Index

ACIA, see Impact Arctic Coal Company, 142 Assessment (ACIA) , 14–15, 17, 101, Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar 106, 116 (ASAR) instrument, 57 Arctic Dipole anomaly, 97, 110n1 Africa, 2, 66–7, 117 Arctic energy exploration Ahlmann, Hans Wilhelmsson, 76–7, (1898– 1985), 128–54 81, 84, 87n12 and drilling, 131–3, 143–54 Aiken, Wesley, 117 and geopolitics, 144–5, 153 air-conditioner, Arctic as, 157–8 in historical perspective, 129–34, “alarmist” metaphors, 29, 157–8, 153 161, 168 and “iceberg management,” 148–50 Alaska, 20, 27, 39, 42–3, 46–7, 115, and jetties, 136 117–21, 124, 130–3, 138–9, and mining, 129–31, 134–43 143–5 and nationalism, 140–1 Amundsen, Roald, 78 and oil, gas and ice, 143–52 “An Ice-free Arctic is Completely and pipeline system, 143–6, 151, Possible” (2006) (Dagens 154 Nyheter), 40 and “reverse oil price shock,” An Inconvenient Truth (film), 7–8, 152–3 30, 100 and rhetoric, 137–40, 152, 154 Annual Meeting of the Royal Academy and sea ice in the era of coal, of Sciences (Stockholm), 81 134–43 , 65–7, 82, 89n30, 104, 161, and snow, 137–9 165 and sparse population, 151 Anthropocene, 21, 70–1, 85, 93, 164–6 and storage, 134–7 anthropogenic influence, 70–1, 83–5, and wood, 137 93, 96–9, 102–4, 106, 108–10, Arctic Environmental Protection 158–66 Strategy, 14–15 AOSB, see Sciences Board “The Arctic: here today gone in 40 (AOSB) years” (2006) (Guardian), 41 Apollo 8, 53 Arctic Ice (L’dyArktiki) (1945) Apollo 17, 53 (Schmidt), 76 Aporta, C., 157 “Arctic Melt Opens Northwest Arab Spring, 4, 6 Passage” (2007) (National Arctic, map of, 118 Geographic News), 61–2 Arctic, as possible sphere center, 66–7 “Arctic Melt Unnerves the Experts,” Arctic and Antarctic Research (2007) (New York Times), 61 Institute, 81 Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB), Arctic Basin, 118 105 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment , 97, 110n1 (ACIA), 17, 99–106, 108–9, 116, Arctic Sea Ice Conference, 80 161–2, 164 Arctic sea ice melting, see sea-ice Arctic Climate System Study, 16 minimum (Arctic) (2007)

173 174 Index

“Arctic Sea Ice Melting Faster, a Cadell, Henry, 138 Study Finds” (2007) (New York Canada, 46, 79, 83, 115, 117–18, 131, Times), 40 145–6, 148, 150, 152 “Arctic sea ice ‘melts to all-time Canadian , 117–18 low’(2005 and 2007) (NASA) capitalism, global, 21, 43–4, 166–7 (image), 59–64 censorship, 42–3, 46 “Armageddon,” 41, 46 Central Intelligence Agency Armstrong, Terence, 79 (CIA), 80 ASAR, see Advanced Synthetic CERN, see European Organization for Aperture Radar (ASAR) Nuclear Research CERN instrument “Climategate,” 159 AS17–148-22727 (Blue Marble photo) China, 21, 40, 42, 46, 153 (1972), 53, 65–7 Chukchi Sea, 118–21, 124 attribution, and , Chukotka, , 27, 117–18, 121 95–110 CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency Avsyuk, Grigory, 80 (CIA) climate change and sea-ice, see sea-ice Baffin Island, 117–19 minimum (Arctic) (2007) , 74–6, 118, 133, “climate change New Deal,” 168 146–7, 153 climate change “skeptics,” 6, Barrow, Alaska, 115, 117–18, 41–2, 159 120–2, 124 “climate change” versus “global Beaufort Sea, 118–19, 131–3, 147–8, warming” (U.S.), 6 150, 