tozzetti father and son ...... 223

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4 Professions of the specialized botanists and of their fathers (1700–1830) ...... 226 5 Social status of “professional” botanists and of their fathers (1700–1830) ...... 229

Claudia Engler 1 Meeting of the library commission in the new Great Room of the library. Oil on canvass by Johannes Dünz (1696), Burgerbibliothek Bern ...... 257 2 Excerpt from Albrecht von Haller’s catalogue volume with hand-written entries added later by his successors. Burgerbibliothek Bern (Biblici 1736, Mss.h.h.III. 102, Rubric G) ...... 262

Thomas Habel 1 Monatliche Unterredungen, Frontispiece (Scholarly discussion) and title page (fictitious editor “A.B.”). 2nd rev. edition of the first monthly issue (Jan. 1689). Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 304 2 Illustrations of aeronautics: – Left: Relationes Curiosae (part IV [1689], num. 39, p. 309) – Right: Monatliche Unterredungen (Sept. 1697, Frontispiece) Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 311 3 Curieuse Bibliothec, oder Fortsetzung der Monatlichen Unterredungen, Frontispiece (The Old-Saxon pagan god Krodo) and title page (no date). Last issue published under Tentzel’s name (3rd repository, 9th section [1706]). Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 312

Torsten Sander 1 Samuel Engel (1702–1784), Oil on cardboard, unknown artist (around 1760). Historisches Museum Bern, Inv. 50531 ...... 340 2 Samuel Engel’s Bibliotheca selectissima (1743, title page), Bern University Library ...... 342 3 Heinrich Graf von Bünau (1697–1762), oil painting by Louis de Silvestre (1742). Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden. Copyright SLUB Dresden / Deutsche Fotothek ...... 343

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Daniel Fulda 1 Frontispiece and title of Christoph August Heumann, Der Politische Philosophus (Frankfurt/Main, Leipzig 1724) ...... 402

Andreas Önnerfors 1 Diorama displaying scientific workings of a Masonic lodge (c. 1750), Engelhardt (Augsburg). With courtesy CEDOM, Brussels ...... 441 1a Detail ...... 442 2 Emblem of the lodge Zu den drei Zirkeln (Three Compasses) in Stettin (1762 f.), author’s copy ...... 449

Hole Rößler 1 Albrecht von Haller, Etching after Heinrich Pfenniger in: Johann Caspar Lavater, Physiognomische Fragmente, zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntniß und Menschenliebe (Leipzig 1775–1778), 4 vols. IV: 253 ...... 478 2 Albrecht von Haller, Etching by Balthasar Anton Dunker, in: Johann Georg Heinzmann (ed), Albrechts von Haller [. . .] Tagebuch seiner Beobachtungen über Schriftsteller und sich selbst. Zur Karakteristik der Philosophie und Religion dieses Mannes (Bern 1787), 2 vols., I: title page ...... 479

Karl S. Guthke 1 Der Reisende Deutsche im Jahr 1744. Welcher Länder und Städte beschreibet, auch die alten und neusten Staats-Begebenheiten bekant macht, mit einer Vorrede Herrn Martin Schmeitzels (Halle 1745), Frontispiece. Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel ...... 575

Urs B. Leu 1 Copperplate etching of Scheuchzer’s deluge pike from the Upper Miocene in Öhningen, with letter key for anatomical details. Zentralbibliothek Zürich ...... 600 2 The original Öhningen pike fossil from Scheuchzer’s collection. Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich ...... 601 3 Plate 43 from Scheuchzer’s Kupfer-Bibel (Vol. 1, Augsburg 1731). Zentralbibliothek Zürich ...... 603

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Gunhild Berg 1 Botanical garden in Göttingen with anatomy building and Haller’s own residence. Frontispiece to Haller’s Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii et Agri Gottingensis, 2nd ed. (Göttingen 1753) ...... 640 2 Accouchement clinic in Göttingen (1791): “Interior of the accouchement clinic” / “View from the main floor in the accouchement clinic” / “The accouchement clinic”; copperplate engravings by Chr. A. Besemann, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 645 3 Observatory in Göttingen (1816). Engraving, property of Klaus Beuermann ...... 647 4 Layout plan of Lichtenberg’s physics cabinet in the Büttner house in Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 650

