June 3, 1985 BEIJING A CHINESE WEEKLY OF REVIEW NEWS AND VIEWS

Zhao: Journey to Western Europe

Outlines of the 7th Five-Year Plan

China's Vocalists Hit High Notes

Children*s Paintings (centrefold)

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 22 June 3, 1985 Premier Zhao's Tour to Europe Premier Zhao Ziyang has embarked upon an 18-day visit to Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Nether• CONTENTS lands. During his June 2-19 trip he will strive to improve trade NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 and economic relations with the three nations. China and the China, Western Europe Speak West European countries agree on many international issues. Common Languoge The premier will seek to expand this common ground and LEHERS 5 benefit world peace (p. 4). EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 CPC Won't Force Its Will on Seventh Five-Year Plan on the Way Others Chino, Portugal to Tolk on Macao At the recent international conference "China Faces the Chinese Principles on Centrol America Future." Vice-Minister Gan Ziyu of the State Planning Commis• Soccer Match Riot Mars Image sion told the delegates about the key points of the 1986-90 Sino-US Trade Relations Improve Seventh Five-Year Plan, which is currently being worked out. Tax Evaders Cut Stote Revenues Under the new plan, the construction of power projects and the Experts' Advice on Child Raising (renovation of existing enterprises will be speeded, and service INTERNATIONAL 10-14 trades and education will get more attention (p. 17). India: Gandhi Mokes Visit to Moscow Japan: Tokyo Draws Closer to Africa Drawing a Lesson From Soccer Riot Togo: Agriculture Policies Reap Both China's sports commission and the Beijing municipal Rewards ^ Lebanon-Palestine: Beirut Camps government have taken responsibility for the May 19 soccer Torn by Clashes riot that followed China's 2-1 loss to Hongkong in a World China — Europe: Mutual Interests Cup elimination match. They said they underestimated the Promote Ties 15 Tolatile nature of the spectators. Officials have promised that From Ice Cream to Nuclear Power 16 the rioters will be punished (p. 7). A Projection of China's 7th 5-Year Plan 17 China's Vocalists Hit the High Notes Paintings by Chinese Children 19-22 This story describes the experiences of Zhou Xiaoyan, one Bank of China Plays Key Role in of China's outstanding singers. Among the young Chinese Open Policy 23 vocalists who have won international awards in- recent years, investment Crucial for Updating five have been trained under her guidance (p.; 29). Industry 24 Brainpower Develops XIangfan's Industry 26 Paintings by Chinese Children China's Vocalists Hitting the High In this issue we feature paintings by Chinese children as Notes 29 part of the activities to mark International Children's Day,, FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 32-33 June 1. Young artists in China are given many opportunities BUSINESS & TRADE 34-35 to study painting technique. Their works, mostly depicting CULTURE & SCIENCE 36-37 events in their lives, have been shown in exhibitions and in SPORTS 38 interntaional contests, earning many awards (Centrefold).

Published every Monday by Distribution and subscriptions handled by Subtcription prkas (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW Cfiina international Booli Trading Australia A.S14.00 USA USSIS.OO 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zealand NZ. S18.00 UK 18.00 The People's Republic of China P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can. SI5.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

China, W Europe Speak Common Language

in the fields of oil, coal, aviation, friend of China since the early days by MU YOULIN petroleum refining, building mate• of the People's Republic. After rials and machine manufacturing, diplomatic ties were restored to the Premier Zhao Ziyang embarked and new ways of working together ambassadorial level in February yesterday on an 18-day official have been explored. British help 1984, ties have grown stronger. visit to Britain, the Federal Re• in updating China's existing facto• public of Germany and the Nether• ries has become an important form As a result of joint efforts, trade lands. The tour, Zhao's second to of economic co-operation. And ex• and economic co-operation have Western Europe, represents an• changes in science, education and progressed, and a good foundation other major diplomatic action in culture are more widespread with for future projects has been laid. China's efforts to seek peace and each passing day. China imported 11 technical pro• independence. jects from the Netherlands last Since China and Federal Ger• year, and the Dutch government China and Britain established many forged diplomatic ties in has listed China as a potential mix• diplomatic relations in 1954. Over 1972, both political and economic ed loan recipient. the past 31 years, the ties between co-operation have developed rapid• the two countries have steadily ly. Federal Germany needs many China attaches great importance grown stronger. In September raw materials that China produces, to the development of trade and 1982, Margaret Thatcher made her and Chinese handcrafts have tra• economic relations with Britain, first visit to China as British prime ditionally sold well there. In re• Federal Germany and the Nether• minister. She returned again last cent years, that country has also lands in its modernization drive. December and joined Zhao in begun to import Chinese light in• Zhao's current tour is aimed at signing the joint declaration on the dustry goods, texitles. medicine, strengthening ties with the leaders Hongkong issue, which will return machines and electrical appliances. of these countries, deepening mu• the island to Chinese sovereignty In fact, Bonn is China's most active tual understanding and promoting in 1997. Zhao's trip to Britain is trading partner in Western Europe. friendship. By doing so, China actually a return visit to Thatcher's can establish long-term, co-opera• visits. With the Hongkong agree• Federal Germany's industry is tive relations with these countries ment coming into effect last week, highly developed, but the country on the basis of mutual benefit. Zhao will use the occasion to give is resource poor. Its exports are Zhao will also discuss several con• his regards to the British govern• crucial, but it does not have the crete projects that require invest• ment and people. Talks with kind of traditional markets which ment and technical assistance. Thatcher at 10 Downing Street are Britain and France enjoy. China expected to focus on how the two has a huge potential market and Situated at opposite ends of the nations can enrich their already rich mineral resources, but it is Euro-Asian continental land mass. good political relationship. short of funds and technology. It Western Europe and China are key is obvious that the two countries to maintaining peace in the world. The Hongkong agreement was can help each other through trade The West European nations and applauded by observers around the and co-operation. China all hope to see East-West world, and, since its signing, Hong• tensions reduced and peace reign kong has maintained its prosperity. After returning from his October throughout the world. China holds The agreement has come to sym• 1984 Beijing visit. Chancellor that a united, powerful Europe bolize the co-operative attitude Helmut Kohl said that China is helps safeguard world peace. In China and Britain have adopted. an attractive centre for world poli• China's view, one cannot place all tics as well as an industry centre Trade between the two coun• the hopes for peace and security in the future. He proposed that tries has begun to take shape, and on the arms talks between the So• the two nations work hand in hand efforts have been made to increase viet Union and the United States. into the 2Ist century. it further. Economic and techno• All countries, large or small, have logical co-operation has advanced The Netherlands has been a the right to take their own path

4 Beijing Review. No. 22 LETTERS

strong China Good for Starvation in Africa Wprid Peace The article entitled "Working You published conversations by for an End to Famine" (No. 11) Chairman Deng Xiaoping (No. 11) had a clear viewpoint and grasped in your magazine. Deng said, "The the crux of the matter. 1 received growing strength of the third much benefit from reading it. world, and China in particular, is The article said, "Foreign grain in the search tor peace. China an important factor for world should be provided only when it is appreciates the West European peace and stability." Deng said in great need, as is the case today efforts to mitigate East-West ten• that China stands for peace, but its in Ethiopia and the other famine- sions and to push the superpowers ability to check war is still too stricken countries. Long-term de to the negotiating table. China small and needs strengthening. velopment should be the aid objec• supports West European moves to 1 express admiration for Chair• tive. The inost fundamental prob• develop better relanons with East• man Deng and fully agree with his lem of the famine is the neglect ern Europe, and il is glad to see views. Leaders of each country ex• of agriculture by some African Western Europe playing a positive pound their views in the press and governments." role in the international arena. over the radio. But the tense situa• Meanwhile, the West European The people in the world should tion in the world is not relaxed. countries support China's indepen• be pooling their efforts to develop Therefore, i earnestly request that dent stance and its open policy. African agriculture so as to help China use its force to appeal for a They understand China's role in them on the way to self-sufficiency complete prohibition and thorough defending world peace. in grain. destruction of nuclear weapons. If Takeshi Kozaki the countries with nuclear weapons There is also agreement on the Sendai, Japan are not willing to accept this pro• North-South question. The West posal for peace, China should es• European nations regard North- Best Columns tablish the strongest military force South co-operation as important in the world to check world war. 1 think the most useful part of and they support efforts towards Ryuzo Mochizuki Beijing Review is certainly that third world development. They Fuji, Japan it offers an inside view into advocate an open market for the China's domestic events, like the developing countries to enhance Enjoy International Articles series "What Deng Says," or "Why their level o\c progress. China Has Foreign Debt," or "Dis• I enjoy reading the articles in Many people contend that the de• cussion: How to Deal With Los• the 'Tnternational" column. First, veloping world is fueling the de• ing Enterprises." Of particular in• the articles are written in beautiful veloped world's econotnic growth. terest are reports about places in language and your editors and By co-operating with the third China. I also find some in translators should be proud of their world, West European countries teresting items in "Events work. Second, you directly intro• can accelerate the development of and Trends" and "Culture and duce the situation in other coun their own industry and technology Science." May I add, your "Art tries with a terse and lively Ian so as to compete with the United Page" is a real gem of the Review guage from the viewpoints of Chi• States and Japan. What 1 still miss is something more nese journalists. 1 am very glad about book production (like in No that you have such objective and China and Western Europe speak 10) and much more about the fair-minded views as compared a common language on the East- everyday life of the Chinese people with the news services that are con• West and North-South issues. (something like the "Notes From trolled by the big powers in today's There is no conflict of interests. Shanxi"). If you try to give fewer world. We believe that through Zhao's official views and a more human visit China and the West European Finally i suggest that you in•touch to some of your articles and countries will expand their com• crease the comments about ma• reports, Beijing Review will cer• mon ground, thus making contri• jor events in the world. tainly benefit. bution towards safeguarding world Bernando de la Maza Tomo Martelanc peace and promoting international Santiago, Chile Ljubljana, Yugoslavia economic co-operation.

lune 5, I9ii5 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

sure over the growing friendly re• CPC Won't Force Its Will on Others lations between the two parties. They agreed that the two parties The Chinese Communist Party by a certain individual or organi• will continue to develop their ex• zation, still less by a foreign party. (CPC) will never impose its will changes and mutual understanding. on any other party, said CPC Gen• He stressed that the Chinese eral Secretary Hu Yaobang in Bei• Communist Party is open and jing on May 23. above-board in handling relations "It will not conclude secret with parties of other countries. China, Portugal agreements with other parties, nor Over the past three decades will it provide them with anything an increasing number of Com• To Talk on Macao that might bring harm to relations munist parties and workers' between states," he added. parties, whether in power or not. China and Portugal will hold had explored their own paths of talks soon to resolve,the future of Hu said this at a meeting with advance, said Hu. He remarked Macao, Lisbon's 400-year old en• a delegation from the Central Com• that this is a very good phenom• clave on the South China coast. mittee of the Communist Party of enon. the Netherlands led by President The announcement came in a Elli Izeboud. Hu paid tribute to the powerful press conference held on May 23, peace movement emerging in during the recent visit to Beijing However, Hu continued, the Europe and other parts of the by Portuguese President Antonio CPC will give unswerving moral world. He also expressed his ap• Ramalho Eanes. There is no con• support and sympathy to all those preciation of the Dutch Communist flict between Portugal and China communist and workers' parties Party's positive attitude of stand• on the Macao issue, Eanes said which were willing to make friend• ing in the forefront of this mass following meetings in which he and ly exchanges with it. movement. top Chinese leaders reviewed un• He pointed out that political Hu and the Dutch delegation derstandings reached when the two parties, organizations and religious exchanged views on matters of countries established diplomatic groups of similar types in many mutual concern, including relations relations in February 1979. Both countries had international con• between parties, the international Lisbon and Beijing recognized tacts. He described exchanges bc- communist movement and the Macao's present situations as Chi• ^tween them and mutual moral world peace movement. Both Hu nese territory under Portuguese ad• support and sympathy as "normal." and Izeboud expressed their plea• ministration, he added, and shared

Hu also expounded the four prin• ciples of the CPC in handling rela• tions between parties, namely, in• dependence, complete equality, mutual respect and non-interfer• ence in each other's internal affairs.

In accordance with the historical materialist viewpoint, Hu said, the emergence or non-existence, the success or failure, and the evolur tion or withering away of a politi• cal party is not determined by the will of an individual, but by the environment and conditions of the country in question.

In the final analysis, he noted, these things are never determined

6 Beijing Review. No. 22 the aim of maintaining its stability threats or pressure in the form of to the Contadora Groups's pro• and progress. a trade embargo. posal.