153, 154n2 climate variability, 20, 47, 93–110 Beck, Ulrich, 166–8 Climatic Research Unit, 8 Belgium, 56, 146 coal, 20, 128–43, 153–4 bellwether of climate change, 21n5, Cold War, 15–17, 58, 63, 71, 77, 101, 103, 107, 157, 164 79–86 Bent, Silas, 72 commercialization, 1–3, 14, 55–6, Bergen school of meteorology, 76–7 73–4, 123, 131–2, 148, 152 , 119, 123, 144, 147–8 Copenhagen climate summit (2009) Berlin Wall, 6 (COP15), 5, 8, 30 Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 77 COP15, see Copenhagen climate Blue Marble photo (original) (1972), summit (2009) (COP15) 53, 65–7 Crutzen, Paul, 85 Blue Marble photos, 53, 63–7 and the blurring of data sources, Dagens Nyheter (DN) (Sweden), 19, 27, 64–6 32–8, 40, 48 and Eastern Hemisphere, 64 pieces published (2003–2006), 35 original (1972), 53, 65–7 pieces published (2007–2010), 35 new (2012), 64–6 pieces published (2003–2010), 36 and Western Hemisphere, 64 sectional breakdown of (2003– BOREAS program, 85 2010), 37 “breaking news,” 5, 70 Daily Climate website, 159 see also drama, and media DAMOCLES, 16 Brooks, C. E. P., 72 Danish Meteorological Institute, 75 Burke, Edmund, 168 Dayan, D., 4 Bush, George W., 41–2, 45–6, 161 De Geer, Gerard, 140–1 Byrnison, Iorek, x Denmark, 27, 79, 148 Index 175 detection, and climate change, 95–9, Exxon, 131 104, 106 “The disappearing world of the last feedback, 16, 85, 97, 101, 103, 106–7 of the Arctic hunters,” (2010) feedback loops, 16–18, 41 (Guardian), 44 “fender platform,” 148–50 Dome Petroleum, 151 first-year ice, 18, 70 drama, and media, 1–5, 30, 34–5, 41, Floating Maritime Research 70, 79, 107, 114, 118, 125, 131, Institute, 74 159, 161 fossil fuels, 20, 73, 83, 166 drilling, 43, 123, 131–3, 143–54 see also coal; gas; oil , 5, 30, 38–9, 72 Fram (vessel), 15, 77–8 frame analysis, 93–110 “Early Arctic Warming” period (1919– and the ACIA (2005), 99–103 1940s) (EAW), 72 and anthropogenic influence, 93, Earthrise picture (Apollo 8) (1968), 53 96–9, 102–4, 106, 108–10 Eastern African coast, 2 and climate models, 96–7 EAW, see “Early Arctic Warming” and climate variability, 93–110 period (1919–1940s) (EAW) and detection and attribution, ecosystems, 27–8, 107, 117, 165 95–110 ECREA, see European Communication and framings after 2007, 104–8 Research and Education and framings until 2007, 100–104 Association (ECREA) and greenhouse forcing, 97–8 Edgeøya, 146 and greenhouse gases, 93–108, 110 Endicott, 131 and historical records, 95–7 energy, see Arctic energy exploration and ICARP (2006), 103 (1898–1985); natural resources and IPCC reports, 99–104 Envisat satellite, 57 and ISAC, 99–100, 105–7 ESA, see European Space Agency (ESA) and methodology, 99–100 “Eskimos Seek to Recast Global and policymakers, 93–4, 98–9, 102, Warming as a Rights Issue” 108–9 (2004) (New York Times), 44 and summary and conclusions, Esrange Space Center, 56 108–10 European Arctic warming trend and SWIPA, 99–100, 106–8 (1920s), 73–4 see also news story that “was” European Communication Research (Arctic climate change as) and Education Association France, 5, 56, 79 (ECREA), 164 heat wave (2003), 5 European heat wave (2003), 5 Franz Josef Land, 75–6, 133 European Organization for