Simone De Angelis 1 Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani (Leiden 1747), table 17. University Library Bern ...... 682 2 Georg Erhard Hamberger, De Respirationis Mechanismo et Usu Genuino Dissertatio (Jena 1749), a5r. Bern University Library ...... 686 3 Albrecht von Haller, Mémoire sur plusieurs Phénomènes importans de la Respiration; Fondé sur les Expériences (Lausanne 1758), 245. Burgerbibliothek Bern ...... 689 4 Willem Jacob ’sGravesande, Introductio ad Philosophiam, Metaphysicam et Logicam Continens. Editio Altera (Leiden 1737), 170f ...... 698

László Kontler 1 Johann Elias Haid: The astronomer Maximilian Hell, mezzotint, 1771. Staats- und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg ...... 728 2 The ship of Hell and his associates approaching Kjelvik, the last harbour before reaching Vardø. Published with Hell: Observationes astronomicae latitudinum et longitudinum locorum borealium Daniae, Sueciae, Norwegiae et Finnmachriae Lapponicae per ite rarcticum Annis 1768, 1769, & 1770 factae, in: Ephemerides Astronomicae ad Meridianum Vindobonensem anni 1791. Bern University Library ...... 737

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3 Hell and Sajnovics’ house at Vardø, published with Maximilian Hell: Observationes astronomicae latitudinum et longitudinum locorum borealium Daniae, Sueciae, Norwegiae et Finnmachriae Lapponicae per ite rarcticum Annis 1768, 1769, & 1770 factae, in: Ephemerides Astronomicae ad Meridianum Vindobonensem anni 1791. Bern University Library ...... 739

Holger Böning 1 Johann Caspar Nägeli: Des Lehrnsbegierigen und Andächtigen Landmanns Getreuer Wegweiser (Zürich 1738), title page ...... 783 2 Johann Caspar Nägeli: Des Lehrnsbegierigen und Andächtigen Landmanns Getreuer Wegweiser (Zürich 1738), frontispiece ...... 784

Barbara Braun-Bucher 1 Georg Daniel Heumann: Triumphal arch for the visit of George II, 1748, Städtisches Museum Göttingen ...... 801 2 Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen (1688–1770). Oil painting by G. Boy (1747), Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ...... 802 3 Albrecht von Haller, Versuch Schweizerischer Gedichte, 9th ed. (Göttingen 1762), dedication ...... 813 4 Albrecht von Haller: Usong: eine morgenländische Geschichte (Bern 1778), title page. Burgerbibliothek Bern ...... 821

Reinhart Siegert 1 Johann Gottfried Hübner, Gedanken über die beste Art, die schädlichen Raupen zu vertilgen. Ein Versuch zum Besten des Landmanns (Dessau 1781), title page. Kiel University Library ...... 855 2 “Schriftsteller sind anonymisch”, from: Das Gelehrte Teutschland oder Lexikon der jetzt lebenden Teutschen Schriftsteller, angefangen von Georg Christoph Hamberger, fortgesetzt von Johann Georg Meusel, 5th ed., vol. 12 (Lemgo 1806), LXXXV ...... 858 3 [Joseph] Hazzi, Katechismus über die Zucht, Behandlung und Veredlung der Rindvieh-Gattungen (München 1836), Tübingen University Library ...... 866

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Martin Stuber and Regula Wyss 1 Life cycle of the cockchafer, in: Christian Friedrich Karl Kleemann, ‘Von den Maykäfern’, in: Bemerkungen der Kuhrpfälzischen physikalisch-oekonomischen Gesellschaft vom Jahr 1770 (1771, 2. Teil), 299–409, Tab. I ...... 906 2 Grain dryer developed by Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, in Johann Georg Krünitz, Ökonomisch-technologische Enzyklopädie, Vol. 45 (1789), 1–155, Fig 2617–2621 ...... 910 3 Grain pests, in Johannes Gessner, ‘Abhandlung über die verschiedenen Arten das Getreyd zu bewahren, und derselben Auswahl’, in: Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Zürich (1761), 231–320 ...... 914