"We both think it is the right Central America has become one moment to negotiate the transfer of the world's hot-spots, and the Soccer Match Riot of administration of Macao," Eanes situation there will affect peace and said. security throughout Latin America Mars Image No starting date was announced unless positive measures are for the talks, which are to be held adopted, he said. An ugly incident following the through diplomatic channels. Chinese national soccer team's 2-1 Wu also reiterated China's prin• loss to Hongkong in a May 19 The question of Macao should be ciples on Central America, namely, World Cup elimination match has easily resolved if both sides enter opposing interference by external tarnished the image of Beijing's into friendly negotiations, Chinese forces, especially opposing the soccer fans and the city as a whole. Communist Party Central Advisory power politics practised by the Commission Chairman Deng Xiao• two superpowers in the area; the Some 127 people were detained ping told Eanes in a meeting on internal questions of every Central after an angry Workers' Stadium May 24. American country should be settled crowd pelted players with plastic by its own people; and disputes soft drink bottles and debris and and problems between the Central then poured out of the.stadium to Chinese Principles American countries should be vandalize cars and buses. solved fairly and reasonably According to the Beijing Public through peaceful negotiations On Central America Security Bureau, 25 vehicles were rather than use of force or threats damaged by the rioters, including of force. Chinese Foreign Minister Wu 4 cars driven by foreign residents, Xueqian on May 24 told visiting He said China is very concerned 5 taxis, 11 buses and 5 other Colombian Minister of Foreign Re• about the development of the situa• vehicles. During the bottle-throw• lations Augusto Ramirez Ocampo tion in Central America and firmly ing melee, one Hongkong player that disputes among the Central supports the Contadora Group in was hurt when he used his arm to American countries and those be• its peace efforts. block a bottle. tween the United States and In addition, 30 policemen were Nicaragua should be settled Ramirez said Colombia highly beaten and four were seriously through peaceful negotiations on appreciates China's support for the wounded when they tried to move the basis of equality and in ac• Contadora Group. He stressed that cordance ' with the norms guiding the rioting fans away from the the situation in Central America international relations. area. can only be stabilized through Wu reaffirmed China's stand joint efforts of the Central Ameri• "My commission bears great res• that there should be no military can countries and by responding ponsibility for the incident," con• fessed Li Menghua, chairman of the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission. "The top leaders had asked us before the match to arrange it well, but we let them and the masses down," he said.

Li said the commission under• estimated the volatile nature of the crowd. "As a matter of fact, we did not make enough preparation," he said.

Most Chinese soccer fans had as• sumed that China would win the match and advance to the second round of World Cup qualifying competition. The Chinese national team was a heavy favourite over

June 3, 1985 7 Asia Croup 4A opponents Hong• Hongkong. "The Hongkong players kong, Macao and Brunei. Officials are our compatriots. They are also speculated that the extreme disap• Chinese, aren't they? Why not be News in Brief pointment over the upset helped pleased? Why not take their vic• spark the unexpected violent tory as our own?" she asked. Even "Yun-8". the biggest response. if Chinese team were eliminated by transport plane manufactured a foreign team, she said, the Chi• in China so far, has been put A senior Beijing official said nese spectators should not fly into into serial production in that the city is also taking respon• a rage and vent their anger upon Shaanxl Province. sibility for the incident. "This was innocent bus passengers and for• the ugliest incident in our capital The plane's carrying capac• eigners. at a sports event during the past ity is 20 lens, lis lop speed 35 years," said [ia Chunwang. the •'These riots show no evidence 660 km. and flying aliituue municipal Party vice-secretary. "It of patriotism. Instead, they bring above 10.000 nielrev resulted obviously from the lack shame on our country," wrote Li •I-. * of education and discipline among Fengchen, a worker at the Capital China's 188 cities face a a portion of the younger citizens." Iron and Steel Co. Li, in a letter daily shortage of 12.4 rnillion to Beijing Ribao iBeijitig Daily), tons .of water despite the iia urged city officials to launch called for severe punishment for recent rain, accorditjg- to a an education drive aimed at teach• the instigators. spokesman from the Ministry ing young people ideals and dis• of Urban and Rural Con• cipline. He suggested using the "We arc investigating the inci• struction and Environmental lesson of the stadium riot as the dent." said Wei Fengying, an of• I'roicction. subject of mass discussion. ficial of the Beijing Public Security Bureau. "It is too early to say how Severe water shortage fia said city authorities will soon many people will be punished," she insome cities has forced adopt a series of regulations to said. Wei did say that police ex• many factofigs to: reduce or ensure order in Beijing's public pect to complete the investigation, stop production. ihe spokes- places, including stadiums, theatres, prosecution and sentencing during nian .-aid. parks, tourist centres and business the month of June. areas. Amidst the calls for improved Many capital residents wrote let• Forty senior officials arc education and severe punishment, ters to newspapers and radio sta• now attending special there were some who urged offi• tions condemning the rioters' be• courses in modern manage- cials not to overstate ihe problem. haviour. : tneflt: given by Hongkong While most observers agreed that ;|busitless. specialists. Tht* Hang Ming, who works for the the disappointing loss sparked the courses are given in the Civil Aviation Administration of rioting, they pointed out that there Shenzhen Special teonomic China, wrote, "As a soccer fan, were other factors involved. Zone, CJuangdong Province. I'm very indignant at this barbaric One witness noted that the act caused by those 'black sheep.' The students, department 80,000 soccer fans left t'tie stadium When I watch a soccer match, I leaders in the Ministry of after braving the rain to watch the hope those who play on the field Commci-ce and othef scniot'- game. While a few hung around will turn in an excellent perfor• officials, will take a study booing and venting their anger, tour in Hongkoitg at the, mance, while those who watch the most headed straight for the bus completion of the two)> match are fair, warm and civilized. stops to make their way hoine. But month training session. Only in this way can 1 enjoy the match." there were very few buses and the Subjects covered in the ones that did come were already courses include commercial Hang pointed out that the viol• packed, he said. As the rabble- economics, commercial en• ence not only blemished the good rousing minority mixed with the terprise rnanagenicnt, per- name of the capital, but also hurt frustrated crowd waiting to go sontiel management, market- the feelings of Hongkong people. home, the situation escalated. ing. international trade, "This is intolerable," he wrote. Municipal officials who failed to banking and credit and data provide sufficient transportation An elderly woman told Beijing processing. Review she did not understand must share part of the blame for why the young fans went crazy the nasty scene that followed, said I the fan. • , .1 when the national team lost to

8 Beijing Review, No. 22 Sino-US Trade Relations Improve

Recent high-level trade talks be• tween China and the United States have helped improve commercial relations between the two nations, but some differences remain un• resolved.

The talks gave birfh to an ac• cord that will allow American companies participate in upgrad• ing outdated Chinese factories, one of the key programmes in China s Panda Gold Coins Issued Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986- 1990). A set o( five gold coins ccnimernoroting the giont pando was issued by the People's Bonk of Chino May 20. The obverse of the coins depicts The accord, signed May 15, the Qinicndion (Hall of Prayer tor Good Harvests) of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, The reverse shows a panda playing with his bamboo. The came at the close of the third meet• diameters of the coins are 32mm, 27mm, 22mm, 18mm ond 14mm. Their ing of the Sino-US joint Commis• gold content ronges from 0.05 ounce to one ounce, and the gold purity is sion on Commerce and Trade, 99,9 percent. Beijing residents r.ioy purchase the coins at No. 90 Chong- wenmen. Selected coin dealers abroad will olso sell the commemorative which was held in Beijing from Issue. May 13-14.

Though Chinese oi'ficials ex• pressed satisfaction with the most recent negotiations, they continued suffered a trade deficit o! on Trade and Commerce was estab• to protest the "country-of-origin" USS1.3 billion. lished in 1982 to promote com• mercial ties. So far, the commission textile import rules enacted by the ''We hope the United States will has held two plenary sessions. United States last winter. They give consideration to this unbal• also told the US delegation they anced situation," Huang said. China's trade total with the resent US attempts to include unac• United States grew from US$2.3 ceptable provisions in an existing Huang also complained about billion in 1979 to a record US$6.1 textile agreement and enforce un- US restrictions on the import of billion in 1984, and it is expected negotiated quotas on other textiles petroleum, which he said will hurt to increase even more this year. that China exports to the United China's petroleum sales in the States. United States. Petroleum and re• fined oil accounted for one-third US trade officials claim the re• of China's total export value to Tax Evaders Cut strictive "country-of-origin" rules the United States last year. are designed to prevent textile-ex• State Revenues porting nations from evading US Speaking at the opening session quotas by shippping partly com• of the Beijing trade talks, Chinese Enterprises should boost thei. pleted garments to third countries Foreign Economic Relations and income through increased ef• for processing and re-export under Trade Minister Zheng Tuobin said ficiency and elimination of waste unused quotas. it is quite natural for problems to rather than tax cuts or evasion, de• arise in the course of trade. He clared a May 24 lead story in Ren- But China Foreign Trade Mini• noted the historical differences in min Ribao (People's Daily). Earlier stry spokesman Huang Wenjun the political, cultural and economic on May 22,1'lngji Ribao (Economic argued that the rules violate a systems of China and the United Daily), a nationally circulated Sino-US trade agreement and un• States. But, he added, the two newspaper, called on tax collecting fairly limit China's exports. countries are stepping up efforts departments to work harder and to remove the obstacles to closer re• Trade between China and the impose sanctions against serious lations. United States surged to a record tax evaders. USSb.l billion in 1984, but China The Sino-US joint Commission These comments pinpoint a new

lune }. 1985 9 unhealthy trend which is posing a threat to the success of the ongoing Experts' Advice on China & the World economic reform. Child Raising China, HK Exchange Ratifications Tax evasion is rampant in many parts of the country, involving as Thousands of medical, educa• The Chinese and British many as 50 percent of the state- tional and psychological experts in governments exchanged the owned and collective enterprises Beijing on May 27 turned out to instruments of ratification and 70-80 percent of the individual give advice to worried young for the loini Declaration on workshops and stores in some parents who have problems raising Hongkong in Beijing May 27. areas. And the lost revenue is tre• children under 14. Chinese, Fiji Premier Talk mendous. Hebei enterprises, 52 This was part of an extensive Chinese Premier Zhao Zi- percent of which are state-owned, programme, the largest of its kind, yang, during May 20 talks withheld about 100 million yuan in set up by the women's federation with the visiting Prime Mini• taxes last year. The Guanyun and medical and educational insti• ster Kamiscsc K. T. Mara ot County Cotton aiid Flax Corp. in tutions to mark June 1 — Interna• Fiji, said that China hopes to Jiangsu Province earned some 3 tional Children's Day — in the Chi• strengthen its friendship and million yuan net profit last year, nese capital. co-operation with the South but its board of directors decided "Why is my son growing so Pacific countries and has no to take its annual balance sheet to slowly?" "How to get my baby intention of competing with reflect profits only half that to eat more?" "What shall we others lor power in the re• amount. do to prevent our daughter's hair gion. from turning yellow?" "Must we In the past, industrial eriter- force out child to stop painting China's Nuclear Safety prises simply turned over their pro• ancient beauties and try something Delegation Visits Europe ducts and profits to, and received else?" A Chinese nuclear safety allotments from the state. That sys• These were some of the ques• delegation, cumpo.scd of 10 tem gave enterprises and workers tions anxious young couples nuclear energy experts, is little incentive to work hard, and brought to the more than 3,500 ex• currently visiting the Federal so production suffered. Under the perts staffing the 323 booths scat• Republic of Germany and economic reforms, enterprises are tered in and around Beijing City. Switzerland to explore pos• free to use their profits to reinvest While advice on a wide variety sibilities for co-operation in in new equipment and to reward .of subjects was offered, films and developing, nuclear encrg> workers, but they are supposed to video tapes about scientific meth• and safety devices. China ods of child rearing, relevant plans to build four nuclear earmark first of all a major part of power plants in the next few those profits to pay their taxes. theatrical performances and sports demonstrations were presented in years. The trend towards falsifying many parks, indoor stadia, palaces Interaational Friendship taxes or evading them altogether of culture and children's centres. Association Founded has the government worried, since There were also stalls selling The China Association for 95 percent of the national revenue books on child care and booths the Promotion of Interna• depends on taxes. teaching how to cut and make tional Friendship, an unof• children's garments for young ficial organization formed by In total disregard of the nation's parents who were interested. 48 scholars, social activists interest, many enterprises have lied Hao Jianxiu, alternate member and other celebrities, was about their income to avoid paying of the Chinese Communist Party founded on May 18. taxes. Somfe private workshops Central Committee's Secretariat, An official of the associa• and stores have even sold blank described the activity as "of great tion said that it will work to invoices to help others carry out significance." "Children's health promote mutual understand• tax evasion scams. and education is a matter vital to our country's modernization pro• ing and friendship between The tax cheaters flagrantly vio• gramme in the next century," she the people of China and late the state law on tax payment. other countries, li will work added. to develop iniernaiional con• To guarantee government income, Beijing's Vice-Mayor Chen Hao- tacts: cultural., journalistic the State Tax Administration plans su said that the city planned to and academic exchanges; to work out more effective regula• institutionalize such activity by ecoiiomic and technological tions to reinforce its tax collection establishing more regular advisory co-operation; and tourism. methods. and consulting centres.