Nuclear frozen saltwater, 157, 168–9 Research CERN, 56 A Functional Glossary of Ice European Science Foundation BOREAS Terminology, 82 program, 85 future of Arctic, 157–69 European Space Agency (ESA), 56–7, from Gaia to the Anthropocene, 61–3 164–6 Europe, 5, 16, 54–7, 61, 72–4, 77, 85, and morality, 160–2 87n12, 105, 129, 132–4, 138, and progress, 166–9 140, 142, 146, 164 and science and media, 158–60 European Union (EU), 16, 105 and social theory and mediation, eventization, 2, 6, 159 162–4 176 Index

Future Earth, 164 Great Britain, 7, 33, 47–8, 72, 79, 129–32, 138 Gaia hypothesis, 164–5, 168 “,” 7, 26, 29, 33 gas, 1, 20, 122–4, 128–9, 131–3, greenhouse forcing, 97–8 143–54 greenhouse gases (GHG), 7, 26, 29, 33, Geophysical Research Letters, 40 93–108, 110, 137, 165–6 geopolitics, 1–2, 17, 20, 61, 63–4, 73, , 3, 40, 43–4, 46, 73, 77, 83, 128, 144–5, 148, 162 79–80, 87n10, 117–18, 130, Germany, 129–30, 146 146, 148 GHG, see greenhouse gases (GHG) “Greenlandic Ice is Melting Faster Giddens, Anthony, 167–8 than Anyone Thought” (2007) GISS, see Goddard Institute for Space (DN), 40 Studies (GISS) (NASA) The Guardian (U.K.), 19, 27, 33–8, glaciers, 3, 41, 46, 71, 81–3, 86n3, 40–2, 158 104, 138–40, 143, 161 pieces published (2003–2006), 35 Gladwell, Malcolm, 26, 30–1, 48 pieces published (2007–2010), 35 global governance, 162, 165–6 pieces published (2003–2010), 36 “global warming,” the term, 6, sectional breakdown of (2003– 29–30 2010), 37 globalization, 1–21, 153, 158, 160–2, 164–8 Hans Island, 148 globalization, climate change, and the Hansen, James, 5, 45, 158 media, 1–21 Hasselblad camera, 53 and Arctic region-building, 14–17 Helland-Hansen, Björn, 75 and “issue attention cycles,” 26 His Dark Materials (Pullman), x and mediatization, 8 Holdren, John, 46 see also mediatization Holocene, 71, 84, 164 and meta-event, see meta-event Hopen Island, 146 and methodology, 19–21 Houston, Texas, 1 and natural science pictures, humanities, 10, 20–1, 158, 162–8 17–19 humanity, as planetary change agent, and scalar transcendence, 11 see anthropogenic influence see also scalar transcendence Hurricane Katrina (2005), 5, 30 and science and technology as hurricanes, 5, 30, 70 social process, 11–14 and sea-ice minimum as a media IAMCR, see International Association event, 1–6 of Media and Communication see also sea-ice minimum (Arctic) Research (IAMCR) (2007) IASC, see International Arctic Science and topical multiplicity, 9–11 Committee (IASC) see also topical multiplicity ICA, see International Communication and words, images, and moments, Association (ICA) 6–8 ICARP-II, see International Conference Goddard Institute for Space Studies on Arctic Research Planning (GISS) (NASA), 45 (ICARP-II) Gorbachev, Michael, 14 ice-free Arctic Sea, 2, 17, 40–1, Gordienko, Pavel, 80–1 47, 70–86, 88n28, 93, 107, Gore, Al, 7–8, 30, 100 115, 124, 128, 135, 142, 147, Gray, John, 167–8 151, 157 Index 177 ice-free Arctic Sea – continued Intergovernmental Panel on Climate and the Cold War, 79–83 Change (IPCC), 7–8, 29–30, 33, as “cryo-historical” moment, 71 93, 98–106, 117, 160–1 and long-term variabilities, 72–3 fourth assessment (2007), 7–8, 93, and media and the power