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Kirill Abrosimov is Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Augsburg. His research focuses on the History of Communication and the Intellectual History of the French and European Enlightenment. His recent publications include Cultures du savoir en concurrence. Philosophes, physiocrates et la formation de l’économiepolitique (2008), L’émergence d’un nouveau journalisme savant et littéraire. Le Journal Étranger (1754–1762) et la transformation de la République des Lettres (2009), Wissensordnungen der Aufklärung. Diderots Kommunikationsstrategien zwischen der Encyclopédie und der Correspondance littéraire von Friedrich Melchior Grimm (2011) and Wissenstransfer und Austausch symbolischen Kapitals. Das europäische Fürsten-Netzwerk der französischen Physiokraten (2012). His book Aufklärung jenseits der Öffentlichkeit. Friedrich Melchior Grimms “Correspondance litté- raire” zwischen der République des lettres und den europäischen Fürstenhöfen will be published 2013.

Gunhild Berg is Fellow at the Zukunftskolleg and teaches at the Department of Literature of the University of Konstanz. Currently she is the chair of the research project ‘Versuch’ and ‘Experiment’. Concepts of Experimentation between Sciences and Literature (1700–1960), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). She published a wide range of articles with a focus on the historical concepts of experiment and the media history of science and knowledge. Her books include Erzählte Menschenkenntnis. Moralische Erzählungen und Verhaltensschriften der deutschsprachigen Spätaufklärung (2006) as well as the editions August Wilhelm Iffland’s Die Marionetten (2009) and Jakob Friedrich Dyckerhoff’s Skizzenbuch der Experimentalphysik: Das Collegium über Naturlehre und Astronomie bei Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Göttingen 1796/1797 (2011).

Thomas Biskup is Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Hull. He has published on the cultural history of monarchy from the early modern period on, and his current research focusses on the practices of natural history in the 18th century. His publications include A university for Empire? The University of Göttingen and the Personal Union, 1737–1837 (2007), Sammeln und Reisen in deutsch-englischen Gelehrtennetzwerken im späten 18. Jahrhundert (2008) and Friedrichs Größe: Inszenierungen des

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Preußenkönigs in Fest und Zeremoniell, 1740–1815 (2012). He is also co-editor of Das Erbe der Monarchie: Nachwirkungen einer deutschen Institution seit 1918 (2008), and of Selling Berlin: Imagebildung und Stadtmarketing von der preußischen Residenz bis zur Bundeshauptstadt (2008).

Holger Böning was born in 1949 in Delmenhorst. After an apprenticeship as a high-voltage electrician, he earned his Abitur at Oldenburg College. He then studied German language and literature, history, and science of education. In 1982 he earned his PhD degree with a dissertation about the Popular Enlightenment in Switzerland, followed by his habilitation in 1991 on the concept of “Volk” (people) and the everyday practices of news and functional writing in the German Enlightenment. Holger Böning is co-editor of the Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte. He is Professor of Modern German Literature and History of the German Press at the Institute of Press History, University of Bremen, and also Chairman of the institute.

Simona Boscani Leoni studied History, Italian and Latin Literature and Art History in Bologna and Paris. She is Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Heidelberg. She is preparing a book about the development of natural sciences in Early modern Europe and is also working at the edition of the correspondence of the Swiss Physician and Naturalist Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1662–1733). Her research focuses on the social and reli- gious history of the Middle Ages, on the history of knowledge and on the history of science in the Early modern period. Her publications include: Essor et fonctions des images religieuses dans les Alpes (2008), and as editor, Die Alpen! Zur europäischen Wahrnehmungsgeschichte seit der Renaissance (2005, with Jon Mathieu), Wissenschaft—Berge—Ideologien. Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) und die frühneuzeitliche Naturforschung (2010), La chiesa, dal basso’. Organizzazioni, interazioni e pratiche nel contesto par- rocchiale alpino alla fine del Medioevo (2012, with Paolo Ostinelli).

Barbara Braun-Bucher, PhD, was scientific collaborator at the Burgerbibliothek Bern, member of the research project Albrecht von Haller and curator of the estates of Haller from 1990 to 2008. Her research focusses on the 17th and 18th century in Switzerland, its system of politics and education.