W Beijing Review. No. 22 INTERNATIONAL

India cize the USSR openly, Gandhi told the Moscow press conference that India was against any country in• Gandhi Makes Visit to Moscow tervening in the internal affairs of another. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi has attempted to bet• ter his country's relations with the Soviet Union, but there Later, when asked how he react• ed to Gorbachev's proposal for an are still differences between the two nations. "all-Asia forum," he declined twice to give a direct answer. and it surpassed US$3.2 billion in by TANG XIUSHAN Gandhi also appeared cautious and XI SHUGUANG 1984. The figure is expected to reach US$3.68 billion this year, a on questions concerning India's re• 20 percent increase. lations with the United States. He NDIAN Prime Minister Rajiv said that Indo-US relations had I Gandhi had some success in About 60 Soviet assisted indus• been good, bilateral trade had in• renewing his country's friendship trial and other projects have been creased and that "today, the Unit• with the Soviet Union and in completed in India, and '30 ed States is our largest trading obtaining assistance during his six- others are still under way. partner." day visit to Moscow. It is reported that Moscow, He reiterated his desire for im• Gandhi's choice of the Soviet already India's chief arms sup• proved relations with Washing• Union as the country of his first plier, is now providing more ton, adding that he was "looking foreign visit and his lengthy talks advanced weapons including Mig- forward" to meeting President with new Soviet leader Mikhail 29 fighter planes and T-72 tanks. Reagan. Gandhi is scheduled to Gorbachev indicate the importance The Kremlin gave India military visit the United States early in both countries place on their rela• aid worth US$1.6 billion in one June. tions. deal in 1980. For its part, the United States Two days of political talks, in• The participation of Soviet De• has tried to improve relations with cluding a closed-door session be• fence Minister Sergei Sokolov in India in the last several years. It tween Gandhi and Gorbachev, the Indo-Soviet summit is seen as cancelled India's debt of US$2 bil• covered a wide range of bilateral an indication that the discussions lion in 1974 and reached agree• and international issues. also covered those military ties ment in 1982 on offering nuclear The visit resulted in the signing which, Gandhi said at the Moscow fuel to India. of two major agreements. One press conference, "have improved called for the Soviet Union to substantially." Just before Gandhi set off on provide 1 billion roubles (about The Soviet Union received his visit to Moscow, US Commerce USSl.15 billion) in credit over the Gandhi's firm support on a wide Secretary Malcolm Baldrige rush• next 15 years to finance power, oil, range of foreign policy issues in• ed to New Delhi to sign a major coal and machine building proj• cluding criticism of the United .agreement on transfers of high ects. The two leaders also agreed States' "Star Wars" programme technology including computers, on basic guidelines for economic, and its trade embargo on Nica• electronics and telecommunications trade, scientific and technological ragua. equipment. The pact was describ• co-operation until the year 2000. ed as a breakthrough in Indo- Meanwhile, Moscow lauded In• American relations, because the India is now the Soviet Union's dia's leading role in the non-align• United States had been reluctant largest trading partner among the ed movement and repeated its sup• to offer such sensitive technology developing countries, while the port for India's proposal for a to India in the past. USSR is India's second largest peace zone in the Indian Ocean. trading partner after the United Asked if the new accord with States. However, the two countries ap• Washington would affect Indo- parently agreed to disagree on Soviet ties. Foreign Secretary Ro- Indo-Soviet trade rose rapidly to several key issues, including Af• mesh Bhandari said that India's more than US$2.6 billion in 1983. ghanistan. While refusing to criti• relationship with one superpower June 3, 1985 11 would not be strengthened at the India, a situation which will no Africa's drought victims during a expense of that with the other. doubt benefit that country. But 1981 international conference in Both superpowers show great in- which of the two will get the Geneva, making it the third larg• est donator after the United terest in better relations with upper hand still remains to be seen. States and Federal Germany. In 1984 Japan offered US$165 mil• lion for food to Africa. And Jap• Japan anese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone indicated that his gov• Tokyo Draws Closer to Africa ernment would help Africa solve the food shortage caused by the drought. In an attempt to better its economic and political posi• tion, Japan has moved to develop trade, investment, In addition to economic and aid finance, economic and technological aid, relief and exchanges, there has been an in• bilateral exchanges with Africa. crease in political ties between Japan and .Africa. Former Jap• anese Foreign Minister Sunao Sonoda visited Nigeria, the Ivory by LU MIAOGENG firms and mining enterprises, as well as the huge financial groups Coast, Senegal, Tanzania and of Mitsubishi and Mitsui, have all Kenya in 1979. Tanzanian Pres• VER the past decade, Japan established subsidiaries or joint ident Julius KambaVage Nyerere O has launched a positive ventures in Africa. and Kenyan President Daniel diplomatic offensive towards Arap Moi made visits to Japan in Japanese businesses have signed Africa. Since the door of Africa 1981 and 1982. Last year there a number of contracts with Nige• was opened, bilateral relations — were exchange visits with Mozam• ria. They are setting up a steel which were undeveloped in the bique and Cameroon, and the company in Algeria, which will past due to geographic and his• Japanese crown prince, foreign produce 900,000 tons of steel an• torical reasons — have grown rap• minister and several parliamentary nually. And Japanese concerns idly. vice-ministers visited some 10 are building a cement plant in African countries. Foreign Mini• Libya that will produce 1 million In trade, Africa imported more ster Shintaro Abe also convened a tons of cement per year. Investors commodities from Japan in 1973 meeting in Madrid with Japan's have also backed oil exploration than from Italy, Federal Germany ambassadors to African countries and the mining of copper, uranium or Britain. Only France sold more to discuss the situation on the con• and cobalt in the region. goods to Africa than Japan. The tinent. export volume to Black Africa, Japan's economic and technolog• the area south of the Sahara, mul• ical aid to Africa multiplied almost The improving Japanese-African tiplied 12 times between 1951 and 30 times during the 1970s. Aid ties are a result of mutual needs. 1978. And Japan's trade volume to Black Africa reached US$211 Japan is attracted to Africa be• with Africa doubled between 1978 million in 1981, way up over the cause of its resources and potential and 1981. Altogether, Japan has US$5 million figure of 1972. as a consumer market. Africa, established economic ties with Japan's aid package to Africa has which has a population of more more than 50 African coun• grown much faster than those of than 500 million, is seen by Japan tries and regions. Japan im^ other Western nations. as an indispensable trading part• ports energy resources, minerals ner. Africa is becoming more and and industrial crops from Afri• To boost financial co-operation, more essential to Japan. It is re• ca, while exporting automo^ Japan joined the African Develop• ported that Jaffan imports 45 per• biles, machines, electrical equip• ment Bank with an investment of cent of its copper, 80 percent of its ment and synthetic fibre. Japa• more than US$290 million, a cobalt, 46 percent of its manganese nese cars account for 70 percent figure surpassed only by the Unit• and 40 percent of its cotton from of the African markets. ed States. Having invested more Africa. Yet, due to the value of than US$300 million in the Orga• its commodities, Japan enjoys an Japan's investment in Africa nization of African Development enormous trade surplus. reached US|2 billion in 1981, a Fund, Japan is the organiza• 13-fold increase over the LISSI50 According to a June 1984 re• tion's biggest supporter. million figure in 1977. Major iron port in Nippon Keizai Shimbun. and steel companies, architectural Japan donated USS20 million to Japan's diplomatic strategy is to

•12 Beijing Review, So. 22 gain a stronger foothold in Africa Togo as the Soviet Union's influence diminishes. Agriculture Policies Reap Rewards Because the United States is placing its emphasis on the Asian- While many African countries suffer from drought and Pacific Region, Nippon Keizai famine, Togo's agricultural situation looks promising. Shimbun also noted, Japan has strengthened its historically weak on the people to carry out the ties with Africa. With both the by MA JUN "green revolution," which was United States and Japan in strong aimed at realizing self-sufficiency positions in Asia and Africa, to• HILE many drought-struck in grain within five years. gether they will be able to con• W African countries are asking solidate their gains. for international aid to feed their To achieve that goal, the hungry people, Togo, located in Togolese government adopted a For their part, the African West Africa, has so much grain it series of innovative policies. First countries are developing relations has actually seen the market price of all, the government increased with Japan in an attempt to dis• fall in the past year. agricultural investment. During tance themselves from the super• Togo's third Five-Year Plan (1976- powers and maintain their political Togo has a population of nearly 80), agricultural investment pro• independence, in addition, they 3 million, 80 percent of whom are vided by the government con• desperately need lapan's economic farmers. Of the total area of 56,000 stituted about one-third of the and technological support to devel• total spending. The state also op their economies, especially in exempted imported tractors and the face of the current crisis. fuel from taxes. And farmers were Favourable loans and generous aid given a 50 percent discount on packages from fapan are welcom• fertilizer and pesticide. The pro• ed by African leaders. grammes cost the government Generally speaking, Japanese- some US$4.4 million annually in African relations will continue to lost revenues and subsidies. develop, but some problems re• With the level of mechanization main unsolved. First, South Africa low. the government encouraged is Japan's biggest trading partner farmers to use oxen to pull on the continent. Their trade ploughs, it even adopted a pro• volume reached US$3.1 billion in gramme to supply oxen to farmers 1981, representing more than a as a form of loan. New production quarter of Japan's trade total in practices spread quickly through• all of Africa. This fact must anger out the grassland region of the African countries that have square kilometres, 70 percent is northern Togo. called for sanctions against arable land. As the cultivated Training centres for agricultural the apartheid-practising Pretoria area accounts for less than 15 technicians were established by regime. percent of the total, the potential the state. Young people with for further agricultural develop• Second, Japan's decision to primary or middle school educa• ment is great. provide aid to only a few countries tions took courses there to learn and its enormous trade surplus Togo's government has, for about modern farming methods, have irritated many African many years, considered agriculture and were able to manage a farm leaders. as the foundation of its national on their own. Some even set up Third, Britain, France and the economy. President Gnassingbe small private farms, actively other Western countries that have Eyadema declared 1975 the "Year popularizing scientific agricultural kept close, traditional relations of the Farmers," abolishing the techniques. To date, five training with Africa are watching closely poll tax for farmers, encouraging centres have been established and will attempt to keep Japan them to enlarge their cultivated throughout the country. from expanding its influence. So, area and to increase agricultural To support agricultural de• while Japanese-African relations output, and rewarding those velopment. Togo's government develop, friction between Japan who had made remarkable established a credit bank for and Britain and France will achievements. agriculture, which supplies farmers increase. In March 1977 Eyadema called and farm investors with low- lune 3. ;9S5 13 interest loans. The state also set Lebanon-Palestine up a grain company, which can intervene in the grain market. When grain is harvested, the Beirut Camps Torn by Clashes company buys the surplus from farmers. It also imports some Terror again stalks Lebanon's refugee camps as armed grain. It generally maintains a clashes break out between Palestinians and Shiite mili• supply of about 10,000 tons. In tiamen. May and June, when the new crop is not ready but the old crop is nese government and people that all consumed, the company sells by REN YAN its grain in the market or sends it the two conflicting sides will, set• to grain-short areas, thus avoiding ting store by the overall interests shortages. The company's sales ERROR again stalked the of the cause of Palestine and the also play a role in steadying grain T streets of Beirut as Shiite whole Arab nation, stop fighting prices. Amal militiamen battled Pales• immediately and resolve their dif• tinian fighters for control of the ferences through peaceful consulta• The grain-growing acreage and Lebanese capital's teeming refugee tions." the grain output both increased 25 camps. percent in the five years after the There was little hope, however, "green revolution" began in 1977, The fraternal clashes broke out that the appeals would succeed. growing at a rate that outpaced on May 19 as intense artillery, Even as the besieged Palestinians the population growth. The total rocket and mortar barrages rocked were being forced back into a output of the potato and cereal the Sabra, Chatila and Bourj 900-square metre zone ^t the heart crops reached 1.2 million tons, a Brajneh camps, which now hold of the main battlefield, rocket bar• level that comes close to grain some 120,000 Palestinian re^ rages hit Shiite residential areas self-sufficiency. ugees. Fierce house-to-house in southern Beirut. At the same fighting continued throughout time, two shells fell on Beirut In• The government has also the next week, taking a heavy ternational Airport, scattering ar• encouraged farmers to raise toll of attackers and defend• riving passengers and forcing flight chickens, oxen and sheep. Some ers alike. So far, more tham controllers to divert incoming farmers are even raising fish in 500 people have been killed and aircraft. A powerful car bomb also private ponds. over 1,500 others wounded. Of• exploded in a Christian district of Togo's greatest obstacle to ficials say the figures will rise once East Beirut, killing at least 37 agricultural development is its rescue workers are able to enter people. weak economic foundation and its the camps to evacuate casualties The spreading conflict brought lack of revenue. Due to these trapped near the scene of the new worries of continued instabil• problems, the country cannot heaviest fighting. ity in a region already torn by afford to build large-scale irrigation As the combatants traded ac• years of internecine feuds and projects. Without such projects, cusations over the tragedy. United further weakened by the Israeli water supply will continue to be a Nations Secretary-General Javier invasion of south Lebanon. They problem. As a result, the state has Perez de Cuellar called on the also raised once again the spectre encouraged farmers to develop Lebanese government and all par• of Lebanon's dismemberment, and drought-resistant plants. ties involved to make efforts to frustrated hopes for an early end to Arab disunity. Due to the government's halt the violence and provide aid continued efforts and sufficient for its civilian victims. Chedly rainfall, the 1984 harvest was the Klibi, the General Secretary of the best in Togo's history. The harvest League of Arab States, the Pales• grew by more than 140,000 tons tine Liberation Organization Chair• over 1983. This is seldom seen man Yasser Arafat and King Hus• in Africa, where many countries sein of Jordan also appealed for are plagued with disasters and international attention and an im• famine. Not only has Togo met mediate end to the hostilities. its own food needs, it now sup• The Chinese Foreign Ministry on plies Niger with 1,000 tons of corn May 25 urged the Palestinians and and Burkina-Faso with 500 tons Amal to lay down their weapons: of corn. "It is the fervent hope of the Chi•

