The Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS) is an organization devoted to the advocacy for, public education th about, and conservation science 4BIENNIAL SYMPOSIUM of freshwater mollusks, North America's most imperiled fauna. Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Membership in the society is open to anyone interested in freshwater mollusks who supports the May 15-18, 2005 • Radisson Riverfront Hotel • St. Paul, Minnesota, USA stated purposes of the Society: • advocate conservation of freshwater molluscan resources, Are Your Natives Restless? • serve as a conduit for information about freshwater Holistic Strategies for Conserving Freshwater Mollusks During Exotic Invasions mollusks, • promote science-based management of freshwater mollusks, • promote and facilitate education and awareness about freshwater mollusks and their function in freshwater ecosystems, • assist with the facilitation of the National Strategy for the Conservation of Native Freshwater Mussels (Journal of Shellfish Research, 1999, Volume 17, Number 5), and a similar strategy under development for freshwater gastropods. MEETING PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS

Symposium Host Sponsors Symposium Financial Sponsors Ecological Specialists, Inc. Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resources Illinois Natural History Survey Association Macalester College Mussel Mitigation Trust Fund Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Upper Conservation Committee North Carolina State University Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries University of Minnesota U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

1 Layout of Hotel Meeting Rooms

Upper Level Sunday, May 15, 2005

1:00 PM - 9:00 PM-Registration ...... Radisson Lobby 1:00 PM - 4:00 PM- Monday Platform Presenters to Turn in PowerPoint Files at Registration Table ...... Radisson Lobby 7:00 - 10:30 PM-Welcome Social at Science Museum of .... Minnesota (light refreshments provided)....Downtown St. Paul 7:00 PM - 10:00 PM-Speaker Ready Room Available ...... Wabasha Board Room

Street Level Contents

Contents ...... 2 Layout of Hotel Meeting Rooms ...... 2 Program Summary ...... 2-3 Detailed Plenary and Platform Program ...... 4 Poster Session Schedule ...... 7 Detailed Platform Program ...... 9 Plenary Session Abstracts ...... 12 Platform Session Abstracts ...... 13 Poster Session Abstracts ...... 22 Platform Session Abstracts ...... 41 FMCS Officers 2004-2005...... 65 FMCS Standing Committees ...... 65 Acknowledgments ...... 65 2 th Biennial Symposium of the Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society 4 MAY 15-18, 2005 • RADISSON RIVERFRONT HOTEL • ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA “Are your Natives Restless?”

Monday, May 16, 2005 Tuesday, May 17, 2005 Wednesday, May 18, 2005

7:00 AM - 5:00 PM Registration ...... Radisson Lobby 7:00 AM - 8:00 AM- Morning Coffee and Light 7:00 AM - 8:00 AM-Morning Coffee and Light Refreshments 7:00 PM - 4:00 PM Tuesday Platform Presenters to Turn in Refreshments...... Garden Court East ...... Garden Court East PowerPoint Files at Registration Table ...... Radisson Lobby 7:00 AM - 5:00 PM-Speaker Ready Room Available 7:00 AM - Noon-Speaker Ready Room Available ...... 7:00 AM - 5:00 PM Speaker Ready Room Available ...... Wabasha Board Room ...... Wabasha Board Room ...... Wabasha Board Room 8:00 AM - Noon-Registration ...... Radisson Lobby 8:00 AM-Platform Session 7A: Status & Distribution II ...... 7:00 AM - 8:00 AM Morning Coffee and Light Refreshments. 8:00 PM - 4:00 PM-Wednesday Platform Presenters to Turn ...... Kellogg Suite ...... Garden Court East in PowerPoint Files at Registration Table ..... Radisson Lobby 8:00 AM - Noon Welcome and Plenary Session...... 8:00 AM—Platform Session 3A: Life History & Ecology Platform Session 7B: Status & Recovery ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV ...... Kellogg Suite ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV 9:45 AM - 10:15 AM Break ...... Garden Court East Platform Session 3B: Propagation & Reproduction I ...... 9:40 AM Break...... Garden Court East Noon - 1:00 PM Box Lunch and Committee Meetings ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV 9:40 AM-Poster Take Down ...... Garden Court East Awards ...... Kellogg I 9:40 AM-Break ...... Garden Court East 10:00 AM-Platform Session 8A: Status & Distribution III .... Environmental Quality & Affairs ...... Kellogg II 10:00 AM-Platform Session 4A: Habitat & Conservation ...... Kellogg Suite Gastropod Status & Distribution ...... Kellogg III ...... Kellogg Suite Platform Session 8B: Propagation & Reproduction II ...... Guidelines & Techniques/Commercial ...... Wabasha I Platform Session 4B: Status & Distribution I ...... Information Exchange ...... Wabasha II ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV Mussel Status & Distribution ...... Wabasha III & IV 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch ...... On Your Own 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch ...... On Your Own Outreach ...... Wabasha III & IV 1:00 PM—Platform Session 5A: Relocation Recovery ...... 1:00 PM-Depart for Tours/FieldTrips ...... Gather in Propagation, Restoration & Introduction ...... Kellogg Suite Radisson Lobby near Registration Table ...... Great River Ballroom I & IV Platform Session 5B: Evolution & Phylogenetics II ...... 1:00 PM - 6:30 PM Poster Setup.Great River Ballroom II & III ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV 1:00 PM Platform Session 1A: Mussel Conservation in the 2:40 PM-Break...... Garden Court East Upper Mississippi River System I ...... Kellogg Suite 3:20 PM-Platform Session 6A: & Unionid Platform Session 1B: Evolution & Phylogenetics I ...... Interactions...... Kellogg Suite ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV Platform Session 6B: Pathogens & Exotic Species ...... 2:40 PM Break ...... Garden Court East ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV 3:20 PM Platform Session 2A: Mussel Conservation in the 5:00 PM-Awards Committee Meeting ...... Wabasha III & IV Upper Mississippi River System II ...... Kellogg Suite 5:00 PM Poster Judge’s Meeting ...... Wabasha III & IV Platform Session 2B: Contaminants and Water Quality ...... 7:00 - Midnight-Dinner with Invited Speaker-James ...... Great River Ballroom I, IV Pritchard of Iowa State University 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM FMCS Board Meeting ... Wabasha III & IV FMCS Business Meeting 7:00 PM - 10:00 PM Poster Session (Light Refreshments Awards Presentations Provided) ...... Great River Ballroom II & Ill Auction/Raffle & Mixer-Bring Instruments for Jam Session ...... Great River Ballroom II, III 7:00 PM - 10:00 PM Speaker Ready Room Available ...... Wabasha Board Room

3 Monday, May 16, 2005 About the Artists and Artwork Displayed Throughout the Program Wellcome and Plenary Session Kerissa Nelson is a Senior at Grantsburg High School. Her past artwork has been 8:00 AM - Noon featured in Argia, the newsletter or the Dragonfly Society of the Americas, and Moderator: Kevin Cummings, Illinois Natural History Survey • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV received commendation from the National Park Service. In 2004, her oil painting of a green-winged teal was the chosen as Wisconsin’s 1st place entry in the in Ducks 8:00-8:15 AM Unlimited Junior Duck Stamp Contest. Her enclosed drawing, entitled, “St. Croix Welcome and Introduction - River of Life” has been entered in the National Park Service’s - River of Words G. Thomas Watters, FMCS President, Ohio State University contest, and is also being forwarded to the National Park Service at Harpers Ferry Kurt I. Welke, Symposium Chair, WI Department of Natural Resources for considered in future publications. Her artwork will also be featured in the 8:15-9:00 AM upcoming Wisconsin Environmental Education Science Curriculum - Freshwater PE 1 ASIAN CARP IMPACTS—Jerry L. Rasmussen Mussels: in Our Backyard.

9:00-9:45 AM Kristina Westberg is a Senior at Grantsburg High School. Her past artwork has PE 2 “NOT SO GENTLY DOWN THE STREAM” – DYNAMICS OF ZEBRA MUSSEL been displayed at the St. Croix Research Rendezvous and at the Great Lakes POPULATIONS IN THE OHIO RIVER AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NATIVE Mollusk Watchers Conference. In addition to her artwork, she has been involved in MOLLUSKS—Patricia A. Morrison original research of mussel communities on Wisconsin tributaries of the St. Croix and host suitability studies on Pistolgrip (Tritogonia verrucosa), Plain Pocketbook 9:45-10:15 AM Break ( cardium) and Fat Mucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea). Her enclosed picture, entitled “Sauger and Pistolgrip” was inspired by that work, and has been entered in 10:15-11:00 AM the National Park Service’s - River of Words contest. PE 3 PREVENTING FUTURE INVASIONS: RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NON-INDIG- ENOUS FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS IN THE US—Reuben P. Keller The students are supervised by Mr. Matt Berg in the Department of Biology at 11:00-11:45 AM Grantsburg High School in Grantsburg, Wisconsin. PE 4 IS THERE LIFE AFTER ZEBRA MUSSELS?—Susan J. Nichols

11:45-Noon Questions & Discussion

Noon - 1:00 PM Box Lunch and Committee Meetings Awards Environmental Quality & Affairs Gastropod Status & Distribution Guidelines & Techniques / Commercial Information Exchange Mussel Status & Distribution Outreach Propagation, Restoration & Introduction

Darter Host Fish —Kerissa Nelson 4 Monday, May 16, 2005 Platform Session

Session 1A, Mussel Conservation in the Upper Mississippi River System I Session 1B, Evolution & Phylogenetics I Moderator: Kurt I. Welke, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: David J. Berg, Miami University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

1:00-1:20 PM 1:00-1:20 PM PL 1 LONG-TERM TRENDS IN NATIVE MUSSELS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVERS PL 6 REGIONAL PATTERNS OF POPULATION GENETIC VARIATION IN FRESHWATER MUSSELS Mark D. Farr David J. Berg

1:20-1:40 PM 1:20-1:40 PM PL 2 LONG-TERM TRENDS IN NATIVE MUSSELS ON THE ST. CROIX AND WISCONSIN RIVERS PL 7 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF THE ENDANGERED NORTHERN RIFFLESHELL David Heath (EPIOBLASMA TORULOSA RANGIANA)—David T. Zanatta*

1:40-2:00 PM 1:40-2:00 PM PL 3 STATUS OF ZEBRA MUSSEL POPULATIONS (DREISSENA POLYMORPHA) WITHIN THE PL 8 RANGE-WIDE TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO RARE LAMPSILINE MUSSEL SPECIES RAISES UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM—Elliott Stefanik QUESTIONS ABOUT HYBRIDIZATION AND CONGENERIC SPECIES BOUNDARIES—Morgan W. Kelly*

2:00-2:20 PM 2:00-2:20 PM PL 4 NEW LIFE IN A DEAD ZONE - AN URBAN MISSISSIPPI’S REDEMPTION; OPPORTUNITIES FOR PL 9 SYSTEMATICS AND MORPHOMETRICS OF ELIMIA COMALENSIS (: MUSSEL REINTRODUCTIONS—Mike Davis ) FROM THE EDWARDS PLATEAU, TX—David M. Hayes*

2:20-2:40 PM 2:20-2:40 PM PL 5 CONSERVATION PLANNING FOR NATIVE MUSSELS OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PL 10 AN INTRASPECIFIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE RAINBOW MUSSEL, SYSTEM—Gary Wege IRIS (: )—Kody F. Kuehnl*

2:40-3:20 PM Break 2:40-3:20 PM—Break

Session 2A, Mussel Conservation in the Upper Mississippi River System II Lession 2B, Contaminants & Water Quality Moderator: Kurt I. Welke, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: Jerry L. Farris, Arkansas State University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

3:20-3:40 PM 3:20-3:40 PM PL 11 CONTROLLED PROPAGATION AND CAGE CULTURE ACTIVITIES BY THE MUSSEL PL 16 DEVELOPING STANDARDIZED GUIDANCE FOR CONDUCTING TOXICITY TESTS WITH THE COORDINATION TEAM TO CONSERVE THE FEDERALLY ENDANGERED HIGGINS EYE EARLY-LIFE STAGES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS—Ning Wang PEARLYMUSSEL (LAMPSILIS HIGGINSII)—Roger Gordon

3:40-4:00 PM 3:40-4:00 PM PL 12 REINTRODUCTION ACTIVITIES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER MUSSEL COORDINATION PL 17 ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TO NATIVE TEAM TO CONSERVE THE FEDERALLY ENDANGERED HIGGINS EYE PEARLYMUSSEL FRESHWATER MUSSELS—LeRoy F. Humphries* (LAMPSILIS HIGGINSII)—Dan Kelner

4:00-4:20 PM 4:00-4:20 PM PL 13 HOST FISH IDENTIFICATION AND EARLY LIFE THERMAL REQUISITES OF THE FEDERALLY PL 18 ASSESSING THE HAZARDS OF CURRENT USE PESTICIDES TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF ENDANGERED WINGED MAPLELEAF MUSSEL (QUADRULA FRAGOSA)—Mark T. Steingraeber NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSELS—Robert Bringolf

4:20-4:40 PM 4:20-4:40 PM PL 14 RECOVERY OF WINGED MAPLELEAF (QUADRULA FRAGOSA)- PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL PL 19 WHAT FACTORS IMPACT FRESHWATER MOLLUSCAN SURVIVAL IN THE CONASAUGA RIVER CAGE CULTURE—Susan (Rogers) Oetker BASIN?—Adam J. Sharpe*

4:40-5:00 PM 4:40-5:00 PM PL 15 PANEL DISCUSSION, QUESTIONS, AND INPUT FROM THE AUDIENCE—Moderator and Presenters PL 20 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL FLUOXETINE ON A NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSEL—W. Gregory Cope *Denotes Student Presentation 5 St Croix - River of Life —Kerissa Nelson

6 Monday, May 16, 2005 Poster Session 7:00 PM - 10:00 PM Moderator: Teresa Newton, U.S. Geological Survey Location: Great River Ballroom II & III

PO 1 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF UNIONID MUSSEL PO 10 IMPROVED BEDLOAD COLLECTORS FOR PO 19 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF UNIONIDS MAY BEDS IN LARGE RIVERS SEDIMENT TMDL’S AND SIZE-SELECTIVE INFLUENCE THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE Steven J. Zigler SEDIMENT REMOVAL UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER David A. Braatz Michelle R. Bartsch PO 2 USE OF PIT TAGS TO TRACK FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN MAINE PO 11 OBSERVATIONS OF AMBLEMINE UNIONID PO 20 NOT ALL THAT DAM(N) BAD: CHANGING Jennifer E. Kurth* MANTLE DISPLAYS AND GLOCHIDIA RELEASE PERSPECITIVES ON THE ROLE OF IMPOUND- Bernard E. Sietman MENTS IN FRESHWATER MOLLUSK CONSER- PO 3 IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF VATION BIOLOGY FRESHWATER MUSSELS PO 12 REPRODUCTIVE TIMING AND ISOLATION IN Michael M. Gangloff F. Michael Holliman FRESHWATER MUSSEL SPECIES Heather S. Galbraith* PO 21 COMPARATIVE WATER RELATIONS IN THREE PO 4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND FRESHWATER SYMPATRIC SLUGS: DEROCERAS LAEVE, MUSSELS PO 13 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING LEHMANNIA VALENTIANA, AND PHILOMYCUS John J. Jenkinson REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF FRESHWATER CAROLINIANUS MUSSELS IN SHOAL CREEK, AL Jody M. Thompson* PO 5 POPULATION DYNAMICS, REPRODUCTIVE Michael L. Buntin* BEHAVIORS, AND HABITAT USE BY A THREAT- PO 22 BY WATER THEY GO: AQUATIC SNAILS IN THE ENED, ENDEMIC ARKANSAS MUSSEL, PO 14 PRACTICAL INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEM. ARE THEY NATIVE, EXOTIC, INVASIVE LAMPSILIS POWELLII (LEA, 1852) MUSSEL PROPAGATION AND FIELD SAMPLING OR JUST GREAT BIO-INDICATORS? Mary C. Scott* TECHNOLOGY IN VIRGINIA Gina M. Malizio* Joe J. Ferraro PO 6 USE OF RELIC SHELLS TO DETERMINE TIME PO 23 INVADERS FROM THE SOUTH: APPLESNAIL SINCE MORTALITY PO 15 WHAT’S HAPPENIN’ AT WHITE SULPHUR (POMACEA CANALICULATA) ECOLOGY AND Elizabeth A. Ashcraft* SPRINGS NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY? LIFE HISTORY Catherine M. Gatenby Rebecca K. Marfurt* PO 7 SIZE AND AGE DISTRIBUTIONS OF FRESHWA- TER MUSSELS CONSUMED BY MUSKRATS IN PO 16 IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE HOST FISHES PO 24 ASSESSING THE SPREAD OF ZEBRA MUSSELS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER NEAR FAIRPORT, IOWA FOR THE ROUND HICKORYNUT (OBOVARIA IN THE ST. CROIX RIVER USING DENSITY Tatsuaki Nakato SUBROTUNDA) FROM KENTUCKY MEASUREMENTS AND NATIVE MUSSELS Adam C. Shepard Byron N. Karns PO 8 TOXICITY OF SYNTHETIC MUSKS TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL, PO 17 PERSISTENCE OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OF PO 25 OUR ST. CROIX RIVER: BATTLEGROUND FOR LAMPSILIS CARDIUM TO GLOCHIDIA OF A INVADING ZEBRA MUSSELS Teresa J. Newton UNIONID MUSSEL Nicholas Rowse Benjamin J. Dodd* PO 9 THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON SURVIVAL OF PO 26 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UNIONIDS AND LAMPSILIS CARDIUM JUVENILES IN LABORA- PO 18 IDENTIFICATION OF FLOW REFUGES AND CORBICULA AT SMALL SPATIAL SCALES TORY EXPOSURES POTENTIAL COLONIZATION BY JUVENILE Caryn C. Vaughn Teresa J. Newton FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN LARGE RIVERS Yenory Morales 7 *Denotes Student Presentation Monday, May 16, 2005 (continued)

PO 27 FURTHER RANGE EXPANSION OF THE INTRO- PO 36 UPDATING KNOWLEDGE OF LAND SNAIL PO 46 GENETIC DIFFERENCES AMONG POPULATIONS DUCED (MÜLLER, DISTRIBUTIONS IN PENNSYLVANIA OF THE FLUTED-SHELL MUSSEL ( 1774) IN CONNECTICUT Timothy A. Pearce COSTATA) FROM THE OHIO RIVER AND LAKE Jay R. Cordeiro ERIE WATERSHEDS PO 37 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FRESHWATER Jessica L. Hoisington* PO 28 INVASIVE AND ENDANGERED MOLLUSKS IN MUSSEL FAUNA OF GUINEA THE SNAKE RIVER, USA Russell L. Minton PO 47 MICROSATELLITE VARIATION IN POPULATIONS David C. Richards OF LAMPSILIS CARDIUM FROM THE UPPER PO 38 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PO 29 LONG-TERM POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MUSSEL DIVERSITY Emy M. Monroe* UNIONOID MUSSELS IN THE ST. CROIX RIVER, Kevin S. Cummings MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN, USA PO 48 MICROSATELLITE ASSESSMENT OF GENE Dan J. Hornbach PO 39 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INITIAL CONSERVATION FLOW IN AMBLEMA PLICATA IN THE OUACHITA ASSESSMENT FOR NORTH AMERICAN FRESH- HIGHLANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA PO 30 LONG TERM MONITORING OF THE MUSSEL WATER GASTROPODS Kathleen L. Reagan* COMMUNITY AND HABITAT IN THE KENTUCKY Paul D. Johnson DAM TAILWATER IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE PO 49 GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF FISH HOSTS FOR NAVIGATION LOCK ADDITION AT KENTUCKY PO 40 THE ENIGMATIC QUADRULA NOBILIS (CONRAD THE YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL (LAMPSILIS LOCK AND DAM 1854): WHAT IS IT? CARIOSA) AND TIDEWATER MUCKET Chad E. Lewis Robert G. Howells (LEPTODEA OCHRACEA) USING A MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION KEY PO 31 RECRUITMENT OF JUVENILE UNIONIDS PO 41 WHO ARE YOUR NATIVES? BIOGEOGRAPHY Stephen Kneeland* (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) IN NAVIGATION POOL 8 AND CAUTIONS FROM “PLEUROBEMA” OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SPECIES IN THE MOBILE BASIN. Jennifer S. Sauer David C. Campbell

PO 32 A SURVEY OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS PO 42 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF THE ENDAN- (UNIONIDAE) IN TWIN CREEK, SOUTHWEST GERED GENUS ALASMIDONTA (UNIONIDAE: OHIO ANODONTINAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA Kara L. Wendeln* Morgan E. Raley

PO 33 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWA- PO 43 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TER MUSSELS IN BAYOU BARTHOLOMEW, FRESHWATER MUSSEL SPECIES OF THE ARKANSAS GENUS EPIOBLASMA (UNIONIDAE) Jeff A. Brooks* Jess W. Jones

PO 34 UNIONID ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER OHIO PO 44 POPULATION GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE RIVER, DOWNSTREAM OF THE BELLEVILLE ENDANGERED CUMBERLAND COMBSHELL LOCK AND DAM EPIOBLASMA BREVIDENS: IMPLICATIONS FOR Cristi Milam SPECIES RECOVERY Nathan A. Johnson* PO 35 PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A MOLLUSK INVENTORY OF THE CAHABA RIVER BASIN, PO 45 POPULATION GENETICS OF QUADRULA ALABAMA QUADRULA: REGIONAL DIFFERENCES Jeffrey D. Sides Todd D. Levine* 8 *Denotes Student Presentation Tuesday, May 17, 2005

Session 3A, Life History & Ecology Session 3B, Propagation & Reproduction I Moderator: Caryn C. Vaughn, Oklahoma Biological Survey • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: Chris Barnhart, Southwest Missouri State University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

8:00-8:20 AM 8:00-8:20 AM PL 21 A FIELD EXPERIMENT EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF MUSSEL SPECIES COMPOSITION ON PL 26 HOST INFECTION STRATEGY OF THE SNUFFBOX MUSSEL, EPIOBLASMA TRIQUETRA—Chris Barnhart ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN STREAMS—Caryn C. Vaughn

8:20-8:40 AM 8:20-8:40 AM PL 22 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL COMMUNITIES: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE PL 27 THE EFFECTS OF GLOCHIDIOSIS ON FISH RESPIRATION—Brianna E. Kaiser* ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGICAL SERVICES—Daniel E. Spooner*

8:40-9:00 AM 8:40-9:00 AM PL 23 MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS DETECT SIGNIFICANT POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PL 28 CROSS-RESISTANCE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS TO UNIONID MUSSELS—Benjamin J. Dodd* ALASMIDONTA HETERODON WITHIN THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN. —Kristine M. Playfoot

9:00-9:20 AM 9:00-9:20 AM PL 24 CONSERVATION OF THE SPECIAL CONCERN OUACHITA CREEKSHELL (VILLOSA PL 29 HOST FISH IDENTIFICATION TRIALS FOR FOUR SPECIES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE ARKANSASENSIS) (LEA 1852): LIFE HISTORY, ECOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION SUBFAMILY ANODONTINAE—Rachel A. Mair* IMPLICATIONS—Sara E. Seagraves*

9:20-9:40 AM 9:20-9:40 AM PL 25 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS (BIVALVIA:UNIONIDAE) FROM PL 30 STUDY OF THE CAPTIVE SURVIVAL RATE AND FEASIBILITY OF PEARL PRODUCTION BY THE KENTUCKY—Monte A. McGregor PINK HEELSPLITTER (POTAMILUS ALATUS)—Dan Hua*

9:40-10:00 AM Break 9:40-10:00 AM Break

Session 4A, Habitat & Conservation Session 4B, Status & Distribution I Moderator: Heidi L. Dunn, Ecological Specialists, Inc. • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: Rita Villella, U.S. Geological Survey • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

10:00-10:20 AM 10:00-10:20 AM PL 31 USE OF MESOHABITAT AND MICROHABITAT PATCHES BY FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE PL 36 FISH MEDIATED MOVEMENT OF UNIONIDS: NEUTRAL MODEL OF FISH COMMUNITIES IN CLINCH RIVER, VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE—Brett J. K. Ostby* THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER—Daelyn Woolnough*

10:20-10:40 AM 10:20-10:40 AM PL 32 COWS, CONDOS AND CORNFIELDS: CAN CANADA’S ENDANGERED MUSSELS COPE? PL 37 PREDICTING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS BASED ON FISH ZOOGEOGRAPHY IN Todd J. Morris WISCONSIN—David Heath

10:40-11:00 AM 10:40-11:00 AM PL 33 SIZE MATTERS: NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER MUSSEL EXTIRPATIONS REFLECT PL 38 USE OF HYDRAULIC VARIABLES TO PREDICT THE ABUNDANCE OF UNIONIDS IN TWO LANDSCAPE SCALE ALTERATION OF RIVERINE HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGY—Michael M. Gangloff REACHES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER—Jeffrey Steuer

11:00-11:20 AM 11:00-11:20 AM PL 34 A REACH SCALE COMPARISON OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PL 39 THE USE OF AN ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER SYSTEM IN AQUIRING COMPLEX FRESHWATER MUSSEL BEDS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE HAVES AND HAVE NOTS HYDRAULIC VARIABLES FOR THE PREDICTION OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL DISTRIBUTION IN A Andrew J. Peck* LARGE RIVER—Pascal Irmscher*

11:20-11:40 AM 11:20-11:40 AM PL 35 AN ANALYSIS OF RATES OF SEDIMENTATION LOADING AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE PL 40 DETERMINING STATUS AND TRENDS OF THE NEW RIVER MUSSEL COMMUNITY, NEW RIVER BEAR CREEK SYSTEM, ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI, 2004—Stuart W. McGregor GORGE NATIONAL RIVER, WV—Brian Richards* 9 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch On Your Own 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch On Your Own *Denotes Student Presentation Tuesday, May 17, 2005 (continued)

Session 5A, Relocation & Recovery Session 5B, Evolution & Phylogenetics II Moderator: Marian E. Havlik, Malacological Consultants • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: Bonnie S. Bowen, Iowa State University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

1:00-1:20 PM 1:00-1:20 PM PL 41 EVALUATION OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS (: UNIONOIDEA) FITNESS PRE- AND PL 46 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF ENDANGERED LAMPSILIS HIGGINSII: MITOCHONDRIAL AND POST- RELOCATION EFFORTS—Heidi E. McIntyre* MICROSATELLITE DNA ANALYSIS AID THE RECOVERY AND PROPAGATION PLANS—Bonnie S. Bowen

1:20-1:40 PM 1:20-1:40 PM PL 42 RELOCATION OF MUSSELS FROM THE MUSKINGUM RIVER NEAR DRESDEN, OH—Thomas G. Jones PL 47 IDENTIFYING NEW POPULATIONS OF THE ENDANGERED WINGED MAPLELEAF QUADRULA FRAGOSA USING MOLECULES AND MORPHOLOGY—Jeanne M. Serb 1:40-2:00 PM PL 43 2003 AND 2004 FOLLOW-UPS ON A 2002 UNIONID TRANSLOCATION FROM MISSISSIPPI 1:40-2:00 PM RIVER MILE 818.9, COTTAGE GROVE, MN—Marian E. Havlik PL 48 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE PLEUROBEMINI: PRELIMINARY RESULTS—Cheryl L. Morrison

2:00-2:20 PM 2:00-2:20 PM PL 44 FRESHWATER MUSSEL RESTORATION GUIDELINES IN VIRGINIA: THE WHY, WHAT, AND PL 49 ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION OF NOVEL RESULTING MYTHS AND REALITY—Brian T. Watson MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS FOR THE ENDANGERED CLUBSHELL (PLEUROBEMA CLAVA)—Tim L. King

2:20-2:40 PM 2:20-2:40 PM PL 45 OPPORTUNITY FOR RECOVERY OF MUSSELS IN COPPER CREEK, RUSSELL AND SCOTT PL 50 CONCHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC VARIATION IN THE KIDNEYSHELL, PTYCHOBRANCHUS COUNTIES, VIRGINIA: IN SEARCH OF A REFUGIUM—Shane D. Hanlon FASCIOLARIS (RAFINESQUE, 1820)—Kevin J. Roe

2:40-3:20 PM Break 2:40-3:20 PM Break

Session 6A, Zebra Mussel & Unionid Interactions Session 6B, Pathogens & Exotic Species Moderator: Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith, National Water Research Institute, Ontario, Canada • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: William F. Henley, Virginia Tech University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV 3:20-3:40 PM 3:20-3:40 PM PL 51 CHARACTERISTICS OF A NATURAL REFUGE FOR UNIONIDS IN THE DELTA AREA OF LAKE PL 56 SAFETY OF FISH THERAPEUTANTS TO MUSSEL GLOCHIDIA ATTACHED TO FISH GILLS ST. CLAIR—Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith —Tony R. Brady

3:40-4:00 PM 3:40-4:00 PM PL 52 GLYCOGEN AND FATTY ACIDS AS BIOMARKERS FOR IMPACTS OF ZEBRA MUSSELS ON PL 57 TREMATODE INFESTATIONS IN FRESHWATER MUSSELS OF THE UPPER NORTH FORK UNIONIDS IN THE DELTA AREA OF LAKE ST. CLAIR—Daryl J. McGoldrick HOLSTON RIVER—William F. Henley 4:00-4:20 PM 4:00-4:20 PM PL 58 STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF MUSSELS: NORMAL FLORA FROM MUSSELS OF PL 53 KENTUCKY DAM TAILWATER, TENNESSEE RIVER, AS A MUSSEL REFUGE FROM INVADING THE CLINCH AND HOLSTON RIVERS, VA AND DEPURATION OF THE FISH PATHOGEN ZEBRA MUSSELS—James B. Sickel AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA—Clifford E. Starliper 4:20-4:40 PM 4:20-4:40 PM PL 54 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COMPETITION FOR FOOD RESOURCES BETWEEN UNIONIDS PL 59 HELMINTH PARASITES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS FROM MANITOBA, NORTH DAKOTA AND AND ZEBRA MUSSELS—Yenory Morales SASKATCHEWAN—Joe Carney 4:40-5:00 PM 4:40-5:00 PM PL 55 THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION AND SEDIMENT DEPTH ON DREISSENIDS AND UNIONIDS IN A PL 60 IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES ON TEXAS FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS—Robert G. Howells GREAT LAKE COASTAL WETLAND—Richard W. Bowers Invited Dinner Speaker • Location: Great River Ballroom II, III 7:30-8:00 PM 10 *Denotes Student Presentation DS 1 NATURE AND THE ARTIFICIAL: A HISTORICAL VIEW OF MUSSEL PROPAGATION ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER—James Pritchard Wednesday, May 18, 2005

Session 7A, Status & Distribution II Session 7B, Status & Recovery Moderator: Gregory F. Zimmerman, EnviroScience, Inc. • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: Glenn Miller, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

8:00-8:20 AM 8:00-8:20 AM PL 61 PROTOCOLS FOR SAMPLING FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN WADABLE STREAMS—Randal R. Piette PL 66 CONVERGENCE AND THE UNIONIFORMES—Arthur E. Bogan

8:20-8:40 AM 8:20-8:40 AM PL 62 EXPANSIVE VS. CONCENTRATED QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING: SOME SPATIAL PL 67 THE MIGHTY HOLSTON: A DECIMATED FAUNA REINVIGORATED?—Stephen J. Fraley OBSERVATIONS FROM AN INTENSIVE MONITORING STUDY OF UNIONID COMMUNITIES IN INDIANA—Gregory F. Zimmerman

8:40-9:00 AM 8:40-9:00 AM PL 63 FACTORS INFLUENCING STATUS OF VENUSTACONCHA ELLIPSIFORMIS (BIVALVIA: PL 68 PROGRESS IN FRESHWATER MUSSEL CULTIVATION AND RECOVERY AT VIRGINIA’S UNIONIDAE) IN MINNESOTA—Daniel C. Allen AQUATIC WILDLIFE CONSERVATION CENTER—Michael J. Pinder

