District Survey Report of Salem
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SALEM DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SALEM INDRODUCTION: Salem district is bounded north Tamil Nadu. It is located between on 11.669437°N Latitude, 78.140865°E Longitude at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft) above the mean sea level except Yercaud hills. It has an area of about 7905.38 Kms with 38, 96,388 inhabitants. The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem. The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two. Fig.No.1: SALEM DISTRICT MAP The fort area is the oldest part of Salem. Entire district comprises of a hard rock terrain of Archaean age with the principal rock type of granite and a semi-arid weather. It is assessable by National Highways 7 and 47, that connects major part of the state and the country. It has major industrial units like Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), Tamil Nadu Magnesite Limited (TANMAG) and many Sago units. Because of such importance, population rapidly increases and flooded with vehicular traffic throughout the day. 2. ADMINISTRATION: Salem is the headquarters of Salem district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 60 wards, each with an elected councilor. The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner. Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council, headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson. Fig.No.2: SALEM DISTRICT TALUK MAP Sl.No. Revenue Sub Division Taluks 1 Salem Salem, Valapadi, Yercaud 2 Attur Attur, Gangavalli 3 Mettur Mettur, Omalur 4 Sankari Idappadi Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Deputy Superintendent. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police. Salem is a part of the Salem North, Salem West and Salem South assembly constituencies delineated in 2008. The city elects the three members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. The city is part of the Salem Lok Sabha constituency consisting of six assembly constituencies: Omalur, Salem North, Salem South, Salem West, Veerapandi and Edappadi. i) District Education Institutions and Health Institutions: a)Education Institutions: Sl.No Educational institutions Nos 1 University 1 2 Pharmacy college 2 3 Medical college 4 4 Nursing college 4 5 Engineering college 8 6 Law college 1 7 Teacher Training college 6 8 Other professional Institutions 28 9 Primary School 1424 10 Middle School 452 11 High School 239 12 Higher Secondary School 271 b) Health Institutions: Sl.No Health institutions Nos 1 Government Hospitals 10 2 Private Hospitals 182 3 Ayurvedic Hospitals 62 4 Primary Health Centres 110 5 Health Sub-Centres 398 3. TRANSPORT: i) RAIL NET WORK The rail network of Salem Junction falls under Salem division of Southern Railway. The network connects Salem to major cities in the country like Jammu, Delhi, Jaipur, Varanasi, Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Vishakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Howrah, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Indore, etc. The total track length is of 160Km (Broad gauge) and 122Km (Meter gauge) in the district. ii) LOGISTIC Safexpress Logistics Park at Salem is located close to National Highway 47. The development of Safexpress Logistics Park at Salem is done on a land area of 2, 70,000 square feet2. The Logistics Park enables loading and unloading of over 40 vehicles simultaneously. Highly streamlined operations at the Logistics Park ensure Fastest Transit Time from Salem to over 610 destinations across the country. To facilitate all weather loading/unloading of goods, the facility is equipped with 16 feet wide Cantilever shed. 4. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE: Salem district is characterized by undulating terrain and major part of the Eastern Ghats falls in the district. The Shevroy hills, Yercaud part of the Eastern Ghats is located at an altitude of 1900m the highest peak in this district. The terrain between plains and the hills are generally 150 to 400m above MSL with a low lying plain in the western side of the district. River Cauvery is the major river which traverses at the western part of the district. The major tributaries are Sarabanga and Thirumanimuttar. The Vasishta Nadhi and Vellar also drain in the Eastern part of the district. 