14 Beijing Review, No. 22 China-Europe Mutual Interests Promote Ties

ties with Beijing. Although they efforts are aggravating tension be• by CHEN AN have different social systems and tween East and West. The Chi• ideologies, there have been no nese people are deeply con• N the 40 years since both West• major rifts between China and its cerned about this. China, like ern Europe and China were I West European friends. many West European countries, ravaged by war, the nations have maintains that the two super• rebuilt their economies and have Like China, the nations of West• powers should end the arms race forged friendships that stretch hal• ern Europe oppose hegemonism and negotiate sincerely to reduce fway around the world. . and strive to establish a peaceful or eliminate both nuclear and con• international environment. They ventional weapons. As the West European nations oppose intervention in the third have joined together in political world by the United States or the In view of the fact that Western unity, they have heightened the Soviet Union, and they hope to see Europe has suffered two catastro• position of the European Com• more nations emerge as strong, phic wars during this century, the munity. Today Western Eu• independent forces so the super• Chinese people have sympathy rope plays an important role in powers will not be able to domi• with and support the European East-West relations and world af• nate world affairs. desire for peace. China appreciates fairs. the efforts made by West Eu• From the very beginning of the Unity Efforts Backed ropean governments to relax ten• People's Republic, China has found sion in Europe and throughout the many friends in Western Europe. China has welcomed the West world. In recent years Chinese Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, European efforts to build economic leaders have met regularly with and political unity. And the for• Norway and Sweden were among their counterparts in Western Eu• eign policy efforts of the European the nations that established rela• rope to discuss political co-opera• Community have received Chinese tions with China in the early days tion and to work together to streng• support. after liberation. In the 60s France then world peace. Last year Chi• under de Gaulle officially rec• At present, the Soviet Union and nese Premier Zhao Ziyang visited ognized China. In the years that the United States are vying with France, Belgium, Sweden, Den• followed, almost every West Eu• each other to deploy medium- mark, Norway, Italy and the Eu• ropean country forged diplomatic range missiles in Europe. Their ropean Community's headquarters. And President Li Xiannian visit• ed Spain, Portugal and Malta. Coming the other way. Federal German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Norwegian Prime Minister Kare Willoch and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to China.

The joint declaration on the Hongkong issue signed by the Chinese and British governments not only paved the way for closer Sino-British relations, but also established an example for the peaceful solution of problems left over by history.

The author is a member of the Institute of Western European Studies in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

June 3, 1985 15 Many West Europeans believe ful sign of international stability ment in January 1984 said that the that a strong, independent China in a balanced world. "Europe European Community signs trade contributes to the stability of the hopes that such a balance is treaties with China not only for world. China's principled stand dominated neither by a continen• economic reasons, but for political against hegemonism has impressed tal hegemony nor by the present reasons as well. European leaders. two poles. The development of in• The strengthened co-opera• dependent force in Asia will make A report entitled "China and tion between a united, strong Europe of more importance," said Europe's Safety," which was pass• Europe in the West and a pros• the report. ed by the 29th session of Western perous China in the East will ben• European Union Assembly in June Another report passed by the efit both parties and will contri• 1983. interpreted China's emer• Commission on Foreign Economic bute much to world peace and gence as a strong nation as a hope• Relations of the European Parlia• stability. •

From Ice Cream to Nuclear Power

co-operation in industry, agricul• Regular meetings between mem• by XIN FU ture, science, technology, energy, bers of the China Enterprise EST anyone think trade bet• communications, transportation Management Association and the L ween China and Western and personnel training. It coincid• Geneva-based Management Forum, Europe still follows the old Silk ed with a visit by Foreign Econom• which has ties with 8,000 compa• nies in 17 European countries, Road pattern of textiles and tea. ic Relations and Trade Minister have been taking place since 1981. they can try tying an ice cream Zheng Tuobin. Zheng's trip will And since 1983 ministerial meet• production line or a nuclear power be followed soon by Chinese Pre• ings have been going on every six plant onto the back of a camel. mier Zhao Ziyang's second visit to months between China and the Since the open policy was adopted Europe in 12 months. EEC Commission. in 1979, trade has grown larger Zhao's first European tour in and more sojjhisticated, till by June 1984, which brought him to Several West European coun• 1984 West European countries had France, Belgium, Sweden, Den• tries, including Denmark, Belgium, invested US5900 million in China mark, Norway, Italy and EEC Italy and Switzerland, have agreed and trade went on to the tune of headquarters in Brussels, sent a to extend soft loans, repayable in US$7 billion. clear message that China is willing Chinese currency, to China. to expand economic and technolog• ical exchanges with Western Second Largest Partner Europe and wants to see an in• Untapped Potential Western Europe is now China's crease in Western Europe's share second largest trading partner, of China's foreign trade. However, behind all this activity after Japan, and European coun• is a tremendous untapped poten• This time Zhao will visit tries had set up about 30 joint tial. While Western Europe has a Federal Germany, currently China's venture companies in China by the 30 percent share of the world's biggest European trading partner trade, it accounts for only 14 per• end of last year. These are not (last year's bilateral trade reached cent of China's and just 0.4 per• small sewing and handicraft US$2.27 billion). He will also stop cent of Western Europe's foreign workshops; a Sino-Belgian com• in Britain, which did US$1 billion trade. Of all the direct foreign pany produces, installs and repairs worth of business with China last investment in China, Western digital telephone switching equip• ,year, and the Netherlands, whose Europe has made only 10 percent. ment and the Shanghai Yao Hua- business came to US$500 million. Pilkington Glass Co. makes 5.5 Neither side believes there are million cases of plate glass a year. Since 1975, when formal rela• tions were established with the any major obstacles or conflicts of Both are the largest enterprises of EEC, economic co-operation has interest to slow down trade de• their kind in China. gone beyond ordinary bilateral velopment. Last May China and the Euro• trade to co-operative production, Chinese economic leaders be• pean Economic Community (EEC) joint ventures, joint bidding and lieve further development of trade signed an agreement to enhance contract for labour services. relations depends on increasing

16 Beijing Review. No. 22 Federal Germany beat out fierce competition to sell China a hot strip rolling mill worth US$1 OD million, and a French company of• fered a better price and- better terms for the sale of 150 electric locomotives, also worth about US$100 million.

Restrictions Should Be Lifted

Although Western Europe has been active and flexible in trans• ferring technology to China, some restrictions remain. Chinese lead• ers hope their counterparts in Western Europe will continue their A delegation headed by the director of the No. 2 Cold Rolling Mill of the efforts to lift all restrictions which Thyssen Iron and Steel Company of West Germany, which has helped in hold back mutual trade and de• building the Wuhan Iron and Steel Complex, recently visited the cold rolling sheet mill in Wuhan. They wege satisfied with the quality of the steel sheets. velopment. In a talk with business represen• exports, technology transfer and convenient for Chinese products to tatives from abroad, Deng Xiao• investments. enter the market because China is ping said that investing in China China's exports to Western a developing country. requires patience, confidence and Europe have not grown since !982. Western Europe's exports to foresight. This is partly because China's China have fluctuated for many Over the past few years China commodities offer limited variety years. The most persistent problem has been constantly improving its and specifications, come in unat• is that the prices of its products investment climate and strengthen• tractive packages, do not have sometimes cannot compete with ing its economic legislation, but adequate post-purchase service and those of the United States and there is still much to do. It is im• are priced too low. fapan. portant for European investors to But Chinese leaders expect But this is not always true. In receive encouragement and sup• Western Europe to make it more recent months a company from port from their own governments.

Projection of China's 7th 5-Year Plan range, in the period of the Seventh pipeline. In the coal industry, con• byGANZlYU Five-Year Plan, the construction of struction will be further intensifi• some key projects as follows: As ed to increase average annual out• URRENTLY, we are in the electric power is the key to basic put by 30-40 million tons within C midst of working out the infrastructure construction, we'll five years. We will also boost our Seventh Five-Year Plan for 1986 build a series of thermal power onshore and offshore oil explora• to 1990. These are our preliminary stations near coal mines and along tion and exploitation, striving for projections and the key points of railway lines as well as in harbour new reserves and producing more the new plan. areas, and a number of large and crude oil and natural gas. We shall 1. To bring the economy's weak medium-sized hydropower stations pay attention to the development links up to full strength, such as on the upper reaches of Huanghe of transport and telecommunica• shortages of energy and transport (Yellow) River, Changjiang (Yang• tions. While stressing railway con• and certain important raw materi• tze) River and Hongshui River. struction, we should also grasp the als, and to pave the way for the We will strive for an .annual aver• development of highways, port future development, we shall ar- age increase of 5-6 million kws in facilities, inland/river shipping installed capacity within five and civil aviation. In coastal cities, The author is vice-minister of years. In the meanwhile, nuclear local telephone systems are to be the Slate Planning Commission. power stations are also in the extended and international tele-

June 5. 1985 17 of aquatic products, animal husban• dry and forestry. Production of food, household electrical appli• ances, textiles, garments, furniture, and new building materials will be boosted. The merchandising of agricultural products and the de• velopment of urban and rural transport call for more rapid in• creases in the production of motor vehicles and motorcycles. During this period, commerce and service trades, which serve production and livelihoods but occupy a very low proportion of the national econo• my, shall have a higher speed of growth.