9:00-9:20 AM 9:00-9:20 AM PL 64 CLASSIFICATION OF PENNSYLVANIA’S RIVERINE MUSSEL COMMUNITIES—Betsy Nightingale PL 69 FRESHWATER MOLLUSK PROPAGATION AND RECOVERY PROGRAMS OF THE TENNESSEE AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE, AN UPDATE—Sabrina F. Novak

9:20-9:40 AM 9:20-9:40 AM PL 65 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRESHWATER MUSSEL DATABASE—Keith R. LeClaire PL 70 AN OVERVIEW OF THE COLUMBUS ZOO AND AQUARIUM FRESHWATER MUSSEL PROPAGATION AND RESEARCH FACILITY—G. Thomas Watters

9:40-10:00 AM Break 9:40-10:00 AM Break

Session 8A, Status & Distribution III Session 8B, Propagation & Reproduction II Moderator: Tim Savidge, The Catena Group, Inc. • Location: Kellogg Suite Moderator: G. Thomas Watters, Ohio State University • Location: Great River Ballroom I, IV

10:00-10:20 AM 10:00-10:20 AM PL 71 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF A COMPREHENSIVE QUALITATIVE SURVEY OF UNIONID PL 76 IMMUNE RESPONSE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS TO THE FATMUCKET OVER REPETITIVE MUSSELS IN THE LOWER PEE-DEE RIVER BASIN, SOUTH CAROLINA—Tom Dickinson INFESTATIONS AND OVERWINTERING—G. Thomas Watters

10:20-10:40 AM 10:20-10:40 AM PL 72 HISTORICAL AND CURRENT EXAMINATION OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS OF THE DUCK PL 77 AN EVALUATION OF ADULT FRESHWATER MUSSELS HELD IN CAPTIVITY AT THE WHITE RIVER BASIN TENNESSEE—Stephen A. Ahlstedt SULPHUR SPRINGS NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY—Julie L. Devers

10:40-11:00 AM 10:40-11:00 AM PL 73 SURVEY FOR THE THREATENED PURPLE BANKCLIMBER (ELLIPTOIDEUS SLOATIANUS) IN PL 78 THE EFFECT OF POSITION IN STACKED TRAYS ON CULTURED FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE MIDDLE REACH OF THE FLINT RIVER, GEORGIA—Mary T. McCann AVIGLIANA LAKES (N-W ITALY)—Elsa Panini

11:00-11:20 AM 11:00-11:20 AM PL 74 THE FRESHWATER GASTROPODS OF IOWA (1821-1998): SPECIES COMPOSITION, PL 79 UTILITY OF GENETIC MARKERS AS AN AID TO PROPAGATION OF IMPERILED GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS, AND CONSERVATION CONCERNS—Timothy W. Stewart FRESHWATER MUSSELS—Eric M. Hallerman

11:20-11:40 AM 11:20-11:40 AM PL 75 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF AQUATIC SNAILS IN WEST VIRGINIA PL 80 A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC REASSESSMENT OF THE FRESHWATER SNAILS OF THE —Ralph W. Taylor GENUS PLEUROCERA (: PLEUROCERIDAE) OF THE MOBILE RIVER BASIN —Jeffrey D. Sides 11 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch On Your Own–1:00 PM Depart for Tours/Field Trips 11:40 AM - 1:00 PM-Lunch On Your Own—1:00 PM Depart for Tours/Field Trips Plenary Abstracts

PE 2 “NOT SO GENTLY DOWN THE PE 3 PREVENTING FUTURE INVA- Plenary Abstracts STREAM” - DYNAMICS OF ZEBRA SIONS: RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NON- MUSSEL POPULATIONS IN THE OHIO INDIGENOUS FRESHWATER MOL- Monday, May 16, 2005 RIVER AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NA- LUSKS IN THE US. TIVE MOLLUSKS. Reuben P. Keller, John M. Drake1, David Patricia A. Morrison, U. S. Fish and Wildlife M. Lodge. Department of Biological PE 1 ASIAN CARP IMPACTS. Service, Ohio River Islands National Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Jerry L. Rasmussen, MICRA, Wildlife Refuge, P. O. Box 1811, Notre Dame, IN 46556. 1Current P.O. Box 774, Bettendorf, IA 52722 Parkersburg, WV, 26102-1811. address: National Center for Ecological The invasion and spread of Asian carp (bighead and Zebra mussels first entered the lower Ohio River in Analysis and Synthesis, University of silver) into many mainstream rivers and tributaries of 1991. Unlike the Mississippi River which has an California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101. the Mississippi River Basin has occurred at an upstream source of zebra mussel veligers, the invasion Freshwater mollusk invasions have caused enormous alarming magnitude and rate. The biological impacts into the Ohio River progressed from downstream to ecological and economic damage in the Great Lakes, of these large (100+ lb.), prolific invaders on native upstream reaches. By the mid-1990’s, adult zebra and more generally across the US. These impacts fish species and their habitats has not been well mussels were found all the way up to Pittsburgh, PA. include, but are not limited to, drastic declines in documented scientifically, but observation and By the late-1990’s, native mussels and snails were native mollusk taxa in some areas and high costs of experience with the common and grass carp invasions seriously impacted. Field measurements of live cleaning fouled industrial equipment. Despite this, raises significant concerns for the long term. More density, biomass, % live, and juvenile recruitment only a small proportion of introduced mollusks have than 100 years after the introduction of the European declined as much as 90% at selected sites over a five negative impacts, with most species having no or common carp, this species remains the number year period. The results of zebra mussel and native measured effect. Because invasive aquatic species are one most troublesome fish species to fish and wildlife mussel monitoring at ten sites in the Ohio River will generally impossible to eradicate and are expensive to managers in the Basin. The bighead and silver carp be discussed along with implications for native mussel control, the most efficient way to reduce their impacts have quickly achieved second and third place on this conservation over the long term. Factors such as is to prevent the initial introduction. Ideally, all future most troublesome list, while a more recent invader, locations of zebra mussel adult meta-populations, mollusk introductions would be prevented to mini- the black carp, has quickly become the fourth most timing and frequency of spawning, local habitat mize further impacts, but current technology and troublesome fish in the Basin. The black carp was conditions, and river velocities on an annual and reliance on international trade makes this unrealistic. introduced to control snails in fish culture ponds, and seasonal basis all interact to determine the year to year Hence, it is imperative to predict which mollusks are has recently found its way into the wild where recruitment and survival of zebra mussels at any given most likely to cause impacts and concentrate resources biologists are gravely concerned for the welfare of the point in the Ohio River. Understanding these interac- on keeping those species out. To this end, we used Basin’s endangered snail and mussel species that tions also gives us an opportunity to develop possible logistic regression to analyze natural history data for could fall victim to black carp predation. This paper control strategies. species already introduced to the Great Lakes and explores the biological, physical, economic, social, found that just one parameter, female annual fecun- and emotional impacts of the Asian carp invasions on dity, is adequate to discriminate between species that fish and aquatic organisms, fishing, recreation, and have caused measured impacts (n=5) and those that fish and wildlife management in the United States. have been apparently benign (n=13). Expanding this analysis to all introduced freshwater mollusks in the US (n=8 with impacts, n=19 benign), we found that

12 fecundity was again a good predictor of impact. We have used this model to predict the impact of some Platform Abstracts mollusks not yet in the US. Implementation of this model would enhance the ability of the US to prevent outside the navigation channel. Commercial vessel unwanted introductions, and thus to prevent large passage caused only temporary and minor physical economic and ecological impacts. PLATFORM SESSION 1A impacts; usually water velocity increased by less than Mussel Conservation in the Upper Mississippi River System l 1 m/sec for less than 60 seconds. At none of five PE 4 IS THERE LIFE AFTER ZEBRA study sites did we record significant impacts to mussel MUSSELS? density, species richness, or recruitment. We have Susan J. Nichols, U. S. Geological Survey, PL 1 LONG-TERM TRENDS IN NATIVE never observed a widespread, unexplained mussel Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green MUSSELS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI mortality that affected all species and size ranges; it is Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105 likely that die-offs reported by others were either RIVERS. site-specific from an unknown cause, or natural Abstract not available at time of printing. Andrew C. Miller, Barry S. Payne, and mortality of older individuals. The introduction and Mark D. Farr. U.S. Army Engineer Re- spread of zebra mussels caused extensive mortality at search and Development Center, 3909 the historically prominent mussel beds, such as at River Mile 635 in the east channel near Prairie du Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi Chien, WI. Although mean unionid densities 39180-6199 sometimes declined to less than 1 individua/m2 at this Since the early 1980s we have used divers equipped and similar locations, we usually found adult and sub with surface supplied air and communication equip- adult unionids, including the endangered Lampsilis ment to collect freshwater bivalves using qualitative and higginsii when physical conditions were appropriate. quantitative methods at historically prominent mussel It is likely these beds will survive, although it could beds in the upper Mississippi River (UMR). Typically take many tens of years before conditions are similar up to 60 total substratum 1/4 m2 samples as well as 60 to those prior to zebra mussel introduction. Unionid or more minutes of search-by-feel samples were taken assemblages in slightly erosional sandy shoals with at replicated sites and subsites. The majority of the sandy substratum supported lower density D. work was conducted in Pools 10, 12, 14, 17, and 24 polymorpha populations and occasionally did not although studies were conducted in other pools The experience widespread mortality. Although Milner quantitative samples provided an estimate of population and Pine loved this work when it began, they now demography and density unbiased by size, and the look forward to new challenges. qualitative samples gave an indication of richness and the abundance of rare species. Our data set spans a PL 2 LONG-TERM TRENDS IN NATIVE time of extreme interest by resource agencies over the effects of commercial navigation traffic (1980s), an apparent abrupt and widespread mortality (the mussel die-off of the mid 1980s), and introduction and spread of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) beginning in the early 1990s. When studies were initiated 15 to 20 years ago, we typically found a species rich (up to 30) and dense (typically 50 to 100 individuals/m2) mussel assemblage at moderately depositional shoals located

13 MUSSELS ON THE ST. CROIX AND due to a reduction in recent recruitment. At another Field studies and modeling suggest that Lake Pepin WISCONSIN RIVERS. site on the Wisconsin River, where L. higginsii occurs, (Pool 4) plays a major role in maintaining UMR zebra David Heath1 and the Mussel Coordina- total mussel population densities have declined as well. mussel populations. Long residence times in Lake tion Team2. 1Wisconsin Department of Total mussel densities were 2.44, 1.42 and 0.69/m² in Pepin likely allows for self-recruitment and down- 1988, 1997 and 2004 respectively. I will discuss Natural Resources, 3550 Mormon Coulee stream dispersal of larval life-stages. Any attempt to possible reasons for these declines as well as the successfully manage zebra mussel populations on the Rd, La Crosse, WI 54601; 2U.S. Army various metrics used to assess these populations. UMR, or other river systems, must consider the role Corps of Engineers - Rock Island District; of lentic habitats in maintaining downstream zebra 2U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service; 2U.S. PL 3 STATUS OF ZEBRA MUSSEL mussel populations. Geological Service; 2National Park POPULATIONS (DREISSENA Service; 2U.S. Coast Guard, and 2Depart- POLYMORPHA) WITHIN THE UPPER PL 4 NEW LIFE IN A DEAD ZONE - AN ments of Natural Resources for Minne- MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM. URBAN MISSISSIPPI’S REDEMPTION; sota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois. Elliott Stefanik1, Jim Stoeckel2, John OPPORTUNITIES FOR MUSSEL REIN- Since 1988, we have periodically monitored freshwater TRODUCTIONS. mussel populations at five sites on the St. Croix River Sullivan3, Mark Farr4. 1U.S. Army Corps and two sites on the lower Wisconsin River. Some of of Engineers, 190 5th Street East, Saint Mike Davis1, Dan Kelner2. 1 Minnesota these sites contain the federally endangered Lampsilis Paul, MN, 55101; 2Miami University, Department of Natural Resources, 1801 higginsii and Quadrula fragosa along with numerous Pearson Hall Room 212, Oxford, Ohio South Oak St. Lake City, MN 55041; 2 U. state listed taxa. Using a random sampling scheme, a 45056; 3Wisconsin Department of Natural S. Army Corps of Engineers, 190 5th number of metrics were collected including population Street East, Saint Paul, MN, 55101 density, total mussel density, size distributions, species Resources, 3550 Mormon Coulee Road, During 2000-2001, we sampled 138 sites along the richness, living/dead and sex ratios. At one site on the LaCrosse, WI, 54601; 4U.S. Army Corps Mississippi National River and Recreation Area St. Croix R. where Q. fragosa survives, total mussel of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Corridor from 20 miles north of the Twin Cities, to population densities have remained stable until Vicksburg, MS, 39180. just downstream of Hastings, MN. Surveyed reaches sometime between 2000 and 2004. During 1988, 1996 Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) native include; Coon Rapids Pool, St. Anthony Falls Pool, and 2000 mean total mussel population densities were mussel resources are adversely affected by the exotic and Pools 1, 2, and 3. Sample methods consisted of 16.6, 16.1 and 19.7/m². In 2004 there were 9.5/m² zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Since its timed, hand collection of mussels while wading, which was significantly different from all previous discovery in the Illinois and Upper Mississippi rivers snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Quadrat samples years. Population densities of the most environmen- in the early 1990s, zebra mussels have spread through- were collected at five sites. Over 12,000 live mussels tally sensitive taxa have declined since 1996 while they out the upper river, as well as into select connected representing 28 species were collected. Mussels in have remained stable for the remaining taxa. The tributaries and even disconnected aquatic habitats. Pools 1-3 are recovering from pollution present reasons for these declines are unknown, but hypotheti- Within the UMR, adult zebra mussels are sparsely during most of the 1900s. We documented recent, cally may be from a major flood during 2001. At populated at and above Pool 3, more heavily populated ongoing mussel recruitment; most individuals were another St. Croix R. monitoring site where L. higginsii from Pool 4 through about Pool 14, with decreasing less than 10 years old. Several state listed species occurs, population densities have remained stable from abundance further downstream. Similarly, zebra were collected including two listed as endangered in 1988 - 2004. This location may have been less prone to mussel veliger concentrations have consistently been Minnesota, rock pocketbook (Arcidens confragosus) the negative effects of the 2001 flood. At the Orion site highest from Pool 4 downstream, with relatively low and wartyback ( Quadrula nodulata). Zebra mussels of the Wisconsin River where L. higginsii occurs, concentrations from Pool 3 and above. In some were absent above Lock and Dam 1 and very scarce population densities have gradually declined since instances zebra mussel populations were observed to from Pools 2 and 3. Downstream of Pool 3 zebra 1988. Total mussel densities were 6.05, 2.52 and 1.34/ peak in 2001 with a decline through 2003, although mussels are extremely abundant and have decimated m² in 1988, 1995 and 2002 respectively. The immedi- this trend is not evident in all samples or locations. many native mussel communities. Improved water ate reason for these population declines appear to be quality and low zebra mussel numbers present a rare 14 opportunity to reintroduce native species eliminated Management of the Freshwater Mussel Resource of the from this river reach by severe pollution, and now Upper Mississippi River in response to a large die-off of threatened in downstream pools by the persistence of native mussels and the increased harvest for cultured PLATFORM SESSION 1B zebra mussels. Recently, a Federally Endangered pearls. With the arrival of exotic zebra mussels mussel species, Lampsilis higginsii, has been reintro- (Driessena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes and Upper Evolution & Phylogenetics l duced to pools 2 and 3 along with several state listed Mississippi River, the concern for mussel conservation species. More species reintroductions are planned. became national in scope. In 1997, the National Native Ironically, this former dead-zone of the Mississippi Mussel Conservation Committee was formed and a PL 6 REGIONAL PATTERNS OF may become a big river mussel refuge. national strategy was developed. In stepping the POPULATION GENETIC VARIATION IN national strategy down, the goal of the 2004 UMRCC PL 5 CONSERVATION PLANNING Conservation Plan for Freshwater Mussels of the FRESHWATER MUSSELS. FOR NATIVE MUSSELS OF THE UP- UMRS is to restore a healthy, self-sustaining native David J. Berg1 and Curt L. Elderkin2. freshwater mussel fauna. Objectives of the plan are to 1Department of Zoology, Miami Univer- PER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM. (1) identify the research, management, and conserva- sity, Hamilton, OH 45011; 2Department of Gary Wege1, David Heath2, Pam Thiel3, tion actions necessary to maintain and recover the Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH mussel fauna; (2) increase government and public Roger Gordon4, Tony Brady4, Dan 45056 Kelner5, and Mike Davis6. 1U.S. Fish awareness of the plight of these and their essential ecosystems and garner support, including Effective conservation of biodiversity requires an and Wildlife Service, 4101 East 80th adequate funding, for species and habitat protection understanding of the geographic distribution of Street, Bloomington, MN, 55425-1665; programs; (3) foster creative partnerships (working and genetic variation within species. In aquatic organisms, 2Wisconsin Department of Natural funding) among federal, state, tribal, and local govern- this variation is distributed in a hierarchical fashion Resources, 3550 Mormon Coulee Road, ments and the private sector to restore the mussel fauna within populations, among populations within rivers, 108 State Office Building, LaCrosse, WI, and environmental quality to our rivers; (4) document among rivers within drainages, and among drainages. We compared this variation in three species of 54601; 3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the many problems which are barriers to effective mussel resource management efforts; and (5) prescribe freshwater mussels, all of which are widely distributed 555 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, WI, a strategic plan of action, which if implemented, will in the Mississippi River basin, by sequencing the 54650; 4U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, restore the valuable freshwater mussel resources of the mitochondrial COI gene. Within-population varia- S5689 State Road 35, Genoa, WI, UMRS. Conservation activities of the interagency tion accounted for 94% of the total genetic variation 54632-8836; 5U.S. Army Corps of Mussel Coordination Team for the federally endan- of Cumberlandia monodonta, with the remaining 6% Engineers, St. Paul District, 190 Fifth gered Higgins eye pearlymussel (Lampsilis higginsii) consisting of variation among three widely scattered populations. For Amblema plicata, 89% of total Street East, St. Paul, MN, 55101-1638; and winged mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) are presented as examples of implementing the plan. variation occurred within rivers, 8.5% occurred among 6Minnesota Department of Natural rivers within drainages, and 2.5% occurred among Resources, 1801 South Oak Street, drainages. However, these values were 38%, 30%, Lake City, MN, 55041. and 32% respectively for E. dilatata. For each species, The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) a maximum of 13 base pairs differed between individu- includes the Mississippi River from the mouth of the als out of > 630 base pairs sequenced. Mismatch Ohio River upstream to the Twin Cities in Minne- distributions showed that all populations of C. sota. Historically 51 species of freshwater mussels monodonta consisted of the same two distinct lineages. lived in the UMRS; today, 44 species have been Haplotype networks show very little geographic found in the past 35 years. In 1988, the Upper structuring of A. plicata populations, while E. dilatata Mississippi River Conservation Committee populations are highly differentiated between regions. (UMRCC) produced A Strategic Plan for the 15 Overall, C. monodonta and A. plicata showed little study investigated the genetic structure of the North- (mtDNA) ND1 gene. L. ochracea and L. cariosa each geographic variation, while E. dilatata was highly ern Riffleshell in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania form well-supported monophyletic lineages. How- structured. These results are consistent with earlier and the Sydenham River, Ontario Canada to deter- ever, individuals from the Potomac River drainage allozyme studies that found greater geographic mine amount of gene flow between populations, identified as L. cariosa on the basis of morphology had structure in a number of small stream species including genetic variability within and among populations, and the mtDNA of L. cardium or L. ovata, while individu- E. dilatata, than in species that inhabit larger streams potential sources for breeding stock. We used two als identified as L. ovata from the St. Lawrence river and rivers such as C. monodonta and A. plicata. The separate, but complementary, genetic approaches: first, drainage had the mtDNA of L. cariosa. The discrep- consistency of these patterns implies that some mussel specific microsatellite DNA-based markers were ancy between morphology and DNA sequence data is species such as E. dilatata may be more insular and developed from a microsatellite library created for the evidence for hybridization of L. cariosa with L. therefore, population genetic variation exists at much Northern Riffleshell; these markers in addition to cardium and/or L. ovata in the Potomac River smaller spatial scales in these species. microsatellite markers available in the literature, were drainage, and possibly in the St. Lawrence River used to determine fine-scale population structure, drainage. In addition, L. ovata and L. cardium PL 7 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF estimate gene flow among populations, and determine specimens formed three lineages, two of which were THE ENDANGERED NORTHERN genetic diversity and effective population sizes. In the well-supported. However, none of these lineages second approach, two mitochondrial DNA regions corresponded to currently-recognized morphological RIFFLESHELL (EPIOBLASMA (Cyt b and ND1) were sequenced for use in a phyloge- species designations, or to geographic location, calling TORULOSA RANGIANA). netic analysis to determine the history of maternal into question the current of these species. David T. Zanatta1, Robert W. Murphy1 and lineages within and among populations of the North- Further work is needed to understand the nature and Bonnie S. Bowen2, 1Department of ern Riffleshell. extent of potential hybrid zones among L. cariosa, L. ovata, and L. cardium, and also to understand the Zoology, University of Toronto, c/o Depart- PL 8 RANGE-WIDE TAXONOMIC taxonomy of L. cardium and L. ovata. This informa- ment of Natural History, Royal Ontario ANALYSIS OF TWO RARE LAMPSILINE tion will have important implications for the Federal Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON and state-level status of all species involved. Canada M5S2C6, 2Department of MUSSEL SPECIES RAISES QUESTIONS Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, ABOUT HYBRIDIZATION AND CONGE- 353 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, NERIC SPECIES BOUNDARIES. Ames, IA USA 50011-1020. Morgan W. Kelly and Judith M. Rhymer, The Northern Riffleshell (Epioblasma torulosa Department of Wildlife Ecology, University rangiana) is an imperiled stream-dwelling freshwater of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469 mussel from the family Unionidae. Remaining The tidewater mucket, Leptodea ochracea, (Say 1817) populations of this mussel are small, fragmented and and yellow lampmussel, Lampsilis cariosa, (Say 1817) geographically isolated from one another. The are two freshwater mussel species in need of conserva- Northern Riffleshell has become extremely rare and tion, as they are declining throughout most of their has declined or disappeared from much of its historical Atlantic slope ranges. Basic taxonomic information, range. In planning for the recovery of endangered although critical to the development of conservation freshwater mussels, their ecology, captive care and plans, has thus far been lacking for both species, as propagation have been greatly emphasized. However, morphological characters have proved unreliable in information on the genetic characteristics of popula- diagnosing monophyletic clades for freshwater tions of mussels are needed to make scientifically mussels. We evaluated range-wide taxonomy for sound decisions regarding the numbers, localities, and specimens collected throughout the ranges of both logistical concerns of potential relocations or popula- species using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial tion augmentation through artificial propagation. This