Laurence Brockliss is Tutor and Fellow in History at Magdalen College Oxford and Professor of Early Modern French History at the University

- 9789004243910 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 12:06:24AM via free access notes on contributors xxiii of Oxford. He has published widely on the history of education, science and medicine in both France and Britain in the period 1600 to 1850. His books include French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History (1987); (with Colin Jones), The Medical World of Early Modern France (1997); Calvet’s Web, Enlightenment and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth-Century France (2002); and the multi-authored Advancing with the Army. Medicine, the Professions and Social Mobility in the British Isles 1790–1850 (2006).

Florence Catherine is senior lecturer in history-geography and par- ticipates in the project ANR CITERE (Circulations, Territoires et Réseaux en Europe de l’Age classique aux Lumières). She has published on early modern history of science and on franco-german cultural transfer in the 18th century. Her PhD La pratique et les réseaux savants d’Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777), vecteurs du transfert culturel entre les espaces français et germaniques au XVIIIe siècle has been awarded the 2010 prize of the Société Française d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques and has been published with the Editions Honoré Champion in 2012.

Lorraine Daston is Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin and Visiting Professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. Her books include Classical Probability and the Enlightenment (1988), (with Katharine Park), Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 (1998), Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science (2004), and (with Peter Galison), Objectivity (2007). She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Corresponding Member of the British Academy, and member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Her current research concerns the history of rules, algorithms, and the mechanization of rationality.

Simone De Angelis is Professor of History of Science and Head of the interfacultary Zentrum für Wissenschaftsgeschichte at the Karl-Franzens- University of Graz. His research focuses on the history of scientific knowledge as well as on concepts of ethos in the sciences. He is the author of Anthropologien. Genese und Konfiguration einer ‘Wissenschaft vom Menschen’ in der Frühen Neuzeit (2010), Von Newton zu Haller. Studien zum Naturbegriff zwischen Empirismus und deduktiver Methode in der Schweizer Frühaufklärung (2003), co-editor of Scholarly Knowledge. Textbooks in early modern Europe (2008), ‘Natur’, Naturrecht und Geschichte. Aspekte eines fundamentalen Begründungsdiskurses der Neuzeit, (1600–1900) (2010).

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He is currently setting up a joint curriculum in the History of Science for the Faculties of Medicine, Arts and Science at the University of Graz. He is furthermore preparing an interdisciplinary FWF-research project on the construction and impact of knowledge in the Eighteenth Century.

Bettina Dietz is Assistant Professor of European History at Hong Kong Baptist University. Her research focuses on the history of knowledge and science in early modern Europe with a focus on eighteenth-century natural history. Her articles include Contribution and Co-production: The Collaborative Culture of Linnaean Botany (Annals of Science, 2012); Making Natural History: Doing the Enlightenment (Central European History, 2010); Mobile Objects: The Space of Shells in Eighteenth-Century France (The British Journal for the History of Science, 2006); Collections Curieuses: The Aesthetics of Curiosity and Elite Lifestyle in Eighteenth-Century Paris (co-authored with Thomas Nutz; Eighteenth-Century Life, 2005). Early modern utopias are her second area of specialization. She is the author of Utopien als mögliche Welten: Voyages imaginaires der französischen Frühaufklärung (Mainz 2002).

Clorinda Donato is the George L. Graziadio Chair of Italian Studies at California State University, Long Beach and Professor of French and Italian. She has also been recognized as Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques. Encyclopedism, Italian-Swiss relations, and European enlightenments are the subject of numerous publications, among them the co-edited volumes The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution (1992), Une Encyclopédie à vocation européene: L’Encyclopédie d’Yverdon et sa résonance européenne: contextes—contenus—prolongements (2005), and Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance in the Eighteenth Century (2009). Current projects focus on narrative accounts of anatomy, generation, and sexuality in eighteenth-century Italy. The co-edited volume Jesuit Accounts of the Colonial Americas—Textualities, Intellectual Disputes, Intercultural Transfers is forthcoming with the University of Toronto Press in the UCLA Clark Library publication series.

Claudia Engler is director of the Burgerbibliothek Bern. She has pub lished on medieval and early modern history of libraries, archives and man- uscripts. Her recent publications include Die Bongarsiana—konfessionelles Manifest und politisches Zeichen (2012) and Die Zentralbibliothek Bern in the Handbuch der Historischen Buchbestände in der Schweiz (2011).