of 101, 103–6, 160 narrative, 83–5 second assessment (1995), 98 and northern expansion of Soviet Special Report on Regional Impacts power, 73–7 (1997), 101 and science and politics, 70–86 third assessment (2001), 33, 100–1 and Western responses, 77–8 International Arctic Science “ice pad drilling base,” 152 Committee (IASC), 105 ice type/quality, 114, 119–21 International Association of Media , 15, 46, 61, 76–80, 138, and Communication Research 144 (IAMCR), 164 ICES, see International Council for the International Commission for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Preparation of the Second IPY IGY, see International Geophysical (1930), 75–6 Year (IGY) (1957–1958) International Communication IMO, see International Maritime Association (ICA), 164 Organization (IMO) International Conference on Arctic “In a far corner of Greenland, hope is Research Planning (ICARP-II), fading with the language and 103 sea ice” (2010) (Guardian), 43 International Council for the indigenous people, and sea-ice Exploration of the Sea (ICES), change, 18, 94, 114–25 74 and coastal erosion, 121 International Geophysical Year (IGY) and hunting, 116–23 (1957–1958), 11, 15–16, 55, 59, and indigenous knowledge, 114–17 80, 84 and local people, 120–5 International Geosphere-Biosphere and the long-term, 124–5 Programme, 164 and methodology, 115 International Human Dimensions and observational data, 117 Programme, 163–4 and other people, 122–4 International Maritime Organization and shipping, 123 (IMO), 123 and umiaq, 120 International Oceanographic Courses, and use of sea ice and open water, 75 117–20 (IPY), 11, and walrus, 120–1 16–17, 20–1, 59, 61–2, 75–6, and whaling, 115, 120–2, 130 103, 105, 116–17 see also ; Iñupiat; Yupik 1882–1883, 11 individuals, 3–5, 43–4, 77, 125, 160–7 1932–1933, 11, 76 industrialization, 129 2007–2008, 16–17, 59, 103, 105 Industrial Era, 164 International Study of Arctic Change Inter-American Commission on (ISAC), 100, 105–7 Human Rights, 44, 47 Inuit, 17, 47, 73, 114, 117 Interdepartmental Bureau on Ice Iñupiat, 114, 120 Prognosis, 76 IPCC, see Intergovernmental Panel on interdisciplinary research, 3, 158, Climate Change (IPCC) 162–3, 168 iPhone, 66 178 Index

IPY, see International Polar Year (IPY) and morality, see morality ISAC, see International Study of Arctic mediation, 162–4 Change (ISAC) mediatization, 2–3, 5–6, 8–11, 20, “issue attention cycles,” 26 26–7, 158, 166 Izvestiya, 133, 151 see also scalar transcendence; topical multiplicity Japanese satellite MOS-1, 56 “Meltdown fear as Arctic ice cover Joint Research and Development falls to record winter low” Board (JRDB), 81–2 (2006) (The Guardian), 41 journalism, 159–62 “Memos Tell Officials How to Discuss JRDB, see Joint Research and Climate” (2007) (New York Development Board (JRDB) Times), 42 meta-event, 4, 6–7, 26–7, 48, , 74, 133, 144–5 49n1, 157 Kennedy, John F., 4, 6 methodology, 19–21, 158 Kerner, Fritz, 72 migration, 27, 121 King, Martin Luther, 4 mining, 129–31, 134–43 Knipowitsch, Nikolai, 74 “Models, Media and Arctic Climate Kola peninsula, 74–5, 154n1 Change” (research project), x Komi Republic, 133 modernity, 9, 154, 167 Krassin(vessel), 77 