16 PL 9 SYSTEMATICS AND PL 10 AN INTRASPECIFIC MORPHOMETRICS OF ELIMIA PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PLATFORM SESSION 2A COMALENSIS (CAENOGASTROPODA: THE RAINBOW MUSSEL, VILLOSA IRIS Mussel Conservation in the Upper Mississippi River System ll PLEUROCERIDAE) FROM THE (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE). EDWARDS PLATEAU, TX. Kody F. Kuehnl1 and G. Thomas Watters2. David M. Hayes1, Kathryn E. Perez2, 1Aquatic Ecology Lab, 2Museum of Russell L. Minton3 1Department of Biological Diversity, Department of Evolu- PL 11 CONTROLLED PROPAGATION Biology, University of Louisiana at Mon- tion, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The AND CAGE CULTURE ACTIVITIES BY roe, Monroe, LA 71209, 2Department of Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, THE MUSSEL COORDINATION TEAM TO Biological Sciences, University of Ala- Columbus, OH 43212. CONSERVE THE FEDERALLY ENDAN- bama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, 3Museum Intraspecific phylogeographic analyses have been used GERED HIGGINS EYE PEARLYMUSSEL extensively to help guide conservation efforts and of Natural History, University of Louisiana (LAMPSILIS HIGGINSII). at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209 resolve morphology-based taxonomic problems associated with many species, including unionids. The Elimia comalensis (Pilsbry, 1890) represents the Roger Gordon1, Mike Davis2, Dave majority of these studies have typically dealt with listed southwestern-most distribution of the genus, and is Heath3, Dan Lasee4, Scott Gritters5, and species. While these studies do little to help us under- geographically disjunct from the nearest species by Dennis Anderson6. 1U.S. Fish and Wildlife stand the large-scale phylogeographic patterns that may hundreds of miles. Pilsbry and Ferris (1906) gave the arise by addressing widely distributed and more Service, S5489 State Highway 35, Genoa, distribution of the species as the system of short rivers common species. This study used the common and WI 54632; 2Minnesota Department of comprising the Guadalupe and San Antonio Rivers widespread Villosa iris. Three conchologically sepa- Natural Resources, 1801 South Oak and their tributaries along the edge of the Edwards rable populations of Villosa iris may be differentiated. Plateau. Museum collections expand the range to Street, Lake City, MN 55041; 3Wisconsin Villosa iris iris (Lea, 1829) occurs in the upper Ohio include springs in the San Saba and Frio basins and Department of Natural Resources, 3550 River system in Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, and in large spring populations in Del Rio at the southwest- Mormon Coulee Road, 108 State Office the Cumberland and upper Tennessee River systems. ern corner of the plateau. The populations in Del Rio Villosa iris novieboracii (Lea, 1838) is associated with Building, LaCrosse, WI 54601; 4Illinois occur outside the Balcones physiographic province, an the lower Great Lakes drainages to southern Indiana. A Department of Natural Resources, 2317 area having unique faunas. Therefore, E. comalensis in third population, unnamed, occurs in southern Mis- East Lincoln Way, Suite A, Sterling, IL the Balcones may represent a different species than souri and northern Arkansas; it is separated from other those occurring outside of it. Del Rio is also in a 61081; 5Iowa Department of Natural iris populations by several hundred miles. Its distribu- separate river basin (Rio Grande) than the Balcones Resources, 331 S River Drive, tion relative to other iris populations is reminiscent of populations, and pleurocerids show high amounts of Guttenberg, IA 52052; 6U.S. Army Corps similar taxon pairs in Cyprogenia, Ptychobranchus, and endemism by river drainage. Putative E. comalensis others. The degree of genetic variation between these of Engineers - St. Paul District, 190 5th from the Rio Grande drainage are known only from populations of Villosa iris was determined using the Street East, St. Paul, MN 55101. recent and museum collections, are not mentioned in cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of the mitochon- Drastic reductions in critical populations of the modern literature, and may represent an introduced drial DNA. Preliminary sequence analyses performed federally endangered Higgins’ eye pearlymussel species to the Rio Grande. We will present data on on a relatively small number of individuals from each (Lampsilis higginsii) within the Upper Mississippi morphological variation as well as molecular investiga- population have revealed variation between these River (UMR) has prompted a consortium of federal tions into the evolutionary history of putative populations of V. iris. Further sequencing to evaluate and state resource agencies to begin active recovery E.comalensis. the patterns of molecular divergence and genetic efforts for the species. A major component of the diversity of the species is ongoing. recovery plan involves the reintroduction and recovery of L. higginsii populations through the use of artificial 17 propagation techniques. The use of a combination of criteria and population size and demography require- PL 13 HOST FISH IDENTIFICATION strategies, which have included the free release of ments, 2) evaluation of alternative relocation meth- AND EARLY LIFE THERMAL REQUI- glochidia bearing fish and modified cage culture, has ods, 3) genetics studies, 4) controlled propagation via led to the estimated release of over 1.8 million SITES OF THE FEDERALLY ENDAN- glochidia-inoculated fish released into the wild or juvenile L. higginsii into identified recovery sites in used for cage culture in the wild, 5) relocating GERED WINGED MAPLELEAF MUSSEL the UMR watershed. Efforts to produce sub-adult L. naturally propagated adults and artificially propagated (QUADRULA FRAGOSA). higginsii via cage culture have also yielded over juveniles, and 6) monitoring success. To date over 10,000 mussels for use on the main stem of the Mark T. Steingraeber1, Mark C. Hove2, 10,000 juvenile Higgins’ eye have been artificially Mississippi River. Michelle R. Bartsch3, John A. Kalas1, and propagated and reared in cages with over 2,800 Teresa J. Newton3. 1U.S. Fish and reintroduced to sites in Mississippi River pools 2, 3, PL 12 REINTRODUCTION ACTIVITIES and 4. Stocking efforts will continue at these sites Wildlife Service, 555 Lester Avenue, OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER and are planned for the Rock River (Illinois), Missis- Onalaska, WI, 54650; 2University of MUSSEL COORDINATION TEAM TO sippi River pool 17, and a site to be determined. Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, Nearly 500 adult Higgins’ eye have been relocated CONSERVE THE FEDERALLY ENDAN- MN, 55108; 3U.S. Geological Survey, from heavily infested zebra mussel waters to Missis- 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI, GERED HIGGINS EYE sippi River pools 2 and 3. Since 2000, over 20,0000 54602. inoculated fish averaging approximately 300 glochidia PEARLYMUSSEL (LAMPSILIS The winged mapleleaf mussel historically occupied a each, have been placed in open bottom cages in the greater range than it does today and now has only one HIGGINSII). Wisconsin River and released into four tributary known reproducing population that is restricted to a Dan Kelner1 and the Mussel Coordina- rivers in Wisconsin (Wisconsin River) and Iowa 12-mile reach of the lower St. Croix River (Wisconsin (Iowa, Cedar, and Wapsipinicon rivers). Reintroduc- tion Team2. 1U.S. Army Corps of and Minnesota). Federal, state, and university tion efforts will continue through at least 2008 Engineers - St. Paul District, 190 5th biologists are working cooperatively to learn more followed by monitoring and augmentation of the Street East, St. Paul, MN 55101; 2U.S. about the current range, life-history, and genetics of populations as needed. Army Corps of Engineers - Rock Island this federally endangered species to initiate controlled District; 2U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service; propagation programs that will aid its recovery. 2U.S. Geological Service; 2National Park Successful propagation depends on identifying suitable host fish for transformation of glochidia into juveniles. Service; 2U.S. Coast Guard, 2Depart- We initiated a series of host fish tests at three different ments of Natural Resources for Minne- temperature regimes on 3 October 2003 that later sota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois; and identified blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and channel 2Science Museum of Minnesota. catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) as suitable hosts for this Since 2000, a variety of conservation measures have mussel. During the first test, groups of glochidia- been used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in infested fish were held at a near constant and unsea- collaboration with the Upper Mississippi River sonably warm water temperature (~19.6°C) to acceler- Mussel Coordination Team to conserve the federally ate the rate at which transformation might occur. endangered Higgins’ eye pearlymussel (Lampsilis Meanwhile, additional channel catfish used in the two higginsii). One goal is the establishment, through remaining tests were infested with the same stock of reintroduction, of new and viable populations within glochidia but kept at colder temperatures (~12.6°C) for its historic range in areas with few or no zebra the next 47 days. Fish used in the second test were mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Reintroduction then supplied with water at a temperature (~19.5°C) activities include; 1) development of relocation site similar to that of the first test. Peak juvenile recovery occurred about 6 weeks after the start of the first test 18 and 10 weeks after the start of the second. About PL 14 RECOVERY OF WINGED PL 15 PANEL DISCUSSION, 11,000 live juveniles were recovered from 20 blue MAPLELEAF (QUADRULA FRAGOSA)- catfish and about 10,000 juveniles were recovered from QUESTIONS, AND INPUT FROM THE 25 channel catfish used in these tests. Comparisons of PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL CAGE AUDIENCE. the time and cumulative water temperature units CULTURE. Moderator and Presenters. required to recover juveniles from channel catfish Susan (Rogers) Oetker1 and the Winged reared under these thermal regimes allowed us to Mapleleaf Site Plan Implementation empirically estimate: the minimum daily mean water PLATFORM SESSION 2B temperature (9.25?C) required for winged mapleleaf Team2. 1U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Contaminants & Water Quality glochidia to grow and transform into juveniles; and the Twin Cities Field Office, 4101 E. 80th cumulative water temperature units of net daily growth Street, Bloomington, MN 55425; 2U.S. (~395?C?d) needed to initiate peak excystment and Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Geological recovery of winged mapleleaf juveniles. Remaining Survey; Minnesota Department of Natural fish used in the third test were subsequently main- PL 16 DEVELOPING STANDARDIZED tained in a thermal regime that closely followed St. Resources; National Park Service; Croix River water temperatures from mid-November Wisconsin Department of Natural Re- GUIDANCE FOR CONDUCTING TOXIC- 2003 through June 2004. Peak recovery of juveniles in sources; Macalester College. ITY TESTS WITH THE EARLY-LIFE this test began 21 June 2004, 261 days after infestation Following the determination of host fish for the STAGES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS. (453?C?d of growth) and just 7 days later than we winged mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) in 2003, a predicted. Our test results also suggest that minimum propagation and augmentation plan was developed by Ning Wang1, Tom Augspurger2, Chris daily mean water temperatures of 17 to 20?C are a team of biologists working on this rare species. In Barnhart3, Joe Bidwell4, Gregory Cope5, likewise needed to trigger peak excystment of winged the fall of 2004, two gravid females were collected Jim Dwyer6, Steve Geis7, Eugene mapleleaf juveniles from the gills of their host fish. from the St. Croix River and used to infest 100 Greer1, Chris Ingersoll1, Cindy Kane8, These early life-history findings will soon be applied in channel catfish, which are being held at Genoa Dick Neves9, Teresa Newton10, Andy propagation programs to help recover winged National Fish Hatchery at St. Croix River tempera- Roberts6, Cindy Tibbott11, and David mapleleaf populations within this species’ historic tures. Because research indicates winged mapleleaf range. glochidia overwinter on host fish and drop off in the Whites1. 1U.S. Geological Survey, spring, infested fish must be held at winter river Columbia, MO 65201; 2U.S. Fish and temperatures so that resulting juveniles are collected Wildlife Service, Raleigh, NC 27636; when river temperatures are warm enough for the 3Southwest Missouri State University, juveniles to survive and grow. To determine if fish Springfield, MO 65804; 4Oklahoma State may be held in the river over the winter until juvenile University, Stillwater, OK 74078; 5North transformation, 100 uninfested catfish were placed in cages in successful cage sites in the St. Croix and Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Mississippi Rivers. In the spring prior to the expected 27606; 6U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, dropoff period, the infested catfish will be placed in Columbia, MO 65201; 7Wisconsin State cages similar to those used for Higgins eye (Lampsilis Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI higginsii) propagation. Should cage transformation 53718; 8U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and rearing be successful for this species, the resulting Gloucester, VA 23061; 9U.S. Geological juveniles will become part of a long term propagation and reintroduction effort in the Upper Mississippi Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061; 10U.S. River basin as well as throughout the former range of Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI 54603; the species, including Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri. 19 11U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State PL 17 ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY was sampled at 7-d intervals to obtain hemocytes for College, PA 16801. OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDRO- determination of genotoxicity based on single-strand DNA breaks with the comet assay. A concentration- A joint research project is ongoing to develop stan- CARBONS TO NATIVE FRESHWATER response curve was generated with the comet assay dardized guidance for conducting toxicity tests with data obtained from the laboratory study. Additionally, the early life stages of freshwater mussels. Multiple MUSSELS. hemolymph samples were collected and analyzed for tests were conducted to assess the survival time of LeRoy F. Humphries 1,2, W. Gregory genotoxicty from adult E. complanata obtained from glochidia of 15 mussel species. Toxicity tests were Cope2, Jay F. Levine1, Robert B. six stream sites in North Carolina with average daily repeatedly conducted to examine the influences of Bringolf2, Peter R. Lazaro2, Chris traffic counts ranging from <1,000 to >100,000 for exposure time, test chambers, and age of test organ- Eads1, Damian Shea2, and Arthur E. comparative field-based PAH exposure. isms. Over 90% survival of glochidia was observed for Bogan3 1Population Health and = 2 d with 67% of the species tested and for = 1 d with 80% of the species tested. Similar EC50s were Pathobiology Department, North Caro- PL 18 ASSESSING THE HAZARDS OF observed when using 2- or 24-h-old glochidia. EC50s lina State University College of Veteri- CURRENT USE PESTICIDES TO EARLY of copper, ammonia, and chlorine decreased over 6- to nary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606; LIFE STAGES OF NATIVE FRESHWA- 48-h exposure period for glochidia tests and over 48 to 2Department of Environmental and TER MUSSELS. 96 h for juvenile tests. The intralaboratory variability Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina Robert B. Bringolf1, LeRoy F. of EC50s for all three toxicants, expressed as the State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; coefficient of variation (CV), ranged from 13 to 36% Humphries2, Peter R. Lazaro1, Chris 3North Carolina State Museum of for glochidia of two species. The interlaboratory CVs Eads2, Chris Barnhart3, Damian Shea1, Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27606. of EC50s for glochidia and juvenile of one species Jay F. Levine2, and W. Gregory Cope1. Exposure to aquatic contaminants is listed among the ranged from 13 to 42%. EC50s for 48-h glochidia tests 1Department of Environmental and are similar to EC50s for 96-h juvenile tests. These potential factors contributing to the global decline of results indicate that (1) 48 h is a reasonable duration native freshwater mussels. Compounds like polycy- Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina for toxicity tests with glochidia, although shorter clic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a ubiquitous State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; exposures may be needed based on the life history and group of contaminants released largely as a byproduct 2College of Veterinary Medicine, North survival time of glochidia; (2) glochidia and juvenile of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, enter Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC tests can be reproduced within and between laborato- waterways via terrestrial runoff and atmospheric 27606; 3Department of Biology, South- deposition. Many components of this suite of ries; and (3) a 48-h glochidia test may be useful as a west Missouri State University, Spring- surrogate measure for responses observed in 96-h compounds are known or suspected genotoxic or juvenile tests. carcinogenic agents. Freshwater mussels, due to their field, MO 65804. sessile and filter feeding lifestyles, may be at particu- Native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are lar risk for damage due to exposure to PAHs. The among the most imperiled faunal groups in North objectives of this study were to assess the acute and America. Approximately 67% of the nearly 300 chronic effects of PAH exposure on three lifestages freshwater mussel species are considered vulnerable (glochidia, juvenile, and adult) of freshwater mussels. to extinction or already extinct. North Carolina has Acute (48 h) toxicity tests were conducted with historically supported 56 species of mussels; however, glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis fasciola and L. 82% of those species are currently listed as endan- siliquoidea. Results indicate that PAHs were not gered, threatened, or of special concern by the U.S. acutely toxic (LC50 >200 µg/L) to the glochidia and Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North juveniles of the species tested. Adult Elliptio Carolina. Although numerous stressors have been complanata were exposed to a range of concentrations implicated in the decline of freshwater mussels, the (0-200 µg/L) of total PAHs in a 28-d laboratory test effects of pesticides on native mussels is largely to assess the effects of chronic exposure. Hemolymph unknown. Timing of pesticide application combined 20 with the unique life history and reproductive strategy PL 19 WHAT FACTORS IMPACT FRESH- organic contaminants are at or near the method of mussels makes them susceptible to pesticide WATER MOLLUSCAN SURVIVAL IN THE detection limit and all are well below any aquatic life exposure. The objective of this study was to determine criteria. Recent evaluation of water quality criteria for the hazards of pesticides to early life stages of freshwa- CONASAUGA RIVER BASIN? ammonia and nitrate suggest that these criteria levels ter mussels. We performed acute toxicity tests with Adam J. Sharpe1, Chris S. Hofelt1, James are not protective for mussels. Continued evaluation glochidia (7 species) and juveniles (6 species) exposed of water quality criteria levels are needed to determine to a suite of current use pesticides (atrazine, fipronil, D. Gregory1, Paul D. Johnson2, Elizabeth G. Nichols1. 1North Carolina State if aquatic habitats are viable for mussel reproduction, pendimethalin, and permethrin) and a reference growth, and survival. toxicant (NaCl). Our results indicate that these University, Raleigh, NC 27695, 2Tennes- pesticides, at concentrations approaching water see Aquarium Research Institute, PL 20 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF solubility, were not acutely toxic to the species of Cohutta, GA 30710 REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE glochidia and juveniles tested. However, in a 21-d Recent biological inventory data shows a consistent chronic toxicity test performed with 4-month old decline in molluscan abundance and biodiversity in the PHARMACEUTICAL FLUOXETINE ON A juvenile Lampsilis siliquoidea exposed to atrazine, the Conasauga River Basin in Northwest GA. Preliminary NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSEL 14-d atrazine LC50 was 15.8 mg/L (95% confidence toxicity screening using juvenile Utterbackia imbecillis W. Gregory Cope1, Robert B. Bringolf1, interval 12.0 - 19.5) and the 21-d atrazine LC50 was and anandVibrio fischeri indicated chronic and acute 4.3 mg/L (95% confidence interval 2.8 - 5.8). Effects toxicity of river sediments. For this study a more Rebecca M. Heltsley2, and Damian on growth and genotoxicity (single-strand DNA thorough watershed assessment was initiated to Shea1. 1Department of Environmental breaks) were also determined in the chronic test. Our monitor sediment and water quality by stable nitrogen and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina results indicate that the relative risk associated with isotope ratio analyses (IRMS) of snails and sediments, State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; acute exposure of early life stages of mussels to the permeable membrane devices (PMD), polar organic current use pesticides tested singly is likely low; 2Hollings Marine Laboratory, National chemical integrative samplers (POCISTM), and Institute of Standards and Technology, however, survival and genotoxicity results indicate that conventional water quality analyses on a seasonal basis chronic exposure of juvenile mussels to atrazine may and over select 24-hour periods. Data suggests that a Charleston, SC 29412. be impacting mussel populations and warrants further shift to livestock and row crop land-use results in Recently, widespread occurrence of fluoxetine and investigation, as does the assessment of pesticide greater water nutrient levels and increased d15N other pharmaceuticals and personal care products mixtures. signatures for aquatic snails and sediments. Mean (PPCPs) has been reported in surface waters of the d15N values for snails collected at national forest sites United States and elsewhere; however, impacts of are significantly different from d15N in snails col- PPCPs on aquatic organisms are largely unknown. lected in agricultural areas of the Conasauga river Fluoxetine is the active ingredient in the prescription basin (student t-test, p<0.05). d15N signatures of cow anti-depressant drug ProzacTM, which acts as a manure (6.71‰ wet, 8.40‰ dry) and poultry manure selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) to treated soil (9.47‰) were similar to those of the snails increase serotonin levels at nerve synapses. In prelimi- collected in the agricultural areas of the Conasauga. nary efforts to determine the potential of fluoxetine to Dissolved nitrate had an elevated signature that disrupt native freshwater mussel reproduction, we reflected the upper range of signatures for the aquatic exposed gravid adult female eastern elliptio (Elliptio snails. Elevated nitrogen isotope signatures indicate complanata) mussels to fluoxetine at target concentra- the high likelihood that nitrogenous compounds tions of 0, 0.3, 3.0, 30, 300, and 3000 ?g/L for 96 h in entering the water are being assimilated by snails. static-renewal tests. We used serotonin (400 mg/L) as Atrazine, prometon, and simazine were the most a positive control and methiothepin, an inhibitor of frequently detected herbicides throughout the basin. serotonin pathways, as a confirmatory agent of pathway Most of the ambient concentrations of detected effects. Time to glochidial release, glochidial maturity

21 and viability, and the number of glochidia released (fecundity) were the endpoints measured. Fluoxetine Poster Abstracts exposure concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) to PO 2 USE OF PIT TAGS TO TRACK confirm exposure concentrations. Time to glochidial POSTER SESSION FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN MAINE. release was variable among the fluoxetine treatment groups, but was generally inversely related to exposure Monday, May 16, 7:00 PM- 10:00 PM Jennifer E. Kurth1, Cynthia S. Loftin, concentration. No glochidia were released by mussels Joseph D. Zydlewski, and Judith M. Radisson Riverfront Hotel in the control group in < 72 h; however, some mussels Great River Ballroom ll, lll Rhymer. Department of Wildlife Ecology, in each fluoxetine treatment, including low, environ- University of Maine, 5755 Nutting, Orono, mentally relevant concentrations, released glochidia in ME 04469. < 24 hours. The average number of glochidia released PO 1 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF Translocation of freshwater mussels in response to was variable, but was generally positively correlated habitat alteration is increasingly used to conserve with fluoxetine exposure concentration. Additional UNIONID MUSSEL BEDS IN LARGE populations of rare species. We designed a transloca- studies of the endocrine and reproductive effects of RIVERS. tion experiment to assess the use of PIT tags, previ- fluoxetine on ripe adult male eastern elliptio are Steven J. Zigler, Robert J. Kennedy, and ously not used in freshwater mussel research, as a needed, as well as definitive studies with gravid adult means of obtaining accurate survival estimates of females. Teresa J. Newton. U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental resident and translocated mussels where a dam Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603. removal is pending. We chose a relatively common species (Lampsilis radiata radiata) for initial experi- Recent technological advances in methods to process ments. Mussels in the source population and at two acoustic signals may provide a novel method for rapid, translocation sites were tagged externally with 23mm spatially-explicit identification of unionid mussel beds PIT tags attached to the posterior end of the right and other significant features in large rivers. We valve using dental cement. Three treatments were evaluated the capability of an acoustic system to detect established at each translocation site: resident mussels artificial mussel beds in shallow areas common to left in place, resident mussels moved within site, and rivers. Experiments were conducted at two sites with mussels translocated from the source population. In sand and silt substrates in a reach of upper Mississippi the source population, there were also three groups: River during August 2002. Multivariate analyses tagged mussels left in place, mussels moved within site, indicated significant differences in acoustic signatures and mussels moved into within-site enclosures. among mussel densities in sand and silt. Significant Mussel locations were recorded using GPS, and models included metrics derived from indices of mussels were relocated using the GPS coordinates and substrate roughness and hardness. Differences in a backpack PIT tag reader and antenna. To study acoustic signatures between substrate types were internal PIT tag retention in the laboratory, we larger than differences among mussel densities. inserted PIT tags between the shell and mantle flap of Consequently, river reaches with homogeneous 120 L. r. radiata (59-102mm in length); 40 received substrates will facilitate acoustic detection of mussel 23mm PIT tags, 40 received 12mm tags, 40 received beds, but detection in reaches with diverse and 12mm tags with anti-migration caps, and 40 were complex patterns of substrates will be more challeng- untagged controls. Mussels in each group were ing. Future studies should seek to combine experi- randomly divided among three tanks with flow- mental data with careful groundtruthing of natural through recirculating systems and were monitored for mussel beds to estimate the minimum number of tag retention and mortality. Preliminary results acoustic data points needed for accurate classification 22 of mussel densities, and elucidate interactions with depth and substrate type. indicate tag retention rates are 75-98%. Retained tags g; length, 64-77 mm) ranged between 0.39 and 0.65. PO 5 POPULATION DYNAMICS, RE- are coated with a thin layer of nacre by five months We demonstrated strong, positive correlations between PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND HABI- post-insertion, suggesting long-term retention is likely. BCI and structure volume (r > 0.9); the intestine was an exception (r = 0.6). This relation shows promise for TAT USE BY A THREATENED, EN- PO 3 IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE application as an organ somatic index of mussel health. DEMIC ARKANSAS MUSSEL, Magnetic resonance imaging has become routine IMAGING OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS. procedure for studying the health and biology of LAMPSILIS POWELLII (LEA, 1852). F. Michael Holliman1, Denise Davis2, vertebrates. This study constitutes an important first Mary C. Scott1, Jerry L. Farris1, John L Thomas J. Kwak1, W. Gregory Cope3, Jay step in developing MRI for testing scientific hypoth- Harris1, and Alan D. Christian1. 1Depart- F. Levine4 1USGS, North Carolina eses related to freshwater mussel biology, and its utility ment of Biological Sciences, Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research as a non-lethal means of assessing their physiological State University. State University, AR, Unit, North Carolina State University, response to environmental contaminants. 72467. Department of Zoology, Box 7617, PO 4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND Twenty-two species of Arkansas’ 75 native mussels are Raleigh, NC 27695-7617. 2 Magnetic listed as endangered, threatened, or of special Resonance Research Center, University FRESHWATER MUSSELS. concern. Factors contributing to declines include habitat alteration, water quality degradation, and of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, John J. Jenkinson, 305 Revere Avenue, Clinton, TN 37716 commercial harvest. The US Fish and Wildlife PA 15213. 3Department of Environmental Service listed Lampsilis powellii as threatened in Specific gravity can be defined as the relationship and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina 1990 and in 1992 developed a species recovery plan. between the mass of an object and the mass of an equal Objectives of this study included 1) determination of State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633. volume of water. With regard to aquatic animals and L. powellii relative abundance and population 4Department of Population Health and their habitats, specific gravity is a quantitative way to demographics; 2) examination of reproductive Pathobiology, College of Veterinary compare the tendency of a body to float higher or biology including period of gravidity and glochidia lower in the water - and the substrate - than the objects Medicine, North Carolina State University, release; 3) identification of suitable fish hosts; and 4) around it. I have used very simple procedures to Raleigh, NC 27695-8401. characterization and assessment of habitat use by L. calculate specific gravity values for several species of The precarious state of unionids and the need to powellii. Surveys were conducted at 34 sites on the native mussels, Corbicula, and some typical substrate enhance our understanding of their basic life-history Saline, Ouachita, and Caddo rivers in Arkansas. components. So far, the results indicate that live and physiology in support of conservation efforts, Collected L. powellii were measured, sexed, and mussels exhibit a range of specific gravity values that povide impetus for developing non-lethal methods for inspected for gravidity. Host suitability trials were remain fairly consistent within a given population (and studying their biology. We evaluated the feasibility of conducted with gravid females and potential fish species?). The results also suggest that specific gravity non-invasive, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging hosts collected during spring of 2003 and 2004. could help explain the loss of some mussel species (MRI) for quantitative analyses of freshwater mussel Study sites were characterized using Basin Area when changes occur in their habitat. Specific gravity soft tissues. We used the eastern ellipto Elliptio Stream Surveys and assessed using US EPA Rapid could turn out to be an important but, so far, unex- complanata as a representative test model. The Bioassessment Protocol for wadeable streams and plored physical characteristic of native mussel species. anterior and posterior adductor muscles, visceral mass, water quality analyses. Twenty-eight species of If so, this characteristic may help explain the occur- heart, pericardial cavity, stomach, intestine, rectum, mussels were identified including 137 L. powellii. rence of mussel communities or species in various types inner and outer demibranchs, dorsal passages, mantle, Females were observed gravid from March - October of habitats; point out unexpected variations in mussel and gills, were identified in the analyses. Median 2003 and in April 2004. During these trials, suitable behavior; and, maybe, help us understand the basic estimated volumes for the visceral mass, posterior fish hosts were exclusively from the family principles controlling the range and convergences in adductor, anterior adductor, intestine, and foot were Centrarchidae, with the most successful hosts being mussel shell shapes and ornamentation. 400, 178, 119, 56, and 325 mm3, respectively. Body Micropterus punctulatus and M. salmoides. A total of condition indices (BCI = weight/length; weight, 40-65 337 and 329 juveniles were reared during 2003 and

23 2004, respectively. L. powellii were collected from cross sections through comparisons of percentages of seven 1-day harvest data, four 2-days harvest, one 3- mid channel pool, glide, and run habitat types with aragonite, calcite, and other calcium carbonate days harvest, and three 4-days harvest until the river gravel substrate. Measured water chemistry variables polymorphs. Analysis with polarized light may froze on 18 December 2004. We found nine freshwa- during this study suggest that additional monitoring is indicate any mineral replacements within the shell ter mussel species, including butterfly, threehorn warranted to ensure adequate ranges in support of structure as well. Validation of these methods through wartyback, hickorynut, monkeyface, mapleleaf, aquatic life. This study elaborates upon information field deployments is currently underway. Through the Wabash pigtoe, wartyback, pimple back, and black necessary for the successful conservation and manage- selection of factors that influence decomposition and sandshell. Among those harvested by muskrats from ment of a threatened species. decomposition rate, measurable changes in shell the river bed there was a high percentage of rocks that integrity may be determined for the amount of time were similar in shape and size. It was found that PO 6 USE OF RELIC SHELLS TO since mortality for a specific shell. Consideration for approximately 25% of their harvest was rocks. The DETERMINE TIME SINCE MORTALITY. decomposition rates incorporate both site and species- length and the age of each mussel shell was docu- mented. The length of the mussel varied from 30 mm Elizabeth A. Ashcraft1, Jerry L. Farris1,2, specific factors that are being developed and tested on relic shells whose time since mortality can be vali- to 80 mm, approximately, and the age varied from 4 and Robyn Hannigan2. 1Department of dated. years to 10 years. We also found that muskrats harvest Biological Sciences, 2Environmental Sago Pondweed from the river bed at the site and Sciences Program; Arkansas State PO 7 SIZE AND AGE DISTRIBUTIONS consume them on the log. University, P.O. Box 847, State University, OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS CON- PO 8 TOXICITY OF SYNTHETIC AR 72467 SUMED BY MUSKRATS IN THE MISSIS- Relic freshwater mussel valves composed of calcium MUSKS TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF carbonate persist in aquatic systems long after mussel SIPPI RIVER NEAR FAIRPORT, IOWA. THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL, mortality and may contain valuable information Tatsuaki Nakato1, and Jon Christensen2. LAMPSILIS CARDIUM. pertaining to mussel life history, mortality, and 1Lucille A. Carver Mississippi Riverside Meredith Gooding1, Teresa Newton2, taphonomy. Because impacts to mussel communities Environmental Research Station may be indicative of ecosystem impairment and/or Michelle Bartsch2, and Keri Hornbuckle1. (LACMRERS), The University of Iowa, degradation, the ability to identify time passed since 1Center for Global and Regional Re- 3388 Highway 22, Muscatine, IA 52761; mortality may provide evidence in determinations of search, University of Iowa, 424 Iowa 2Fairport Fisheries Management, IA causality, responsibility, and reciprocity. Using Advanced Technology Laboratories, Iowa freshwater mussels within the family Unionidae and DNR, 3390 Highway 22, Muscatine, IA City, IA 52242; 2USGS, Upper Midwest surrogates (i.e. Corbicula fluminea), 52761. Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 measurement of factors influencing decomposition While investigating the diversity in mussel species and rate for the visceral mass, periostracum, nacre, hinge searching for Higginsi mussel shells around a small Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603. and overall valve condition have been made through deltaic island formed at a small creek outlet along the Polycyclic musks are common additives to many both laboratory and field experimentations. Analysis of right bank of the Mississippi River (MR) near IA DNR consumer products. As a result of their widespread use trends in fluctuating dominant microbial communities Fairport Fish Hatchery, we discovered abundant and slow degradation rates, they are widely found in associated with decomposing visceral mass may serve empty freshwater mussel shells on top of a large drift aquatic environments. We evaluated the toxicity of as markers to indicate short-term decomposition log wedged into the river bed approximately 250 ft two polycyclic musks AHTN (Tonalide(r)) and HHCB status. Use of X-Ray diffraction of internal shell from the bank on 17 November 2004. We cleared out (Galaxolide(r)) to glochidia and juvenile life stages of structure (nacre) indicates calcium carbonate form all the shells on the drift log on 17 November 2004, the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium. In variations within and among shells of different age and and went back to the site the next day to find a glochidia, 24-h LC50 values in replicate tests were 454 species. Digital microscopy imaging with polarized considerable number of freshwater mussel shells on and 500 µg AHTN/L and 1000 and 1871 µg HHCB/ light and geographic information system (GIS) top of the log that were emptied by muskrats over- L. Results for 48-h tests were similar to the 24-h tests. mapping of shell thin-sections allow analysis of shell night. Since 18 November 2004 we have collected In 96-h tests with juveniles, we did not observe a dose- 24 response relation between survival and either musk. among diets and over time. Survival exceeded 80% in and minimize subsampling variability (re: space and However, growth was affected at concentrations as low all diets through week 3, exceeded 60% in the sedi- time) by capturing total bedload for extended periods. as 108 µg AHTN/L and 153 µg HHCB/L. These data ment diets through week 5 and then declined to 0% in Streamside collectors can provide continuous suggest that these synthetic musks were not acutely all diets by week 7. These data suggest that diets sediment/sample removal, while avoiding the toxic to the early life stages of this species at concen- containing sediment enhanced survival of juveniles for drawbacks of pit samplers (re: limited capacity; trations that are substantially higher than environmen- a longer duration than non-sediment diets, but no diet removal of gravel and cobble habitat; and potential tal concentrations. However, effects on growth were maintained juveniles in a healthy condition for more for resuspension or flushing loss). Streamside observed, suggesting that development of other than (4 weeks. sublethal endpoints measured over longer durations collectors avoid inclusion of nearly all leaf litter, may help understand the potential effects of polycyclic PO 10 IMPROVED BEDLOAD COLLEC- invertebrates, fish eggs, and suspended sediment, and musks on this imperiled faunal group. successfully target only the desired sizes of inorganic TORS FOR SEDIMENT TMDL’S AND sediment moving as bedload, including even iron floc PO 9 THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON SIZE-SELECTIVE SEDIMENT REMOVAL. (Koski and Herricks 2004). David A. Braatz1 and Randall L. Tucker2. SURVIVAL OF LAMPSILIS CARDIUM PO 11 OBSERVATIONS OF JUVENILES IN LABORATORY 1Streamside Systems, P.O. Box 245, Boonville, NC 27011; 27440 Liberty Twp AMBLEMINE UNIONID MANTLE DIS- EXPOSURES. Rd 95, Findlay, OH 45840. PLAYS AND GLOCHIDIA RELEASE. Casey Sleznikow1, Teresa Newton2, and Sediment is a major pollutant and impact to surface Bernard E. Sietman1, Mike Davis2, and Michelle Bartsch2. 1Central High School, waters and aquatic habitats. Silts and fine sands cause Mark C. Hove3. 1Minnesota Department 1801 Losey Blvd, La Crosse, WI 54601; the greatest negative biological and habitat impacts as of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Rd., 2USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental bedload and substrate components. Fine sediments fill St. Paul, MN 55155; 2Minnesota Depart- interstitial spaces; reduce subsurface pore space, flow, Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, ment of Natural Resources, Division of La Crosse, WI 54603. and DO; decimate hyporheic and benthic fauna; and reduce fish spawning success and native mussel Ecological Services, 1801 South Oak We evaluated the effects of diet and laboratory holding survival. Traditional bedload net samplers use coarse Street, Lake City, MN 55041; 3 Depart- time on the survival of juvenile Lampsilis cardium meshes (=0.5mm) for hydraulic efficiency, and gener- mussels in a 7-week study. The diets included a water ment of Biology, Macalester College, St. ally miss the bedload fines that are most responsible only exposure, river sediment, a commercial shellfish Paul, MN 55105. for habitat impacts. Alternatively, finer meshes (0.06 diet, and a combination of the commercial diet and Freshwater mussels have evolved impressive strate- to 0.25mm) have poor hydraulic efficiency; variability river sediment. The experimental design consisted of gies to promote the transfer of glochidia to their from short samples, net clogging, and small “sampler 3 38-L flow-through aquaria per diet, each containing hosts. Among these, modification of the mantle as width to stream width” ratios; and TSS bias (by 8 suspended PVC chambers (5 cm tall x 2 cm OD with host attractor or lure is the most well known. sampling the lower water column where TSS is 153 µm mesh on bottom). Fifteen 3-day old juveniles Members in the subfamily Lampsilinae are the only highest). Any sediment budgets or transport models (cultured in vivo) were added to each chamber on day group with published accounts describing such lures. that have been developed using data from such 0. Chambers receiving sediment diets received (200 g We document for the first time mantle modifications samplers, or “validated” by such data, will share their of surficial sediment from an uncontaminated reach of in the subfamily Ambleminae presumably used to significant inaccuracy. Improved bedload collectors the Upper Mississippi River at the start of the test and attract host fish. We observed mantle displays in five from Streamside Systems selectively capture targeted aquaria receiving the commercial diet received 250 µL amblemine species; Cyclonaias tuberculata, Quadrula bedload sediments for developing watershed sediment three times per week. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, fragosa, Q. metanevra, Q. pustulosa, and Tritogonia budgets, localizing NPS sediment sources, developing and flow rate were measured in each aquarium three verrucosa. Displaying individuals contained mature bedload TMDL’s, and noninvasively removing times per week. One chamber from each aquarium glochidia, which were occasionally released when the impacting fines to restore substrate quality. The was randomly removed weekly for 7 weeks to assess display was touched. Cyclonaias tuberculata and Q. Streamside collectors are scalable to any size stream, survival. Survival of juveniles varied significantly pustulosa, had similar displays, while the displays of 25 other species were different in appearance. Displays PO 13 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PO 14 PRACTICAL INVENTIONS AND were static, but appeared to be enlarged at night for T. AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY INNOVATIONS IN MUSSEL PROPAGA- verrucosa. These structures do not appear to mimic known aquatic animals, e.g. minnow, but might OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN SHOAL TION AND FIELD SAMPLING TECHNOL- resemble a novel food item to entice a fish strike, or CREEK, AL. OGY IN VIRGINIA. perhaps is associated with the release of a chemical Michael L. Buntin and Jack W. Feminella, Joe J. Ferraro1. Nathan L. Eckert1 attractant. Department of Biological Sciences, 331 ,Michael J. Pinder2, and Brian T. Watson3. PO 12 REPRODUCTIVE TIMING AND Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL Virginia Department of Game and Inland 36849 Fisheries. 11724 Buller Hatchery Road, ISOLATION IN FRESHWATER MUSSEL Though studies have shown that freshwater mussels Marion, VA 24354., 2 2206 South Main SPECIES. respond to fish signals in a laboratory setting, these Street, Suite C, Blacksburg, Virginia, Heather S. Galbraith and Caryn C. patterns have not been well demonstrated in the field. 24060, 3 1132 Thomas Jefferson Rd, We quantified fish diversity and activity patterns, Vaughn. Oklahoma Biological Survey and Forest, Virginia 24551. Department of Zoology, University of numbers and reproductive condition of mussels, and physical habitat variables. These were quantified The necessity of increasing efficiency and productivity Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019 repeatedly during varying times of day and night in freshwater mussel cultivation and surveying has Understanding freshwater mussel reproduction is one throughout the reproductive season. Fish activity and resulted in the invention of new systems and devices. of the key elements to conserving species diversity and mussel abundance were quantified by snorkeling. To quantitatively-sample subsurface mussels in rivers, properly managing freshwater systems. To date very Time of year and fish assemblage best predicted the we have designed a metal streambed sampler that is little is known about reproductive isolation, or how total number of mussels observed. Mussel activity used along with nested sieves. These samplers are sperm “finds” the egg of the correct species, in unionid increased as the season progressed and fish diversity durable and are able to collect juvenile mussels greater mussels. We are interested in quantifying differences and centrarchid abundance increased as fish migrated than 6 mm in height. In holding adult mussels as a in reproductive timing and the associated hormonal upstream from a reservoir. Mussel activity and brood stock, we have added small mesh baskets to 3 ft changes in a suite of mussels as one possible mecha- reproduction was higher on bright sunny days when diameter tanks that allow for the collection of released nism for minimizing interspecific fertilization. In compared with overcast days. Although potential host conglutanent packets and individual glochidia . addition, we plan to examine the role of gamete fish numbers increased as the season progressed, AHAB(r) systems are becoming increasingly popular incompatability and species-specific sperm chemotaxis observed mantle flap displays decreased. This was in holding infested host fish for juvenile production. in ensuring reproductive isolation. We predict that likely due to increased encounters between fish and To save time spent siphoning for juveniles, a modifica- each of these mechanisms could be important in mussels. Although laboratory trials suggest that tion to this system allows us to collect juvenile mussels minimizing interspecific fertilization and could have increased host fish abundance should increase the with little effort. A flow-through rearing system was important consequences for gene flow and speciation number of observed reproductive displays, our data built to raise juvenile mussels that features small round in freshwater mussels. suggest that increasing host fish abundance may result tanks fed by filtered river water. The system allows in lower numbers of observed displays. for high growth while eliminating invertebrate predators and high sediment loads. For transporting juvenile mussels to release in the river, a 32-quart cooler was renovated with aeration and 100 µm nylon bags to carry mussels. Each of these systems and devices help to increase the efficiency and productivity that translates into a greater potential for recovery of freshwater mussels.