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Iris Flesenkämper is postdoctoral researcher and project manager at the Cluster of Excellence ‘Religion and Politics’ at the University of Münster. She has published on the cultural history of knowledge in the 18th Century, including Considerations—Encouragements—Improvements: Die Select Society in Edinburgh 1754–1764. Soziale Zusammensetzung und kommunika- tive Praxis einer schottischen Gelehrtengesellschaft zur Zeit der Aufklärung (2010). She is currently working on a research project dealing with the plurality of norms in early modern Germany.

Daniel Fulda is Professor for Modern German Literature at the University of Halle–Wittenberg and Director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for European Enlightenment Studies at Halle. His research focuses on the interrelation between historiography and aesthetics, on literary genres and on the cultures of erudition in the 18th century. His books include Wissenschaft aus Kunst. Die Entstehung der modernen deutschen Geschichtsschreibung 1760–1860 (1996), Schau-Spiele des Geldes. Die Komödie und die Entstehung der Marktgesellschaft von Shakespeare bis Lessing (2005), and Die Sachen der Aufklärung (edited with Frauke Berndt, 2013).

Marian Füssel is Professor of Early Modern History and History of Science at the University of Goettingen, Germany. He has published widely on early modern universities, military history and the history of Historiography. He is author of Gelehrtenkultur als symbolische Praxis. Rang, Ritual und Konflikt an der Universität der Frühen Neuzeit (2006), Der Siebenjährige Krieg. Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert (2010) and editor of Michel de Certeau. Geschichte—Kultur—Religion (2007). Among other projects he is currently preparing a textbook on the early modern “History of Knowledge” (Wissensgeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit).

Martin Gierl, Privatdozent at the Georg August Universität Göttingen, manages the Project Scholarly journals in the Age of Enlightenment of the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. He has widely published on learned communication and media of the Enlightenment. He is the Author of Pietismus und Aufklärung. Theologische Polemik und die Kommunikationsreform der Wissenschaft am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts (1997) and Geschichte als präzisierte Wissenschaft. Johann Christoph Gatterer und die Historiographie des 18. Jahrhunderts im ganzen Umfang (2012).

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Rainer Godel is Professor of German Literature and Deputy Director of the Research Center “Aufklärung—Religion—Wissen” at the Martin- Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. He has published widely on literature and philosophy of the European Enlightenment and on early modern controversies, including Vorurteil—Anthropologie—Literatur. Der Vorurteilsdiskurs als Modus der Selbstaufklärung (2007), (ed., with Hans Adler) Formen des Nichtwissens der Aufklärung (2010), and (Ed., with Gideon Stiening) Klopffechtereien—Missverständnisse—Widersprüche? Methodische und methodologische Perspektiven auf die Kant-Forster- Kontroverse (2012).

Karl S. Guthke is Kuno Francke Professor of German Art and Culture emeritus at Harvard University. He has published widely on the literary and intellectual history of the German-speaking countries. Recent books include Die Reise ans Ende der Welt: Erkundungen zur Kulturgeschichte der Literatur (2011), Die Erfindung der Welt: Globalität und Grenzen in der Kulturgeschichte der Literatur (2005) and Der Blick in die Fremde: Das Ich und das andere in der Literatur (2000).

Thomas Habel is Member of the Commission “Gelehrte Journale und Zeitungen als Netzwerke des Wissens im Zeitalter der Aufklärung” of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. His research focuses on the connections between the world of learning and the rise of periodical literature in 17th/18th-century, and on the history and understanding of 15th/16th-century German drama. His recent publications include Prototyp und Variation: Aufstieg und Fall des Antichrist in Nürnberger Bildertexten und Fastnachtspielen des 15. Jahrhunderts (2000), Zum Motiv- und Stoff- Bestand des frühen Nürnberger Fastnachtspiels (2002), Gelehrte Journale und Zeitungen der Aufklärung (2007), Das Neueste aus der Respublica Litteraria: Zur Genese der deutschen ‚Gelehrten Blätter‘ im ausgehenden 17. und beginnenden 18. Jahrhundert (2011), Deutschsprachige Gelehrte Journale und Zeitungen (2011).