4. We must exert our utmost ef• The 20,000-ton-cla$s deep-water wharf in Shenzhen's Chiwan Harbour, forts to develop education, science and technology. From the view• point of socio-economic develop• communications networks to be prises with good qualifications ment, the most important factor properly expanded. Besides, there from the energy, transport, raw is to win progress in science and will be some growth in the steel, material, machinery, electronic, technology which relies, however, nonferrous metals, chemical and textile industries, we plan to set on better personnel and advances building materials industHes, es• up a series of key projects for in their training. We'll speed up pecially in some areas of raw technical transformation. To cor• the development of higher educa• material production. rect their current defects, these tion, and expand the enrolment of enterprises are asked to arrange universities and colleges. In addi• 2. We shall renovate our exist• the necessary transformation, re• tion, we will set up more secon• ing enterprises step by step. In in• construction and expansion to in• dary vocational schools and in• dustry, we should shift from con• crease the variety of their prod• tensify on-the-job training. struction of new factories to the ucts, upgrade their quality and technical transformation, recon• economize on energy and raw ma• There are broad prospects for struction and expansion of existing terial consumption. Certain key co-operation between internation• factories. We shall not order capi• enterprises will go through an al industrial and financial circles tal construction if we can achieve overall technical transformation and China. To a certain extent, our goals by technical transforma• before becoming models of techno• the investment environment in tion; and no new enterprises will logical progress in their fields. China is not ideal at present, but be built if reconstruction and ex• we are sure that it will be improv• pansion projects can satisfy our We shall develop some new in• ed. The key projects in the basic needs. China now has 400,000 in• dustries, but there is much room facility construction for the dustrial and transport enterprises for further development of the Seventh Five-Year Plan I've just at varying technological levels. traditional industries which will mentioned will help in this re• Some of them need to adopt the remain the main part of our na• spect. We have already entered into tional economy for a long time to most advanced technologies, while co-operation with some countries, come. some need only the intermediate and would welcome more large- technologies applicable to them. 3. As buying habits change due scale co-operation in the future. Therefore, we should take action to rising income following our It's quite clear that creating a good to popularizing the achievements economic adjustment, it is expect• environment through collabora• of domestic scientific and techno• ed that Chinese consumers will tion is far better than simply look• logical research, even as we intro• gradually tend to be interested in ing forward to the arrival of an duce advanced foreign technol• diversified and middle-and high- "ideal" environment. There is a ogies. In the coming years, we'll grade commodities in the coming very broad area as well for co• increase, according to our ability, 10 and 20 years. In the period of operation in the technical transfor• appropriations for technical trans• the Seventh Five-Year Plan, we mation of China's various indus• formation. By selecting some enter• must intensify the development tries. •

18 Beijing Review, No. 22

Please Accept, by Wang LiJM

Building a Great Wall of Friendship. By Huang Huan (an 8-year-old girl) Beijing Oper by Song Zhejun and Hu Siyun Learning to Swim. (a 5-year-old boy and a 4-year-old girl) Little Bird, by Pan Jing (a 9-year-old girl)

A Tale From History. by Wang Yantong (a 13-year-old boy)

Bank of China Plays Key Role in Open Policy

To date, the Bank of China has set up cor respondent relationships with 3,301 head offices and branches of 1,185 banks scattered around 150 countries and regions. and taking foregin currency depos• various kinds of foreign exchange by ZHAO BINGDE its and Renminbi deposits relating loans we granted to the central and to foreign exchange transactions; local enterprises also increased S China's bank devoted to concluding agreements with foreign many times. Last year alone, the A handling foreign exchange, governments and central banks: loans we granted to key energy the Bank of China is a significant and participating in international projects — such as the Guangdong window for the implementation of financial activities under the Nuclear Power Station, Pingshuo the country's open policy and is authorization of the state and the Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, and bearing a heavy responsibility in mandate of the People's Bank of Daqing and Zhongyuan oilfields — the execution of that policy. China. The bank's overseas amounted to about US$600 mil• In the period from the end of branches and the member banks of lion. Altogether, more than US$1 1978 to the end of 1984, the total the Bank of China Group in Hong• billion was provided to about 6,000 assets of the bank increased from kong and Macao also offer a full local projects. Furthermore, we 38.7 billion yuan to 200.3 billion range of banking services as per• also gave financial support to the yuan; the number of domestic of• mitted by local laws and regula• construction of tourist hotels, fices rose from 58 to 261 and the tions. overseas construction projects con• tracted by Chinese companies and total domestic staff jumped from The Bank of China, besides 4,000 to 16,000; and overseas of• Chinese-foreign joint ventures. To maintaining regular monetary rela• date, more than 200 joint ventures fices grew from 184 to 286, with tions with some 220 large foreign an expansion of staff from 6,000 to in China have obtained credit from banks, is actively participating in us. 1 10,000. To date, we have set up consortium loans on international correspondent relationships with markets, financing domestic proj• 3,301 head offices and branches of China cannot develop in an in• ects, using buyer's credits and ternational vacuum, and, converse• 1,185 banks scattered around 150 mixed credits provided by some countries and regions. ly, the world's development needs countries, and issuing public bonds. China. The Bank of China has The business functions of the In these fields, especially in the attached great importance to asso• Bank of China are as follows: sphere of financing domestic key ciating itself with foreign banks Managing the state foreign ex• projects, we would be very happy and enterprises as an investment change in a centralized manner; to establish more extensive co• partner in consortiums and joint handling the state exchange in• operation in the future with our ventures. Concerning joint invest• comes and expenditures; dealing friends in international financial ments, the comparatively big proj• in all kinds of foreign exchange circles. ects we have taken part in are: business and banking transactions the Shanghai-Volkswagen Automo• in Renminbi relating to foreign To improve our operation of fundSf we have been carrying out tive Co. Ltd.; the Shanghai Yaohua exchange, which mainly include reforms in our credit business, and Pilkington Glass Ltd.; the Hunan settlement of trade and non-trade we have started credit investments Yueyang Ramee Textile, Dying transactions, foreign trade credits, on a trial basis. The use of our and Printing Mill; and the Beijing foreign currency loans and their funds is chiefly centred on support• Kunlun Hotel. We have, with the related Renminbi financing, Chi• ing the production of export com• participation of other Chinese eco• nese-foreign joint venture credits, modities, including such key proj• nomic departments, established a export credits, international syndi• ects as financing energy and number of finance and leasing com• cated loans and commercial loans, transportation projects and the panies in association with banks international trust investments and technological transformation of in Japan, West Germany, Italy, leasing, buying and selling foreign outdated enterprises. In our ef• France and the United States, as exchange and gold on the interna• fort to support the development of well as in Hongkong. Apart from tional market, issuance of bonds foreign trade, the amount of Ren• the traditional interbank business and securities in foreign currency. minbi credit we provided to foreign co-operation, the Bank of China is trade enterprises for working capi• hoping to achieve even more ex• The author is acting president of tal in 1984 was more than double tensive collaboration with our in• the Bank of China. the amount in 1978. And the ternational financial friends. Co- lune 3. 1985 23 operation can take many forms. It sortium loans for the exploitation raw material industries abroad. We may, for instance, assume the form of certain key projects, or it may are willing to take a positive at• pf joint investments in China by take the shape of an associated titude in seeking many ways of means of taking up shares or con• partnership for the development of co-operation. •

Investment Crucial for Updating Industry

Since the adoption of the open policy, China has absorbed US$17.2 billion in foreign capital. Foreign capital is still in great demand and China continues to adopt a series of policies for encouraging foreign investment. by WEI YUMiNG past six years, in addition to the difficulties arising from our under• large volume of foreign technology developed technology and the lack VER the past six years since purchased with foreign capital by of capital. local authorities and departments, O the adoption of the open There are many kinds of ad• more than 900 technological proj• policy, China has absorbed from vanced technology we need to im• ects were financed using the abroad funds amounting to port from Other countries. We state's exchange funds. The total USI17.2 billion. Of that total, must purchase both complete sets amount of such imports in 1983 US$4 billion was in direct invest• of equipment and key items to doubled the 1982 amount, and ment, and the rest was related to update existing industries and 1984 saw the total grow by 50 per• the establishment of 900-odd joint newly emerged industries. Con• cent over 1983. This is eloquent ventures, more than 2,000 co• sidering our present technical proof of the fact that China is suc• operative ventures, 31 joint de• foundation, we should introduce ceeding in introducing foreign velopment enterprises, 74 foreign- from abroad a great volume of funds and advanced technology. owned enterprises and 1,200 com• information concerning special pensation trade projects. All trades and professions in our technology and machine-building What is worth mentioning is country are confronting the tough equipment. The methods we are that such investment grew quickly task of technical transformation, presently using to import tech• in 1984. Last year alone, more and, at the same time, they need nology are diversified and flexible. than 700 Chinese-foreign joint ven• new construction projects, which Primarily, we are importing tech• tures were launched in China, re• require huge amounts of capital nology under patent or under presenting a 3.5-fold increase in the and advanced technology. Though technical license. In addition, the number of joint ventures and a 2.2- we will rely chiefly on our own forms of co-operative production, fold increase in the scale of invest• abilities, we must, with the assis• hiring consultants and contracting ment over the previous few years. tance of international funds and for technical services are also advanced technology, surmount the widely used. The investors are now coming from all over the world. The The fur sales exhibition China holds for 4he first time in Hongkong,, volume of investment coming from Specialists from Denmark, Italy and Hongkong are invited to give help. the United States, Wsetern Europe and Japan has been growing rapid• ly. Foreign investment has made its way into more Chinese indus• tries and areas; the number of pro• ductive projects is increasing and we are seeing more and more major projects being financed by overseas investors. A simifar trend has emerged in China's introduction of advanced technology from abroad. In the

The author is vice-minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade.

24 Beijing Review, No. 22 Foreign traders needn't worry commercial loans are generally be reduced or eliminated alto• that China will become a competi• used by developed countries and gether, and the period of such pref• tive opponent in the international some developing countries with rel• erential treatment may be pro• market as it imports technology. atively advanced industries. With longed. In such cases, equipment China is a developing country, and the upgrading of our management and materials imported with the nation's technical level is still level and the increasing strength of foreign investment will also be far behind that of the developed our economic position, we plan to exempted from customs duties. world. The kinds of technology use more commercial bank loans Many foreign investors are very imported by China are those now and direct investments from other concerned about legal protection in common use in Western coun• countries. At the same time, some for their investment and whether tries. It will take a fairly long time advanced technology and manage• they will be able to sell goods to for us to master and digest such rial experience will be introduced the domestic market. We believe technology. Furthermore, the into our country. This will be that some of the goods produced technological cycle in the indus• most conducive to the technical in joint ventures and foreign- trialized countries is shorter than transformation of China's small owned enterprises should be sold ever — new technology is outdated and medium-sized enterprises. in the country where the invest• almost immediately. So, China has ment originates. This belief arises no easy task catching up with the As far as the scope of investment from the requirements of balancing world's advanced levels. In de• is concerned, all enterprises, apart payments. Otherwise, the enter• veloping China's technology, we from those whose operations in• prises will be unable to earn should devote ourselves to meeting volve state security or which might foreign funds to pay foreign part• the material and cultural demands bring in social ills, are allowed to ners' dividends and foreign staff of the people, because, as is known accept direct investment from members' salaries or purchase im• to all, there is a huge domestic abroad. According to China's eco• ported raw materials, spare parts market in China. Needless to say, nomic strategy, priority in using and equipment essential to produc• competition is inevitable and foreign funds should be given to tion. To determine whether im• technology exports to China will, the following industries and ported advanced technology is themselves, encounter competition. sectors: energy and exploitation of making Chinese products competi• But such competition will help the natural resources; transportation; tive, it is necessary to put the prod• exporting countries push forward building materials; precision and ucts on the international market their own technical progress. large machinery; electronic com• to compete with similar products. Those who carry out an open ponents and devices; agricult- In dealing with any problem, we policy will be the winners. Aggres• ture; education; and scientific re• always stick to the principle of sive entrepreneurs are skilled at search. "seeking truth from facts, making making progress amid severe com• a concrete analysis of concrete con• petition. Foreign capital is mainly used ditions, and dealing with each case for building productive projects, on its merits." China is a huge especially technology-rich projects There is a great demand in market with a vast capacity for and projects which will increase China for foreign capital. Every new technology and products. It exports. We welcome foreign in• type of funds have their own ad• is our sincere hope that foreign vestment in large, medium or small vantage, which offers us the chance investors will co-operate with us in projects. to select the most suitable type. developing our domestic market. Judging from our current level of Over the years, we have adopted We are able to provide part or all management and our financial of our market for foreign investors situation, we are presently seeking a series of policies for encouraging investment in China. The rate of if they offer the technology we medium- and long-term loans at need. So, the extent to which our lower interest rates granted by income tax plus local surcharges for Chinese-foreign joint ventures market can be open to Chinese- foreign governments and interna• foreign joint ventures and foreign tional financial institutions. And, is 33 percent, and a longer tax- reduction or tax-exemption period enterprises in China is closely at the same time, we want to linked with our demand for the utilize an appropriate portion of is sometimes granted. This rate is lower than that levied by develop• technology they supply and the export credits and commercial products they manufacture. In bank loans from abroad. ed countries and even lower than the rates levied by some developing other words, there is no govern• In the field of international countries. If the investment is ment-set ratio for domestic and financial co-operation, loans from made in a large project in the overseas sales of products manu• commercial banks constitute a priority industries or in a low- factured with foreign invest• major form of investment. These profit industry, the income tax may ment. •

June 3, 1985 25 Brainpower Develops Xiangfan^s Industry

by HAN GUOQIANG liance with the king of the State that Xiangfan was a place where of Wu. He also agreed to end his they could show their abilities. Our Correspondent secluded life, and became Liu Bei's Some asked for transfers to the EAR Xiangfan, a city on the military adviser and prime mini• city. Over the past 10 years 1,616 N- Hanjiang River in Hubei Prov• ster. scientists and technicians have re• ince, is a place called Longzhong. The people of Xiangfan have settled in Xiangfan. It was there that a famous story learnt much from this story. As The risk paid off for the city of• from history—"Making Three they work to develop their city, ficials. Working together with the Calls at the Thatched Cottage" — they have come to understand the workers, the new Xiangfan resi• took place. importance of seeking talented dents have transformed a number At the end of the Eastern Han people for key jobs. City authori• of backward industries into firm Dynasty (25-220) China was torn ties have travelled to Beijing, Tian- industrial base. Xiangfan now has by civil wars among warlords. jin, Xian and Shanghai, seeking five special industrial areas scat• modern Zhuge Liangs to develop tered throughout the city. Eventually the nation was divided Xiangfan. into three separate kingdoms — Most of Xiangfan's factories Wei, Shu and Wu. Taking a Risk were built before 1978. Only 21 At that time a man named new factories have been set up Zhuge Liang, a native of Shan• Although leaders across the since then. But despite this, the dong, arrived in Longzhong with country are now encouraged to value of the city's total annual his uncle. There he spent 10 years make better use of talented people output has more than doubled studying, farming and developing and give intellectuals more respon• since the late 70s because of new his talents. He became well-known sible positions, this was not the technology and management re• as a respected scholar and states• case when Xiangfan began its forms. man. search for talent in the 1970s. At that time well-educated people In 1983 the number of Xiang• In 207 the king of the State of were still being persecuted under fan's factories increased to 307, Shu Liu Bei called on Zhuge ultra-leftist policies. The city turning out a total output value Liang to solicit his help. Twice authorities took a great risk in pro• of 1.45 billion yuan, 582.3 times the scholar would not see him. But moting them. that of the 2.49 million yuan in on the third visit Zhuge Liang was 1949. By then, Xiangfan had be• so moved by his sincerity that he Word quickly spread among the come an industrial city encom• advised Liu Bei to join in an al• intellectuals in China's big cities passing more than 60 special branches, including radio, laser, automatic control, microbiology Sangu (Three Visits) Hall. and chemicals. Xiangfan's factories can now produce more than 4,000 industrial products, many of which are up to advanced world standards. Of its 125 major products, one received a gold medal recently and five were awarded silver medals by Ae state. Another 14 have received quality prizes from various mini• stries and 74 have received pro• vincial quality awards.