26 PO 15 WHAT’S HAPPENIN’ AT WHITE populated with freshwater mussels and subjected to including 22 genera and 9 families (Percidae, Cyprin- acid mine drainage. idae, Ictaluridae, Fundulidae, Catostomidae, Cottidae, SULPHUR SPRINGS NATIONAL FISH Sciaenidae, Centrarchidae, and Atherinidae). HATCHERY? PO 16 IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE Obovaria subrotunda had a high degree of host Catherine M. Gatenby1, Patricia HOST FISHES FOR THE ROUND specificity (only 5 of 48 species were suitable). Hosts Morrison2, Julie Devers1, and Richard were all within the family Percidae (darters) and Henry3. 1White Sulphur Springs National HICKORYNUT (OBOVARIA included the variegate darter, Etheostoma variatum, SUBROTUNDA) FROM KENTUCKY. the frecklebelly darter, Percina stictogaster, the Fish Hatchery (WSSNFH), White Sulphur speckled darter, E. stigmaeum, the , Springs, West Virginia, 24986; 2Ohio Adam C. Shepard1,2 and Monte A. Etheostoma blennoides, and the emerald darter, River Islands National Wildlife Refuge, McGregor1. 1Kentucky Department of Etheostoma baileyi. All five species were identified as Parkersburg, WV; 3Division of Environ- Fish and Wildlife Resources, # 1 Game good hosts, except for the greenside darter, which was mental Quality, FWS, Edison, NJ. Farm Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, and considered marginal. The decline of our nations natural bio-filters - fresh- 2Department of Biological Sciences, water mussels - has led in part to the overall decline in Eastern Kentucky University, 521 PO 17 PERSISTENCE OF ACQUIRED aquatic ecosystem integrity and ecosystem function. IF Lancaster Ave., Richmond, KY 40475. RESISTANCE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS we wish to restore and sustain healthy aquatic ecosys- The round hickorynut, Obovaria subrotunda, is a TO GLOCHIDIA OF A UNIONID tems, it is imperative that management steps be taken common species found throughout the Tennessee, MUSSEL. to mitigate the loss of this keystone fauna. Propaga- Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, and in the Lake tion and reintroduction of these important aquatic St. Clair and Lake Erie drainages in North America. Benjamin J. Dodd1, M. Christopher organisms will allow for the overall recovery of However, it is critically imperiled throughout much of Barnhart1, Constance Rogers-Lowery2, degraded aquatic ecosystems. Propagation technology its northern range. Ortmann (1919) reported this Todd B. Fobian1, and Ronald V. Dimock, is currently used as a conservation tool for restoring species to be a long-term brooder with eggs present in Jr2. 1Department of Biology, Southwest endangered species of mussels in parts of the midwest September and glochidia in June, but a host has not Missouri State University, Springfield, MO and southeastern United States. That technology is been reported. We collected five males and one now available at White Sulphur Springs National Fish female from Buck Creek (Cumberland River) in south 65804; 2Department of Biology, Wake Hatchery (WSSNFH) and can be applied to the central Kentucky in the fall 2002. Individuals were Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC culture of common species of mussels, as well as returned to the Center for Mollusk Conservation, 27109. propagation of endangered species of mussels for where they were held in semi-natural conditions in Host fish acquire immunity to the parasitic larvae recovery purposes. A partnership between the flow-through river tanks. In early winter, the female (glochidia) of freshwater mussels. We investigated the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, the State was examined and contained mature glochidia. persistence of acquired immunity of largemouth bass of Pennsylvania, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Potential hosts were collected from several sites within (Micropterus salmoides) to glochidia of the broken Environmental Protection Agency was formed to the mussel’s known range (primarily tributaries to the rays mussel (Lampsilis reeveiana). Fish received 3 salvage, refuge, and relocate endangered and common Cumberland and Kentucky Rivers), returned to the successive priming infections with glochidia to induce freshwater mussels located in the vicinity of a bridge Center, acclimated to ambient room temperature, and an immune response. Primed fish were challenged replacement project. Six hundred mussels were held in Aquatic Habitats(r) tanks (1 to 9 L, depending (re-infected) at 2, 6, or 11 months after priming. salvaged from the future bridge alignment area and are on the size of the fish). We extracted larvae from the Transformation success was quantified as the percent in residence at WSSNFH. Another 900 mussels were female and pipetted 15-200 larvae onto the gills of of attached glochidia that transformed to the juvenile relocated to the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife each fish (small fish received 15 glochidia). Infested stage and were recovered alive. Transformation Refuge. This project will be overlapped with another fish were held in tanks at room temperature (23-24ºC) success on primed fish decreased from 68% to 28% study of the effect of biomass on stream benthic and siphoned daily to check for metamorphosed over the course of the 3 priming infections. Transfor- ecosystem dynamics, as well as a study to look at juveniles or rejected glochidia. We tested 48 species, mation success on primed fish at 2, 6, and 11 months remediation of streams in Pennsylvania formerly 27 (26%, 40%, and 68% respectively) after priming was formation of mussel beds in a section of Pool 16 in in the substrate and thus more likely to occur in areas significantly lower than on control fish (85%, 93%, the Upper Mississippi River. A combination of with high velocity and shear stress, compared to thin- and 92% respectively). Although a reduction in the substrate and hydrodynamic variables was used to or smooth-shelled species. We used classification trees magnitude of resistance was observed over time, our create a shear stress ratio (RSS) which proved to be an to model the presence and absence of thick- and thin- results indicate that partial acquired resistance can effective method for identification of flow refuges, shelled, sculptured and non-sculptured species to persist for nearly a year under laboratory conditions which are suitable areas for mussel survival. Dispersal determine which variables were most likely to predict (~22(C). A second group of largemouth bass was used of post-parasitic mussels was simulated by a particle their distribution. Candidate predictor variables to determine whether serum antibody levels of primed tracking mechanism that made it possible to estimate included substrate, depth, and velocity and shear stress fish correlated with transformation success. Fish which suitable areas can be colonized by juveniles and under low, moderate, and high discharges. Preliminary received 3 priming infections, and blood was extracted have the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Our analyses indicate that both thick-shelled and sculptured at 0, 2, 6 and 11 months after priming. simulation results suggest that healthy and diverse species were most frequently found in areas of low to Immunoblotting was used to detect host serum mussel beds must fulfill two requirements: present moderate shear stress under both low and high flow antibodies to L. reeveiana glochidia proteins. Binding suitable habitat for development of juveniles and conditions. However, thick-shelled species were found of antibodies from serum extracted immediately after persistence of adults and be connected to larval in areas with a wider range of shear stress under high priming was obvious, but diminished over time and dispersal routes. The RSS was a powerful indicator of flow conditions compared to thin-shelled species. was almost non-existent at 6 and 11 months after substrate stability and ultimately was used to deter- Overall, these data are consistent with the flow refuge priming. Nonetheless, primed fish still showed mine where juveniles settled. The dimensionless RSS concept in that unionids are more prevalent in areas significant resistance to glochidia at 6 and 11 months can be used across systems with varying flow regimes with low to moderate hydraulic stresses regardless of after priming. Rapid production of antibodies by and may be used to evaluate management practices shell morphology. Thus, future studies could benefit memory B cells upon reinfection may be partially involving the effects of varying flow regimes on biota from incorporating hydraulic variables into predictive responsible for the persistence of acquired immunity in large rivers. models. in primed fish. PO 19 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PO 20 NOT ALL THAT DAM(N) BAD: PO 18 IDENTIFICATION OF FLOW REF- UNIONIDS MAY INFLUENCE THEIR CHANGING PERSPECITIVES ON THE UGES AND POTENTIAL COLONIZATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE UPPER MISSIS- ROLE OF IMPOUNDMENTS IN FRESH- BY JUVENILE FRESHWATER MUSSELS SIPPI RIVER. WATER MOLLUSK CONSERVATION IN LARGE RIVERS. Michelle R. Bartsch, Steve J. Zigler, and BIOLOGY. Yenory Morales1, Arthur Mynett1, Teresa Teresa J. Newton. U.S. Geological Michael M. Gangloff1, Paul D. Johnson2, Newton2 and Larry Weber3. 1WL|Delft Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Jeffrey D. Sides2, and Steven A. Hydraulics, Strategic Research and Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603. Ahlstedt3. 1 Auburn University, Depart- Development, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 Attempts to predict the distribution of unionids from ment of Biological Sciences, 101 Cary HD Delft, The Netherlands; 2USGS, in situ habitat descriptors have been largely unsuc- Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, 2 TNARI, 5385 Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences cessful, but certain biological and calculated hydraulic variables have recently shown some predictive power. Red Clay Road, Cohutta, GA 30710, 3U.S. Center, 2630 Fanta Road La Crosse, WI Geological Survey 1820 Midpark Drive, 54603; 3IIHR-Hydroscience and Engi- We used historic and recent unionid data and hydrau- lic conditions at 606 sites over a 38-km reach of the Knoxville, TN 37921 neering, The University of Iowa, 300 Upper Mississippi River to compare the distribution Historically, biologists, resource managers, and nearly South Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA of unionids with different shell morphologies. We all conservation organizations have envisioned dams as 52242-1585. hypothesized that heavier, thick-shelled species and detrimental to native biota. Many studies have A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel those with sculptured projections on their shells demonstrated dramatic alterations of ecological dynamics was developed and applied to study the would be more effective at maintaining their position processes and biotic assemblages associated with large 28 impoundments. Few studies have focused on how We studied the water relations of the terrestrial slug PO 22 BY WATER THEY GO: AQUATIC existing dams may contribute to the localized persis- species Deroceras laeve (Muller), Lehmannia SNAILS IN THE SYSTEM. ARE THEY tence of imperiled freshwater taxa. Recent surveys in valentiana (Ferussac), and Philomycus carolinianus the Duck, Cahaba, Coosa, and Tallapoosa drainages (Bosc.) to provide a better understanding of micro- NATIVE, EXOTIC, INVASIVE OR JUST found that mussels were frequently abundant immedi- habitat preferences and adaptability to different GREAT BIO-INDICATORS? ately below low-head dams. In the Duck and Cahaba environments. D. laeve and P. carolinianus are native Byron N. Karns1 Mark Hove2, Gina M. rivers, mussel abundance adjacent to 4 of 5 mill dams to North America, but D. laeve has shown worldwide Malizio2* and Ellen Strong 2, 1 St. Croix was 2-10X greater and species richness was similar or invasibility and pest characteristics. L. valentiana is greater than localities immediately up or downstream. native to the Iberian Peninsula and has also shown National Scenic Riverway1, National Park These structures may be partially buffering fine worldwide invasibility and pest characteristics. Twenty Service P.O. Box 708 St. Croix Falls, WI sediments or toxins, but localized channel stability slugs of each species were desiccated and weighed over 54024; 2University of Minnesota , Depart- immediately below mill-dams is likely the dominant a 24 hour period, after which we determined initial ment of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conserva- factor. Despite their sometimes positive influence on mass, percentage of total body water (%TBW), tion Biology, 100 Ecology Bldg., 1987 streambed stability and water quality, if left un- cuticular permeability (CP), water loss rates (WL), and Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108 managed mill dams can contribute to habitat degrada- hours to death (HR). P. carolinianus was the most The St. Croix National Scenic Riverway is a major tion. When dams partially or totally collapse the debris desiccation tolerant having the greatest initial mass, tributary of the Upper Mississippi River. Freshwater can restrict the channel and exacerbate downstream lowest CP, lowest WL, and the most HR. L. mollusks are a keystone faunal group of freshwater scouring. Historical collections suggest that many valentiana was more desiccation tolerant than D. laeve systems and while the unionid mussels in the St. Croix reaches below breached dams that supported rich having a lower WL and more HR. Although P. and Namekagon Rivers have been relatively well mussel assemblages, no longer do. Federal and state carolinianus showed a greater tolerance to desiccation studied, little detailed information is available for agencies need to be more concerned with the condition conditions, it is found almost exclusively in relatively aquatic snail species. Therefore, discovering what and future of low-head dams and recognize that these stable and undisturbed habitats. Additionally, L. snail species are present and where, whether the structures can have dramatic positive and negative valentiana, which is found almost exclusively in Riverway supports exotic/, and what localized impacts on imperiled aquatic fauna. Stabiliza- synanthropic habitats and D. laeve, which can be impacts other invasive/native species will have on this tion, restoration, or removal of low-head structures found in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats are faunal group is a critical set of questions needed to be should be a priority of basin-scale mollusk conservation significantly less tolerant of desiccation conditions. answered. The poster will highlight early results from and recovery programs, on a case-by-case basis. The data suggest that physical conditions are not the a survey of aquatic snails on the St. Croix and deciding factor in the habitat choices of these slugs. P. Namekagon during the 2004 field season. Location carolinianus has been observed although not docu- PO 21 COMPARATIVE WATER RELA- information will be detailed and methods explored. mented to be dominantly mycophagous, while L. TIONS IN THREE SYMPATRIC SLUGS: Emphasis will be placed on those species which are valentiana and D. laeve are generalist feeders. The rare or invasive and what strategies might be best to DEROCERAS LAEVE, LEHMANNIA feeding habits of each species provide support for their conserve or eliminate species based on this determina- preference of habitat. VALENTIANA, AND PHILOMYCUS tion. Also discussed will be tools that might be used to CAROLINIANUS. protect desired species from the onslaught of threats, Jody M. Thompson1, Arthur G. Appel2, particularly aquatic invasive species. and Jeff L. Sibley1, 1Department of Horticulture, 101 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Alabama 36849. 2Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Ala- bama 36849. 29 PO 23 INVADERS FROM THE SOUTH: might be the next zebra mussel in terms of their established to determine zebra mussel densities on the APPLESNAIL (POMACEA economic and ecological impact. Research providing lower river, and present results of not only this insight into their basic ecology can foster manage- invasive, but of Asian Clams and snails found during CANALICULATA) ECOLOGY AND LIFE ment efforts. the sampling events. It will also highlight management HISTORY. decisions resulting from this information. Rebecca K. Marfurt1 and Romi L. Burks1. PO 24 ASSESSING THE SPREAD OF 1Department of Biology, Southwestern ZEBRA MUSSELS IN THE ST. CROIX PO25 OUR ST. CROIX RIVER: BATTLE- University, 1001 East University Avenue, RIVER USING DENSITY MEASURE- GROUND FOR INVADING ZEBRA MUS- Georgetown, TX 78626 MENTS AND NATIVE MUSSELS. SELS. Exposure to multiple vectors increases the susceptibil- Byron N. Karns1 and Dan Kelner2 , 1St. R. Nicholas Rowse1 and Byron N. Karns2. ity of aquatic ecosystems to invasion. Transferred Croix National Scenic Riverway1, Na- 1U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin through the aquarium trade, channeled applesnails Cities Field Office, 4101 American Blvd. (Pomacea canaliculata) may negatively impact native tional Park Service P.O. Box 708, St. ecosystems through their rapid reproduction and Croix Falls, WI 54024, 2U.S. Army E., Bloomington, MN 55425; 2National voracious appetite for aquatic plants. Current manage- Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District 190 Park Service, St. Croix National Scenic ment efforts suffer from a lack of basic data regarding Fifth Street East, St. Paul, MN 55101- Riverway, P.O. Box 708, St. Croix Falls, WI abiotic and biotic impacts on applesnails. To address 1638 54024. this, we first tested how salinity affected snail mortality. The St. Croix National Scenic Riverway was the first In 1992, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were Both adults and hatchlings tolerated salinity levels as wild and scenic river unit of the National Park discovered in the Mississippi River through the Twin high as 8 ppt. Higher levels quickly led to mortality. System, in 1968. The Riverway is considered a Cities, Minnesota. This led the National Park Service To examine salinity impacts on feeding, adult snails nationally significant resource for its richness and (NPS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to received lettuce and hatchlings fed on algae covering abundance of freshwater mussels (~40 species, the form an interagency task force to halt the spread of stone tiles. Adult feeding increased significantly at 8 greatest in the Upper Mississippi watershed) and is zebra mussels into the St. Croix and slow the spread of ppt compared to 0 ppt (p = 0.002), while hatchling recognized for its outstanding recreational and zebra mussels within the river. In 1993, a prevention consumption did not vary (p = 0.284). To address biological assets. The diversity of unionids within the plan was developed and implemented by the task force. biotic factors, we tested how applesnails responded Riverway is well documented and many threats to that Key elements of this plan included education and behaviorally to predatory cues from fish, turtles, diversity have been identified. This faunal group will information, inspection and access management, crayfish and adult applesnails. Our results indicated be severely impacted by a zebra mussel infestation and monitoring, infestation control, and research. No that fish and crayfish prompted similar predator- from other exotic invasions. To understand the reproducing population of zebra mussels had been avoidance behaviors in hatchlings (p’s < 0.05) and that invasion of zebra mussels into the St. Croix, measure- detected in the St. Croix River for the next seven years. hatchling response changed over time. Snails moved ments of density were taken within the known In 1995, zebra mussels were found attached to a small away from the bottom when these predators occurred. infestation zone (the last 21 miles of river). Sample number of boats within the river and individual zebra To examine the subsequent impact of predation, we locations were chosen based on native mussel bed mussels had been discovered scattered in small allowed adult and juvenile redear sunfish (Lepomis survey work previously conducted by the second numbers on substrate along both sides of the lower 25 microlophus) to prey on applesnails and native author. Six locations were identified from Stillwater, miles of river. A reproducing population of zebra ramshorn snails. Consumption rates of juvenile fish did MN, to Prescott, WI, reflecting the range of habitats mussels was discovered in the river during the summer not vary (?2, p > 0.05), whereas adult snails consumed and hydrology found in the infestation zone. Thirty of 2000. The source of this reproduction, while yet to more applesnails ((?2, p < 0.001). Overall, our experi- 1/8-meter quadrate samples were collected by divers be pinpointed, mussels is quite disturbing. The task ments indicated that applesnails tolerate abiotic stress at each of the locations. These samples were pro- force has made several recommendations for policy and respond to likely predators. With high reproduc- cessed off river, frozen and examined under magnifi- makers and agency managers. Management issues tion rates and varied ecological strategies, applesnails cation. The poster will showcase the methods surrounding zebra mussels are complex and controver-

30 sial and future actions of river users are critical to the cover to be the most significant predictors of Cor- major drainages in the state. Populations in the further spread of zebra mussels. The task force is now bicula density. A popular view is that unionids decline Housatonic, South Central Coast, and Thames River focused on multi-agency actions and will present zebra when Corbicula invade their habitat. Our data drainages, and elsewhere in the Connecticut River mussel monitoring field activities from 2001 through indicate an opposite scenario, ie. Corbicula may be drainage appear to be surviving despite the absence of 2004. unable to invade patches with high unionid biomass thermal refuge during winter. Further, it is speculated and species richness. that since these populations are distributed randomly PO 26 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN among different drainages, they represent distinct PO 27 FURTHER RANGE EXPANSION point source introductions, most likely through UNIONIDS AND CORBICULA AT SMALL accidental or intentional human introduction. C. SPATIAL SCALES. OF THE INTRODUCED CORBICULA fluminea has been found in association with eight of Caryn C. Vaughn and Daniel E. Spooner. FLUMINEA (MÜLLER, 1774) IN CON- the eleven extant species of freshwater mussels in Oklahoma Biological Survey and Depart- NECTICUT. Connecticut including federally endangered Alasmidonta heterodon, state threatened species ment of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, James (Jay) R. Cordeiro1 and Douglas E. Leptodea ochracea, and state special concern species Norman OK 73019. Morgan2, 1NatureServe, 11 Avenue de Ligumia nasuta. Studies examining the relationship between unionids Lafayette, Boston, MA 02111; 2Millstone and invasive Corbicula have produced contradictory Environmental Laboratory, Dominion PO 28 INVASIVE AND ENDANGERED results, with some studies finding negative associations Nuclear Connecticut, Inc., Waterford, CT and others finding no association between the two MOLLUSKS IN THE SNAKE RIVER, USA. groups. These studies primarily have been conducted 06385 David C. Richards. EcoAnalysts Inc. at the spatial scale of a mussel bed or larger. We The invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea Moscow, Idaho examined the association between unionids and (Müller, 1774) (family Corbiculidae), is native to I will present an overview of the status of the native Corbicula at small spatial scales in eight rivers in the temperate and tropical southern Asia west to the far threatened and endangered mollusks, including a Ouachita Highlands, Oklahoma and Arkansas. eastern Mediterranean, northern Africa, the southeast possible new species of Taylorconcha, and the poten- Descriptions of these rivers along with unionid species Asian islands, and eastern Australia. It was first tial impacts of invasive mollusks in the Snake River, lists are available at http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/ reported in the United States in 1938 in the Colum- Idaho. Results will be presented from several years of Biodiversity_Web_Site/main. We used a hierarchical bia River in Pacific County, Washington. Since then it research that colleagues and I have conducted on sampling strategy of 300 patches (0.25 m2 quadrats) has been documented in nearly every U.S. state. The competition between natives and invasives and from nested within 30 mussel beds. A suite of environmen- first documented occurrence in Connecticut was in recent surveys that we have conducted in Hells tal parameters were measured in each quadrat prior to the Connecticut Yankee nuclear power station in the Canyon of the Snake River. excavation. We found a significant, negative correla- lower Connecticut River in April 1990. This well- tion between Corbicula and unionid densities across studied population has remained viable and expanded PO 29 LONG-TERM POPULATION DY- the 300 quadrats. This produced a triangular scatter its range upriver at least 38 km despite extensive pattern such that patches with low unionid density had population die-offs during winter months. Popula- NAMICS OF UNIONOID MUSSELS IN a wide range of Corbicula densities, but patches with tions survived well near the warm discharges of three THE ST. CROIX RIVER, MINNESOTA high unionid density never had high Corbicula electrical power plants on the Connecticut River, but AND WISCONSIN, USA. survival around the Connecticut Yankee plant densities. We found this same negative correlation Hornbach, Daniel J. and Hove, Mark C., and triangular scatter pattern for the relationship following its closure in 1996 suggests thermal between Corbicula and overall unionid biomass, discharges are not necessary for survival. Until now, Department of Biology, Macalester unionid species richness, and abundance of a keystone the lower Connecticut River population was believed College, St. Paul, MN 55105. unionid species in these rivers, Actinonaias to be the only occurrence of C. fluminea in Connecti- The diverse mussel community in the St. Croix River ligamentina. A multiple regression model found cut. This study documents the occurrences in 15 is a nationally recognized resource. We quantitatively unionid biomass, substrate stability, and periphyton other sites in the state including four of the seven assessed mussel communities and habitat from 1991- 31 2004 at 9 locations. Eight locations were sampled a PO 30 LONG TERM MONITORING OF minimum of 3 times during this period, with one site PO 31 RECRUITMENT OF JUVENILE sampled for the first time in 2004. Thirty-five species THE MUSSEL COMMUNITY AND of mussels were collected in quantitative samples, HABITAT IN THE KENTUCKY DAM UNIONIDS (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) IN although the river contains >40 species of unionoids TAILWATER IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE NAVIGATION POOL 8 OF THE UPPER including two federally endangered species. Mussel MISSISSIPPI RIVER. density varied from 2.5 to 38.4 mussels/m2, depending NAVIGATION LOCK ADDITION AT on year and location. Large mussel density (> 30 mm KENTUCKY LOCK AND DAM. Jennifer S. Sauer1, Teresa J. Newton1, shell length) declined over the period at most sites, Chad E. Lewis1, James B. Sickel2, and and Heidi L. Dunn2. 1U.S. Geological with an average decline of 28.1%. The decline in Richard N. Tippit3. 1Mainstream Com- Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental density was not statistically significant due to the large mercial Divers, Inc., Murray, KY 42071; Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, within-site variability. Likewise there was a decline in 2Department of Biological Sciences, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603; 2Ecological small mussel density (<30 mm shell length), averaging Specialists, Inc., 1417 Huff Industrial 54.5%. These declines were statistically significant, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071; especially at sites located downstream of a hydroelec- 3U.S. Army Engineer District, Nashville, Park, O’Fallon, Missouri 63366. tric dam on the river. Shell-length frequency diagrams P.O. Box 1070, Nashville, TN 37202 We quantitatively sampled six unionid beds in Naviga- tion Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River to assess suggest there has been little recruitment or there is In conjunction with the U.S.A.C.E.’s construction of a the level of recent recruitment. Beds were chosen low juvenile survival among many dominant species at new navigation lock at Kentucky Dam in Livingston based on historic density, species richness, anecdotal many sites. At some sites there has been an increase in County, Kentucky, Tennessee River Mile 22.4, a mussel observations of juveniles, and geospatial location fine sediments, although this is variable among sites. monitoring program was initiated in 2003. The within the Pool. At each site, we obtained 30 to 35, The site with the greatest decline in small mussel purpose was to establish a baseline data set so that 0.25-m2 quads and excavated sediments down to ~10 density has had the largest increase in fine sediments changes in the mussel community downstream from cm. We obtained 1,291 live unionids and 52% of and is located just downstream of the hydroelectric the dam could be monitored during construction and these were considered juveniles (age 5 or younger, dam. This site holds the largest known population of later operation of the new lock. Mussels were collected based on external annuli). Of the 26 species encoun- the endangered winged mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) from four sites, including two “experimental sites” close tered alive, 22 (85%) were represented by juveniles, and one of the few populations of endangered Higgins to the dam and two “control sites” several miles including the federally endangered Higgins’ Eye, eye (Lampsilis higginsii) not threatened by the invasive downstream. Within each site, eighty 0.25 m2 quadrats Lampsilis higginsii. Total density ranged from 8 to 49 zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. The causes for were sampled by excavation and screening. A total of mussels/m2 and juvenile densities ranged from 3 to 26 the overall decline in the health of the mussel commu- 4,496 mussels in 28 species were identified, measured, mussels/m2, with greatest densities in large side nities are unknown but could include an increased recorded, and returned to the sample locations. A channels. These data suggest that there has been human population in the watershed, the invasion of baseline of habitat conditions was documented using substantial recent recruitment to at least some beds in zebra mussels in lower reaches of the river, and survey quality hydrographic equipment and sediment Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River. increased recreational use of the river. analysis. Six substrate samples were collected to a depth of 15 cm within each of the four sites and analyzed for grain size and organic content. The combination of the baseline mussel and habitat data will be used for future comparisons to document positive or negative changes in the mussel community and habitat conditions. This project provides a unique opportunity to examine mussel community structure in a large river environment.

32 this river. Less is known about mussel distributions in except those that indicate change from head waters to PO 32 A SURVEY OF FRESHWATER the Arkansas portion. We sampled 50 sites in the mouth. These results document both presence of a MUSSELS (UNIONIDAE) IN TWIN Arkansas portion of Bayou Bartholomew and its major mussel fauna and its precariousness. CREEK, SOUTHWEST OHIO. tributaries during the period of June through October, Kara L. Wendeln1, G. Thomas Watters2, 2004. We collected 35 species of freshwater mussel, PO 33 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION along with Corbicula fluminea and fingernail clams. A G. Allen Burton, Jr. 1, and James R. OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN BAYOU discussion of the diversity in Bayou Bartholomew and Runkle1. 1Department of Biological BARTHOLOMEW, ARKANSAS. comparisons to the Louisiana portion of the river are Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, presented. Jeff A. Brooks1, Steven G. George2, David OH 45435; 2Department of Evolution, M. Hayes1, Russell L. Minton3, Frank Ecology and Organismal Biology, The PO 34 UNIONID ASSESSMENT OF THE Pezold3, and Ronnie Ulmer4. 1Depart- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH UPPER OHIO RIVER, DOWNSTREAM ment of Biology, University of Louisiana at 43212. Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, OF THE BELLEVILLE LOCK AND DAM. Twin Creek, located in southwest Ohio, is considered LA 71209-0520. 2U.S. Army Engineer Cristi Milam1, Richard Connelly1, Greg to be an exceptional warm water habitat with the Zimmerman2, Jeff Boltz1, Phillip Meier3. second highest fish diversity in Ohio. The purposes of Research and Development Center, this study are to characterize the mussel fauna of Twin Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls 1EA Engineering Science and Technol- Creek and determine major patterns of distribution of Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180. 3Mu- ogy, Inc., 15 Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD mussel species with regard to the environment. We seum of Natural History, University of 21152; 2EnviroScience, Inc. 3781 Darrow hypothesize that mussel species diversity will be high Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Road Stow, OH 44224; 3Ohio Municipal and regionally important. We also predict that mussel Avenue, Monroe, LA 71209-0504. 4The Electric Generation Agency-Joint Venture distribution will be positively correlated with high No. 5, 2600 Airport Drive Columbus, OH quality environmental conditions. To document mussel Nature Conservancy, Northeast Louisiana fauna 36 sites were analyzed across 47 miles and 4 Program, P.O. Box 340, Winnsboro, LA 43219 counties. Unionids presence was determined with 71295. The reported existence of Lampsilis abrupta and Cyprogenia stegaria below the Belleville, WV lock visual, timed (2hr), random searches, with effort Bayou Bartholomew, originating in Loess hills west of and dam in the early 1990s prompted the investigation concentrated in the best apparent mussel habitat. Pine Bluff, Arkansas, runs 284 miles south before and monitoring of freshwater unionids in the Shells of dead mussels were collected for identifica- emptying into the Ouachita River in Morehouse Belleville project area. The purposes of this mussel tion, and site characteristics were recorded. Water Parish, Louisiana. Currently, it is the only major river survey were to meet the specific conditions outlined in quality measurements were taken at 15 of the 36 sites of the alluvial plain in southeastern Arkansas and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license, at high and low flow rates. Fifteen species were northeastern Louisiana that has not been channelized. including, (1) monitoring the density of most abun- recorded, 14 from the subfamilies Anodontinae and Bayou Bartholomew contains both regionally common dant species (Amblema plicata, Obliquaria reflexa, Lampsilinae, and 9 live species were documented at 17 species as well as those with more restricted or local- Potamilus alatus, and Truncilla truncata), (2) monitor- of the 36 sites. Two large sections, one above ized ranges. More importantly, it harbors relatively ing recruitment and growth of collected species, and Germantown Metropark and one below, did not undisturbed habitats that may serve as both a source of (3) measuring zebra mussel densities. Results of these contain live mussels. Further studies need to be species for other streams in the region and may provide data indicate that the following conditions are completed to determine the cause for the lack of important refugia for species sensitive to environmental occurring: density and abundance of selected adult mussels in these areas. Although 1995 data report changes. Previous surveys have indicated that Bayou species may be in decline, and juvenile (<5 years) healthy host fish populations, the subfamily Bartholomew harbors one of the most diverse freshwa- recruitment of several species (A. plicata, Leptodea Ambleminae is almost completely missing from the ter mussel faunas in Louisiana, with 40 known native fragilis, Ligumia recta, O. reflexa, P. alatus, Quadrula area. Initial water quality measurements do not species. Eight species in Louisiana, including one metanevra, and Q. pustulosa) and the presence of contain significant correlations with mussel parameters federally endangered species, are primarily limited to

