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Rita C. Richey Editor Encyclopedia of Terminology for Educational Communications and Technology Encyclopedia of Terminology for Educational Communications and Technology Rita C. Richey Editor Encyclopedia of Terminology for Educational Communications and Technology Editor Rita C. Richey Instructional Technology Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-6572-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-6573-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6573-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013933454 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated To The Commission on De fi nition and Terminology, which produced in 1963 the fi rst monograph de fi ning the fi eld of Audiovisual Communications and its key terminology. Donald P. Ely, Syracuse University, Chair of the Commission and Editor of the Monograph. Henry A. Bern, Indiana University. Samuel Cohen, Hewlett-Woodmere Public Schools, Hewlett, New York. Sidney C. Eboch, State College for Alameda County, California. James Q. Knowlton, Indiana University. Susan M. Markle, University of California at Los Angeles. Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... ix AECT Defi nition and Terminology Committee, 2009–2012 ..................... xi Contributors ................................................................................................. xiii Preface ........................................................................................................... xix Terminology by Content Domains .............................................................. xxvii Terminology Entries (Alphabetical Presentation) ..................................... 1 Erratum .......................................................................................................... E1 Additional Resources ................................................................................... 331 vii Acknowledgements This encyclopedia represents the work of 72 authors who are scholars and practitio- ners in the fi eld representing a wide array of interests, specializations, and expertise. In addition, it is the product of a working committee of the Association with 17 members, most of whom were also authors of multiple entries. It could never have been written without the input and support of these many people. Their names fol- low in the next two sections. In addition, the following AECT of fi cials should be recognized for their support of this project: • The four AECT presidents who provided support and encouragement for this project: – Mary Herring – Michael Spector – Barabara Lockee – Ana Donaldson • AECT Board Liaisons to the De fi nition and Terminology Committee: – David Wiley – Nancy Hastings • Philip Harris, Executive Director (who was always there when needed). In addition, thanks should be given to Anne Blake, a Wayne State University graduate student with an eagle eye and a way with words, who aided in the fi nal manuscript preparation. Finally, as with any publication, authors are incredibly indebted to their publishers and to the editors who provide important guidance and assistance. In this case, the credit goes to Melissa James and her colleagues of Springer. Thanks to everyone! ix AECT De fi nition and Terminology Committee, 2009–2012 Amy Adcock Denis Hlynka Associate Professor, Instructional Professor, Department of Curriculum, Design and Technology Teaching and Learning Old Dominion University University of Manitoba Tom Atkinson Ileana Gutierrez Assistant Professor, Department of Media Specialist Educational and Human Sciences Miami-Dade County Public Schools University of Central Florida D. Michele Jacobsen David D. Carbonara Associate Professor, Faculty of Assistant Professor, Director, Program Education, Chair, Educational Studies in Instructional Technology in Technology Duquesne University University of Calgary Jan Elen Wendell Johnson Professor, Department of Educational Library Faculty, Social Science and Sciences Humanities Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Northern Illinois University Joann Flick Kathryn Ley Training and Development Specialist Associate Professor, Instructional Montana State Library Technology University of Houston—Clear Lake Nancy B. Hastings Assistant Professor, Instructional and Rita C. Richey Performance Technology Professor Emeritus, Instructional University of West Florida Technology Wayne State University xi xii AECT Definition and Terminology Committee, 2009–2012 Rhonda Robinson Jason Underwood Professor, Educational Technology, Senior Instructional Designer, Research and Assessment Digital Convergence Lab Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University Xinmin Sang Xudong Zheng Professor of Instructional Technology Assistant Professor of Instructional Institute of Educational Research, Technology, Department of Information Nanjing University Technology Central China Normal University Mary Shoffner Associate Professor, Department of Middle-Secondary Education and Instructional Technology Georgia State University Contributors Amy B. Adcock Associate Professor, Instructional Design and Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA Elizabeth K. Anderson Visiting Professor , DeVry University , USA Terry Anderson Professor, Centre for Distance Education , Athabasca University , Edmonton, AB, Canada Robert L. Appelman Clinical Professor Emeritus, Instructional Systems Technology , Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA Timothy C. Boileau Instructional Faculty, Curriculum, Instruction and Media Technology Department , Indiana State University , Terre Haute, IN, USA Robert Maribe Branch Professor, Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA Rovy Branon Associate Dean for Online Learning , and Executive Director, Academic Advanced Distributed Learning, Co-Lab , University of Wisconsin-Extension , Madison, WI, USA Barbara Brown PhD Candidate, Educational Technology , University of Calgary Educational Technology Supervisor , Calgary Catholic School District , Calgary, AB, Canada Rebecca P. Butler Presidential Teaching Professor, Educational Technology, Research and Assessment , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, IL, USA David D. Carbonara Assistant Professor and Director, Program in Instructional Technology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Aline Click Director, eLearning Services , and Co-Director , Digital Convergence Lab , Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, USA Susan Crichton Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Programs, Faculty of Education , University of British Columbia , Kelowna, BC, Canada xiii xiv Contributors Gayle Davidson-Shivers Professor, Instructional Design and Development Program, Department of Professional Studies , University of South Alabama , Mobile, AL, USA Vanessa P. Dennen Associate Professor, Educational Psychology and Learning Systems , Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA Tonia A. Dousay Doctoral Student, Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA Darryl C. Draper Assistant Professor, Educational Technology, Research and Assessment , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, IL, USA Marcy P. Driscoll Leslie J. Briggs Professor of Educational Research , and Dean, College of Education, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA Jan Elen Professor, Department of Educational Sciences , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium Joann Flick Continuing Education Coordinator, The Montana State Library, Helena, MT, USA Sharon Friesen Associate Professor, Faculty of Education , University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada Ruth Gannon-Cook Associate Professor, DePaul University

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