Better Bricks The Xiangfan Building Porcelain Factory used to be a brick and tile producing workshop. There were no scientists working to improve

26 Beijing Review, No.,22 production, and the factory suf• fered losses from 1975 to 1978.

But in 1978 Wang Qingzhen, an engineer with the Beijing Artificial Crystal Research Institute, was transferred to Xiangfan. The first change he made was to use silica as a raw material for production. When he heard silica had been dis• covered in the southeastern part of the province he rushed to place an order because he knew it would reduce production costs and pro• duce high-quality porcelain.

Using the new raw material, Wang led a research group through a long series of complicated experi• ments which finally yielded a high- quality facing brick available in more than 150 designs. The bricks Art paper produced in Xiangfan. sell well in 13 provinces and cities Notebook in hand, he went to a Consultative Conference at various in China and have entered the in• Shanghai art paper mill to learn levels. ternational market. Between 1979 the skill for three months in 1979. and 1983, the factory's output Xiangfan's leaders also show Working all day and reading all value increased at an average an• their support and respect for in• evening, Wang lost about a dozen nual rate of 37.5 percent. tellectuals in many ways. Under kg. But the precious knowledge normal circumstances scientists he brought back to Xiangfan and engineers have the final say in New Page tor Paper Mill earned his factory a gold medal for dealing with technical problems of art paper in less than one year. Wang Derui, the deputy director production. Other suggestions of and deputy chief engineer of the With increased sales the factory theirs are often adopted. city's paper mill graduated from has expanded. New workshops, the chemical engineering depart• The city science and technology apartment complexes and office ment of Tianjin University in 1964. commission sponsors many forums buildings are bringing a better life In 1978 he was transferred from on new technology, invites spec• to everyone. the Tianjin Film Factory to the ialists from other parts of the Xiangfan Art Paper Mill. country to lecture and shows video• Support and Promotion tapes on advanced industrial tech• Wang asked to be transferred be• nology from abroad to help Xiang• cause he had learnt the factory In Xiangfan intellectuals are fan's scientists and engineers catch wanted to begin producing photo really regarded as part of the up with advanced world levels. sensitive film and paper. When he working class. Those who apply arrived he found a small collective to join the Communist Party have To make experiments and tests mill producing only glazed paper. their applications considered more convenient, the city has It lacked the ability and funds to promptly. Of the 2,770 scientists bought 6,250 pieces of lab equip• switch to highly specialized film and engineers in workplaces under ment. Since 1983 it has also given production. Wang saw that it the city's authority, one-third are scientists and technicians wage would have no chance to compete Party members. supplements to buy books. with large, well-equipped factories. About, 180 have been elected or Better Living Conditions In an alternative plan, Wang appointed factory directors or dep• suggested that the factory concen• uty directors and 223 have been The city officials also care for trate on producing special art promoted to leading posts at the the well-being of the intcllecluais. paper. The factory leadership ac• bureau level. Still others have Because of the rapid growth of cepted his idea, and placed their been elected delegates to Party China's urban population, the cen• hopes on his technical skills. But congresses or deputies to people's tral authorities have been forced to Wang had learnt nothing about congresses or committee members strictly control migration to the ci• manufacturing art paper. of the Chinese People's Political ties. But despite this Xiangfan

June 3, 7985 27 authorities have helped more than from Beijing. When he arrived the so the city offered them compensa• 1,000 scientists and technicians cement works was a small com• tion in return for their co-opera• bring their families froin the coun• mune-run factory with no technical tion. , tryside to the city and have found personnel. Its cement was of low More than 3,500 scientists and jobs for 1,200 of their family quality. technicians above the rank of as• members. Xu helped the factory produce sistant engineer from 29 scientific Every year the scientists and high-grade cement using phosphate research units are now part of engineers above the rank of assis• gymsum, the waste product of a Xiangfan's research complex. They tant engineer are given a complete local chemical factory. He was have completed many projcets and physical check-up. named a model worker and in 1979 their results have been put into Xu joined the Communist Party. practice to advance the city's in• The city authorities have decided dustry. that engineers are entitled to the In 1978, 1980 and 1983 Xu w^s One beneficiary has been the same consideration as the leaders put on a higher wage scale. Now machine tool and electric motor of a workplace when it comes to he earns 98 yuan a month, plus a factory, built only a few years ago. assigning housing. Whenever a 20 yuan monthly bonus. Xu's wife It could only produce relatively new apartment building is set up, and four children (two are already simple devices such as an oil pres• a portion of it must be set aside state working staff) also live in the sure gauge, which could not com• for intellectuals, who traditionally city, and together the family earns pete on the market. have lived in very cramped more than 300 yuan a month. quarters. They live in a 48-square-metre flat But now the factory turns out powerful transistor pulse regulator In 1981 a residential building with three rooms, a kitchen and bathroom and a large hallway. systems, computers for industrial was put up especially for scientists sewing machines and other ad• and engineers who had made Reflecting on his good life, Xu vanced products. In 1979 it es• major contributions to the develop• said, "Now the Party and the state tablished a research office to im• ment of the city. The building has show great concern for us. 1 will prove the factory's products. Now 40 flats, each with 80 square do my best for my country." the office can complete more than metres of floor space. Now the 20>research projects a year. average engineer's family has 7.11 Fruitful Research square metres per person, 2.01 Narrowing the Gap There are 40 institutes of science square metres more than the and technology in Xiangfan. In A deputy factory director said, average Xiangfan citizen. 19i82 the city helped them to es• "Our factory is the only one in tablish a loose affiliation with China specializing in producing Concern Sparks Initiative other research institutes run by the governor cabinets (a device which Xu Xiangdon^ is an engineer province and the state. These regulates the speed or power of an with the city's No. 2 Cement higher level institutes can usually engine). Of course, there is still Works, where he was transferred do more advanced research, and a large gap between us and the advanced world levels. For in• stance, the gear ratio (the number of times an engine revolves per revolution of the wheel it drives) of our products is 1 to 20, while that of products from West Ger• many is 1 to 100. Therefore, we should not be satisfied with what we have achieved. "In February 1984 we signed a contract with the Siemens Com• pany of West Germany to buy its technology. According to the con• tract, in the next eight years Sie• mens will sell its new technology to us 60 days after it is invented. In this way we will be able to quickly narrow the gap between us and the world's advanced Tyre-shaped high-temperature, high-pressure dyeing equipment developed by technicians in Xiangfan's No. 1 Knitwear Mill. technology." •

28 Beijing Review. !^o. 22 China's Vocalists Hitting the High Notes

once commented that her voice public, Zhou was invited to attend by LING YANG Our Correspondent was "as solid as crystal and as the first national congress of cul• brilliant as a diamond." tural workers. She dared not go, because she felt she had made no NUMBER of young Chinese In 1948 she returned to China contributions to the revolution. singers have won interna• and gave her first concert in Shang- A She had grown up in a well-to-do tional vocal competitions in re• family and had left the country cent years, and it is no surprise during the Japanese invasion. But that five of them were trained at her reservations gave way when the Shanghai Conservatory of her friends urged her to go to Bei• Music, where Professor Zhou Xiao- jing so as to learn how she might yan teaches. serve the revolution. An accomplished coloratura so• prano, Zhou is the vice-president Never Too Late to Join of the Chinese Musicians' Asso• ciation. It is no exaggeration to In Beijing, the young singer met say that Zhou is one of China's Premier Zhou Enlai who, to her most outstanding vocal artists. Her amazement, addressed her by her coloratura soprano style earned her first name. After greeting her, the fame in the late 1940s, when she premier asked if a memorial tablet was known throughout Europe as had been erected in front of her "China's nightingale." Unfortu• brother's tomb. It seems Zhou nately, most recordings of her per• Enlai had come to know Zhou formances from the 1940s and Xiaoyan's family in Wuhan during 1950s were destroyed during the the late 1930s, when he was lead• 1966-76 "cultural revolution," ing the anti-Japanese struggle when Western music was rejected there. Xiaoyan's father, an influen• as "bourgeois." tial patriotic banker, supported his hai that May. She sang classical secv-:id son's decision to go to the In 1938, soon after the anti- European works, selected arias war front soon after fighting lapanese war broke out, Zhou from operas and Chinese folk broke out, and the young man died graduated from the Shanghai songs, and her performance con• in battle. Many years had elapsed Music School and went to study vinced her countrymen of her im• since then, but the premier still in France. She was unable to re• mense talent. According to a press remembered the family. Moved by turn home after World War II report at that time, she wished all the premier's concern, the soprano broke out, so she used the time to Chinese musicians could have a confessed that she felt guilty for travel in Europ; and study West• chance to study and hoped that abandoning the country in time ern vocal music. more people would include music of need. Zhou Enlai listened and In 1946, after the defeat of the as a part of their lives like Euro• then chuckled: It's never too late Germans and the Japanese, Zhou peans. She noted that many Euro• to join the revolution, he told her. performed her first concert in peans were fond of Chinese melo• The premier then urged her to Luxembourg. In the following two dies because of their strong senti• keep singing and pass along her years, she gave performances in mental appeal. Perhaps, she said, talents to the younger generation. London, Paris, Geneva, Berlin. Chinese music will blaze a new Czechoslovakia and Poland. She trail in contemporary music. During her month in Beijing, was the first Chinese musician to Zhou had a chance to see several attend the 1946 First Prague In• A year after she started teach• new operas created by musicians ternational Music Festival. Toge• ing at the music conservatory, she in the revolutionary base of Yan- ther with Chinese-American pian• told her friends that there was no an. They included The White- ist Li Xianmin and Russian- lack of talented singers in China. Haired Girl, an opera describing American composer Alexander She was deeply moved by her stu• the peasants' struggle against the Tcherepnin. she introduced con• dents* sincere desire to learn. landlords; and Liu Hulan, an opera temporary Chinese musical works In December 1949, soon after named after a heroine in the anti- to London. A London newspaper the founding of the People's Re• lapanese war. The compelling lune i. 1985 29 stories and local flavour of the works impressed the singer. During the congress, Zhou was Prize-Winners at International Vocal Contests encouraged to serve the people with her brilliant talent. "Since then," she said, "I have done my best to become a people's singer." In the ensuing years, Zhou took part in the rural land reform move• ment. She frequently pitched in to help at factories and water con• trol projects, and when the work was done she entertained the work• ers with her songs. She also began From left to right: Liang Ning, Dilber and Fu Haijing to learn from the folk singers. She Ye Ying (soprano) and Liu Jie (tenor): Both won prizes at the 10th Rio added the songs from The White- de Janeiro International Singing Contest. Haired Girl to her repertoire and Luo Wei (tenor): Won a prize at the First Verdi International Music Con• worked on learning local dialects test in Milan, Italy, in 1981. so she could sing the songs most Hu Xiaoping and Wen Yanqing (sopranos): Won prizes at the 1982 loved by the countryfolk. 20th International Music Competition in Budapest. Fu Haijing (baritone) and Liang Ning (mezzo-soprano): Together they won the Benson and Hedges Gold Awards for Singers in London in 1985, Zhou's efforts did not go unno• and then won prizes at the First International Marjam Helin Vocal Competi• ticed. She was elected a deputy to tion in Helsinki last year. Also winning a prize in the Helsinki competition the National People's Congress, was Dtlber (coloratura soprano). and soon afterwards she became Zhang lianyi (tenor) and Zhan Manhua (mezzo-soprano): Won prizes at a member of the Chinese Com• the 1984 International Competition for Opera Singers in Vienna. munist Party. However, the times were bewil• dering for Zhou.' Because "leftists" folk songs, which require a com• were confused. The public loved condemned Zhou's Western style pletely different method of breath the old vocal styles, but, in the of singing as bourgeois trash, she control, a different language and rush to reject the past, the "cul• decided to abandon her coloratura different aesthetic standards, had tural elite" threw out almost every• soprano style. Meanwhile, China's not been developed as they should. thing. Young Chinese singers not traditional operas, ballads and Both the singers and the public only abandoned Western styles, they also abandoned China's rich music history. "Because of this confusion," Zhou said, "the gap Zhou Xiaoyon (middle) with Zhou Enlai and his wife, Deng Yingehoo. between China's vocal music teach• ing and the advanced world level was widened."