33 gravid females indicate that conditions may be suitable from four different museums. Sampling results at 37 filling knowledge gaps about distributions and habitat for reproductive activities. Abundance of several sites found 23+ species of gastropods and 28 species of associations of land snails by two methods. First, we species (P. sintoxia, Elliptio crassidens, Lampsilis mussels. Live specimens were sampled of the six are compiling information from existing museum siliquoidea) was reported for 2004 that had not been federally listed species: , Lepyrium collections that hold important unpublished informa- reported in previous (2002) assessments. Age determi- showalteri, Lioplax cyclostomaformis, Lampsilis altilis, tion on Pennsylvania land snails. Second, fieldwork is nations indicate that the average age of these commu- Pleurobema perovatum, and Ptychobranchus greenii. All intensively inventorying land snails in limestone nities is generally increasing throughout both stations. listed species, with the exception of P. perovatum, were communities in poorly sampled areas of western Zebra mussel densities in the vicinity have increased in found in a 39-mile reach of the 191-mile long Cahaba, Pennsylvania, and documenting habitat associations. the past two years and show that they may be impact- between Centreville and Helena, Alabama. Pleurobema Limestone has diverse snail faunas, so sampling ing native unionid survival. If the existing juvenile perovatum was found at a single location in lower limestone areas should quickly assess presence of cohort of zebra mussels survives to adulthood, there Oakmulgee Creek. Lepyrium showalteri had the next common species, and should reveal uncommon may be a more dramatic decline in unionid survival smallest range of approximately 3.5 river miles. The species as well. Updated distribution maps of Penn- downstream of the lock and dam. range and occurrence of several mollusk species has sylvania land snails with documented habitat associa- been greatly reduced or eliminated from the Cahaba tions will provide necessary information to biologists PO 35 PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A River basin since the early 20th century. and land managers for protecting snails, for using MOLLUSK INVENTORY OF THE snails as indicator taxa, and for identifying biodiversity PO 36 UPDATING KNOWLEDGE OF hot spots that warrant long-term protection. CAHABA RIVER BASIN, ALABAMA. LAND SNAIL DISTRIBUTIONS IN PENN- Jeffrey D. Sides1, Stuart W. McGregor2, PO 37 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE and Paul D. Johnson1, 1Tennessee SYLVANIA. Timothy A. Pearce, Carnegie Museum of FRESHWATER MUSSEL FAUNA OF Aquarium Research Institute, 5385 Red GUINEA. Clay Road, Cohutta, GA 30710; 2Geologi- Natural History, 4400 Forbes Ave., Russell L. Minton1, Arthur E. Bogan2, cal Survey of Alabama, P.O. Box 869999, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 and Frank Pezold1. 1Museum of Natural Tuscaloosa, AL 35486. In order to protect rare species, we need to know what is rare and where they live. While Pennsylvania has History, University of Louisiana at Mon- During late summer of 2004, a two-year inventory of more than 100 land snail species, our knowledge of the mollusks of the Cahaba River in Alabama was roe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, LA their distribution is so poor that we cannot determine initiated. To date, 37 sites have been inventoried, most 71209-0504. 2North Carolina Museum of conservation needs reliably. Existing distribution maps in the mainstem Cahaba. The sites ranged from lower Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek from 1985 show 34 of the 67 counties (50%) with Oakmulgee Creek to the Cahaba River headwaters in fewer than 15 species, while six well-surveyed counties Road, Raleigh, NC 27607. St. Clair County. Each site was sampled primarily by reporting 35 or more species are near Pittsburgh and Like many freshwater faunas, the distribution and snorkeling, but visual wading searches were also Philadelphia, which are historical centers of land snail diversity of unionoid bivalves in Guinea are poorly employed for locating shell material of additional research. Recent field and museum work reveals new understood and have been incompletely treated. Only species. Gastropods were identified according to distribution records indicating gaps in our knowledge. three publications have addressed freshwater mussels current taxonomy, recorded, and voucher samples of As examples, our recent work documents the minute in Guinea: Haas (1969); Mandhal-Barth (1988); and non-listed species were preserved in 95% ethanol. snail Carychium nannodes Clapp, 1905 in Pennsylva- Daget (1998). These three authors list between eight Unionid mussels were identified, shell length was nia (Greene Co.) for the first time. The minute land and seventeen species occurring in the country based measured using vernier calipers, and they were snail Punctum minutissimum (I. Lea, 1841) was on literature and assumptions regarding fauna in Mali, returned live to the point of collection. In order to reported from a single county in western Pennsylvania Niger and Senegal. As part of a CEPF-funded survey follow trends in mollusk species diversity, we also (Beaver Co.) in the 1985 distribution maps but our of the Guinean ichthyofauna in 2002 and 2003, six developed a database of historical museum records. research over the last three years has documented it in species of unionoid were collected from the Parc Over 1,500 individual records have been collected 18 of the 31 western Pennsylvania counties. We are National du Haut Niger, five with preserved voucher

34 material: Aspatharia chaiziana, A. tristis, Chambardia showing the number of species present in each focusing on 655 species in all 50 states and 11 Cana- wissmanni, Coelatura decampsiana, Etheria elliptica, country. This map is available on the MUSSEL dian Provinces was completed in early 2004. This and Mutela dubia. Vouchered taxa are illustrated Project Web Site (http://clade.acnatsci.org/mussel/). initial assessment determined 60 species of freshwater along with a discussion of the current taxonomic status snails are likely extinct, and at least 310 additional of Guinean unionoids and proposed future research in PO 39 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INITIAL species rank as G1 or G2. With another 75 species the Niger River drainage. CONSERVATION ASSESMENT FOR listed as G3, fully 70% of currently valid taxa are extinct, endangered, threatened, or of special concern PO 38 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER (GX, G1, G2, or G3). This is the highest imperilment FRESHWATER MUSSEL DIVERSITY. GASTROPODS. rate for any major taxa group in North America, Kevin S. Cummings1 and Daniel L. Graf2 Paul D. Johnson1 Arthur E. Bogan2 including mussels. The initial draft checklist will be Charles E. Lydeard3 Kenneth M. Brown4 presented and comments from symposium participants 1 Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East solicited. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820; 2 and Jay E. Cordeiro5. 1TNARI, 5385 Red Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Clay Road, Cohutta, GA, 2North Carolina PO 40 THE ENIGMATIC QUADRULA Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Museum of Natural History, 4301 Reedy NOBILIS (CONRAD 1854): WHAT IS IT? Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, 3Uni- PA 19103. Robert G. Howells, Texas Parks and versity of Alabama, Department of Freshwater mussels (= pearly mussels or naiades) of Wildlife Department, Heart of the Hills the bivalves order Unionoida have a worldwide Biology, 425 Scientific Collections Fisheries Science Center, 5103 Junction distribution, presently occurring on all non-glaciated Building, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL Highway, Ingram, Texas 78025. continents. Estimates of global freshwater mussel 35487, 4Louisiana State University, species diversity have, in the Modern Era, ranged The mapleleaf, Quadrula nobilis, was first described from less than 850 to more than 1200. Our census, to- Department of Biological Sciences, by T.A. Conrad in 1854. Although Conrad correctly date, suggests that the actual number is closer around Baton Rouge, LA 70803, 5NatureServe, described and illustrated a number of morphological 900 extant (or recently extinct) species, many with 11 Avenue de Lafayette, 5th Floor, traits unique to this mussel, it was quickly synony- multiple recognized subspecies. Nearly 5000 species- Boston, MA 02111 mized with “common” mapleleaf Quadrula quadrula group taxa have been described for the Recent In 1993 the American Fisheries Society (AFS) (Rafinesque 1820). When Texas Parks and Wildlife Unionoida, and we have been working in collabora- published a general conservation assessment of Department began survey work in Texas waters, tion since 2002 to vet the available taxonomic data and freshwater mussels of North America authored by “nobilis” types taken in field surveys were also refine our estimate of the global freshwater diversity. J.D. Williams et al. This mussel assessment was considered to be Q. quadrula until typical Q. quadrula While the order Unionoida is worldwide in distribu- followed by similar assessment for crayfishes (Taylor from several other states and Q. apiculata were tion, the numerous individual species are not. On a et al. 1996) and southeastern fishes (Warren et al. compared electrophoretically to “nobilis” forms from global scale, most freshwater mussel species are 2000). The AFS has granted permission to begin a Texas and Mississippi. Unexpectedly, “nobilis” was restricted to relatively few adjacent drainage basins, conservation assessment for North American freshwa- clearly distinct. Several years later, DNA analysis and almost none have ranges across continental ter gastropods and an initial committee has been performed at University of Alabama also found Q. boundaries. Nor are freshwater mussel species formed. The final evaluation will be based on our nobilis to be distinguishable from Q. quadrula. randomly distributed. Certain regions are apparent current understanding of freshwater gastropod Additionally, a large adult Q. nobilis from the Neches ‘hot spots’ of freshwater mussel diversity, most notably taxonomy. Breaking with earlier assessments, we seek River, Texas, was described as Tritogonia verrucosa the southeastern United States and Southeast Asia. To to replace categorical rankings (i.e. Endangered, var. obesa by Simpson (1900). Despite Conrad’s illustrate the global distribution of freshwater mussel Threatened, Species of Concern...), with more original description that addressed this larger form, species, we have surveyed the literature and museum definitive global conservation rankings (G rank), that the Simpson description remained and served to add to collections to determine individual species ranges. are actively monitored by NatureServe, state Natural the confusion around Q. nobilis. Another mapleleaf These are depicted on a color-coded map of the world Heritage Programs, and UNITAS. A draft evaluation description, Unio asper Lea (1831), also confounded

35 recognition of Q. nobilis. A present, it appears the Q. PO 42 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF the Southern Elktoe (A. triangulata); and 4) determine nobilis is indeed taxonomically distinct from Q. THE ENDANGERED GENUS the phylogenetic position of the Applachian Elktoe (A. quadrula and Q. apiculata, but the status the “asper raveneliana). (aspera)” types and several morphological deviations ALASMIDONTA (UNIONIDAE: from the basic “nobilis” form remain unclear. Classic ANODONTINAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA. PO 43 PHYLOGENETIC RELATION- examples of Q. nobilis are quadrate when young Yanyan Huang1, Morgan E. Raley1, 2, SHIPS AMONG FRESHWATER MUSSEL specimens with two rows of horizontal, shelf-like pustules, but shells become more rectangular with age Jay F. Levine1, and Arthur E. Bogan2 1 SPECIES OF THE GENUS EPIOBLASMA and size and begin to resemble male Q. [T.] verrucosa. College of Veterinary Medicine, North (UNIONIDAE). None become as large or heavily-shelled as Q. Carolina State University, 4700 Jess W. Jones1,3, Richard J. Neves2,3, quadrula. Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, 2 Nathan Johnson3, and Eric M. North Carolina State Museum of Natural PO 41 WHO ARE YOUR NATIVES? Hallerman3. 1U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sciences, Research Laboratory, 4301 Service, Department of Fisheries and BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CAUTIONS Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607. Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, FROM “PLEUROBEMA” SPECIES IN The freshwater bivalve genus Alasmidonta Say (1818) Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321; 2U.S. THE MOBILE BASIN. contains six species from North Carolina: A. heterodon, A. robusta, A. varicosa, A. raveneliana, A. Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative David C. Campbell, 425 Scientific Collec- viridis and A. undulata. Clarke (1981) described A. Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Depart- tions Bldg, Biodiversity and Systematics, robusta as presumed extinct and conceded that its ment of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, distinctness from A. varicosa was problematic. Will- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061- University of Alabama, Box 870345, iams et al. (1993) listed A. robusta as extinct, A. 0321; 3Department of Fisheries and Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0345. heterodon and A. raveneliana as endangered, A. Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, varicosa as threatened, and A. viridis and A. undulata Protection of the native fauna from invasive species as special concern. A. varicosa and A. viridis are Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321. and other threats requires knowing what the native considered state endangered while A. undulata is listed Species belonging to the genus Epioblasma represent fauna is. Analysis of DNA sequences of “Pleurobema” as state threatened in North Carolina. Although most one of the most endangered groups of freshwater species from the Mobile basin revealed that two species in Alasmidonta are imperiled, relatively little mussels (family Unionidae) in the world; 10 of the Coosa endemics, Pleurobema hanleyianum and information is available on the phylogenetic relation- recognized 17 species already are extinct. Therefore, “Pleurobema” stabile, have been incorrectly synony- ships or the genetic variability of these species. inferring phylogenetic relationships among the mized with or misidentified as Pleurobema Correct relative relationships and genetic characteriza- recognized species using modern systematic methods perovatum, a Tombigbee and Alabama River species, tion are critical for preserving ecological and evolu- is inherently difficult, being confounded by a lack of and P. rubellum, a Black Warrior endemic. Also, all of tionary integrity of the genus. To characterize the data from extinct taxa. A genetic study of extant these except P. perovatum have been reported as species, we are analyzing the nucleotide sequences of populations of E. brevidens, E. capsaeformis, E. extinct. Recognition of the tenuous continued the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) and the florentina walkeri, E. obliquata, E. penita, E. torulosa existence of these species and their endemicity to first subunit of the mitochondrial NADH dehydroge- rangiana, and E. triquetra was conducted to infer specific river basins within the Mobile system empha- nase (ND1) and cytochrome oxidase one (COI) genes. phylogenetic relationships among remaining taxa. sizes the need to conserve and restore habitat in each This presentation focuses on the results of studies Traditional taxonomy divides species of the genus into drainage. Focusing on a few relatively undisturbed designed to: 1) develop a molecular phylogeny for the 5 subgenera: Epioblasma, Pilea, Plagiola, Torulosa, river systems could fail to preserve these local bivalve genus Alasmidonta and determine its position and Truncillopsis. However, we present data from endemics. In addition, “P.” stabile is probably not within the Anodontinae; 2) characterize the Carolina DNA sequences and morphology to suggest that only congeneric with Pleurobema. Elktoe (A. robusta) and the Brook Floater (A. varicosa); 2 natural groups exist of Epioblasma species. Phyloge- 3) characterize the Triangle Floater (A. undulata) and netic analyses of data from mitochondrial (1378 bp of 36 16S, cytochrome-b, ND1) and nuclear (515 bp of TN. We sequenced a total of 1284 base-pairs of present preliminary results on the population genetic ITS-1) DNA sequences, and from mantle-lure mtDNA (ND-1 and Cytochrome-b) and amplified 10 structure of Quadrula quadrula, using ten allozyme displays indicated that the “riffleshells” (e.g., E. polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Analysis of loci and a 550 base pair sequence from the mitochon- capsaeformis, E. florentina walkeri, and E. torulosa molecular variance (AMOVA) for mtDNA indicated drial COI gene. Analysis of the allozyme data yielded rangiana) formed one group, while the “combshells” significant genetic differentiation between the two average Modified Rogers Genetic Distances between (e.g. E. brevidens E. obliquata, E. penita, and E. populations (p < 0.05), with a majority of the variation sites in the Mississippi River drainage of 0.098, triquetra) formed the second group. Based on exten- residing between populations (69.27%), and less between Ohio River sites of 0.081, and between Lake sive molecular and morphological data, we propose a variation (30.73%) within populations. Only a single Erie drainages of 0.315. The average number of new classification of subgenera for extant species in mtDNA haplotype was observed among individuals alleles per locus increased with more southerly sites, the genus. sampled from the BSF population, suggestive of a the highest was found in the Tensas River (2.6), population bottleneck. Phylogenetic analysis of intermediate values occurred at three sites on the PO 44 POPULATION GENETIC ANALY- mtDNA sequences and population genetic analysis of Ohio River (1.8), and the lowest was found in the Lake SIS OF THE ENDANGERED DNA microsatellites indicated that both populations Erie drainage (1.3). Mean FST was calculated for the were genetically distinct. Established molecular entire Mississippi (0.035) and Lake Erie (0.290) CUMBERLAND COMBSHELL genetic criteria suggest that the investigated popula- drainages. An AMOVA conducted on the mtDNA EPIOBLASMA BREVIDENS: IMPLICA- tions of E. brevidens in the Clinch and BSF rivers data sequences revealed that 45% of the genetic TIONS FOR SPECIES RECOVERY. minimally qualify as separate management units. We variation could be attributed to between population suggest that no interbasin transfer of individuals occur variation. Northern populations were dominated by a Nathan A. Johnson1, Jess W. Jones1,2, between the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems. single haplotype found in both Manitoba and Ontario, Paul J. Grobler1,3, Richard J. Neves4, while southern populations in the Mississippi River and Eric M. Hallerman1. 1Department of PO 45 POPULATION GENETICS OF drainage frequently had multiple haplotypes with shifts in frequency along a north-south gradient. Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, QUADRULA QUADRULA: REGIONAL Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321; 2U.S. Fish These results demonstrate substantial regional DIFFERENCES. variation across molecular markers, which may be and Wildlife Service, Department of Todd D. Levine1, Curt L. Elderkin1, Janice shaped by factors such as glacial history and host Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, interactions. Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321; 3Depart- L. Metcalfe-Smith2, Joseph Carney3, ment of Biodiversity, School of Molecular David J. Berg4. 1Department of Zoology, PO 46 GENETIC DIFFERENCES Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056; and Life Sciences, University of the AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE North, P/Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, 2National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON FLUTED-SHELL MUSSEL (LASMIGONA South Africa; 4U.S. Geological Survey, COSTATA) FROM THE OHIO RIVER AND Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife L7R 4A6; 3Dept. of Zoology, Brandon Research Unit, Department of Fisheries University, Brandon MB R7A 6A9; 4De- LAKE ERIE WATERSHEDS. and Wildlife Sciences, Blacksburg, VA partment of Zoology, Miami University, Jessica L. Hoisington1, Jessica L. 24061-0321. Hamilton, OH 45011 Janus1, Curt L. Elderkin1, Janice L. The population genetic structure of freshwater A genetic characterization of two populations of the Metcalfe-Smith2, Alan D. Christian3, Emy mussels is essential to conservation and may provide federally endangered Cumberland combshell M. Monroe1, David J. Berg4, 1Depart- key insights to understanding host-parasite relation- Epioblasma brevidens was conducted in order to ment of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford ships and historical dispersal of freshwater species. provide guidance for recovery planning. Twenty The population genetics of freshwater mussels reflect OH, 2National Water Research Institute, individuals were sampled from populations in the their dispersal abilities and limitations in the ability of Environment Canada, Burlington ON, Clinch and Big South Fork Cumberland (BSF) rivers, glochidia to utilize host fishes for dispersal. We Canada, 3Department of Biological 37 Sciences, Arkansas State University, PO 47 MICROSATELLITE VARIATION IN PO 48 MICROSATELLITE ASSESSMENT State University AR, 4Department of POPULATIONS OF LAMPSILIS OF GENE FLOW IN AMBLEMA PLICATA Zoology, Miami University, Hamilton OH. CARDIUM FROM THE UPPER MISSIS- IN THE OUACHITA HIGHLANDS OF A hierarchical approach was used to examine the SIPPI RIVER. SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA. genetic structure of Lasmigona costata by 1) sequenc- ing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I Emy Monroe1, Teresa Newton2, and Kathleen L. Reagan and Caryn C. (COI) gene and 2) analyzing variation at 12 allozyme David J. Berg3. 1Department of Zoology, Vaughn. Oklahoma Biological Survey and loci. We measured genetic variation within popula- Miami University, Oxford OH 45056; Department of Zoology, University of tions, among populations within rivers, among rivers 2Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019. within watersheds, and among watersheds from Lake Center, La Crosse WI 54601; 3Depart- Appreciation of genetic diversity in unionids is Erie (Grand, Sandusky and Sydenham rivers) and the ment of Zoology, Miami University, essential to their preservation. Understanding how Ohio River (Licking, Stillwater, and Walhonding Hamilton OH 45011. habitat perturbations affect this genetic diversity will rivers). One hundred and eighty two individuals were provide information for better management of their Conservation of imperiled unionids requires maintain- used in the mtDNA analysis and 422 were sampled for natural habitats. The use of microsatellites enables the ing genetic diversity. Microsatellite markers were used allozymes. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed 25 assessment of relatedness in naturally occurring to evaluate genetic variation of Lampsilis cardium haplotypes. Allozymes showed 7 of the 12 loci populations. We examined relatedness within a from 10 beds in 5 navigation pools of the Upper sampled were polymorphic for one or more popula- common mussel species, Amblema plicata from rivers Mississippi River (UMR) and one bed from the Boone tions. We observed significant mtDNA structure at all in the Ouachita Highlands of southeastern Oklahoma River, IA. Objectives of this study were to screen levels of the hierarchy, with the largest variation that are fragmented to varying degress. We sampled primers developed for congeneric species to see if they among watersheds (63%) and little or no variation A. plicata tissue from ten sites each in the Little, would amplify microsatellites in L. cardium and, to among populations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a Glover and MT. Fork Rivers. Two of these rivers have evaluate genetic population structure within beds, monophyletic clade within each watershed. Similarly, had impoundments in place for ~34-35 years. At each among beds in pools, among pools in the UMR, and allozymes revealed distinct populations between Lake site, mussels were sampled from 15, randomly placed, between rivers. Total DNA was isolated from mantle Erie and Ohio River watersheds. These results are 0.25m2 quadrates. Tissue samples consisting of 20-40 tissue and microsatellites were amplified by PCR. consistent with earlier allozyme studies of mussels that µg of mantle tissue were clipped from each mussel and Amplified fragments were resolved by gel capillary revealed significant genetic variation among drainage a minimum of 30 samples were taken from each site. analysis on an automated genetic analyzer. Currently, basins. A positive correlation was observed between A subsample of mussel individuals was taken from each 8 of 10 primers screened have amplified microsatellites genetic and geographic distance using a historical site for shell thin-sectioning to determine age. in L. cardium, 7 were polymorphic. Three loci have connection through the Wabash River, implying that Microsatellite markers will be used to examine the been further evaluated in a survey of 61 individuals (4- historical factors along with isolation-by-distance are genetic diversity of A. plicata and to determine if the 10 mussels per bed). These loci contained 37, 31, and likely causes of differentiation. Basin-by-basin impoundments are impacting gene flow. geographic variation must be considered when 14 alleles. Observed heterozygosities for the three loci developing conservation strategies for these organ- ranged from 0 to 0.80, 0 to 0.89, and 0 to 0.75 within a isms. single bed, and averaged 0.78 ± 0.16 (SD), 0.69 ± 0.23, and 0.37 ± 0.23 for the 11 beds measured to date. Mean number of alleles per bed was 20 ± 8, mean number of alleles per pool was 36 ± 7, and there were 15 alleles found in the Boone River population. These preliminary results suggest that alleles from all three loci seem to be fairly evenly distributed among beds and among pools, revealing no strong population structure along this stretch of the UMR, nor between rivers. 38 PO 49 GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF FISH HOSTS FOR THE YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL (LAMPSILIS CARIOSA) AND TIDEWATER MUCKET (LEPTODEA OCHRACEA) USING A MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION KEY. Stephen Kneeland1, Judith Rhymer1. 1Department of Wildlife Ecology, Univer- sity of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469. The yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) and tidewater mucket (Leptodea ochracea) are listed as threatened in Maine, where their distribution is restricted to the Penobscot, St. George, and Kennebec River drainages. Probable host fish for the yellow lampmussel are white perch (Morone americana) and (Perca flavescens), and for the tidewater mucket, white perch. However, these species are based on lab trials and have not been confirmed as hosts in natural conditions. The objective of this study is to determine if they act as host fish in natural conditions and also to assess additional species as possible hosts by sampling naturally parasitized fish in the wild. Identifi- cation of glochidia will be done using a molecular key based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the mitochondrial ND1 gene. The DNA key was developed by sampling all ten species of freshwater mussels found to occur in Maine through- out the Penobscot, St. George, and Kennebec River drainages and was tested on known species for accu- racy. During the pilot season, fish with attached glochidia were sampled at several locations in each river drainage where tidewater muckets and yellow lampmussels occur. In addition, GIS analysis was used to compare the distributions of yellow lampmussels and tidewater muckets to those of various fish species in the state, to predict likely host species in the wild. Infor- mation gathered from the pilot field study, together with the GIS analysis, will be used to target specific fish species as possible hosts for the yellow lampmussel and tidewater mucket. 39 40 Sauger and Pistolgrip —Kristina Westberg Platform Abstracts, Continued

ligamentina density was correlated with biomass Measures of condition and ecosystem services were changes in other mussel species. These patterns were taken for all species at each temperature. Data PLATFORM SESSION 3A not observed in the fall when water temperatures were collected to date suggest that there is significant Life History & Ecology lower and average discharge higher. Our results variation in species-specific thermal performance. indicate that some mussel species are performing These performance curves influence resource acquisi- differently in streams and are thus not redundant. tion, potentially shaping community structure (species However, performance and potential redundancy are dominance) and subsequent ecological function. PL 21 A FIELD EXPERIMENT EXAMIN- context-dependent and vary seasonally. ING THE EFFECTS OF MUSSEL SPE- PL23 MICROSATELLITE DNA PL 22 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF MARKERS DETECT SIGNIFICANT CIES COMPOSITION ON ECOSYSTEM FRESHWATER MUSSEL COMMUNITIES: PROCESSES IN STREAMS. POPULATION STRUCTURE OF EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON COM- ALASMIDONTA HETERODON WITHIN Caryn C. Vaughn, Daniel E. Spooner and MUNITY STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGI- Heather S. Galbraith. Oklahoma Biologi- THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN. cal Survey and Department of Zoology, CAL SERVICES. K. M. Playfoot1,3, T. King2 W. Lellis1 E. Daniel E. Spooner 1, and Caryn C. , , University of Oklahoma, Norman OK Snyder3, and M. Eackles2, 1 USGS-BRD, 73019. Vaughn. Oklahoma Biological Survey and Leetown Science Center, Northern We performed two, 6-week (summer & fall 2003) field Department of Zoology, University of Appalachian Research Branch, 176 enclosure experiments in the Kiamichi River, Okla- Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake St. Straight Run Road, Wellsboro, PA, homa, examining functional redundancy among Norman, OK 73071. [email protected]. 2USGS-BRD, riverine mussel species and effects of mussel species Recent work suggests that freshwater mussel commu- Leetown Science Center, Aquatic Ecology composition on ecosystem processes. The 13 treat- nities significantly influence stream ecosystem Branch, 11700 Leetown Road, ments (each replicated 5 times) were monocultures of function through benthic-pelagic coupling of energy 4 species, six 2-species combinations, a 4-species and and nutrients. Mussel beds increase sediment organic Kearneysville, WV. 3School of Forest an 8-species combination, and a no mussel control. matter and benthic algal production, facilitating the Resources, Merkle Building, Penn State Mussels were placed in homogenized river sediment in abundance and diversity of co-occurring benthic University, University Park, PA partially-buried 0.25 m2 mesh enclosures at densities invertebrates. The magnitude of these effects, appear Species-specific microsatellite markers were developed of 24/m2. Response variables included periphyton and to be regulated by abiotic factors such as temperature for the dwarf wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon then invertebrate abundance and composition on mussel and flow, which influence hydraulic residence time and used to survey 7-30 individuals (total N=90) at each of shells and in surrounding sediment, chlorophyll biological rates of reaction. We are using an integra- two tributary and three mainstem locations within the accumulation on nutrient-releasing substrates, and tive approach to examine the role of temperature on upper and middle Delaware River basin (PA, NY, NJ changes in biomass and tissue glycogen content of measures of physiological condition (metabolic rate, USA). Significant levels of genetic diversity were individual mussels. While some samples are still being glycogen concentration, RNA: DNA) and measures of detected among these populations; alleles were processed, results to date demonstrate strong effects of ecosystem services (nutrient excretion, biodeposition observed across the 13 loci ranging from 4 to 26 alleles a potentially keystone species, Actinonaias and clearance rate). Eight different species of unionids per locus. Estimates of individual pair-wise genetic ligamentina, but only weak diversity effects. In were removed from a mussel bed in the Little River, distances indicated that levels of genetic diversity summer, A. ligamentina significantly increased the OK and acclimated to four temperatures (5, 15, 25, among loci were sufficient to produce unique amount of periphyton growing on the sediment and A. and 35°C) for two weeks prior to the experiment. multilocus genotypes for all animals surveyed. Ran-