morality, 159–62, 166 Krupansky, Jack, 41 MOS-1 (Japanese satellite), 56 Kyoto Agreement (1997), 30, 161 , Russia, 1, 14, 144, 154n1 Murmansk speech, 14 Landsat system, 55–6 Lenin, Vladimir, 133 Nansen, Fridjof, 15, 75, 77–8 liquid natural gas (LNG), 144–6, NASA, see National Aeronautics and 154n1 Space Administration (NASA) LNG, see liquid natural gas (LNG) Nathorst, A. G., 141 Lovelock, James, 165, 168 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 3, 45, Makarov, Stepan, 78 53, 55, 59–67, 158 Malmgren, Finn, 78 see also Blue Marble photos Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (1983 National Centre for Atmospheric and 1984), 15 Research in Colorado, 41 Marine Waters and Ice (Morskievody i National Geographic News, 61–2 l’dy) (1938) (Schmidt), 76 National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2, Maud expedition, 1918 to 1925, 21, 41, 54, 83, 85 157–8 77–8 NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty McCain, John, 46 Organization (NATO) McKibben, Bill, 158 natural resources, 2, 20, 74, 123, media 128–54, 164–6 absence of, see news story that see also Arctic energy exploration “was” (Arctic climate change as) (1898–1985); fossil fuels; gas; oil and drama, see drama, and media Netherlands, 27, 129, 132 and globalization, see globalization, The New York Times (U.S.), 19, 27, climate change, and the media 32–3, 35–8, 40, 42, 61, 84, 157 and mediatization, see pieces published (2003–2006), 35 mediatization pieces published (2007–2010), 35 Index 179

Netherlands – continued The (Armstrong), pieces published (2003–2010), 36 79 sectional breakdown of (2003– The Norwegian Sea (Nansen and 2010), 37 Helland-Hansen) (1909), 75 Newfoundland, 73 , 61, 132 news story that “was” (Arctic climate Norway, 77, 83, 118, 129–31, 134, change as), 26–49 138–40, 152, 154n1 and choice of terms, 34–6, 41–3 NSIDC, see National Snow and Ice context of, 27–31 Data Center and frames, subframes and topics, 46–7 Obama, Barack, 42, 46, 48 and ice, water and bears, 38–44 “Obama’s revolution on climate and incidence/contextual frame, change” (2008) (Guardian), 34, 43 42, 48 and methodology, 32–4 objectivity, 159–61 and narrative structure, 34, 40–1, oceanography, 15, 19, 75–7, 82 44, 48–9 Odeco, 151 and quantitative analysis results, Office of Naval Research, 80 34–44 oil, 20, 42–3, 47, 85, 122–4, 128–33, and title of story, 34, 37, 40–1 143–54, 158, 166 and topic/theme, 34, 38–46 Okhotsk Sea, 147–8 and voice, 34, 45 , 26, 161, 165 see also tipping point newspapers, 2–3, 19, 27–8, 32–8, 45, Palin, Sarah, 41–2 144, 159 Panama Canal, 147 see Dagens Nyheter (DN) (Sweden); Panarctic Oils, 132, 145–6, 150–1 The Guardian (U.K.); The New Panel on Arctic Environments, 82 York Times (U.S.) Peary, Robert, 78 Nikolai Knipowitsch, 75 permafrost, 17, 82, 86n3, 100–1, 106, Nimbus satellites, 55, 58 116, 140, 143, 151 Nobel Peace Prize, 8, 30, 100 Petermann’s Geographische Mitteilungen, Nobile, Umberto, 77 72 Nordenskjöld, A. E., 141 Pettersson, Otto, 72 Norman Wells, 132 Photoshop, 65–6 Norse, 73 “a picture is worth a thousand North American drought (1988), 5, 30 words,” 52 North Atlantic Treaty Organization see also satellite images of