Caspar Hirschi, born 1975, is Professor of History at the University of St. Gallen. He was a student at Fribourg and Tübingen, a Research Fellow at Cambridge and an Ambizione Fellow at ETH Zürich. His research focuses on the history of Renaissance humanism and the republic of letters, on the interrelation of expert advice and public criticism in past and present and on nationalism before modernity. His recent publications include a book on The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient

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Rome to Early Modern Germany (Cambridge 2012), an essay on Republicans of Letters, Memory Politicians, Global Colonialists: Historians in Recent Histories of Historiography (Historical Journal 3/2012) and an article on The Status of Authors in the Literary Market: a Comparison of Eighteenth- Century England and France (Das 18. Jahrhundert 2/2012). He is currently completing a monograph on the roles of the scientific expert, the public critic and the intellectual in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century France.

László Kontler is professor of history at Central European University in Budapest. His research interests include intellectual history, transla- tion and reception, as well as knowldege production in the early-modern period, mainly the eighteenth century. He has written and published extensively on the history of European and Hungarian political and historical thought, and is currently completing a monograph on the German reception of the Scottish historian William Robertson. He is the author of a book (in Hungarian) on the early history of British conservatism, and A History of Hungary (Palgrave, 2002).

Urs Leu, PhD, is Director of the Rare Book Department of the Zentralbibliothek Zürich. He published widely on different topics relat- ing to Book History, Church History and History of Science in the Early Modern Period, among others on various scientists from Zurich, especially Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) and Oswald Heer (1809–1883).

Annette Meyer is Managing Director of the Center for Advanced Studies of Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich. Her research focuses on intellectual history of the Scottish and German Enlightenment. Her publications include Von der Wahrheit zur Wahrscheinlichkeit. Die Wissenschaft vom Menschen in der schottischen und deutschen Aufklärung (2008) and Die Epoche der Aufklärung (2010).

Marion Mücke is a historian of science with a strong focus on medicine in the 18th century. She has edited a substantial letter-collection relat- ing to the history of the German “Akademie der Naturforscher” in early modern times: Briefnetz Leopoldina. Die Korrespondenz der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher um 1750 (with Thomas Schnalke). Currently, she is working on 18th century medical institutions in Berlin.

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Miriam Nicoli, formerly teaching assistant at the University of Lausanne and Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Rennes 2, is currently a Senior Research Fellow of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Her research focuses on the cultural history of science and the history of books. She is the author of Apporter les lumières au plus grand nombre. Médecine et physique dans le Journal de Lausanne (1786–1792) (2006) and she has edited an unpublished manuscript of Dr. Samuel-Auguste-André-David Tissot, De la médecine civile ou de la police de la médecine (2009). Her doctoral thesis Les savants et les livres. Autour d’Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) et Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728–1797) will be published 2013.

Andreas Önnerfors is Reader in the History of Sciences and Ideas at the University of Lund. He has published extensively on German-Swedish cultural encounters in the eighteenth century and has specialized in the cultural and intellectual history of Swedish and European freemasonry. He is founding editor of the Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism and works currently on a monograph on the Vienna “Journal für Freymaurer” (1784–1786).

Hole Rösler is Postdoc Scientific Assistant in a research project on Athanasius Kircher at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland. He has published on the interdependences of science and art in cultures of knowledge in early modern Europe, including: Utopie der Bildung. Der Entwurf einer Polymathia experimentalis in Johann Daniel Majors See-Farth nach der Neuen Welt/ ohne Schiff und Segel (1670) (2012), Mechanische Hand und künstliches Auge. Zur Technikanthropologie ‘objektiver Bilder’ im 17. Jahrhundert (2012) and Der anatomische Blick und das Licht im ‘theatrum’. Über Empirie und Schaulust (2011).

Anne Saada works at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique as a Chargée de recherche in Paris. She is a specialist in the socio-cultural history of the Holy Roman Empire in the Age of Enlightenment. She published a book about the reception of Diderot in Germany (Inventer Diderot: les constructions d’un auteur en Allemagne au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, 2003). She now works on the institution of knowledge in Germany and more specifically on German universities.

Torsten Sander is Postdoctoral Research Assistant at the TU Dresden. His publications focus on the history of books and (antiquarian) book- selling, including Die Auktion der Dubletten der kurfürstlichen Bibliothek

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Dresden 1775 bis 1777 (2006), Schwartenhändler und Literaturverbreiter. Zur Poetisierung des Antiquariatsbuchhandels in Wilhelm Raabes ‘Ein Frühling’ (1857/1872) (2010) and Ex Bibliotheca Bunaviana. Studien zu den institutio- nellen Bedingungen einer adligen Privatbliothek im Zeitalter der Aufklärung (2011).