41 domization tests showed that genotypes for all selected to resurvey for V. arkansasensis. Four of these conditions in flow-through river tanks. Over the collections were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg sites, two sites from each drainage system (Ouachita course of the last two years, we have observed several expectations, and no significant linkage disequilibrium and Saline), will be intensively studied for population behavior types in captivity. The observations include was observed between any loci. Pair-wise FST esti- demographics and migration behavior and also will be many genera and subfamilies, primarily the mates were significant in all comparisons between the visited monthly physical and chemical water param- Lampsilinae, Amblemidae, and Anodontinae. We have tributary populations; however, two comparisons eters and documenting reproductive status of female V. observed the use of worm-like lures by the endangered within the mainstem collections were not significantly arkansasensis. Currently, habitat characterization and fanshell, Cyprogenia stegaria and the purple lilliput, different. Maximum likelihood assignment tests assessments for each of the 19 sites have been com- Toxolasma lividus. A super conglutinate fish-type lure revealed structuring of genotypic frequencies as pleted and temperature data loggers and grid systems at was observed with pheasant shell, Actinonaias individuals were correctly assigned to collection site the 4 intensively sampled sites have been set in place to pectorosa. The most common type of lure included 81% of the time and stream reach 94% of the time. complete the population and vertical and horizontal the display of mantle flaps [yellow sandshell, Lampsilis These data suggest that fine scale management efforts migration studies. Gravid females in the Saline river teres, plain pocketbook, L. cardium, wavyrayed may be appropriate for Alasmidonta heterodon popula- drainage were collected in December 2004 and fish lampmussel, L. fasciola, and the Cumberland tions within the upper and middle Delaware River host suitability trials will begin in mid-winter at the moccasinshell, Medionidus conradicus). Several basin. Mammoth Springs National Fish Hatchery. By species had conglutinate packets [round pigtoe, measuring the migration of each mussel, we expect to Pleurobema sintoxia, Ohio pigtoe, P. cordatum, PL 24 CONSERVATION OF THE find a correlation between male and female migration Wabash pigtoe, flava, kidneyshell, SPECIAL CONCERN OUACHITA patterns and time of reproduction. We further expect Ptychobranchus fasciolaris and the fluted kidneyshell, to document which species of fish are suitable host and P. subtentum]. Less common were nets (elktoe, CREEKSHELL (VILLOSA determine if there are differences in host suitability Alasmidonta marginata), and tissue conglomerates ARKANSASENSIS) (LEA 1852): between drainages. The results of this study will build (creeper, Strophitus undulatus, and the pistolgrip, LIFE HISTORY, ECOLOGY, AND our understanding of this organism’s life history and Tritogonia verrucosa). Behavioral patterns were ecology and help resource managers make decisions on closely related to season and water temperature. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS. watershed and host fish management. Observations fit well to those described in the litera- Sara E. Seagraves1, John L. Harris1, ture. Preliminary data suggests that conditions for Jerry L. Farris1,2, and Alan D. Chris- PL 25 OBSERVATIONS ON THE survival and reproductive development are adequate in tian1,2. 1Department of Biological BEHAVIOR OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS the semi-natural hatchery environment at the Center for Mollusk Conservation. Sciences, Arkansas State University, Box (BIVALVIA:UNIONIDAE) FROM 599, State University, Arkansas, 72467; KENTUCKY. 2Environmental Sciences Program, Monte A. McGregor, Adam C. Shepard, Arkansas State University, Box 847, State and Thomas T. Barbour. Kentucky Depart- University, Arkansas 72467. ment of Fish and Wildlife Resources, # 1 The Ouachita Creekshell (Villosa arkansasensis) is an Arkansas State Species of Special Concern that is Game Farm Road, Frankfort, KY 40601. endemic to the Ouachita and Saline River drainages in The decline of freshwater mussel populations has led Arkansas and Oklahoma. The objectives of this to recent advances in technology and proactive project are to investigate the life history and ecology of recovery of freshwater mussels. In 2002 the Kentucky V. arkansasensis including determining suitable fish Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Wildlife Diversity hosts and documenting migration habits of individuals. Program developed the Center for Mollusk Conserva- Nineteen known V. arkansasensis sites, based on a tion to aid in the recovery of rare and endangered previous Lampsilis powellii status survey in 1988, were mussels. As part of this continuing effort, we are currently holding 59 mussel species in semi-natural 42 its habit of using its snout to turn stones during the attention of predators. Selection pressure on fish foraging. This habit probably increases the chance of to avoid glochidiosis presumably results in reciprocal PLATFORM SESSION 3B capture by female snuffbox, while the reinforced snout selection on mussels to evolve ever more sophisticated Propagation & Reproduction l prevents crushing. Tests also confirmed previous lures. reports that logperch is a suitable host for this species. PL 28 CROSS-RESISTANCE OF LARGE- PL 27 THE EFFECTS OF PL 26 HOST INFECTION STRATEGY OF MOUTH BASS TO UNIONID MUSSELS. THE SNUFFBOX MUSSEL, GLOCHIDIOSIS ON FISH RESPIRATION. Benjamin J. Dodd1, M. Christopher Brianna E. Kaiser and M. C. Barnhart. EPIOBLASMA TRIQUETRA. Barnhart1, Constance Rogers-Lowery2, Southwest Missouri State University, 901 Todd B. Fobian1, and Ronald V. Dimock, Chris Barnhart1 and Bill Roston2. 1South- National Ave., Springfield, MO 65804. Jr2. 1Department of Biology, Southwest west Missouri State University, 901 S. Little is known of the pathological effects of glochidia Missouri State University, Springfield, MO National Avenue, Springfield MO 65804; on their hosts (glochidiosis). Glochidia generally 65804; 2Department of Biology, Wake 2P.O. Box 623 Forsyth, MO. 65653 appear to be benign hitchhikers, although a few studies Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC It has been suggested that mussels of the genus show that heavy infections can increase host mortality. Epioblasma facilitate infection of host fish with Thus, the existence of an “evolutionary arms race” 27109. glochidia by clamping shut on the host’s head. We between mussels and their hosts is problematic. We We tested whether host fish that acquired resistance to investigated this hypothesis in the snuffbox, investigated the effects of glochidia of Lampsilis glochidia of one mussel species were cross-resistant to Epioblasma triquetra. Gravid females assumed an reeveiana on respiration of largemouth bass. We glochidia of other species. Largemouth bass erect station in the substrate, raising the posterior of predicted that glochidiosis would impair gas exchange, (Micropterus salmoides) were primed with 4-5 the shell, while gaping to display a modified mantle because the formation of glochidial cysts on the gills successive infections of glochidia of Lampsilis margin that may act as a lure. Sharp denticles at the increases the diameter of the gill filaments and reeveiana. The percentage of attached glochidia that posterior margin of the female shell appear suited for obliterates the lamellae in the affected area, increasing survived and transformed to the juvenile stage (trans- grasping. We tested the responses of several females diffusion distance while reducing the surface area for formation success) was compared between primed fish by lightly anaesthetizing darters and allowing snuffbox gas exchange. Fingerling bass (~5 g) were infected and naïve controls. Transformation success of L. females to clasp them. Mussels immediately clamped with 0-1000 glochidia per fish. In normoxic water, reeveiana, Lampsilis abrupta, Villosa iris, and shut on the fish, but were relatively unresponsive to resting ventilation rates were elevated in proportion to Utterbackia imbecillis was significantly lower on plastic or wooden probes. Within 10-15 seconds after the number of attached glochidia and up to 2X primed fish (37.8%, 43.5%, 67.0%, and 13.2% capture, the mantle expanded beyond the margin of controls. The rate of oxygen consumption (MO2) and respectively) than on control fish (89.0%, 89.7%, the shell to form a seal around the fish’s head at the tolerance for hypoxia (critical DO at which ventilation 90.0%, and 22.2% respectively). Immunoblotting was point of insertion. The mussel then performed a series ceased) were tested in closed chambers. MO2 was not used to analyze the binding of serum antibodies from of rhythmic contractions, acting as a bellows to force measurably affected, but critical DO was elevated up primed fish with glochidia proteins. Antibodies bound water through the fish’s mouth and out through the to 2X by glochidiosis. The largest effects occurred to glochidia proteins of similar molecular weight from gills. Coincident with this pumping action, glochidia during the peak of juvenile drop-off. Thereafter L. reeveiana and L. abrupta. Bound proteins of V. iris were released and entrained in the flow through the effects decreased but were still significant 2.5 months differed in molecular weight from those of the fish’s gills. Interestingly, we found that darters of the after excystment. Microscopic examination at that Lampsilis species. There was no binding to specific genus Epioblasma were usually killed, apparently by time showed shortened or missing gill filaments and glochidia proteins of U. imbecillis or Strophitus the crushing force exerted by the mussel. However, lamellae. The results indicate that glochidiosis can undulatus. Our results indicate that host acquired logperch (Percina caprodes) of similar size repeatedly cause significant and persistent impairment of gill resistance can extend across mussel genera and survived the encounters. The head of the logperch is function. Hosts might also be exposed to increased subfamilies, and might involve both specific and relatively slender and solid, adaptations associated with predation if compensatory hyperventilation attracts nonspecific mechanisms. Understanding the specific- ity of acquired resistance of hosts to glochidia could 43 enhance understanding of the evolutionary and of 6 families were tested as potential hosts for the fluted implemented, since pink heelsplitter mantle tissues ecological relationships between mussels and their shell. Only three fish species were not identified as host were too thin and weak to hold shell beads. Pearl host fishes. fish for the fluted shell; crescent shiner, Luxilus formation was evaluated by sampling 2 pearls from each cerasinus, , Cyprinella galactura, and living mussel at monthly intervals. The first evidence of PL 29 HOST FISH IDENTIFICATION freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens. The mottled success was verified after 1 month, when seed pearls TRIALS FOR FOUR SPECIES OF sculpin, Cottus bairdi, fantail darter, Etheostoma were produced, and inserted wax images were partially flabellare, bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, and rock covered with nacre. Purple pearls have continued to FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE bass, Ambloplites rupestris, produced the most juve- grow larger, and image pearls are being formed with SUBFAMILY ANODONTINAE. niles per fish and are suitable hosts for the fluted shell. the purple lustrous surface with further time in culture. Rachel A. Mair1, Jennifer A. Guyot1, and Richard J. Neves1. 1. Freshwater Mollusk PL 30 STUDY OF THE CAPTIVE SUR- Conservation Center, Department of VIVAL RATE AND FEASIBILITY OF Fisheries and Wildlife, Virginia Tech, PEARL PRODUCTION BY THE PINK PLATFORM SESSION 4A Blacksburg, VA 24061. HEELSPLITTER (POTAMILUS ALATUS). Habitat & Conservation Host fish identification trials were performed for four Dan Hua and R. J. Neves, Virginia Coop- mussel species in the subfamily Anodontinae; elktoe, erative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, PL 31 USE OF MESOHABITAT AND Alasmidonta marginata, Cumberland elktoe, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Alasmidonta atropurpurea, Tennessee heelsplitter, Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and MICROHABITAT PATCHES BY FRESH- Lasmigona holstonia, and fluted shell, Lasmigona WATER MUSSELS IN THE CLINCH costata. Twenty fish species in 7 fish families were State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. tested as potential hosts for the elktoe mussel. Three The probability of natural pearl formation is very low, RIVER, VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE. fish species were verified as hosts, producing pedal- since approximately 1 in 10,000 mussels may produce a Brett J. K. Ostby and Richard J. Neves. feeding juveniles; fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare, valuable pearl. The pink heelsplitter (Potamilus alatus), Virginia Cooperative Fish & Wildlife blacknose dace, Rhinichthys atratulus, and mottled a common mussel species in the greater Mississippi Research Unit, Department of Fisheries sculpin, Cottus bairdi, with the sculpin producing the River basin, produces a lustrous purple nacre in many most juveniles per fish. Seven fish species from 4 populations. Because the species is relatively fast- and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, 100 families were tested as hosts for the Cumberland growing and exhibits shell characteristics similar to Cheatham Hall (0321), Blacksburg, VA, elktoe. Four fish species produced pedal-feeding pearl-producing species in China, a pilot project was 24061. juveniles, with the banded sculpin, Cottus carolinae, initiated to determine whether this species could Limited knowledge of the habitat use and requirements and the northern hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans, produce pearls in a captive environment. Three of freshwater mussels (families: Margaritiferidae and being the most suitable hosts in this experiment. holding treatments were tested in two ponds; in Unionidae) hinders effective management and restora- Fourteen fish species of 6 families were tested in host substratum at 1 m depth, in substratum at 3 m depth, tion efforts. This study determined which flow and trials for the Tennessee heelsplitter. Two fish species and suspended in nets. After one year in captivity in an substrate parameters best described habitat use by did not transform glochidia, the , Luxilus aerated pond, mussels held in substratum at 1 m depth mussel assemblages and species at two scales within albeolus, and the northern hogsucker, Hypentelius had significantly higher survival compare to those at 3 similar reaches of the upper Clinch River, Virginia and nigricans. The most suitable host producing more m depth (p<0.05). However, there was no significant Tennessee. Species richness and density was highest in juveniles per fish was the , Cottus difference between survival at 1 m and those in riffle mesohabitats and lowest in pools, with run bairdi. The margined madtom, Noturus insignis, suspended nets. Three surgical operations for pearl habitats intermediate to these. Flow characteristics fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare, and greenside formation were conducted in this research, including varied significantly (p > 0.05) among mesohabitats, darter, Etheostoma blennioides, are also adequate no nuclei implantation, nuclei implantation, and image while differences in substrate characterization were less hosts for this mussel species. A total of 12 fish species implantation. Nuclei implantation was unsuccessfully obvious. Comparison of logistic regression models by

44 Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) demonstrated that occur within the watershed. The distribution and restricted to <3 drainages) shell size remained a strong Fleisswasserstammtisch (FST) hemispheres, population dynamics of mussel species at risk (SAR) predictor of imperilment while range size became less embeddedness, and mean column velocity best within the Upper Thames watershed was examined in informative. However, shell length and range size described the probability of species occurrence in a an effort to determine the extent of current distribu- were both strong predictors of global heritage rank for microhabitat patch. Substrate characteristics were of tions and the likelihood that these species will persist widespread taxa (i.e., mussels occurring in 4-15 secondary importance, although inclusion in models within the watershed. Although one SAR, Lampsilis drainages). Analyses of changes in mussel assemblages often improved model approximation. Subtle differ- fasciola, appears to be actively reproducing within the in each of 15 southeastern drainages indicated similar entiation in habitat use among species was observed watershed, the recent establishment and spread of size-dependant shifts in mussel assemblages in and statistically confirmed. Flow regime of the Clinch zebra mussels in the upper reaches may further virtually all (93%) focal drainages. We hypothesize River, biological needs of mussel species, and fish host complicate the survival of this and the other Endan- that increased streambed destabilization and hydraulic habitat use may explanation much of habitat use in this gered mussel species. sheer stress, and their attendant effects on more river. vulnerable young, or small-shelled mussels, are the PL 33 SIZE MATTERS: NORTH AMERI- principal mechanisms for these patterns. Hydro PL 32 COWS, CONDOS AND CORN- CAN FRESHWATER MUSSEL EXTIRPA- geomorphic modification of fluvial habitats is not restricted to the southeastern United States, so we FIELDS: CAN CANADA’S ENDAN- TIONS REFLECT LANDSCAPE SCALE predict that similar shifts in mussel assemblages have GERED MUSSELS COPE? ALTERATION OF RIVERINE or will occur globally. Todd J. Morris1 and Lucas Foerster2. HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGY. PL 34 A REACH SCALE COMPARISON 1Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries Michael M. Gangloff and Jack W. and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Feminella, Auburn University Museum and OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Natural History Learning Center, Depart- CONDITIONS OF FRESHWATER MUS- Canada L7R 4A6; 2Upper Thames River ment of Biological Sciences, 331 SEL BEDS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN Conservation Authority, London, Ontario, Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL THE HAVES AND HAVE NOTS. Canada N5V 5B9. 36849-4706 Andrew J. Peck, John L. Harris, and Alan The recent general status assessment of Canadian Freshwater mussel assemblages in many southeastern fauna concluded that 65% of freshwater mussel species D. Christian. Department of Biological river drainages were historically populated by relatively Sciences, Arkansas State University, Box are in need of conservation making this group the small-shelled, endemic species. Our recent surveys in most imperiled group in Canada. Eleven of the 55 the Coosa and Tallapoosa drainage (Alabama) indicate 599, State University, Arkansas, 72467. species which occur in Canada have already been that many assemblages now consist mostly of large- The White River basin of eastern Arkansas is a assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endan- shelled species (e.g., Tritogonia verrucosa, Quadrula moderately sized, non-wadeable, sand-clay-gravel-bed gered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as being at risk spp., Amblema elliottii, Pyganodon grandis) with river system. Through field surveys commencing in (1 Extirpated, 8 Endangered, 1 Threatened, 1 Special nearly all small-shelled species being extirpated (e.g., the mid-1990’s through 2000, 110 historically com- Concern) with additional listings imminent. Southern Epioblasma spp., Medionidus spp., Pleurobema spp., mercially viable beds have been classified as currently Ontario is the hot spot of mussel diversity in Canada Villosa spp.). We conducted a meta-analysis to substantial or historically substantial, based on mussel and home to 41 species including all 8 of the species investigate the importance of shell size and geographic densities within the bed. Utilizing this information, listed as Endangered. The Thames, Grand and range as predictors of imperilment (global heritage the objective of this project is to assist in the definition Sydenham rivers of the Lake Erie/Lake St. Clair rank) of the southeastern mussel fauna. We found that of physical habitat ranges for freshwater mussels in the drainage are the most diverse mussel rivers in Canada, both maximum shell size (as length) and relative range lower White River. We expect that reaches with however serious declines have been noted in all three size (as number of drainages occupied) were positively current mussel beds will have lower bedload move- rivers during the last two decades. Of the 34 species related to global heritage rank. When we restricted ment and more stable physical habitat conditions than historically known from the Thames River, 8 species our analysis to narrow-range endemics (i.e., taxa historical mussel bed reaches. For this study, 12 sites (including 3 federally Endangered species) no longer were selected: six currently have high mussel densities 45 (>10 mussels per m2) and six currently have low during this study showed some level of potential for mussel densities (0-10 mussels per m2). Analysis of continued habitat degradation due to sedimentation. the sediment and hydraulic regimes of the sites are However, the reach of Bear Creek from Red Bay, being examined over multiple stage events and Alabama, to Tishomingo County Road 86 in Missis- between two regions along the river continuum. sippi, including the floodway, consistently yielded Parameters being explored include velocity profiles, values of most concern. Those values include (a) the bedload transport, total suspended sediment (TSS), largest volume of gravel bed material mobilized, (b) and discharge. Velocity profile information collected the highest mean streamflow velocity, (c) the largest will assess hydraulic forces including Froude numbers suspended sediment load in total mass and in mass and critical shear stress. We have collected data over per unit area, and (d) the largest bedload in total mass a spring/summer moderate to high flow, late summer / and in mass per unit area. The gravel bed material early autumn low flow, and a late winter / early spring moving through the floodway is composed of high flow. This information may prove useful to materials eroded from ridges in the mid and down- understanding physical factors that shape large river stream reaches of the watershed (Tuscaloosa Group) mussel habitat and to managers and engineers cur- and from the headwaters (Pottsville Formation). This rently planning resource extraction activities within suggests that disturbances of the land surface in those the basin and in other low-gradient systems in the upland areas introduce large volumes of sediment southern U.S. into tributaries that transport it to Bear Creek and the floodway, which act as conduits for transport of PL 35 AN ANALYSIS OF RATES OF sediment to the Tennessee River. SEDIMENTATION LOADING AT SE- LECTED STATIONS IN THE BEAR CREEK SYSTEM, ALABAMA AND MIS- SISSIPPI, 2004. Stuart W. McGregor and Marlon R. Cook. Geological Survey of Alabama, 420 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486. A short reach of Bear Creek harbors a diverse popula- tion of freshwater mussels, including 28 species in a short reach of the main channel downstream of the lowermost dam in the system. This total includes 14 previously unreported species, bringing the historic total to 40. The current fauna includes individuals of two species (Epioblasma brevidens and Lexingtonia dolabelloides) considered to be critical to survival of those species. Results of this study indicate that significant and, in some cases, excessive sedimentation is occurring in the Bear Creek system, primarily in the Bear Creek floodway, threatening the continued existence of mussel populations. All sites evaluated Drum Host Fish —Kerrisa Nelson

46 areas with mussel beds the non-host fish and host fish PL 38 USE OF HYDRAULIC VARIABLES had similar overall connectivity, but different spatial TO PREDICT THE ABUNDANCE OF PLATFORM SESSION 4B patterns. Spatial patterns were analyzed with Ripley’s UNIONIDS IN TWO REACHES OF THE Status & Distribution l K, which indicates clustering patterns of the non-fish host relative to the host fish model. This analysis UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. suggests that the distribution and movement of fish Jeffrey Steuer1, Teresa Newton2, Steve hosts create spatial patterns that differ from those of Zigler2, and Pascal Irmscher3. 1USGS, PL 36 FISH MEDIATED MOVEMENT OF non-fish hosts, underscoring the likelihood that the Wisconsin District Office, 8505 Research UNIONIDS: NEUTRAL MODEL OF FISH processes involved in fish movement influence dispersal among mussel beds. Way, Middleton, WI; 2USGS, Upper COMMUNITIES IN THE UPPER MISSIS- Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, SIPPI RIVER. PL 37 PREDICTING THE SPATIAL DIS- 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI; Daelyn Woolnough1, John Downing1, TRIBUTION OF MUSSEL BASED ON 3University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Teresa Newton2. 1Iowa State FISH ZOOGEOGRAPHY IN WISCONSIN. Madison, WI. University, Ames, Iowa. 2 U.S. Geological David Heath. Wisconsin Department of The ability to predict the abiotic and biotic factors contributing to the abundance of unionids has been Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Natural Resources, 3550 Mormon Coulee Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin. largely unsuccessful. Initial attempts were based on Rd, La Crosse, WI 54601. simple physical habitat descriptors (i.e., current The distribution, abundance, and movement of host Wisconsin is fortunate to have large electronic velocity, substrate particle size, water depth) and were fish for unionids may contribute to the observed databases of fishes and mussels whose records date to unable to predict abundance of unionids with much spatial patterns in unionid communities. Due to the 1820. I combined these databases with information on certainty. More recent efforts have focused on spatial dependency of unionids on their host fish, known unionid host fishes and attempted to correlate complex hydraulic variables such as shear velocity, movement of fish among mussel beds may create fish and mussel distributions. In all but a very small bottom shear stress, and Reynolds number. We spatial patterns which cannot be explained by tradi- percentage of interrelationships, it was impossible to performed a retrospective analysis using unionid tional models. Neutral models are used in place of accurately predict a unionid’s distribution in Wisconsin abundance, current velocity, and substrate particle size null models and are valuable because they incorporate using its corresponding host(s). The few that were data from 1987-1988 in a 6-km reach of the Upper ecological processes. We hypothesized that unionid possible, are the few that are notorious examples. Mississippi River (UMR). We used classification and populations, driven by metapopulation dynamics, There may be several reasons for such weak predictive regression trees (CART) and the hydraulic and could be mediated by movement of host fishes. We capability. 1) Not all host fishes are known. Only a substrate variables to show that boundary Reynolds developed a neutral model to represent the relation small percentage of fishes have been adequately number and shear velocity were the best predictors of between fish-mediated connectivity and the success of assessed for host suitability for any given mussel abundance. Further, this CART model was a substan- mussel beds by chance alone. We first created a species. 2) Although host fishes may be present, some tial improvement over the previously published neutral model with the non-host fish community (57 of the factors that comprise a mussels niche may be discriminate model-we improved the correct classifica- species) and compared this to the known host fish absent. Conditions may be suitable for the host but not tion from 44 to 66%. In 2003, we built upon this community for 13 unionid species in the Upper for the mussel. 3) Mussels may not be using wild host approach in a separate 38-km reach of the UMR by Mississippi River (31 species). Next, we created fishes found suitable in laboratory assessments. 4) In using an acoustic Doppler profiler to more accurately surfaces with kriging of non-host fish (neutral) and some cases, mussels may never have had access to measure shear velocity and bottom shear stress. host fish to compare differences in their spatial waterbodies while their suitable host fishes did. 5) Preliminary analyses in the first of six study areas patterns. We found the fish host community has Mussels may not have had recent access to recovered indicate that bottom shear stress accounts for more greater overall probability of providing connectivity environments due to barriers while their suitable host than twice the variability in abundance than depth, among mussel beds than the non-host fish model. fishes have. current velocity, or substrate type. These data suggest Also, comparisons with the neutral model show that in that the highest unionid densities are typically found in areas with reduced bottom shear stress. 47 PL 39 THE USE OF AN ACOUSTIC They prove the significance of complex hydraulic shell was collected and measured to determine if there DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER SYS- variables as predictors for freshwater mussel abun- are correlations to size or age and the life span of dance and distribution, and confirm the application of collected species. TEM IN AQUIRING COMPLEX HYDRAU- an ADCP as a useful tool in freshwater mussel LIC VARIABLES FOR THE PREDICITON conservation. OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL DISTRIBU- PL 40 DETERMINING STATUS AND PLATFORM SESSION 5A TION IN A LARGE RIVER. TRENDS OF THE NEW RIVER MUSSEL Relocation & Recovery Pascal Irmscher, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Department of Geography, COMMUNITY, NEW RIVER GORGE 160 Science Hall, 550 North Park Street, NATIONAL RIVER, WV. Madison, WI 53706. Brian Richards, Joshua Westbrook, PL 41 EVALUATION OF FRESHWATER Native freshwater mussels are among the most Thomas Jones, and Ralph Taylor. MUSSELS (MOLLUSCA: UNIONOIDEA) endangered animals in North America. Many conser- Marshall University, Dept. of Integrated FITNESS PRE- AND POST- RELOCATION vation attempts have failed because of the lack in Science and Technology, 1 John Marshall EFFORTS. knowledge about the animals and their habitat require- Drive, Huntington, WV 25755 ments. For example, the traditional approach to Heidi E. McIntyre1, Jerry L. Farris1,2, and With the given decline of freshwater mussel determine the abundance and spatial distribution of (Unionidae) populations across North America, a Alan D. Christian1,2. 1Environmental freshwater mussels using water depth, substrate survey of the New River within the New River Gorge Sciences Program, Arkansas State Univer- composition, and simple hydraulic characteristics has National River was conducted from July 2003 to sity, Box 847, State University, Arkansas, often proven to be insufficient. A new approach September 2004 from Bluestone Dam (Hinton, WV) considers the animals’ location in areas that are 72467; 2 Department of Biological Sci- to the mouth of Coal Run (Cunard, WV). With protected from scouring, especially during high flow ences, Arkansas State University, Box 599, listings of threatened, endangered, and species of events. Complex hydraulic variables, for example State University, Arkansas, 72467. special concern, mussels of the New River have not bottom shear stress, reflect the hydraulic conditions Relocation of freshwater mussels has been used as a been surveyed since 1984-85. The objectives were that mussels are exposed to more precisely. Although conservation tool when habitat disturbances from conducted by a two-phase survey to determine this approach was tested successfully in smaller anthropogenic impacts are anticipated. Such distur- distribution, mussel density, changes in mussel density streams, the data collection of complex hydraulic bances include dredging, channelization, and bridge since the last survey conducted, and to determine if variables in a large river is quite more challenging. A construction. However, little information is available any other invasive alien species (Zebra mussel) occurs new attempt was to use an Acoustic Doppler Current assessing potential changes in fitness of Potamilus capax, within the river. The first phase is area extensive, Profiler system to measure water velocities along a grid the federal endangered fat pocketbook. The objective of resulting in mapped mussel beds using Geographic over 6 mussel bed locations in the Upper Mississippi this study is to determine if there are changes in fitness Information Systems (GIS). Sites were searched by River Pool 8. The ADCP data was used to compute and survival in Potamilus capax due to relocation. We SCUBA and snorkeling, counting mussels within various complex hydraulic variables, which were then will mark individuals non-invasively by adhering PIT R approximate areas of 50 X 100 meters for 26 sites correlated with mussel density data obtained from tags to the shells prior to relocation for identification resulting in 25.95 man-hours searched and over 2,700 scuba diving. Tree regression analysis showed the and re-capture. A number of individuals will be left at mussels counted. The second phase is intensive importance of individual complex hydraulic variables in the collection site for re-evaluation. Small, non-lethal surveys of selected mussel habitats from the first phase determining freshwater mussel distribution. The mantle snips (less than 2 grams) will be collected from to determine mussel community composition. Second results indicate that bottom shear stress accounts for both relocated and non-relocated mussels. We will then phase sites are searched by SCUBA and snorkel on 100 more than twice the variability than characteristics use three measures of physiological fitness/condition: meter transect lines or area time searches. All live used in the traditional approach. The results were glycogen, RNA/DNA ratios, and lipid content, each mussels were collected for digital imaging and weight visualized using GIS (ArcView) and Surfer software. representing three differential time scales. Glycogen, measurements and returned to the substrate. Dead 48 primary carbohydrate storage molecule, is a widely densities decreasing towards center channel then 232 Quadrula nodulata survived, 98.7% of 76 Arcidens accepted indicator of hours to days fitness effects. increasing towards the right descending bank (0.6 confragosus survived; Tritogonia verrucosa, Obovaria RNA/DNA ratios represent a days to weeks indicator mussels/m2). In 2002, 2,328 mussels were relocated olivaria, and Ligumia recta were each alive. Survival of fitness. Lipids, used as a long term fitness indicator, upstream. The following year 12% of the dredge area of numbered mussels was 98.36%; survival of all hash- represent stored energy (similar to glycogen), which was resurveyed and an additional 195 mussels were marked and numbered mussels was 97.2%; 3% of take longer to mobilize from tissues. We hypothesize moved upstream. Interpretation of survivorship was numbered mussels showed little growth. In 2004, that if an organism is subjected to stress, it should first made more complex by a 60+ yr drought that occurred Quadrula nodulata (98.9% survival), and Arcidens use stored glycogen and cease growing until eventually in 2002. Relocation was allowed to proceed during confragosus (96.7% survival) represented 42.2% of experiencing a reduction of RNA in relation to the poor conditions, due to the acute stress displayed by 448 mussels recovered (15 live species). Of the DNA present. Furthermore, if the stress continues, resident mussels. Many mussels showed active numbered mussels, 33.3% were new to follow-up the will typically mobilize its fat stores and migration with trails up to a meter long and several measuring and external aging. Overall survival of all tissue lipid content will decrease. This study and its fresh dead mussels were found in the relocation area. hash-marked and numbered mussels was nearly 95%. associated techniques have been developed to provide Six of seventy relocation transects were sampled the Of the numbered mussels, 12.7% of mostly older important information regarding the potential impacts following year. Sixty-nine marked specimens were mussels showed little or no growth. No numbered from relocation efforts for Potamilus capax. This located. Forty-two percent of the recaptures were mussels ever moved into an upstream sandy area. The information will be of particular value when working Amblema plicata with only a single dead shell located. substratum was mostly mud, <1 meter deep. A total of towards the conservation of threatened and endan- Fourteen of the 17 dead specimens were Quadrula 392 of 572 (68.5%) numbered mussels were recovered gered species, and for determining equitable responsi- quadrula. From this small sample, a 75% survivorship during two follow-ups. Similar percentages of age bility when significant impacts are detected. rate was calculated. Planted specimens gained a mean classes were recovered all 3 years. After two years, of 10.6 grams. Specimens placed on to the surface overall survival of all marked mussels was ~96%; PL 42 RELOCATION OF MUSSELS gained a mean of 6.1 grams. Planted verses placed nearly 98% of the numbered mussels survived. A few FROM THE MUSKINGUM RIVER NEAR specimens were recovered at similar rates. A second Dreissena were found in 2003, but none were found in year of survivorship sampling has been completed and 2004. Since several PVC pipes remained in the DRESDEN, OH. monitoring with continue for at least five more years. project area in 2004, construction impacts were Thomas G. Jones, Ralph Taylor, James unlikely beyond site. Spence, Brian Richards, and Katherine PL 43 2003 AND 2004 FOLLOW-UPS ON Channel. Marshall University, Dept. of A 2002 UNIONID TRANSLOCATION PL 44 FRESHWATER MUSSEL RESTO- Integrated Science and Technology, 1 FROM MISSISSIPPI RIVER MILE 818.9, RATION GUIDELINES IN VIRGINIA: THE John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV COTTAGE GROVE, MN. WHY, WHAT, AND RESULTING MYTHS 25755. Marian E. Havlik, Malacological Consult- AND REALITY. Dresden Energy is building a gas-fired power plant Brian T. Watson1, Nathan L. Eckert2, Joe near Dresden, Ohio. The plant will require up to ants, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601-4969 eight million gallons per day for stream generation and In May 2003 and June 2004 we conducted follow-ups J. Ferraro2, Michael J. Pinder3. Virginia cooling. A crescent-shaped intake structure will be of a mussel translocation from Mississippi River Mile Department of Game and Inland Fisher- built along the right descending bank of the 818.9, downstream of St. Paul, Minnesota. The 52258 ies, 11132 Thomas Jefferson Rd, Forest, Muskingum River. The dredged area will cover m2 area extended from the LDB to the Main Channel. VA 24551, 21724 Buller Hatchery Road, approximately 500 linear meters with the terminal The translocation area (wastewater pipe burial site) yielded 19,630 mussels, 23 live species, and density of Marion, VA 24354, 32206 South Main ends extending slightly over a third of the stream Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24060. width (~20m). The Muskingum River is known to 0.38/m2; 7.33% represented two Minnesota endan- Over the past decade, freshwater mussel propagation have a rich mussel population. Preliminary mussel/ gered and five threatened mussel species. In 2003, 515 has become a cornerstone in the effort to recover this habitat surveys confirmed dense (2.3 mussels/m2) of 609 unionids recovered (18 live + 5 sub-fossil declining fauna in the United States. Eight states are mussel beds along the left descending bank with species) were numbered or hash-marked. 98.3% of 49 currently involved with propagation efforts and several Department of Fisheries and Wildlife others are initiating efforts or exploring the possibility. Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA While hundreds of thousands of propagated mussels PLATFORM SESSION 5B have been released over the past few years, few policies 24061-0321. exist to guide and oversee these activities within state Previous surveys have shown a dramatic decline of the Evolution & Phylogenetics ll or hydrological boundaries. As Virginia’s natural freshwater mussel fauna in Copper Creek, from a resource agency, the Department of Game and Inland reported 19 species in 1980 to 11 species in 1998. In Fisheries developed freshwater mussel restoration an effort to further assess this decline and the present PL 46 CONSERVATION GENETICS OF guidelines for the upper Tennessee River Basin. The status of extant species, we surveyed 43 sites within a ENDANGERED LAMPSILIS HIGGINSII: purpose of these guidelines is to outline what recovery 93-km reach of the creek in 2004. Using snorkeling efforts can be undertaken, where these activities can and view bucket techniques, we documented 16 species MITOCHONDRIAL AND occur and with what species, and what is required of from live specimens and 6 additional species from MICROSATELLITE DNA ANALYSIS AID the facilities and persons conducting these activities. empty shell material. Of the 5 historic endangered THE RECOVERY AND PROPAGATION These guidelines were developed with the input and species (Epioblasma capsaeformis, Fusconaia cor, support of numerous state agencies and stakeholders in Fusconaia cuneolus, Quadrula cylindrica strigillata, PLANS. the upper Tennessee River Basin, allowing the release and Villosa perpurpurea) in 1980, four of these (F. cor, Bonnie S. Bowen, Dept. Ecology, Evolu- of threatened and endangered species to be a readily F. cuneolus, Q. c. strigillata, and V. perpurpurea) were tion & Organismal Biology, Iowa State accepted practice, whereas it is often a major stum- found alive in 2004. The extremely low abundance of University, Ames, IA 50011-1020. bling block. Additionally, these guidelines are cur- federally listed species in 2004 and the presence of Lampsilis higginsii has been listed as a federally rently being modified to apply to all of Virginia and relic shells of 3 additional species, not previously endangered mussel in the Upper Mississippi River specific species like the James spinymussel. Unfortu- reported from the creek, support the conclusion that basin since 1976. In April, 2000, the species was nately, the implementation of these guidelines has the mussel fauna has declined precipitously in the last declared in jeopardy of extinction due to maintenance been perceived as conservation limiting by some in the 25 years. However, comparison of the 1998 and 2004 of the navigation channel in the Mississippi River. freshwater mussel community, and a number of survey results suggest that some species in the creek Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) currently misperceptions has arisen as a result. We believe that may be in recovery. Given this, the goal to recover threaten L. higginsii populations and the persistence of guidelines overseeing freshwater mussel restoration, populations and establish a refugium for federally the species. A Relocation Action Plan has been particularly propagation and augmentation, are listed species through augmentation or reintroduction developed that calls for relocation of individuals and necessary to effectively guide and direct these efforts in Copper Creek is being pursued by natural resource propagation of juveniles. Since 1998, we have been and to avoid political and social resistance. agencies. conducting a genetic study to determine the amount of genetic diversity within and among populations of L. PL 45 OPPORTUNITY FOR RECOVERY higginsii. We sampled 130 individuals from seven OF MUSSELS IN COPPER CREEK, populations, with at least 20 samples from each of four RUSSELL AND SCOTT COUNTIES, populations, Hudson, Lansing, Cassville, and Cordova. Using segments from three mitochondrial DNA VIRGINIA: IN SEARCH OF A REFUGIUM. (mtDNA) genes, cytochrome-b, cytochrome oxidase I, Shane D. Hanlon1, David Garst2, and and 16S rRNA, we recovered 24 unique haplotypes Richard J. Neves2. 1U.S. Fish and (1027 bp), which clustered into four clades and differed Wildlife Service, Southwestern Virginia by 1-7% sequence divergence. There was little genetic Field Office, 330 Cummings Street, differentiation among the populations, but a high level of genetic variation within the populations. Cyto- Abingdon, VA 24210; 2Virginia Coopera- chrome b had the highest number of variable sites and tive Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the most haplotypes. Using the nuclear microsatellite