Continuous Efforts In 1977, after the downfall of the gang of four, Zhou visited West Germany, the United States and Hongkong to survey the status of current Western vocal art. She found vocal music flourishing, and its free, natural, melodic and pleas• ing quality impressed her. "There is much in it that we can make use of to improve our own vocal music teaching and enrich and de• velop our own vocal art," she said.

30 Beijing Review, No. 22 singers — tenor Zhang Jianyi and coloratura mezzo soprano Zhan Manhua — finished first among 247 singers from more than 40 countries. Both are graduates of Zhou's music conservatory. Zhang showed his full and deep timbre while Zhan captivat• ed the audience with her elegant and gentle voice. Their arias over• whelmed the audience, as their superior vocal techniques and nat• ural style showed through. Many music critics abroad rate Chinese singers as among the most natural, exquisite and enchanting vocalists in the world. Zhou, while stressing China's poor Western music foundation, contends that the nation must strive to consolidate its position on the world opera stage. China's sing• ers are often unfamiliar with for• The professor also discovered vocal competitions with regularity, eign languages and many have ac• that many famous singers were a sign that China's vocal art has tually never performed a whole able to combine their native reached the international level. In opera. tongues and other Western lan• addition to the prevalence of "We have just done half of our guages through their flawless voice natural talent and the efforts of job, which is to teach our students production techniques. She noted the singers, China's strict training a good method of singing," said the rise of the bel canto operatic methods are to be credited for the Zhou. "The other half of style, a style which appeared in success. By adopting such tech• our job is to combine the the !7th century with the rise of niques as the bel canto style. Chi• Western sound-production techni• serious opera. Bel oanto has now nese singers are able to increase ques with the Chinese language in been adopted all over the world as their vocal range in order to order to better present the image a superior, scientific style of sing• broaden their scope of expression. of the Chinese people and better ing and a voice production system. At an international opera contest express their feelings. This task "It has become a common wealth in Vienna last fuly, two Chinese is more arduous." • of mankind," Zhou said.

The bel canto style, said Zhou, Zhou Xiooyon (fourth from the left) in France in 1939. is a whole set of methods for the physiological regulation and con• trol of respiration, voice, produc• tion, resonance and diction, which comply with the natural laws of singing and can give full play to vocal operatic effects and yield breadth, depth and resonance to the sound produced. Once a singer gets hold of this method, he may make his own artistic creation at will. Zhou added, "Why shouldn't our Chinese singers make use of this method?"

As more young Chinese singers have adopted Western styles, they have begun to win international

June 5, 1985 31 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

o'clock in the morning to make Consumer Market Opened Up breakfast. About five I must leave my home to catch the bus tants, information services and with my baby. After work. I have from "SHI CHANG BAO" household services. In open areas, (Market) foreign- investment and imported to buy vegetables and prepare 'advanced technology will be en• meals while taking care of my EW sectors of China's consu• child. After dinner I have to do mer market will be decon• couraged to promote the service N trades. household chores before singing trolled this year to spark produc• my baby to sleep. By the time I'm tion so as to meet the needs of the — Sales of popular consumer done, I'm too tired to study," one nation's 1 billion consumers. goods will be expanded. More col• worker complained. Another — The grain market will be our TV sets, washing machines, worker said, "We are now the opened up to increase the supply motorcycles and textiles will be main force of production and the for rural households specialized in available as a result of joint ven• new situation demands that we livestock breeding. tures, compensatory trade, process• ing according to provided samples master special knowledge. But in — Sales of sugar will be expand• and more imports. Sales of dura• the evening 1 have to spend time ed to develop food processing. bles on credit will be boosted. helping my child with his home• — The urban housing market Such sales have already been in• work. This always hinders my will be enlarged and sales of troduced in 10 cities. own efforts to learn more." The houses to individuals will be tried survey shows that women workers — A remarkable increase in the with babies get less than six hours' out in more than 70 large and me• sales of jewellery is expected, dium-sized cities, including Beijing, jewellers are beginning to manufac• sleep a night. The problem is even Shanghai and Chongqing. ture more products with high gold worse for women who work on — Various service trades will be and silver content. The short sup• three rotating shifts, If the situa• invigorated, including domestic ply of jewellery in Guangdong, Fu- tion does not change, it will not tourism, beauty shops, fitness gym• jian, and Shanghai will be eased only affect their study and recrea• nasiums, recreation halls, consul- in the near future. tional activities, but also harm their health. A married woman is her family's hostess, her child's first teacher and Free Women From Heavy Burden a labourer who creates social value just as men do. This means that her burden of work, study and workers, teachers and officials. Of from "RENMIN RIBAO" household chores is heavier than a those, 521 were middle-aged. man's. (People's Doily) When asked what problems they INCE liberation in 1949 Chi• wanted solved to lighten their The emancipation of women is S nese women, like men, have chores, 350 women, or 63 percent, one indicator of how much pro• been politically emancipated and said they wanted more service gress a society has made. During become the masters of the state. centres. Some 79 percent, or 416 China's economic reforms, all enter• They can now earn their living women, asked for more conveni• and are protected by the law. ence in buying staple and non- prises and trades must attach im• staple food. And 294, about 56 portance to women's interests and But many of them are heavily percent of the total, asked for im• voice, and treat them like men in burdened with household chores provements in education to free education, employment and study. and have no time to study or im• them from the need to guide their It is also necessary to improve ser• prove their professional skills. children's studies. vices in order to socialize house• The Tianjin Women's Federation "When I work on an early day hold chores and free women from made a survey of 1,000 women shift, [ have to get up at four that heavy burden. 12 Beijing Review. No. 22 In this respect at least. China's Luxury and Thrift in Banquets Empress Dowager Ci Xi was a good match for Henry. She often from "GUANGMING RIBAO" .\nother American professor said had more than 150 dishes at one she had a very good impression of {Guangmlng Doily) meal which cost 100 taels of silver. China, but she thought too many dishes were served at banquets Obviously ostentation and ex• UTHOR Zhou Ti penned this A She often worried about whether travagant banquets are a custom article commenting on Chi• she could finish the food her host left over from the feudal emperors. nese banquet standards. He writes: had put on her dish for her. "Your It we change our way of enter• In China, banquets given to for• custom is much better," 1 said, "be• taining foreign guests by reducing eign guests are often very sump• cause it is simple, informal and the number of dishes to a reason• tuous. More often than not a single serves the purpose." able amount and limiting the com• guest is accompanied by eight or It is said that Henry Vill of pany to those directly concerned nine persons — the number needed England went in for much osten• with the business at hand, we can to fill a round table. tation and extravagance. Every change extravagant banquets into Last September when i v,'as vis• day he provided 20 heads of cattle. simple and practical meals. In iting (he University of Michigan 13 pigs, !2 sheep, 150 ducks, 50 this way, we can save a large in the United States. 1 wa^ given geese. 13 swans, 8 cranes and 50U amount of money for the country, a dinner of welcome by a famous apples to entertain his royal kins• and win the respect and under• professor of anatomy, a rnan whose men and friends. standing c»f our friends abroad. name has been listed in Who's Who. He is quite wealthy, but to my surprise, the fare cooked up Journalists to Pedal Around the World for his "foreign guest" was nothing more than roast pork chops, jalad, bikes, the two will riJf; west French bean with dried shrimps, from "ZHEJIANG RIBAO" through Asia, Europe and North and some cakes and soft drinks (Zhejioiig Doily) America, passing through 16 coun• tries oil their 32,000-kni ride. During the dinner we talked HANG jiansheng of the mag- about the Chinese way of enter• ^•^ azine Popular Jeli'visian and The journey will begin in Hang- taining guests. Often a dozen Min Shuguang of the Zhejiang Tel• /.hou, the provincial capital of Zhe- courses are served, hut only part evision Station plan to set out on jiang. They will ride across Chi• a two-year round-the-world bike of each course l^ eaien, causing na through Xinjiang and into Pa• trip in niid-[une. Riding homemade enormous waste kistan, cross the Arabian Sea to Oman, and travel through the Unit• ed Arab Emirates, Qatar and Sau• di Arabia. They will then cross the Red Sea to visit the Sudan and Egypt. After crossing the Mediter• ranean Sea, the two-bicyclists will pedal across Italy. Switzerland and France before traversing the Eng• lish Channel to Great Britain. Af• ter flying over the Atlantic Ocean, they will make their way through the United States before crossing To celebrate winning the Pacific Ocean to Japan. And, the "thrift" award. with two years and plenty of trials Cartoon by and triumphs behind them, they Dou Zonggon will board a boat to sail to Shang• hai and home.

The journalists plan to use their cameras to record the scenery and the life and customs of the peo• ple thi;} tncounter along the way. lune J. /W^ BUSINESS AND TRADE

totalling 85 billion yen (US$340 Japanese Banks Step Up Activity in China million) on the Japanese capital market. A contract was signed in Shang• — The first group of loans total• — From 1982 to 1983. the Ex• hai recently between the Kogyo ling 420 billion Japanese yen port and Import Bank of Japan Bank and the Aoki Development (US$1.68 billion) provided by the granted 5 billion yen loans (US$20 Co. of Japan on the one hand and Export and Import Bank of Japan million) each year to the Bank of the Bank of China and the Min- has yielded fruitful results. By ' China for the technical transforma• hang Hongqiao Development Co. the end of last year, the Export tion of small and medium-sized in Shanghai on the other and Import Bank had signed an• enterprises. to build the Taipingyang (the other agreement to provide the Pacific) Hotel, a five-star lodging, Bank of China with loans totalling — The Bank of China has im• with a total investment of US$60 580 billion yen (US$2.32 billion). ported Japanese equipment for million. — The Bank of China signed small and medium-sized projects two agreements with non-govern• through compensatory trade and This is just one example of the lease deals. growing co-operation between the mental Japanese banks in 1979 and Bank of China and its Japanese 1982. Loans totalling 70 billion In addition, the Bank of China counterparts. The Bank of China yen (US$280 million) have been and some Japanese banks have has now established business rela• used by the Baoshan Iron and pooled funds in establishing a num• tions with 56 Japanese banks. Steel Complex in Shanghai and ber of joint ventures, such as the Meanwhile, 23 Japanese banks and the Daqing Oilfield in northeast China Globe Leasing Co. Ltd., five insurance companies have China. CCAC Finance Ltd. and the Kin- established 50 representative of• — Over the past four years, cheng Banking Corp .-Bank of fices in China. China has issued five sets of bonds Tokyo Finance Co. More than 25 years ago the Bank of China established money order agreements with a dozen large Japanese banks. That rela• Chemical Bank Expands Business tionship promoted the growth of Sino-Japanese trade. Trade between Sheraton Hotel, a joint venture in China and Japan reached US$5.1 Shanghai. billion in 1978, and it shot up to US$12.4 billion in 1984, a 240 per• A representative office of the cent increase. Financial co-opera• 160-year-old bank was established tion between the two countries in Beijing in 1983. But prior to has also blossomed. that date, the bank had business relations with several Chinese The record speaks for itself: banks and had extended loans to China's shipbuilding industry. — Between 1979 and 1984, the Japanese government granted low- The representative office, housed interest loans amounting to 300 bil• in the fianguo Hotel in Beijing, is lion Japanese yen (US$1.2 billion) staffed with three Americans and to China. The government also one Chinese employee. According agreed in 1984 to extend low- to George W. Brain, general man• interest loans totalling 474 billion George W. Brain. ager of the Beijing office, the bank Japanese yen (US$1.9 billion) to has three principles guilding its China over the coming five years. Chemical Bank, the sixth largest business in China: These loans are to be used to up• bank in the United States, recently grade and build harbours and rail• granted a loan of US$5 million • Chemical Bank is taking a ways. for the construction of the Jingan long-range view. The bank under-