Hartmut Schleiff is research assistant at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Between 2006 and 2009 he was research fellow in the project Staat, Bergbau und Bergakademie—Die Ausbildung von Bergbauexperten in der Habsburgermonarchie und in Sachsen im 18. Jahrhundert funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. He is co-editor of Staat, Bergbau und Bergakademie im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert, to be published in 2013.

Ulrich Johannes Schneider is Director of Leipzig University Library and Professor of Philosophy at the Institute for Cultural Studies, Leipzig University. His numerous publications include Kultur der Kommunikation. Die europäische Gelehrtenrepublik im Zeitalter von Leibniz bis Lessing (ed., 2005), Kulturen des Wissens im 18. Jahrhunderts (ed., 2008), Die Erfindung des allgemeinen Wissens. Enzyklopädisches Schreiben im Zeitalter der Aufklärung (2012).

Reinhart Siegert is Professor of Newer German Literature at the University of Freiburg (Germany). His research interests include Educational History, Literary Life, Popular Reading Matters, the Age of Enlightenment interdisciplinarily, Bibliography of the German-speaking areas in the 18th and 19th centuries. His publications focus on Popular Enlightenment: Aufklärung und Volkslektüre (1977); (with Holger Böning) Volksaufklärung. Biobibliographisches Handbuch zur Popularisierung aufklärerischen Denkens im deutschen Sprachraum von den Anfängen bis 1850, 4 vols, (1990ff); (ed.) Educating the People through Reading Material in the 18th and 19th Centuries: Principles—Media—Topography (2012).

René Sigrist is currently a FWO Fellow at the Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences at Ghent University. His research focuses on the status of science and on the characteristics of scientific experimentation in Early Modern Europe. His publications include La nature à l’épreuve. Les débuts de l’expérimentation à Genève, 1670–1790 (2011). He is also the editor of Marc-Auguste Pictet’s scientific correspondence (1996–2004).

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Justin Stagl is professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Salzburg. His last book is Eine Geschichte der Neugier. Die Kunst des Reisens 1550–1800 (2002). He has recently edited Grenzen des Menschseins. Probleme einer Definition des Menschlichen (with Wolfgang Reinhard, 2005), Nation und Nationenbildung in Österreich-Ungarn (with Endre Kiss, 2006), Menschen und Märkte. Studien zur historischen Wirtschaftsanthropologie (with Wolfgang Reinhard, 2007), Soziale Metamorphosen (2007) and Überraschendes Lachen, gefordertes Weinen. Gefühle und Prozesse, Kulturen und Epochen im Vergleich (with August Nitschke, 2009).

Regula Wyss holds a PhD from the Institute of History at the University of Bern. She co-curated the Exhibition Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) at the Historical Museum in Bern (2008). She published Pfarrer als Vermittler ökonomischen Wissens? Die Rolle der Pfarrer in der Oekonomischen Gesellschaft Bern im 18. Jahrhundert (2007); (with Martin Stuber) ‘Der Magistrat und ökonomische Patriot’ (in Albrecht von Haller, 2008) and (with Gerrendina Gerber-Visser) Formen der Generierung und Verbreitung nützlichen Wissens. Pfarrherren als lokale Mitarbeiter der Oekonomischen Gesellschaft Bern (in Cardanus, 2007).

Simone Zurbuchen, formerly Assistant Professor and Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute of Ethics and Human Rights at the University of Fribourg, is Professor of Modern and Contemporary Philosophy at the University of Lausanne. Her research focuses on the history of moral and political philosophy in the period of the Enlightenment and on contemporary political philosophy. Her publications include Naturrecht und natürliche Religion. Zur Geschichte des Toleranzbegriffs von S. Pufendorf bis J.-J. Rousseau (1991), Patriotismus und Kosmopolitismus. Die Schweizer Aufklärung zwischen Tradition und Moderne (2003). She is also co-editor of Humanismus. Sein kritisches Potential für Gegenwart und Zukunft (2011).

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