sea-ice (NATO), 14, 79 minimum , 41, 47, 61, 76, 78, 80, 105, pipelines, 143–6, 151, 154 114, 141 “planetary boundaries,” 165 “North Pole – 1,” 76, 80 polar bears, 3, 39, 42–3, 46–7, 114, North Sea oil, 132 122, 125, 140, 158, 161 , see Northern Sea Polar Eskimos, 43–4, 46 Route (Northeast Passage) Polar Gas Project consortium (1972), Northern Lights (The Golden Compass) 145 (Pullman), x polar map, 61, 63–4, 66–7 Northern Sea Route (Northeast polar orbits, 57–8, 64 Passage), 1, 21, 61, 73–4, 76, Polar Record, 79 79–80 “Polar Warming,” 81 180 Index policymakers, 9, 28, 93–4, 98–9, 102, “Satellites witness lowest Arctic ice 108–9, 162 coverage in history” (image) Pravda, 144 (NASA), 62 “progress,” 167–8 Savoonga, Alaska 118, 121–2 Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 131, 143–4 scalar transcendence, 10–11, 27, 39, Pullman, Philip, x 43, 125, 160–9 Schmidt, Otto, 76 quantitative analysis, 34–44 science and technology studies (STS), 12 Reuters, 59–60 scientific certainty, 39–40, 45–6, “Revealed: oil-funded research in 157, 160 Palin’s campaign against scientific controversy, 7–8, 19–21, protection for polar bear” 31, 41, 45–6, 49n4, 94–6, 106, (2008) (Guardian), 42 108–10, 160–1, 168 “reverse oil price shock,” 152 Scott Polar Research Institute in RICC, see Special Report on Regional Cambridge, 79 Impacts (RICC) (1997) Scottish Spitsbergen Rio+20 process, 10 Syndicate, 138 Risk Society (Beck), 167 Sea Ice Knowledge and Use program Rossby, Carl-Gustaf, 81 (SIKU), 17, 116 Ruhrgas, 146 sea-ice extent (1979–2007) Russia, 1, 42–3, 74, 83, 86n7, 117, (figure), 3 129–33, 152 sea-ice minimum (Arctic) (2007), see also Soviet Union 2–6, 17–19, 21n5, 26–7, 59–64, Russian-American Company, 130 70–1, 93, 104–8, 114, 121, 125, Russill, C., 30 157–69 and absence of reporting, see news Sadko expedition (1935), 76 story that “was” (Arctic climate “Sarah Palin v the polar bear: who change as) will survive?” (2008) (Guardian), as canary, 102 42 and commercialization, see Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre commercialization (SPOT), 56 and energy resources, see natural satellite images of sea-ice minimum, resources 2, 52–67 and frame analysis, see frame and airplanes, 55 analysis and Blue Marbles, see Blue Marble and future of Arctic, see future of photos Arctic and data collection, 57–9 and geopolitics, see geopolitics and “eyes on the world,” 54–7 and globalization, climate change, and interactive map, 61 and media, 1–21 and narratives, 53 graph displaying, 3 and National Snow and Ice Data and humanity as change agent Center, 2 see anthropogenic influence and Nimbus satellites, 55, 58 and ice-free Arctic Sea, see ice-free and orbital position, 57–8 Arctic Sea and photographs, 52–4 and indigenous people, see and remote sensing, 52–67 indigenous people, and sea-ice and Sputnik, 55 change Index 181 sea-ice minimum – continued see also Russia and media, see media; news story Special Report on Regional Impacts that “was” (Arctic climate (RICC) (1997), 101 change as) specialization, 163 as a moment, 1–6 Spitsbergen, 75, 129–46, 153–4 and natural science pictures, 17–19 Spitsbergen Treaty (1920), 134, 146 and the Northeast