34 Beijing Review, No. 22 stands the cautious attitude taken plants; the development and pro• cessing of agricultural products by China in borrowing money from cessing of various metals and non- and livestock breeding. During the abroad, and it is confident that metallic resources; and the ex• exhibition 30 technical seminars new, more open economic policies ploitation and utilization of hydro- were also held. will gradually take hold. power and coal. The area will also be further opened to tourists. In• Agricultural co-operation be• • As a large overseas bank, itial efforts will concentrate on the tween China and Holland began in Chemical Bank plans to play an im• medicine industry, based mainly on 1978 and 13 agricultural projects portant role in providing expertise locally grown ginseng and deer an• are currently under way. and financial support to boost for• tlers, and the construction of a eign trade and international invest• wine-producing centre. ment in China. The Changbai Mountains cover • The bank seeks to have a bet• an area of 94,600 square kilome• NEWS IN BRIEF ter understanding of China's laws tres. There are rich deposits of and regulations, economic structure minerals including gold, nickel, • Twelve joint projects will be and priority projects so as to assist silica and diatomite. built in Xinjiang this year. In• clients who want to expand their volving US$50 million in foreign business in China. capital, they include a Xinjiang-US cotton mill with an annual output Since the establishment of its Netherlands Holds of 4.07 million metres of yarn; a Beijing office. Chemical Bank has livestock products processing ven• dramatically expanded its business Exhibition in Beijing ture financed with a Canadian firm dealings in China. Last year, it ex• in the southern part of the Junggar tended loans to a number of finan• Basin; a medicinal materials com• cial enterprises, shipping firms and An eight-day Netherlands agri• pany funded by two Japanese firms investment companies. For in•cultural exhibition, the biggest of and Xinjiang; a Xinjiang-US fac• stance, it provided an 8-year, its kind in China, was held in Bei• tory processing 10,000 tons of USS50 million loan to a shipping jing from May 16 to 23. potatoes a year and expanding a company for the purchase of four cement plant with equipment im• Ninety Dutch companies partici• vessels. By the end of last year, ported from Japan, which increases pated in the show. Displayed at the bank had extended loans totall• output by 700,000 tons annually. ing USS142 million to Chinese the 4,000-square-metre exhibition undertakings (not including loans centre were technology and equip• The northwest China autonom• amounting to USS354 million that ment for land reclamation, drain• ous region has already completed have not been drawn). age and irrigation, horticulture, 14 projects involving US$60 mil• crop cultivation, storage and pro• lion in overseas investments.

Development Plans For Mt Changbai

Jilin Province, in northeast Chi• na, has decided to co-operate with foreign investors in developing na• tural resources in the Changbai Mountains. The province has val• uable reserves of timber, medicin• al herbs, minerals and energy. It is also a potential tourist area.

The province's plans urge the protection, development and uti• lization of forests, animals and

lune 3, 1985 35 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

Soprano Blends Korean, European Styles

Soprano Fang Chushan has long eager to display her singing, danc• Fang has been able to convey the been more than the pride of her ing and drama talents for the rich ethnic traditions through her Korean ethnic group. By blending soldiers and civilians in the liber• art. In her 28 years of performing the Korean song styles with Euro• ated areas. in Yanbian Prefecture, she has pean vocal techniques, she has cap• taken her songs to the villages, to In the early 1950s, Fang and her tured the imagination of music the mountains and to the rivers. colleagues became members of the lovers across China. As she performed, she also stopped Yanbian Song and Da'nce Troupe. here and there to learn from the During a recent concert at the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Pre• local minstrels and folk singers. •Nationalities Cultural Palace in fecture, located in northeast China, During her travels she has collected Beijing, her fans were so caught is home to hall of China's 1.76 mil• some 100 pieces of folk music. She up in her emotional singing and lion minority Koreans. Korean per• folk dancing performance ihat they forming arts were the focus of the jumped up onto the stage to join in troupe, and Fang helped the an on the fun. Fang's rich, sweet forms develop and prosper. voice produces song for just about Paintings by Fang's masterpiece. Maiden't; everyone, as her Beijing concert in• Song, depicts the story of a young cluded everything from Korean Children man courting his girlfriend after a folk songs and modern creative China's ancient tradition of bumper harvest. Using her humor• works to classical arias and artistic creation lives anew each ous style, the soprano reflects Japanese songs. da\n its children. Under the the boys eagerness and the girl's watchful eyes of professional Fang, a member of New China's coyness. Their youthful vigour and artists and teachers, thousands of first generation of artists, joined an spirit are vividly portrayed. budding painters attend .spare- army song and dance troupe as a •inie classes in schools and Chil• Fang established her Beijing rep• 14-year-old student during the dren's Palaces throughout the utation with Maiden's Song in the Liberation War in 1947. She was country to learn the techniques early 1950s and won a silver med• they will need to make their al at the 1957 MOSCOM.- Interna- visions reality. tionai Vocal Competition, which had participants from more than The most promising see their works exhibited in the national 100 countries and regions. Thirty contests and art shows that have years have passed, but she con• been held annually since 1982. tinues to charm audiences with this Many take part in international simple love song. events such as the United Nations- Looking back on her long road sponsored international Telecom• munications Year Children's to success. Fang said she owes her Painting Contest, or the 1984 In• achievement to strict formal train• ternational Olympic Children's ing, especially her years in the Cen• Painting Contest. tral Conservatory of Music be• tween 1959 and 1962 when she The National Centre for Chil• studied under Guo Shuzhen, an dren's Activities in Beijing holds excellent soprano, from Guo, Fang 10 to )5 shows a year of works learnt European vocal techniques, by young people from schools throughout China and countries and thus improved her ability to overseas. This May. the centre express the emotions of her songs. hosted an exhibition of paintings The other teacher Fang can and calligraphy by children never forget is her native land. By from Nanjing. (See centrefold). learning from the land and the people of the Korean prefecture.

Beijing Review. No. 22 has also developed a unique ranto associations have been found• Faithful to the 16th-centurj' ethnic opera style in which she ed in nearly all of China's prov• original, the dance depicts Du mixes spoken lines with singing. inces, municipalities and autono• Liniang's visit to the peony And by blending her native Korean mous regions. The language is now pavilion, where she falls asleep music with European vocal tech• being taught in 32 universities and and dreams of meeting and falling niques, she has come up with a 15 correspondence schools. Four in love with a young scholar, Liu unique performing style. local broadcasting stations have Mengmei. After she wakes up, she begun teaching Esperanto by radio, is reprimanded by her parents for Over the past 10 years, Fang has and an Esperanto programme is going to the pavilion alone. Want• been teaching young singers and broadcast by Radio Peking. More ing to return to her dream but un• perforniing solo with the China than 200,000 Chinese are studying able to do so, she becomes depress• Broadcasting Art Troupe in Beijing. Esperanto. ed and dies. At the same time, She occasionally travels back to though, the young scholar has the her homeland to attend local The China Esperanto Associa• same dream. Their pure love festivals. tion officially joined the Universal Esperanto Association in 1981. The touches the heart of a god; with universal association will hold its his help, the girl comes back to 71st International Esperanto Con• life and the couple marry happily. 35th Anniversary ference in Beijing in 1986. Using innovative staging to des• Of *EI Popola Cinio' cribe the girl's sorrows, hopes and struggles, the dance vividly brings The Esperanto Magazine El Po• Ballet Based on its ancient story to life. In her pola Cinio celebrated its 35th dream, for instance, she sees two birthday in Beijing in May. Ancient Drama young couple's, both are actually The illustrated monthly is read herself and- Liu Mengmei. One The Peony Pavilion, a dance in more than 80 countries. couple fervently pursues freedom based on a drama by the Ming and happiness, while the other re• In recent years, its staff have Dynasty playwright Tang Xianzu mains obedient to feudal ethics. added some new columns includ• (1550-1616), was recently staged in The coiftradiction is underlined in ing "5,000 Years of the Chinese Beijing. several pas de deux, especially the Nation," ".Ancient Cultural Cities Adapted by artists of the Music one in which the heroine and her in China," "Travel in China" and and Dance Theatre of Guangdong father quarrel over her quest for "My Life" to help introdudej Province. The Peony Pavilion de• happiness. China's history, people, landscape picts the love story of a girl who and economic development to their pursues happiness and opposes the Chen Ailian, 45, a noted dancer readers. They have also covered feudal marriage system of ancient in the China Opera and Dance Esperanto movements worldwide China. Drama Theatre, is the choreogra• and published articles on topics of pher. She also play• common concern such as energy, ed the leading role old age and environmental protec• in the Beijing per• tion. For all this, El Popola Cinio formance. has been considered one of the world's finest Esperanto maga• The Peony Pavil• zines. ion was written by El Popola Cinio also publishes Tang Xianzu, a con• books in Esperanto. In 1981. its temporary of Shake• staff established the China Espe• speare. It occupies ranto Press to release volumes writ• an important posi• ten in or translated into Esperanto. tion in the history Its publications have included of Chinese literature works of literature, the "Phoenix and has been trans• Books" series on China, pictorials, lated into Japanese, children's books, Esperanto text• German and Eng• books and dictionaries. lish.

Espertanto was introduced into China in 1911. Since the founding of the People's Republic. Espe•

lune 3, 1985 37 SPORTS

Chengdu International Parachuting Shuttlecocks Gain Popularity in China Tournament in April. Li Rongrong also came first in the individual ac• Wang Yongsheng, a 76-year-old to the Han Dynasty some 2,000 curacy jump to become the wom• former Beijing Jade-Carving Fac• years ago. Over the centuries it has en's all-round champion, while tory worker, is proud that he has grown increasingly popular with sharing the women's group accu• never been bothered by the dis• the Chinese. Today it is a favourite racy jump title with her team• eases and aches and pains that pastime for primary and middle mates. The men's individual ac• plague many elderly people. De• school students. curacy jump title was held by spite his age, he is ruddy-faced, Li Hong. agile and forever a tower of Last year the State Sports and strength. He attributes his good Physical Culture Commission de• The tournament drew 45 com• health to his hobby of 56 years — signated shuttlecock kicking as a petitors from the Democratic Peo• shuttlecock kicking. formal contest sport, and in this ple's Republic of Korea, Japan and April China held its first national three Chinese teams. The event Wang is only one of the thou• championship. was, after all, the continuation of sands of shuttlecock fans in Beijing. The game calls for a combina• a success streak for the Chinese They are often seen practising in tion of personal skill and well- athletes. parks, never failing to draw oohs orchestrated teamwork. Players In June 1982, for example, Zhang and aahs from onlookers as they generally propel the shuttlecock Jianzhong of Sichuan Province it display dazzling footwork. They with kicks, although they can also t jump, squat and twist their bodies, set a world sky diving record use any part of the body except the by completing a set of required •tSL volleying the shuttlecocks into the hands and arms to deflect or proj• manoeuvres between 1,800 metres air in intricate patterns, never let• ect the shuttlecock. Two teams of and 2,000 metres above the ground ting them touch the ground. three persons square off on a court in 5.6 seconds in the individual Shuttlecock kicking dates back 12 metres long, by 6 metres wide stunt parachuting event. The event divide by a net 1.5 metres high. requires players to finish their Hot competition among Army shut• Players must score 15 points to compulsory movements in the tlecock fons win a game and a match is the best shortest possible time after jumping out of three games, very much like out of the plane. a badminton match. China has also come a long way The shuttlecock is made of a in group stunt event. This event spread of eagle feathers held to• requires four participants to de• gether with a tiny tube protruding scend in a ladder-like formation, from a base made of two round one on top of the other, switching metal pieces wrapped with three places as often as possible within layers of goatskin. In the past, a three-minute limit. The Chi• such shuttlecocks were handmade, nese team is capable of cornpleting but now machines do the task. 21 patterns, and is now considered Last year a Beijing factory made one of the best in the world. T 50,000 shuttlecocks, all of which wepe»sftatched up shortly after they Chinese women parachutists appeared on the market. earned a gold, a silver and three bronze medals in an international it stunt parachuting tournament in t Parachutists Show France last year. If AH these achievements have Their Potential prompted China to include para• chuting in its Sixth National it Chinese parachutists Li Guang- Games in 1988. The sport has pre• qiang and Li Rongrong took the viously been featured in exhibi• men's and women's individual tions, but only recently won^i^- stunt jump titles at the 1985 cognition as a regular event.

38 Beijing Review. No. 22 i,' Bookplate.

Ilustration for a Foreign Poetry Anthology.

Copperplate Engravings by Wang Weixin

Born in 1938 in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, Wang Weixin is now teaching at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing. Wong studied traditional Chinese art since childhood, and its influence pervades all his work. He is now searching for the per• fect blend of Western copper• plate engraving and traditional Chinese painting.

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