50 primers developed by Eackles and King for L. Minnesota. Recently, morphologically similar tionists to take action to protect this declining fauna. abrupta, we assessed nuclear genetic variation from specimens have been discovered at sites in Arkansas The distribution of many mussel species is small, three populations of L. higginsii, Hudson, Cassville, and Missouri. If these specimens are indeed Q. restricted, and is generally related to limited dispersal and Cordova. Based on 13-41 individuals from eight fragosa, those populations could have a significant capabilities of specific host fish species used for loci, we detected between six and 25 alleles per locus. impact in the development of conservation manage- reproduction. Thus, populations become easily This high level of genetic variation at nuclear loci is ment plans for the species. We sought to improve fragmented and susceptible to the activities of humans, consistent with the mtDNA findings. Estimates are our understanding of Q. fragosa as a genetic entity such as habitat modification, pollution, over-harvest- provided of the number of females that should be and to determine the affiliation of the northern and ing, and invasive species introductions. Effective used in propagation and relocation efforts. A signifi- southern populations. We used DNA sequence of the implementation of conservation and restoration plans cant deficiency of heterozygotes at most microsatellite mitochondrial ND1 gene to address three major requires clearly definable taxonomic units, yet some loci appears to be due to null alleles, which would questions: 1) Is Q. fragosa genetically distinct from morphological characters can be misleading when used limit the utility of these microsatellite primers for other Quadrula species? 2) What is the phylogenetic to identify species or evolutionary lineages in unionids. studies of paternity and maternity in L. higginsii. placement of Q. fragosa in the genus? and 3) Do For example, species belonging to the tribe extant Q. fragosa populations exist outside of the St. Pleurobemini exhibit considerable variation in shell PL 47 IDENTIFYING NEW POPULA- Croix? Our results support the species status of Q. morphology, which has lead to taxonomic confusion, TIONS OF THE ENDANGERED WINGED fragosa and place it in the quadrula species complex. and is unfortunate since many species are endangered. Further, we conclude that at least two extant Q. In this study, we examine relationships among over a MAPLELEAF QUADRULA FRAGOSA fragosa populations exist outside of the St. Croix dozen Pleurobema species inferred from mitochondrial USING MOLECULES AND River. (COI, ND1 and cytochrome b) and a nuclear (ITS) MORPHOLOGY. DNA sequences. Genetic analysis of several closely PL 48 PHYLOGENETIC RELATION- related species in the P. cordatum species complex, as Jeanne M. Serb1, M. Chris Barnhart2, SHIPS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE well as other difficult to identify species, such as P. and John L. Harris3. 1Ecology, Evolu- clava and P. oviforme, are discussed. Representatives of tion, and Marine Biology, University of TRIBE PLEUROBEMINI: PRELIMINARY the genus Fusconaia and Elliptio (6 species each) are California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; 2 RESULTS. included. Our results suggest phylogeographic affini- Department of Biology, Southwest Cheryl Morrison1, Jess Jones2, Mike ties between species groups inhabiting rivers in the Missouri State University, Springfield, MO Eackles1, Nathan Johnson3, and Tim Ohio, Tennessee, and Mobile river basins. 65804; 3Department of Biological King1. U.S.G.S.-Biological Resources PL 49 ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZA- Sciences, Arkansas State University, Division, Leetown Science Center, State University, AR 72467. Aquatic Ecology Branch, Kearneysville, TION, AND CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFI- Members of the genus Quadrula are notorious for West Virginia; 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife CATION OF NOVEL MICROSATELLITE their conchological diversity and apparent phenotypic Service, Blacksburg, Virginia; 3Depart- DNA MARKERS FOR THE ENDAN- plasticity. For this reason, the taxonomy and validity ment of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, GERED CLUBSHELL (PLEUORBEMA of many Quadrula species have been controversial. One such species is the winged mapleleaf, Quadrula Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State CLAVA). fragosa. This species historically occurred in the University, Blacksburg, Virginia. Tim L. King, Michael S. Eackles, and Mississippi, Tennessee, Ohio, and Cumberland river Native freshwater mussels belonging to the super- Cheryl L. Morrison; USGS-BRD, Leetown drainages, but has suffered severe population and family Unionacea are arguably the most imperiled Science Center, Aquatic Ecology Branch, group of animals in North America (NA). However, range reductions. At the time that the species was 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV federally listed as endangered, its range appeared to knowledge of basic biology, ecology, and taxonomy of have been reduced to a stretch of the St. Croix River many of the nearly 300 species inhabiting NA is 25430. between northwestern Wisconsin and east-central lacking, and severely limits the ability of conserva- Correct delineation of the appropriate unit of manage- 51 ment is especially critical when the composition of a PL 50 CONCHOLOGICAL AND population is manipulated, whether by reintroduction GENETIC VARIATION IN THE PLATFORM SESSION 6A from external stocks or by reestablishment of gene flow and migration patterns by the exchange of KIDNEYSHELL, PTYCHOBRANCHUS Zebra Mussel & Unionid Interactions individuals from different populations. The intended FASCIOLARIS (RAFINESQUE, 1820). use of cultured unionids as a conservation tool further Kevin J. Roe. Delaware Museum of underscores the need to recognize the genetic compo- Natural History, 4840 Kennett Pike, PL 51 CHARACTERISTICS OF A sition of natural and managed populations. To allow Wilmington, DE 19807. development of management strategies in Pleuorbema NATURAL REFUGE FOR UNIONIDS IN Many species of unionid mussels are known to exhibit clava that increase the chances for long-term persis- extreme amounts of conchological variation that is in THE DELTA AREA OF LAKE ST. CLAIR. tence throughout the Ohio River system, a thorough part the basis for the many nominal species of understanding of the level of gene exchange among Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith1, Daryl J. unionids. One of the challenges facing both the populations is essential. Polymorphic genetic markers McGoldrick1, Johann Biberhofer1, Gerald novice and the experienced freshwater mussel biologist offer the only true measure of effective migration and L. Mackie2, Donald W. Schloesser3, and is discerning between variation that based on environ- recolonization rates (i.e., gene flow) among popula- ment and is not heritable versus that which is heri- Kennon Johnson4. 1National Water tions. We have developed over 30 polymorphic table. Heritable variation is important in the practice Research Institute, 867 Lakeshore Rd., microsatellite DNA markers from four microsatellite- of systematics in that it through such variation that Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; 2Water System enriched libraries to delineate the genetic population species are identified. The kidneyshell, structure among the few remaining P. clava popula- Analysts, Guelph, ON N1H 7R2; 3U.S. Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820) is a wide tions. Significant levels of genetic diversity have been Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science ranging freshwater mussel. It is found in tributaries of detected. Estimates of individual pair-wise genetic Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; 4Walpole the Upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers and the Great distances indicated that levels of diversity observed Lakes drainages in the U.S. and Canada. Examination Island First Nation, R.R. #3, Wallaceburg, among loci were sufficient to produce unique of a large number of museum specimens revealed a ON N8A 4K9. multilocus genotypes (i.e., genetic distances > zero) for number of individuals that appeared referable to Unio The introduction of the zebra mussel (Dreissena all animals surveyed. We believe this suite of markers, camelus Lea, 1834. These specimens differ from polymorpha) to the Great Lakes in the late 1980s the first utilizing microsatellite DNA variation in a “typical” P. fasciolaris in being somewhat more caused catastrophic declines in unionids. There were Pleurobema species, yielded sufficient genetic diversity inflated, and having a shorter antero-posterior axis. In fears that unionids would be extirpated from the to resolve patterns of effective migration among an attempt to assess the validity of U. camelus and system until researchers discovered several bays/ subpopulations even in cases of small effective popula- differentiate it from P.fasciolaris I examined the degree marshes in Lake Erie where zebra mussel densities tion size. This information can be instrumental to of morphological variation with P. fasciolaris by were low and unionids persisted. In 1999, a similar restoration programs that attempt to allow measuring the length, height and degree of inflation of “refuge” was discovered in the delta area of Lake St. recolonization among subpopulations. DNA from specimens from throughout the range of P. fasciolaris. Clair where 23 of 32 historical species survived - several Pleurobema species is currently being exam- The locality of specimens was plotted to examine the including 6 species listed as endangered in one or ined to determine the level of cross-species amplifica- geographic distribution of putative U. camelus more jurisdictions. We revisited the delta in 2003 to tion within the genus. Preliminary results suggest specimens and locality information was examined for conduct extensive surveys for unionids and determine that the availability of such a large suite of markers evidence of an ecological component (headwater vs. zebra mussel infestation rates and veliger densities. could reduce the amount of resources required in mainstem) to the morphological variation. These Infestation rates were low, averaging 15 zebra mussels/ initiating new genetic studies assessing population morphological/geographical data were compared to a unionid. Unionid densities declined by 14% since structure, breeding structure, kinship, demographics, data set of mitochondrial DNA sequences from a 2001, but infestation rates also declined. Veliger and possibly ecological interactions on the individual larger study to determine if any correlation of genetic densities were twice as high in offshore than nearshore level in many species currently classified in the genus and geographic/morphological variation exists. waters, explaining why unionids continue to survive in Pleurobema. the shallows long after they were lost from the open

52 lake. The predominant direction of water flow was to in the data than glycogen but were not correlated with at 320 random sites. Only 10 zebra mussels were the south-east, preventing offshore waters laden with any of these variables and likely reflect differences in found (density = 0.125/m2) while the mean unionid veligers from penetrating the shallows on a regular food sources among sites. Specimens from the two mussel density was 56.2/m2. At this density we do not basis. Sites in Canadian waters of the Walpole Island sites with the greatest richness and density of unionids believe the zebra mussels affect native mussels. Zebra First Nation supported more species (13 vs. 9 species) and among the lowest rates of zebra mussel infestation mussels that are present most likely have fallen from and 20% higher densities of unionids than sites in U.S. also had the highest concentrations of glycogen in barges and other river traffic from the Ohio River waters, most likely due to dramatic differences in land their tissues, suggesting that glycogen may be a since all were adult mussels with no signs of juvenile use. Management strategies are being developed to sensitive indicator of zebra mussel impacts on recruitment. Since successful zebra mussel reproduc- preserve this important remnant of the Great Lakes unionids. We are currently investigating these sites, tion seems to require Ca++ ion concentrations above unionid fauna. which are located in the waters of the Walpole Island 20 mg/l and the Tennessee River averages 15-18 mg/l, First Nation, as potential managed refugia. Trial it does not appear that zebra mussels can reproduce in PL 52 GLYCOGEN AND FATTY ACIDS relocations of unionids from areas with high zebra the lower Tennessee River. Therefore, this area would AS BIOMARKERS FOR IMPACTS OF mussel infestation rates into these refuge sites began in be excellent to hold endangered species and to attempt 2004. to reestablish reproducing populations. Those that ZEBRA MUSSELS ON UNIONIDS IN THE once occurred in this area have dwindled to such low DELTA AREA OF LAKE ST. CLAIR. PL 53 KENTUCKY DAM TAILWATER, densities that their continued survival is doubtful Daryl J. McGoldrick1, Janice L. Metcalfe- TENNESSEE RIVER, AS A MUSSEL without some effort to replenish their numbers. Smith1, V. S. Jackson1,Michael T. Arts1, REFUGE FROM INVADING ZEBRA PL 54 NUMERICAL SIMULATION Teresa J. Newton2, and Emy M. Monroe3. MUSSELS. 1National Water Research Institute, OF COMPETITION FOR FOOD James B. Sickel1, Chad E. Lewis2, and Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; 2U.S. Geological RESOURCES BETWEEN UNIONIDS Richard N. Tippit3. 1Department of Survey, Upper Midwest Science Center, Biological Sciences, Murray State Univer- AND ZEBRA MUSSELS. La Crosse, WI 54603; 3Miami University, sity, Murray, KY 42071; 2Mainstream Yenory Morales1, Arthur Mynett1, Teresa Oxford, OH 45056. Commercial Divers, Inc., Murray, KY Newton2 and Larry Weber3. 1WL|Delft The delta area of Lake St. Clair still supports a large 42071; 3U.S. Army Engineer District, Hydraulics, Strategic Research and and relatively intact unionid community (23 of 32 Development, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 historical species present) and may serve as a natural Nashville, P.O. Box 1070, Nashville, TN refuge from impacts of the zebra mussel. We con- 37202 HD Delft, The Netherlands; 2USGS, ducted quantitative surveys for unionids at 18 sites For 10 years, a refuge area downstream from Kentucky Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences throughout the delta in 2003. Richness varied among Dam has been monitored. On 06/12/1993, a 1 x 15 m Center, 2630 Fanta Road La Crosse, WI sites from 3-13 species; density ranged from 0.02- area was marked off with iron rebars driven into the 54603; 3IIHR-Hydroscience and Engi- 0.125/m2 and average zebra mussel infestation rate sediment at the corners and nylon line tied tightly neering, The University of Iowa, 300 ranged from <1-36/unionid. Foot and mantle tissues between the rebars on the 15 m sides parallel to the South Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA were collected from Lampsilis cardium and/or L. river current. Mussels were monitored within the area 52242-1585. siliquoidea from all 18 sites and analyzed for fatty acids for several years: 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel and glycogen to determine if zebra mussels are On 9/15/2000 a Plethobasus cooperianus was discov- dynamics was developed and applied to assess the affecting their health. Principal component analysis ered nearby and placed in the marked area after being effect of food competition between unionids and zebra revealed that glycogen concentrations were positively measured and weighed. It was again recovered on 08/ musssels in a section of Pool 16 in the Upper Missis- correlated with unionid richness and density and 15/01 and 07/28/02 and weighed and measured. In sippi River. Individual mussel growth was simulated negatively correlated with zebra mussel infestation 2003 an extensive monitoring survey in the vicinity with a bioenergetics model and the overall evolution rate. Lipid concentrations explained more variability examined 80 m2 by sediment excavation and screening of mussel populations was computed by adding up the 53 contributions from each individual. Inter-species We also held live Leptodea fragilis, Quadrula quadrula includes a larval or glochidia stage in which the competition was simulated by giving priority to zebra and dead Pyganodon grandis shells in exclosures (2.5 X glochidia attach to the gills or fins of a fish host for up mussels over unionids for feeding. Grazing, reproduc- 2.5 cm mesh size) with either 5, 10, or 20 cm deep to several months. Fisheries managers and scientists tion and mortality rates for zebra mussels and the sediments for 2 months. There were fewer dreissenids have developed propagation techniques to duplicate unionid Amblema plicata were estimated from the on L. fragilis than P. grandis shells, but there was no the natural glochidial infestation of fish. However, literature. Simulation results indicate that in competi- difference between Q. quadrula than P. grandis shells. various fish diseases may threaten the survival of these tion with native mussels, zebra mussels up took most Numbers of dreissenids on unionids were higher fish and their glochidia. Chemical treatments may be of the resources available, leaving just a small fraction inside than outside the exclosures, and numbers were required to control the causative fish pathogens. of food for unionids. The invasion wave caused a higher in the 20 cm deep sediments than in the 5 cm However, chemical treatment may be toxic to the sharp decline in the number and biomass of unionids. deep sediments. We also counted dreissenids coloniz- glochidia or result in the premature detachment of the Estimated survival rates of unionids resemble empiri- ing PVC plates in small-mesh exclosures (2.5 X 2.5 glochidia. We evaluated the safety of three common cally derived values reported for this species in Lake cm), large-mesh exclosures (5 X 10 cm), and small- aquaculture therapeutants (formalin, Cutrine(r), and Pepin, Mississippi River. Simulated densities of zebra mesh exclosures that had 40 X 40 cm openings to chloramine-t) to mussel glochidia during encystment mussels coincided with reported values for Pool 16. allow access by fish predators. Small mesh exclosures on largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides by compar- After 45 years of simulation, some unionids survived had the highest number of dreissenids on plates, and ing the number of glochidia that transform into under the new conditions. However, zebra mussels open exclosures had the fewest number of dreissenids juvenile mussels in an untreated control group versus also influence unionids in ways other than food on plates. Our data suggest that burrowing by unionids chemically treated test groups. Bass were infested with competition and these other effects may also contrib- may be less important than feeding by fish in limiting glochidia from the pocket book mussel Lampsilis ute to the decline in native mussels. the numbers of dreissenids on unionids in coastal cardium seven days before the first treatment. Aquaria wetlands. were siphoned each weekday to determine the number PL 55 THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles. The AND SEDIMENT DEPTH ON initial number of glochidia on fish was estimated to be the sum of the number of sloughed glochidia and DREISSENIDS AND UNIONIDS IN A PLATFORM SESSION 6B juveniles in each aquarium. The mean percent of

GREAT LAKE COASTAL WETLAND. PATHOGENS & EXOTIC SPECIES sloughed glochidia varied by less than 2 % between the Richard W. Bowers1, Ferenc A. de untreated and treated test groups. In a mussel propa- gation program, therapeutic treatment of diseased fish Szalay2, Judy Sudomir2; Mark Kershner2; with formalin, Cutrine(r), and chloramine-t at the 1Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. PL 56 SAFETY OF FISH treatment regimens we evaluated may be a viable 1250 Winchester Parkway, Suite 200, THERAPEUTANTS TO MUSSEL option to enhance glochidia survival to the juvenile life Smyrna Georgia 30080; 2Kent State stage. University, Kent Ohio 44242 GLOCHIDIA ATTACHED TO FISH GILLS. Abundant unionid populations have been found in Jeff J. Rach1, Tony Brady2, and Doug PL 57 TREMATODE INFESTATIONS some Great Lake coastal wetlands, but the reasons Aloisi2. 1U.S. Geological Survey, Upper IN FRESHWATER MUSSELS OF THE why they are not being killed by attachment of Midwest Environmental Sciences Center UPPER NORTH FORK HOLSTON RIVER. dreissenids are not well understood. We tested effects 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, William F. Henley1, Julie L. Boyles2, Aaron of predators and unionid burrowing on attachment by Wisconsin, 54603. 2Genoa National Fish Liberty1, and Richard J. Neves3. 1Fresh- dreissenids in a Lake Erie coastal wetland. We used Hatchery, S5689 St. Rd. 35 Genoa, wire mesh exclosures with 2 mesh sizes and sampled water Mollusk Conservation Center, Wisconsin 54632. dressenids after 15 months. Small mesh exclosures (1.3 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Freshwater mussels have dramatically declined in the X 1.3 cm) had higher numbers of dreissenids than Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA large mesh exclosures (5 X 10 cm) or open controls. U. S. and numerous species are classified as threatened or endangered. The freshwater mussel’s life cycle 24060; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 54 White Sulphur Springs National Fish PL 58 STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL tions and strategies to prevent their spread may be Hatchery, White Sulphur Springs, WV FLORA OF MUSSELS: NORMAL FLORA implemented. A model was employed to transmit 24986; 3U. S. Geological Survey, Depart- Aeromonas salmonicida, a fish pathogen, to mussels ment of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, FROM MUSSELS OF THE CLINCH AND and then determine the duration for animals to HOLSTON RIVERS, VA AND depurate it. Two mussel species, two temperatures and Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. algae-fed vs. non-fed were evaluated. Results showed To determine the possible association between DEPURATION OF THE FISH PATHOGEN that a 30-day quarantine is sufficient to prevent the incidence of trematode infestation and mussel mortal- AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA. pathogens transmission to fish. ity at selected river sites in the North Fork Holston Clifford Starliper1, Richard Neves2, River (NFHR), Virginia, specimens of slabside PL 59 HELMINTH PARASITES OF pearlymussels (Lexingtonia dolabelloides), Tennessee Patricia Barbash3, Patricia Morrison4, clubshells (Pleurobema oviforme), rainbow mussels John Coll3, and Dean Rhine4. 1USGS FRESHWATER MUSSELS FROM (Villosa iris), and mountain creekshells (V. National Fish Health Research Laboratory, MANITOBA, NORTH DAKOTA AND vanuxemensis) were collected from upper NFHR Kearneysville, WV 25430; 2USGS Virginia SASKATCHEWAN. locations and histologically sectioned and examined. Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Joe Carney. Dept. of Zoology, Brandon For comparison, trematode infestation rates were Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061; 3USFWS determined for specimens of paper pondshells University, Brandon, Manitoba Canada (Utterbackia imbecillis), muckets (Actinonaias Lamar Fish Health Center, Lamar, PA R7A 6A9. ligamentina), purple wartybacks (Cyclonaias 16848; 4USFWS Ohio River Islands Freshwater mussels serve as host for a variety of tuberculata), and threeridges (Amblema plicata) National Wildlife Refuge, Parkersburg, WV metazoan parasites. This parasite fauna is reasonably collected from the Middle Fork Holston River 26102. well documented in mussels from the continental (MFHR) and Clinch River (CR) Virginia, as well as We report on two separate studies designed to further U.S.A., particularly from within the Mississippi-Ohio from Halleyville City Lake, Alabama, and the New understand the nature of the bacterial flora of mussels. and Great Lakes drainages. There are no data con- River (NR), West Virginia. Infestation rates in mussels The objective with our ongoing effort on this research cerning the parasites of mussels from systems north of at the NFHR sites ranged from 0% to 100%. Al- is to provide information to control pathogen and these drainages. The objective of this study was to though no infestations were documented in mussels of disease spread. Mussel dieoffs have been observed in characterize the parasite fauna of freshwater mussels the MFHR, those of the CR and NR showed rates the Holston and Clinch Rivers, perhaps with associated from the Lake Winnipeg drainage in Manitoba, North between 3% and 55%. Predominately male mussels predisposing factors (e.g. gravidity, seasonality, host Dakota and Saskatchewan. A total of 1006 mussels were infested, with rates as high as 85%. Based on specificity) contributing to mortality; this scenario representing 12 species was collected from 74 sites on initial DNA sequencing, cercaria were tentatively could indicate an etiological agent as a cause. Several 13 rivers that are part of the Lake Winnipeg drainage. classified as an undescribed species of digenean mussel species were affected, with signs including Mussels were necropsied for parasites, aged, sexed and trematode of the family Gorgoderidae. Metacercaria weakened adductor muscles. In an effort to identify reproductive status determined. Five putative helminth were observed in infested mussels, and cercaria exited possible bacterial pathogens, the normal bacterial flora parasite species were recovered. Adult Aspidogaster mussels enveloped in previously undescribed cercarial from healthy mussels from the aforementioned rivers conchicola parasitized 5 mussel species and had the pouches. The infestation data support the hypothesis was examined. Ideally, this will allow for comparisons most restricted geographic distribution. Adult that reported mussel die-offs in the upper NFHR in with bacteria from diseased mussels. Fluids and soft Cotylogaster occidentalis parasitized 9 mussels species recent years may be associated with trematode tissues were assayed by inoculation onto bacteriological and was widely distributed. Metacercariae, a larval infestations. Classification of this trematode to species, media and resulting bacteria were enumerated and stage in Digenean life cycles, parasitized 6 species with and further study of its life-cycle are ongoing characterized. Total bacterial counts generally ranged Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea having between 3×104 and 4×106 cfu/mL (gram) with motile the highest prevalence. Two types of sporocyst, Aeromonas spp., nonfermenting spp. and Enteric another larval stage in Digenean life cycles, were bacteria most frequently isolated. Ultimately, mussel recovered. The first type parasitized 3 species but was pathogens may be screened for during health inspec- distributed throughout Manitoba, North Dakota and 55 Saskatchewan. The second type parasitized 5 species catfishes are now impacting algae-feeding minnows in and was also widely distributed. This sporocyst some Texas waters and are likely harming native appeared to be responsible for parasitic sterilization of gastropods as well. Asian clam Corbicula fluminea infected hosts with Pygandon grandis being particu- occurs virtually statewide and reaches densities in habitat seemed to carry more power than scientific larly affected. Parasites may play a role in regulating excess of 2,000/m2, but with little indication of direct cures. Despite lobbying efforts during the first third of some mussel populations and can also provide insights impacts on native unionids. Increasing availability and the century, states were very reluctant to enact river into ecological interactions that otherwise may not be improved transport of exotic species suggests the protection. Indeed, the problem was much larger than obvious. extent of this threat is likely to expand rather than technique alone could address. Today we might seek diminish in the years ahead. inspiration in the tenacity of Max Ellis, who never gave PL 60 IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES ON up his efforts to restore mussel populations through sophisticated techniques. Environmental legislation of TEXAS FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS. the 1970s meant improved tools for conservation and Robert G. Howells. Texas Parks and Dinner Speaker Abstract new partnerships between science and natural resource Wildlife Department, Heart of the Hills professionals. Fisheries Science Center, 5103 Junction Highway, Ingram, Texas 78025 DS 1 NATURE AND THE ARTIFICIAL: A PLATFORM SESSION 7A Like several other southern states, Texas has been the HISTORICAL VIEW OF MUSSEL Status & Distribution ll dubious recipient of far too many exotic fishes and shellfishes, with over 100 introduced taxa documented PROPAGATION ON THE MISSISSIPPI in local waters. Direct confirmation of impacts on RIVER. PL 61 PROTOCOLS FOR SAMPLING native mollusks is typically lacking. However, in some James Pritchard, Department of Natural instances, circumstantial evidence of such impacts Resource Ecology and Management, 124 FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN WADABLE ranges from troubling to undeniable. Waterhyacinth Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, STREAMS. Eichhornia crassipes, hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata, and Randal R. Piette, Wisconsin Department several other exotic macrophytes form dense growths IA 50011-3221. that result in habitats unacceptable to unionds and From 1908 through the 1930s, the U.S. Bureau of of Natural Resources, Fisheries and other native mollusks. Often reservoir managers Fisheries supported mussel propagation on the Aquatic Sciences Research Program, 625 negatively impact mollusks in their efforts to use Mississippi River. In hopes of saving the shirt-button E. County Rd Y, Suite 700, Oshkosh, WI, winter drawdowns and cold-kills to control these industry, a cooperative effort of industry, scientists, 54901. and government created a significant social invest- plants. In some power-plant reservoirs, densities of The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources is ment, the Fairport Biological Laboratory at the African cichlid, blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus, developing a set of standardized sampling protocols for Muscatine, Iowa. Historical photos, reports, and have exceeded 2,240 kg/hectare. Although these fish sampling freshwater mussels in wadable streams. letters, gathered from far-flung archives and libraries, often eliminate most macrophytes, digging behaviors Quantitative and qualitative sampling techniques were reveal a narrative of scientists and fishery professionals modify reservoir bottoms to resemble cratered developed and tested to find a balance between field over forty years facing a changing environment and a moonscapes. In at least one Texas reservoir, unionids effort and the collection of meaningful biological data. declining resource. Three phases of scientific effort seem not to have had successful recruitment since high Sampling efforts were designed to answer three proceeded from natural history traditions toward a tilapia densities first occurred. The exotic snails primary mussel survey objectives: first, are mussels technologically-oriented effort to mass produce Marisa cornuarietis, Melanoides tuberculatus, and present; second, which species are present; and third, mussels. Scientists including Robert Coker utilized Tarebia granifera likely compete with native gastro- population density, age structure, and habitat relations. increasingly artificial methods for propagation, while pods, but baseline data needed to demonstrate impact Quantitative mussel sampling was conducted using a suspecting that nature held secrets that they could not is largely lacking. South American plecostomid systematic random sampling design within defined grid replicate. Ultimately, human-induced changes in 56 areas, with sampling effort increasing with stream spaced, paired (side-by-side) quadrats (0.25m2 each) The ellipse, Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Bivalvia: size. Sampling areas were 2.5 x 2.5 m for streams less were excavated along each of 10 transects (=200 Unionidae), was first recorded in Minnesota from the than seven meters wide and 5.0 x 5.0 m for streams samples total). Transects extended bank-to-bank, and Straight River in 1987, but little was known about its greater than seven meters wide. Within each grid spacing was dependent on channel width (50 to 300m) distribution, status, or glochidia-host relationships. area, 0.25 m2 quadrats were used to sample 30% of and length of historical beds (0.5 to 1.5km long). We surveyed over 1700 sites statewide, described the substrate. Quadrats were excavated to a depth of Depth and substrate type were also recorded for each mantle-flapping behavior, and identified suitable approximately 5 cm to detect small or buried mussels. sample location. Mussel densities were mapped, and glochidia hosts from both laboratory and natural Qualitative sampling consisted of timed searches using areas of highest mussel density or diversity were infestations. We found ellipse populations in five mask and snorkel gear. Quantitative sampling with selected for Phase II (intensive) sampling. One Mississippi River tributaries in southeast Minnesota: quadrats produced a better overall picture of mussel hundred and twenty (120) quadrat samples were then the Cannon, Cedar, Root, Upper Iowa, and Zumbro communities, and provided density, abundance, age collected within these areas along transects parallel to Rivers, though it was abundant only in select small to structure, and mussel habitat associations. Quantita- the channel. A total of 23, 35, and 27 species were medium sized streams of the Cannon and Root River tive sampling was more effective at finding juvenile found in the EFW, TIP, and WAB, respectively. In drainages. Brooding ellipse quickly flap a small and cryptic colored species. Sampling time to search each case, 2-3 more species were collected in Phase I mantle extension, often in response to passing grid areas increased with the amount of rocky vs. Phase II sampling. Additionally, we detected the shadows or jarring of the substrate, or their mantles substrate, vegetation and mussel densities. Timed federally listed fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) in each may slowly undulate. The following fish species were searches were more effective at finding rare low- river, as well as a previously undocumented reproduc- identified as suitable hosts species for ellipse glochidia density species, but were biased toward larger ing population of the federal candidate rayed bean in the laboratory: brook sticklebacks (Culaea individuals and species. Search distances for timed (Villosa fabalis). Our results indicate that large-scale inconstans), logperch (Percina caprodes), mottled and searches were strongly influenced by turbidity, quantitative methods can be comparable or more slimy sculpins (Cottus bairdi and C. cognatus), and amount of vegetation and mussel density. effective than sampling the “hot spots” of known beds mud, rainbow, Iowa, fantail, Johnny, banded and and provide better spatial data in terms of site-specific blackside darters (Etheostoma asprigene, E. PL 62 EXPANSIVE VS. CONCEN- unionid distribution. caeruleum, E. exile, E. flabbelare, E. nigrum, E. TRATED QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING: zonale, and P. maculata). Banded and rainbow darters PL 63 FACTORS INFLUENCING STATUS from Deer Creek, and blackside and fantail darters SOME SPATIAL OBSERVATIONS FROM OF VENUSTACONCHA ELLIPSIFORMIS from South Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River, were AN INTENSIVE MONITORING STUDY naturally infested with ellipse glochidia and facilitated (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) IN MINNESOTA. OF UNIONID COMMUNITIES IN their metamorphosis. The ellipse should remain Daniel C. Allen1, Mark C. Hove2, Bernard classified as a “threatened” species in Minnesota due INDIANA. E. Sietman3, Mike Davis4. 1Tennessee to its restricted range and localized abundance. Zimmerman, G.F.1, C.S. Howard1, B. Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, P.O. Fisher,2, and M. Ashton.1 Box 5114, Cookeville, TN 38505; 2Univer- PL 64 CLASSIFICATION OF 1EnviroScience, Inc., 3781 Darrow Road, sity of Minnesota, Department of Fisher- PENNSYLVANIA’S RIVERINE MUSSEL Stow, OH, 44224; 2Indiana Department ies, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, COMMUNITIES. of Natural Resources, 7970 S Rowe 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN Betsy Nightingale1, Mary Walsh1, Ryan Street, P.O. Box 3000, Edinburgh, IN 55108; 3Minnesota Department of Natural Evans2 and Jeremy Deeds2 Pennsylva- 46124. Resources, Division of Ecological Ser- nia Natural Heritage Program, 1 We monitored mussel beds at selected historical sites vices, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN Middletown office: The Nature Conser- within the East Fork White (EFW, n=3), Tippecanoe (TIP, n=3), and Wabash (WAB, n=5) Rivers during 55155; 4Minnesota Department of Natural vancy, 208 Airport Drive, Middletown, PA 2003-2004 using a two-phased quantitative sampling Resources, Division of Ecological Ser- 17057, 2 Pittsburgh office: Western method. During Phase I at each site, 20 regularly vices, 1801 South Oak Street, Lake City, Pennsylvania Conservancy, 209 4th Ave., MN 55041. Pittsburgh, PA 15222. 57 Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program biologists PL 65 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRESH- appreciated role of convergence. A.E. Ortmann, in have recently completed a first draft of a statewide discussing the definition of the subfamilies of classification of riverine mollusk communities. The WATER MUSSEL DATABASE. Unionidae, noted that he was not using shell charac- objective of this project was to identify riverine mussel Keith R. LeClaire, Dan Kelner. U.S. Army ters due to problems of convergence. B. Prashad more communities and factors that may be influencing Corps of Engineers - St. Paul District, 190 recently discussed the similarity of shell shapes from them. We believe this research can be used to drive 5th Street East, St. Paul, MN 55101. Southeast Asia and South America. G.T. Watters has provided information on the role of shell shape and more proactive efforts to highlight and protect entire Long-term monitoring of Upper Mississippi River sculpture and their role in providing stability in the mussel communities that may otherwise be overlooked mussel populations is essential in evaluating environ- aquatic environment. Shell shape, disc sculpture, in lieu of simply rare species. Mussel presence and mental impacts and measuring success of re-introduc- hinge plate presence or absence, and relation to abiotic data (adjacent land use, water chemistry, habitat tion efforts of endangered species. The U.S. Army substrate are all features that have convergent quality and stream hydrology) for Pennsylvania Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife elements between the six recognized unioniform streams were acquired through a number of sources. Service collaborated on the development of a stan- families. Recent, preliminary phylogenies provide Cluster Analysis, Non-Metric Multidimensional dardized database for storing mussel survey data. The support for the recognition of convergence of the Scaling, Indicator Species Analysis, Canonical Corre- key components of the database and its potential shell form and sculpture. Historically the freshwater spondence Analysis (CCA), and Classification and applications will be discussed. The adopted web-based mussel fauna of the Late Cretaceous of the Western Regression Tree were used to classify communities of approach offers several advantages over other stand- Interior of North America is given as the ancestor for mussels, and examine relationships among community alone data management approaches. It provides the great modern radiation of Unionidae in the types and physical habitat characteristics. Results from increased data integrity, sophisticated relationships, southeastern United States. Similarity of shell shape eight large and distinct pilot watersheds indicate eight database check in/out tools, and a simplified user and sculpture has been used to link the Cretaceous mussel community types. Four groups were specific to interface. The standardized data structure will unioniform fauna of Africa with that of modern Asia, the Ohio River drainage, three specific to the Atlantic enhance data collaboration, reduce costs on custom- as well as linking fossils from the Cretaceous of Drainage, and one (creeper community) had a small ized query tools, streamline reporting functions, and Montana with the modern fauna of West Africa. More number of sites in both drainages. Generally, CCA facilitate system-wide project planning and resource interesting, the Triassic species with radial umbo did not show strong relationships between the modeling. occurrence of communities and physical habitat sculpture from Connecticut have been linked with characteristics. However, some patterns were evident. those species with similar sculpture of the Late The yellow lampmussel and creeper communities Cretaceous of the western United States as the appeared to be weakly associated with increasing forest PLATFORM SESSION 7B precursors of the whole hyriid fauna of South cover, and the Ohio lacustrine group showed a slight Status & Recovery America. We use the concept of convergence in the association with higher wetland coverage. There also World’s modern unioniform fauna to examine the appeared to be relationships between the occurrence fossil record of this group and question the interpreta- of communities and water chemistry (alkalinity, tions of these faunas based on shell shape and sculp- dissolved oxygen, and pH), as well as stream character- PL 66 CONVERGENCE AND THE ture similarities. istics (gradient and stream order). Here, the prelimi- UNIONIFORMES. nary statewide classification results will be presented. PL 67 THE MIGHTY HOLSTON: A Arthur E. Bogan1 and Joseph Hartman2 DECIMATED FAUNA REINVIGORATED? 1North Carolina State Museum, , Raleigh, NC 27606; 2Dept. of Geology and Stephen J. Fraley1, James B. Layzer2, Geological Engineering, University of Edwin M. Scott3. 1North Carolina Wildlife North Dakota, , Grand Forks, ND 58202 Resources Commission, 10257 Rush A.J. Cain discussed the role of convergence of shell Fork Rd., Clyde, NC 28721; 2Tennessee form in land snails. He cautioned about the under Cooperative Fisheries Unit, Tennessee