Passage, see SPOT, see Satellite Pour l’Observation Northern Sea Route (Northeast de la Terre (SPOT) Passage) Sputnik, 55 and Pacific sector, 118–19 STI Heritage, 1–2 and satellite images, see satellite Stockholm University, 40 images of sea-ice minimum Stony Brook Harbor, New York, 115 and 2012, see sea-ice minimum STS, see science and technology (2012) studies (STS) as unique event, 70 Suez Canal, 1–2 sea-ice minimum (2012), 2, 157 Suomi NPP (satellite), 64 sealing, 44, 47, 73, 77, 114, 119–20 Svalbard Treaty (1920), 73, 77 SEARCH for DAMOCLES program, 105 Svea mine (Swedish), 141 Second International Conference on Sverdrup, HaraldUlrik, 76–8, 80, Arctic Research Planning, 100 87n11 September, as awareness month, 7, Sweden, x, 19, 27, 29, 32–8, 40, 46, 21, 49n3, 59, 61, 114, 124–5, 48, 56, 72, 76–8, 81, 86, 87n9, 157, 159 118, 129–30, 134, 138–42 September 11, 2001, 5 see also Dagens Nyheter (DN) Severnaya Zemlya islands, 76 (Sweden) Shishmaref, Alaska, 118, 121 Swedish Research Council FORMAS, x Siberia, 1, 76, 78, 117, 133, 144–5, 151 Swedish Satellite Image, 56 siku (seaice), 17 Swedish Space Corporation, 56 SIKU, see Sea Ice Knowledge and Use SWIPA, see Snow, Water, Ice and program (SIKU) Permafrost in the Arctic Siple, Paul A., 84, 89n30 (SWIPA) Snøhvit oil and gas field in the Barents Sea, 133 Telegraph, 59–60, 62–3 Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in television, 2–4, 27–30, 158 the Arctic (SWIPA), 17, 100, terrorism, 27 106–8, 116 Thailand, 1–2 Snow Dragon (vessel), 21 thresholds, 26, 48, 55, 122, 165 social sciences, 10, 19–21, 49n2, 158, Time magazine, 84 162–7 tipping point, 26, 30–1, 41, 48, 165 Sohio, 131 The Tipping Point (Gladwell), 26 , 77–8 Tiros (satellite), 55 sovereignty (Arctic), 2, 15, 77, 105, Titanic sinking (1912), 73 134 topical multiplicity, 9–11, 27, 39, 116, Soviet Union, 14–15, 55, 63, 71, 160–9 73–85, 86n7, 87n12, 88n17, Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 144 130–3, 144–8, 151, 153 Trans-Canada pipeline, 145 and Glavsevmorput agency (1932), Tusaqtuut (“the news ”), 73 73–4 and power, 73–85 United Kingdom, 27–8, 33, 37, 159 182 Index

United Nations, 5, 10, 14, 38, 98, walrus, 120–1, 124–5 100, 109, 146 Warsaw Pact, 14 UN Conference on the Human Weber, Max, 166 Environment (1972), 10 whaling, 15, 73, 77, 115, 120–2, 130 UN Framework Convention on Wiese, Vladimir, 74–7 Climate Change (UNFCCC), 5, Wilhelm, C.L., 141 98, 100, 109 “wind-chill factor,” 89n30 UNFCCC, see UN Framework Woodstock, 6 Convention on Climate World Climate Research Programme, Change (UNFCCC) 16 United States, 15, 27–30, 33, 42, 44, World Data Centers, 81 48, 55–6, 63, 79–83, 105, 129, “World Scientists Near Consensus on 131, 144, 146, 159–60 Warming” (New York Times) US Coast Guard, 144 (2007), 41 US Congress, 5 World War I, 78, 130 US Department of Defense, 130 World War II, 14–16, 76, 79–80, 132 US Federal Fish and Wildlife Service, 42–3, 46 xenophobia, 27 US National Academy of Sciences, 80 US National Snow and Ice Data Yermak , 78 Center, 41, 70 Yupik, 114, 117, 121 US Navy, 72, 82 University of East Anglia, 159 Zeppelin expedition (1928), 77 Urry, John, 167 Zubov, Nikolay, 74–7, 79, 87n12