5. RAIN FALL: Salem has a tropical savanna climate January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December. Climate data for Salem, India Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 32.1 Average 34.7 37.0 37.8 37.2 35.0 34.0 33.4 33.2 32.1 31.0 30.7 34.02 (89.8 high °C (°F) (94.5) (98.6) (100) (99) (95) (93.2) (92.1) (91.8) (89.8) (87.8) (87.3) (93.24) ) 19.2 Average low 20.4 22.5 25.0 25.0 24.1 23.4 23.0 22.8 22.4 21.1 19.6 22.38 (66.6 °C (°F) (68.7) (72.5) (77) (77) (75.4) (74.1) (73.4) (73) (72.3) (70) (67.3) (72.27) ) Average 4.4 3.4 17.3 55.5 109.7 72.4 108.0 140.6 176.5 185.5 110.2 35.0 1,018.5 precipitation (0.17 (0.134) (0.681) (2.185) (4.319) (2.85) (4.252) (5.535) (6.949) (7.303) (4.339) (1.378) (40.098) mm (inches) 3) Source: Indian Meteorological Department 6. Climate: The district enjoys a tropical climate. The period from March to May is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from November to January. Usually mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative humilities are generally between 40 and 80%. But in the period from February to July the air is comparatively drier in the afternoon. The mean maximum temperature ranges from 26.7 to 38.56 °C and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 18.7°C to 29.3 °C. The daytime heat is oppressive and the temperature is as high as 43.9°C. The lowest temperature recorded is of the order of 13.9°C. 7. Geology and Stratigraphy: a) Availability of Minerals. The district is rich in mineral deposits like Magnesite, Bauxite, Granite, Limestone, Quartz and Iron ore for which units have been established in the region. The mineral base is found to be spread across for the district. Some of the major mineral players in Salem district are TATA Refractories, Dalmia, MALCO, India Cements Limited, etc. NAME OF MINERAL S.NO. Major Mineral Miner Mineral 1 Limestone Quartz 2 Magnesite Feldspar 3 Bauxite Granite-Black(CBM) 4 Soapstone Granite-Colur(CBM) 5 Dunite Rough Stone(Unit) 6 Magnetite Soil/Gravel (Unit) Geologically, the entire district can be classified into hard rock formation. More than 90 percent of the district is underlain by hard rock of Archaean age. The gneissic type of formation is the major formation among the various types of hard rocks. Charnockite occurs in this district as pockets in Salem and Attur taluks. Quartz, Feldspar, and limestone which are resistant to weathering are also seen as patches in Charnockite and gneissic varieties and the above rock types found Sedimentary Formation: - Recent alluvial deposits such as sand, silt, clay, gravel etc. Geochronological and isotopic studies have brought to light that the southern part of the SGT lying south of Palghat – Cauvery Lineament (PCL) has a geological history distinctly different from the Dharwar Craton. These studies have shown that the terrain lying north of PCL shows crustal growth during the period from 3400 to 2500 Ma. In contrast, crustal growth in the terrain south of PCL is considered to have taken place predominantly during Post-Archaean times. This terrain might have witnessed several cycles of metamorphism, the most pervasive being the 550Ma Pan-African granulite facies event as constrained by isotopic systematic. The granulite terrain of Salem area has witnessed two major periods of granitic activity – one during Late-Archaean to Early Palaeo-Proterozoic and the other during Neo-Proterozoic times. The granites of older event are restricted to the southern part of Salem district ie. North of Moyar – Bhavani – Attur Lineament (MBAL), while the younger Pan-African event is widespread in the terrain south of MBAL. The rocks of the Khondalite and Charnockite groups have been subjected to regional migmatisation and retrogression with influx of quartzo- feldspathic material resulting in the formation of different types of gneiss such as biotite gneiss, hornblende gneiss, augen gneiss, garnetiferous biotite gneiss, garnetiferous quartzofelspathic gneiss depending upon the parent rock. These rocks are grouped under migmatite complex. The migmatites are generally grey coloured but at many places they are affected by late stage permeation of pink felspar veins caused by potash metasomatism and are converted to pink migmatite. Mineral Resources Salem district finds very important place in the mineral map of Tamilnadu. Bauxite, Dunite, magnetite, quartz, limestone, soapstone and granite is important minerals available in the district.