58 Technical University, P.O. Box 5114, PL 68 PROGRESS IN FRESHWATER PL 69 FRESHWATER MOLLUSK Cookeville, TN 38505; 3Tennessee Valley MUSSEL CULTIVATION AND RECOV- PROPAGATION AND RECOVERY Authority, P.O. Box 1589 Norris, TN ERY AT VIRGINIA’S AQUATIC WILDLIFE PROGRAMS OF THE TENNESSEE 37828-1589. AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE, The Holston River is a major tributary of upper CONSERVATION CENTER. Tennessee River that once supported one of the richest Michael J. Pinder1, Nathan L. Eckert2, AN UPDATE. freshwater mussel faunas in the world (71 species). Joseph J. Ferraro2, and Brian T. Watson.3 Paul D. Johnson1, Sabrina F. Novak1, Seven major dams now impound or regulate most of Virginia Department of Game and Inland Paul Hartfield 2 Jeffrey T. Garner3, Steven the Holston system, including the entire length of the Fisheries, 12206 South Main Street, A. Ahlstedt1, and Jeffrey D. Sides1, mainstem Holston River. The lower 52 miles of the Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, 21724 Buller 1Tennessee Aquarium Research Institute, Holston are unimpounded, but have suffered from a lack of minimium flows, low dissolved oxygen, cold Hatchery Rd, Marion, Virginia 24354, 5385 Red Clay Road, Cohutta, GA 30710. hypolimnetic releases, and peaking hydropower 31132 Thomas Jefferson Rd, Forest, 2USFWS, Jackson Field Office, 6578 regulation from Cherokee Dam (Tennessee Valley Virginia 24551. Dogwood View Parkway, Jackson, MS Authority). Surveys performed by TVA in 1981 found The Virginia Department of Game and Inland 39213. 3Alabama Department of Conser- a sparse, relict fauna (13 species) in this reach 38 years Fisheries’ Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Center was vation and Natural Resources, Freshwater after Cherokee Dam began operating. In the late established in 1998 with the goal of recovering Fisheries Division, 350 CR, Florence, AL 1980’s and early 1990’s, TVA began remediation of freshwater mussel populations in the Tennessee River impacts from Cherokee Dam that improved dissolved drainage. Additional recent funding has allowed us to 35633. oxygen levels and provided minimum flows. We implement new operational designs and upgrades. Freshwater mollusk recovery efforts of the Tennessee surveyed portions of the lower Holston River in 2002 Until last year, our operation used a 0.25 acre pond to Aquarium Research Institute (TNARI) are primarily and found 18 unionid species represented by live increase water temperatures and algae production focused on species endemic to the Mobile River Basin. specimens, including the federally endangered pink from our main water source, the South Fork Holston Planning efforts have targeted recovery programs for mucket, Lampsilis abrupta (Say, 1831) and the pro- River. While this pond preformed adequately, we some 30 different species of snails and mussels across posed federal candidate sheepnose, Plethobasus were able to acquire the use of a 5.0 acre pond that the basin. Since 2000, mussel recovery efforts have cyphyus (Rafinesque, 1820). Surprisingly, most produced temperatures similar to those at good mussel propagated and released over 80,000 mussels of 13 individuals that were once eroded, senescent, living sites on the Clinch River. The higher temperatures species, 6 listed as endangered or threatened by the relicts showed evidence of recent shell growth. Thin vastly improved juvenile mussel growth. The number U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Mussel releases have sections of samples of these shells showed 12-21 of adult mussels species held at the facility has in- been completed in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. growth arrests in the area of new growth. Evidence of creased from 22 in 1998 to 35 today. The facility The mussel program has also identified host fishes for gametogenesis and fertilization was found in some before 2004 used a series of raceways with one inlet, numerous species of mussels including Pleurobema species. No juvenile mussels were found, but smaller, which had a limited ability to modify habitat condi- georgianum, Lampsilis virescens and Lasmigona sp. cf. uneroded specimens (97-110mm) of three species were tions, prevent gamete exchange, and contain diseases. holstonia. Artificial propagation methods for over 12 found. We review recent physical, fish, and Presently, adult mussels are maintained in .93 m species freshwater gastropods (Pleuroceridae, macroinvertebrate data and discuss the potential for diameter round tanks (.60 m2) each with a separate Viviparidae, & ) have also been devel- recovery of the mussel fauna in this reach of the water source. Using this system, we have held over oped. To date, TNARI gastropod restoration efforts Holston. 350 adults with 95% survival and produced viable have focused on Mobile River basin Leptoxis spp. with glochidia from 11 species. We have also incorporated over 35,000 cultured snails of 2 federally listed species a flow-through propagation system. The system uses (L. foremani and L. plicata), released since 2003. multiple filtration devices to sterilize and a heater to Propagation techniques have also been developed for warm water during juvenile production. We will the federally endangered flat pebblesnail (Lyperium continue to improve our systems to meet Virginia’s showalteri: Hydrobiidae) and the cylinder campeloma mussel restoration needs. 59 (Campeloma regulare). In an additional gastropod if necessary, before introduction to the AHABs. 3) relatively free of urban development. Knowledge of restoration project, TNARI has also produced and Culture and propagation of newly transformed mussels the mussel fauna in the lower portion of the basin has released over 7,000 spiny riversnails (Io fluvialis) into for eventual introduction to the wild. Juveniles are been limited to scattered locales, largely in smaller the Tennessee River, as a model for large river restora- maintained in AHAB tanks and daily cleaned and fed a tributaries, and shallow water habitats. Very little tion efforts. Development of mollusk culture tech- combination of silt and cultured algae. 4) Offer information existed for the deep water habitats niques, and specific restoration policy and plans of temporary refugia to mussels removed from situations throughout the basin. In an attempt to update and fill Mobile River basin species will be discussed. where there have been environmental disasters. in major gaps in the knowledge of the mussel fauna in Current upgrades include temperature controls for this basin The Catena Group in conjunction with PL 70 AN OVERVIEW OF THE COLUM- incoming river water, a supplemental algal dosing Nature Conservancy and International Paper con- BUS ZOO AND AQUARIUM FRESHWA- system for mussel tanks, and educational links to the ducted a qualitative assessment of the Unionid fauna in Zoo. the lower Pee Dee River and its major tributaries; The TER MUSSEL PROPAGATION AND Black, Lynches, Pocotaligo, Little Pee Dee, and RESEARCH FACILTY. Waccamaw Rivers, in South Carolina. Surveys were G. Thomas Watters1, Doug Warmolts2, PLATFORM SESSION 8A conducted at 45 sites throughout the basin. All habitat Mike Brittsan2, Trisha Menker1, Eric types at each survey station were evaluated. SCUBA Status & Distribution lll was used to sample the deepwater habitats. At least 19 Norrocky2, and Kody Kuehnl3. 1Museum species were located during surveys in the summer-fall of Biological Diversity, 3Aquatic Ecology 2004, and spring 2005. These surveys document Lab, Department of Evolution, Ecology, extensions of the known ranges of Elliptio and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State PL 71 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF A roanokensis, E. waccamawensis, Lampsilis cariosa, L. University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, COMPREHENSIVE QUALITATIVE SUR- splendida, Leptodea ochracea, Ligumia nasuta, OH 43212. 2Columbus Zoo and Strophitus undulatus, and Villosa vibex. Consistent VEY OF UNIONID MUSSELS IN THE habitat partitioning by species, as well as various forms Aquarium, PO Box 400, Powell, OH LOWER PEE-DEE RIVER BASIN, SOUTH within the Elliptio complanata complex was noted 43065, USA. CAROLINA. throughout the survey area. In 2002 the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium began lease Tom Dickinson¹,Tim Savidge¹, Eric on a 32-acre riverfront property for the purpose of PL 72 HISTORICAL AND CURRENT establishing a facility dedicated to research and Krueger². ¹The Catena Group, Inc., 410-B eventual propagation of freshwater mussels. The goals Millstone Dr., Hillsborough, NC 27278; EXAMINATION OF FRESHWATER MUS- are to create a facility that will meet four needs. 1) ²The Nature Conservancy South Carolina, SELS OF THE DUCK RIVER BASIN Establish brood stock. To date the facility has 1,000 1049 Morrison Dr., P.O. Box 20246, TENNESSEE. individuals of 49 species. These individuals are Charleston, SC 29413. Stephen A. Ahlstedt1, Jeffrey R. Powell2, maintained in a system that uses a combination of flow- The Pee Dee River Basin is a major drainage of the through and recirculating river water. Newly intro- Robert S. Butler3, Mark T. Fagg4, Don W. Atlantic slope in the southeastern United States. The duced mussels are kept in a separate self-contained Hubbs5, Sabrina F. Novak6, Sally R. 10,755 sq mile drainage area incorporates portions of quarantine system before introduction to mussel Palmer7, and Paul D. Johnson6 1 USGS, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. 3,425 holding tanks. 2) Conduct basic research on captive sq. miles occurs within the lower piedmont and coastal 1820 Midpark Drive, Knoxville, TN 37921, mussels, including host identification and phylogenetic plain in the northeastern portion of South Carolina, 2 USFWS, P.O. Drawer 1190, Daphne, AL analyses. Host identifications are conducted in four making it the second-largest river basin in the state. 36526, 3 United States Fish and Wildlife AHAB units - modular, temperature-controlled, self- With the exception of the main stem of the Pee Dee, contained aquaria systems using treated residential Service, 160 Zillicoa Avenue, Street, the major tributaries to the lower basin are generally water. Test fish are quarantined and treated for disease, Asheville, NC 28801, 4 TWRA, 3030 free-flowing with extensive forested buffers that are Wildlife Way, Morristown, TN 37814, 5 60 TWRA, Fisheries Management, P.O. PL 73 SURVEY FOR THE THREATENED 40747, Nashville, TN 37204, 6 TNARI, PURPLE BANKCLIMBER PL 74 THE FRESHWATER GASTRO- 5385 Red Clay Road, Cohutta, GA (ELLIPTOIDEUS SLOATIANUS) IN THE PODS OF IOWA (1821-1998): SPECIES 30710, 7 TNC, Duck River Project, 106A MIDDLE REACH OF THE FLINT RIVER, COMPOSITION, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRI- Riverside Drive, Columbia, TN 38401. BUTIONS, AND CONSERVATION CON- The Duck River is a 442 km long system with a large GEORGIA. reservoir, TVA’s Normandy Dam, placed at river km Mary T. McCann. Devine Tarbell & CERNS. 420 controlling some 95% of the rivers length. This Associates, Inc., 970 Baxter Boulevard, Timothy W. Stewart, Department of inventory examined 112 sites throughout the basin. Portland, ME 04103. Natural Resource Ecology and Manage- The Duck River historically contained 75 species and A baseline mussel survey was conducted in the Flint ment, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 53 remain extant, including 3 federally listed and 3 River, between Lake Blackshear (Warwick Dam) and 50011. candidate species. Mussel abundance measured as Lake Worth in support of the relicensing efforts for I used survey data from museums and peer-reviewed CPUE or direct quadrat sampling indicates significant Warwick Dam. The federal and Georgia state- literature to summarize knowledge of the taxonomic increases in 2002 from 1979 & 1988. Species richness threatened mussel species, purple bankclimber composition and geographic distributions of freshwa- tripled and abundance increased 11 fold at 17 sites (Elliptoideus sloatianus) was known to occur down- ter gastropods in the state of Iowa, U.S.A. Excluding examined in both in1988 and 2002. Species richness stream of Lake Blackshear based on a limited survey records likely based on erroneous reports, 49 freshwa- increased down-river, although the highest diversity conducted in the early 1990’s but more recent and ter gastropod taxa (i.e., 47 species and 2 genera with an sites were associated directly with mill dams. Mussel detailed information was needed. A qualitative unknown number of species) inhabited Iowa during all recovery is partially attributable to point source mussel survey was conducted in September 2003 at or part of the period when records were collected elimination, and land acquisition for the now defunct five locations downstream of Warwick Dam. Surveys (1821-1998). Representative families include TVA, Columbia Dam Project. However, improve- were conducted under conditions of low river flows Valvatidae (4 species), Viviparidae (6 species), ments in dissolved oxygen concentrations and flow and good water clarity. All available habitat types Hydrobiidae (6 species), Pomatiopsidae (2 species), release schedules from Normandy Dam initiated by were searched at each location using SCUBA or Pleuroceridae (2 species), Lymnaeidae (10 species), TVA’s - Reservoir Release Improvements (RRI) snorkel until no new species were encountered. All Physidae (3 species), Planorbidae (11 species), and program in 1991 are likely the most critical develop- mussels collected were identified, counted, and Ancylidae (5 species). Historically, Iowa’s freshwater ment in mussel recovery. From 1991 - 2001 mean returned to the same habitat they were collected gastropod diversity compares favorably to states of annual discharges improved 23 and 15% during from. Listed species were measured for length similar geographic area. However, I found no recent critical spring and summer recruitment periods in (nearest mm). A total of 504 live mussels, consisting Iowa records (within the last 50 years) for 18 species, comparison to discharge 10 years previous. Increased of at least nine species were collected. The purple and an additional 7 species appeared to be much less channel volume during critical recruitment periods bankclimber was the most abundant species and was widespread at the end of the 20th century than improves conditions on channel margins where collected at all sites except just below the dam. While formerly. Absence of modern records for some of recruitment appears to be concentrated. the purple bankclimber (as well as all species com- these 25 taxa of conservation concern might result bined) was collected from all habitat types, pools were from taxonomic confusion and reduced attention the least productive and backwaters were the most directed toward snails in recent years. However, productive. River substrate was wetted essentially surveys of the Lake Okoboji region from 1915-1960 from bank to bank under low flow conditions of 560 documented dramatic gastropod population declines to 800 cfs. Mussel distribution appeared to be limited and local extinctions following pollution events and in high velocity areas. Recruitment of purple habitat loss. Because similar environmental changes bankclimbers appears to be occurring at a low rate occurred throughout Iowa in the early and middle based on the few specimens collected that were less 20th century, freshwater gastropod diversity and than 90 mm. Length frequency data also indicated a abundance probably declined statewide during that curious progressive downstream trend for smaller median and maximum length per site. 61 time. By comparing data summarized in this review PL 77 AN EVALUATION OF ADULT with future field survey data, evidence of restricted or PLATFORM SESSION 8B FRESHWATER MUSSELS HELD IN shrinking geographic ranges can be provided, and the true conservation status of Iowa gastropods will be Propagation & Reproduction ll CAPTIVITY AT THE WHITE SULPHUR determined. This information is of critical impor- SPRINGS NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY. tance in establishing legal protection and recovery Julie L. Devers1, Richard J. Neves2. 1U.S. action plans for endangered species. PL 76 IMMUNE RESPONSE OF LARGE- Fish and Wildlife Service, White Sulphur MOUTH BASS TO THE FATMUCKET Springs National Fish Hatchery, 400 E. PL 75 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF Main St., White Sulphur Springs, WV THE STATUS OF AQUATIC SNAILS IN OVER REPETITIVE INFESTATIONS AND 24986; 2Virginia Cooperative Fish and WEST VIRGINIA. OVERWINTERING. Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Ralph W. Taylor. Department of Integrated Scott H. O’Dee1, and G. Thomas Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Science and technology, Marshall Univer- Watters2. 1Ohio Department of Health, Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. sity, 1 John Marshall Way, Huntington WV Zoonoses Program, 900 Freeway Drive In order to determine the feasibility of holding adult 25755 N, Columbus, OH 43229. 2Museum of freshwater mussels in long-term captivity at the White Little is known of the status of aquatic snails in West Biological Diversity, Department of Sulphur Springs National Fish Hatchery, White Virginia. There are good reasons for this as until Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Sulphur Springs, WV, we relocated three mussel recent years inaccessibility, as a result of our moun- Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 species in the summer of 2001 and 10 mussel species in the summer of 2002 to the hatchery. We evaluated tainous terrain, made studies of this nature difficult. Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, Additionally there was no one in the area who was survival, energy reserves, and gametogenesis of captive Acquired immunity may develop in response to interested in studying snails. A few years back I began mussels in a recirculating pond system. Annual repetitive infestations under laboratory conditions. to look at this interesting group of animals and found survival rates of 10 species were estimated for one year. This study addressed three questions: do largemouth that even basic information on distribution patterns of Glycogen, protein, and lipid concentrations in mantle bass develop an acquired immunity to fatmucket aquatic snails in West Virginia was almost totally tissue of three captive species (Actinonaias glochidia; does host age play a part in the ability of the lacking. The biggest surprise I found was the paucity ligamentina, Cyclonaias tuberculata, and Tritogonia to successfully parasitize its host; and, is of literature on snails inhabiting the upper Ohio River verrucosa) were compared to those of wild mussels in acquired immunity decreased or lost over winter. upstream of Cincinnati, OH. Along most of its the New River. Gametogenic activity and synchrony Largemouth bass were exposed every 39 days until northern boundary WV claims the Ohio River so I in A. ligamentina and C. tuberculata were compared acquired immunity was demonstrated. Both age-1 and have included what I could find concerning upper between captive and wild mussels. The overall 3 bass developed an immunity to glochidia after three Ohio River snails in my comments. Along with the survival rate for 10 freshwater mussel species held in to five repetitive infestations; age was not significant in Ohio, I have specimens from the Potomac, the raceway for one year was 77%. Villosa acquiring immunity. Groups of over-wintered, non- Guyandotte, Kanawha, Big Sandy, Elk, New and vanuxemensis had the highest survival rate (96%), and wintered, and previously unexposed fish were then Bluestone rivers and their tributaries. Information for Lampsilis cardium had the lowest survival rate (31%). reinfested at 1 to 4 months post-immunity. Both over- my presentation comes from the Marshall University Although there were fluctuations in glycogen, protein, wintered and non-wintered age-1 bass exhibited Malacological Collections, and collected material from and lipid levels over 2 yr, there were no overall decreasing immunological memory with increasing ORSANCO and the West Virginia Department of differences in energy substrates between captive and winter duration. Over-wintered bass of both age Environmental Protection. Several new state distribu- wild mussels at the end of the study and captivity did classes lost immunity faster than non-wintered hosts. tional records will be presented. not appear to have a negative affect on gametogenesis. This study showed that largemouth bass could develop an From these results, we conclude that captive holding acquired immunity after multiple infestations. This conditions in the recirculating pond system at immunity could be decreased or lost during simulated over- WSSNFH were adequate for long-term holding of a wintering conditions faster than in non-wintered fish. wide range of mussel taxa. 62 PL 78 THE EFFECT OF POSITION IN PL 79 UTILITY OF GENETIC MARKERS propagation event. After stocking, incorporation of STACKED TRAYS ON CULTURED genetic screening into monitoring may help deter- AS AN AID TO PROPAGATION OF mine whether there was recruitment of out-planted FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN IMPERILED FRESHWATER MUSSELS. juveniles. AVIGLIANA LAKES (N-W ITALY). Eric M. Hallerman1, Jess Jones1,2, and Elsa Panini1, Benedetto Sicuro1 and Richard J. Neves1,3, 1Department of PL 80 A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC Gilberto Forneris1. 1Dept. of Animal Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia REASSESSMENT OF THE FRESHWA- Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Polytechnic Institute and State University, TER SNAILS OF THE GENUS Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S. Fish & Wildlife PLEUROCERA (GASTROPODA: of Turin, 44, Leonardo da Vinci str., 10096 Service, Blacksburg, VA 24061, 3U. S. PLEUROCERIDAE) OF THE MOBILE Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Grugliasco, Turin (Italy). RIVER BASIN,. From May 2003 to September 2004, autochthonous Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, adult freshwater bivalves, Anodonta anatina and Unio Blacksburg, VA 24061. Jeffrey D. Sides1 and Charles Lydeard2. mancus (Unionidae), were reared in lake waters in the Captive propagation is a component of recovery plans 1Tennessee Aquarium Research Insti- Natural Park of Avigliana Lakes (N-W Italy). An for many imperiled freshwater mussels. We consider tute, 5385 Red Clay Road, Cohutta, GA oyster culture technique, employing stacks of sus- how screening of genetic markers can contribute to 30710; 2University of Alabama, Depart- pended trays was used. It is common knowledge that effective propagation and out-planting of imperiled ment of Biological Sciences, Box 870345, the success of rearing depends on environmental mussels. Characterization of genetic variation among Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. conditions and on the system of cultivation. Food populations is central for identification of the unit In order to reassess the systematics of the five cur- supply and sedimentation on reared mussels of subject to intervention; i.e., of species, subspecies, rently recognized species of the genus suspended particulates may affect survival rate in evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) or management Pleurocera in the Mobile River basin, a molecular trays; in this study the effect of position of mussels in unit (MU). Focus then turns to observing variation phylogenetic analysis was conducted using a portion upper or lower trays was investigated. Rearing was within the unit of interest. For setting propagation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochon- aimed at bioremediation: A. anatina and U. mancus, goals and collection of broodstock, genetic markers are drial gene. The Mobile River basin Pleurocera were which are not listed within threatened species, are two useful for determining whether all broodstock candi- recovered as a non-monophyletic group. There is no filter-feeders potentially suitable to reduce eutrophi- dates are of the species desired, how many spawners are evidence for a basin-wide Pleurocera ‘vestita’, as cation in Avigliana lakes. Bivalves were cultured at two needed, and whether the broodstock is representative currently recognized. Instead, the species boundaries rearing densities (29 and 89 kg m-3) in metal cages of of the wild stock; i.e., are all common life history are correlated to the sub-basin(s) of the Mobile River 0.6 m x 0.3 m x 0.7 m; each cage contained 4-5 rigid morphs, nuclear alleles and mitochondrial haplotypes basin where they are located. Pleurocera annulifera is open-topped stacked plastic trays, with a size of mesh represented? When planning propagation, genetic comprised of the Pleurocera occurring in the of 0.5 cm x 2 cm. Survival rates in trays were studied markers are useful for assessing baseline diversity. Tombigbee and Black Warrior drainages. Pleurocera for 5 months, from May to September 2004, when Multi-locus genotypes can be used to observe percent- prasinata is contained within the Coosa and Alabama bivalves seemed to be more sensitive to seasonal age of shared alleles among individuals, in order to drainages. The Pleurocera of the Cahaba River conditions, as suggested by preliminary studies. cross distinct individuals and avoid inbreeding and drainage will be recognized as Pleurocera univittata Statistical analysis were performed using one way random genetic drift. After propagation, markers can following the synonymy of P. vestita with P. ANOVA. Results showed that, for both the densities be used to infer parentage, to determine how many annulifera. Pleurocera univittata resembles Cahaba and the species, there were not significant differences spawners contributed to the new year-class. Knowing Pleurocera conchologically and has its type locality in in survival rate in trays in all the experimental cages. the sex ratio and family size for each spawner, manag- the Cahaba River, but was formerly a synonym of P. This suggests that a good exchange of water through ers can compare Ne. to the target for propagation; if prasinata. The status of P. showalteri remains the trays is ensured and that the culture method is smaller, the manager can equalize family size in the uncertain given the inability to locate specimens suitable to maintain A. anatina and U. mancus in good current year-class or add more spawners to the next conditions. resembling the historical description. The COI 63 phylogeny recovers P. foremani outside of the Mobile River basin Pleurocera clade, grouped with Elimia bullula, a sympatric species in Yellowleaf Creek in the Coosa River drainage. Based on the molecular data, P. foremani should be recognized as Elimia foremani. The phylogenetic examination of Mobile River basin Pleurocera and Pleurocera from adjacent drainages has revealed support for some controversial hypotheses concerning drainage evolution in the southeastern U.S., including the existence of the ancient Appala- chian River connecting the upper Tennessee and Coosa Rivers.

White Bass Host Fish —Kerissa Nelson

64 FMCS STANDING COMMITTEE AND CHAIR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Awards ...... W. Gregory Cope We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contributions of the ...... North Carolina State University Symposium Committee, particularly the efforts of the following individuals: Commercial ...... Steve A. Ahlstedt Symposium Committee Chair Registration ...... U.S. Geological Survey Kurt Welke Jennifer Sauer Environmental Heidi Dunn Quality and Affairs ...... Patricia A. Morrison Local Arrangements Museum Social ...... U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Susan Oetker Susan Oetker Mark Hove Gastropod Status and Distribution ...... Paul D. Johnson Mark Hove ...... Tennessee Aquatic Research Institute Plenary Session Auction/Raffle Guidelines and Techniques ...... John Van Hassel Kevin Cummings ...... American Electric Power Kurt Welke Technical Program – Platform Information Exchange ...... Kevin S. Cummings Communications/AV Greg Cope ...... Illinois Natural History Survey Bernard Sietman Mussel Status and Distribution ...... Kevin J. Roe Technical Program – Poster T-Shirts, Hats, Tours ...... Delaware Museum of Natural History Teresa Newton Mike Davis Outreach ...... Kurt. I. Welke ...... Wisconsin DNR Student Awards Dave Berg Propagation, Restoration, ...... Catherine Gatenby and Introduction ...... Jess Jones Greg Cope ...... Virginia Tech University

FMCS OFFICERS 2004-2005

PAST FMCS BIENNIAL SYMPOSIA President ...... G. Thomas Watters ...... Ohio State University Symposium Year Location st President Elect ...... Robert M. Anderson 1 1999 Chattanooga, Tennessee ...... U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2nd 2001 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Secretary ...... Rita Villella 3rd 2003 Durham, North Carolina ...... U.S. Geological Survey Treasurer ...... Heidi L. Dunn ...... Ecological Specialists, Inc. Past President ...... Richard J. Neves ...... Virginia Tech University 65