Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, Vol. 25, No. 1, May 2019, 132-140 ISSN: 0854-4735, accredited by KEMENRISTEKDIKTI, Decree No: 51/E/KPT/2019 DOI: 10.21831/jptk.v25i1.20234 132 Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan,Vol. 24, No. 2, October 2018

DESIGNING A SKILL TREE MODEL FOR LEARNING MEDIA

Fanani A. Ghozali1, Rustam Asnawi2, M Khairudin3, Mentari P Jati4, Ahmad Hoirul5 1 2 3 4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia 5Al Jamiah Al Malik Abdul Aziz, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In a modern era, digital media has been created and used for educational purposes. In the educational programs, teachers have many objectives which can be converted into some important points that can be mapped on a skill tree. A skill tree is actually commonly known for building gaming media as a decision making system but it has not been widely applied for educational purposes. This paper discusses how to design a skill tree model for effective learning media. The learning objective can be mapped in the skill tree and used for decision-making to decide whether the subject matter being taught by a teacher can proceed or not. The method used in this study was the development method. The findings indicated that the skill tree can be applied as learning media. The results of product testing reveal insignificant defects and smooth operation. Therefore the developed software can be considered as an eligible product to be applied. This software is aimed to assist teachers in understanding the weaknesses of the students and improving the quality of education.

Keywords: decision making, learning media, learning process, skill tree

INTRODUCTION In the context of a customer education as described above are students. It can, In this era, teachers are required to be therefore, be inferred that the professional. The development of an professionalism of a teacher is very advanced era resulted in a change in the dependent upon the satisfaction of the mindset of students to be more advanced student. If the student is not satisfied and too. Professional teachers are required to does not understand then the professionalism master the learning media especially the of a teacher can be doubted thus affecting latest media. The professionalism of teachers the trust of the parents to teachers. can be seen from the level of students’ Indonesia also sets the satisfaction and understanding. Because professionalism of a teacher in the professionalism is an activity by a constitution. The constitution number 14 of professional when serving clients and 2005 chapter 7 of the Republic of Indonesia businessmen as if serving the community as [5] explains the teaching profession and a whole through the service it does [1]. teachers are special line of work and have a Professionalization depends on creation and few principles which must be implemented, maintenance on at least three things: namely: (1) teachers should possess talent, knowledge, practitioners, and customers [2]. interest, boredom, and idealism in teaching Professionalism can be seen to have a the learners; (2) teachers should have the personal and habitual behavior of dedicated, commitment to improve the quality of committed and highly skilled practice [3], education, the students’ characters and and professionalism is an achievement of morals; (3) teachers must meet the academic professional status as a tactic to gain qualifications and educational background in strength or advantage in the marketplace [4]. accordance with their field of expertise; (4)

Received July 6, 2018; Revised July 30, 2019; Accepted February 22, 2019 Ghozali et al., Designing a Skill Tree Model for Learning Media 133

DESIGNING A SKILL TREE MODEL FOR LEARNING MEDIA teachers must be competent in accordance technology Three or talent Three. A tree with the field of assigned tasks; (5) teachers perk is a model of a system structure of Fanani A. Ghozali1, Rustam Asnawi2, M Khairudin3, Mentari P Jati4, Ahmad Hoirul5 should be responsible for their professional graphs used to draw up development 1 2 3 4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia duties; (6) teachers have the right salary possibilities that make players proficient and 5Al Jamiah Al Malik Abdul Aziz, Saudi Arabia determined in accordance with the work master in-game characters [9]. Skill Tree is E-mail: [email protected] achievement; (7) teachers deserves continual also often used for the system of decision professional development with lifelong makers and is often also referred to as a ABSTRACT learning; (8) teachers have legal protection decision tree. Decision tree, as one of the in carrying out their professional duties, and best-known approach for classification In a modern era, digital media has been created and used for educational purposes. In the educational programs, teachers have many objectives which can be converted into some important points (9) teachers must have professional method, is widely used due to simplicity to that can be mapped on a skill tree. A skill tree is actually commonly known for building gaming media as organizations with power and authority to understand and their good learning a decision making system but it has not been widely applied for educational purposes. This paper manage and organize teachers’ professional capabilities [10]. A decision tree is a tool to discusses how to design a skill tree model for effective learning media. The learning objective can be duties. Based on points 2 and 5 in the determine the option that uses a tree-like mapped in the skill tree and used for decision-making to decide whether the subject matter being taught by a teacher can proceed or not. The method used in this study was the development method. The constitution above, it can be underlined that graph or model of the determination of the findings indicated that the skill tree can be applied as learning media. The results of product testing reveal the teachers should be able to improve the decision and the possibility that may occur, insignificant defects and smooth operation. Therefore the developed software can be considered as an quality of education and teachers should be including the results of the incident by eligible product to be applied. This software is aimed to assist teachers in understanding the weaknesses responsible for the execution of the duties of chance, cost resources, and utilities [11]. A of the students and improving the quality of education. professionalism. Therefore the teacher decision tree is also described as a system to Keywords: decision making, learning media, learning process, skill tree should be able to create and master the provide classification based on input and learning media thus the quality of education information technology [12]. In other INTRODUCTION In the context of a customer education as is improved. research, a skill Three is also called a value described above are students. It can, Arsyad [6] states that the media is all three. A value tree is used in several In this era, teachers are required to be therefore, be inferred that the forms of intermediaries used by humans to decision-making methods and provides a professional. The development of an professionalism of a teacher is very communicate or spread ideas or opinion so hierarchal framework to add some values to advanced era resulted in a change in the dependent upon the satisfaction of the that the ideas or opinions expressed it to the stakeholders when evaluating different mindset of students to be more advanced student. If the student is not satisfied and intended recipients. Therefore, learning options [13]. At this stage, The skill tree can too. Professional teachers are required to does not understand then the professionalism media is the medium used to convey the be applied for education. The use of the skill master the learning media especially the of a teacher can be doubted thus affecting subject matter in the form of ideas or tree for decision making are implemented at latest media. The professionalism of teachers the trust of the parents to teachers. opinions of the expert to the learners. each learning objective. The learning can be seen from the level of students’ Indonesia also sets the Learning media in the present era are often objective can be mapped in the skill tree and satisfaction and understanding. Because professionalism of a teacher in the in the form of e-learning. E-learning used for decision-making to decide whether professionalism is an activity by a constitution. The constitution number 14 of instructional media is stored and used on a the subject matter being taught by a teacher professional when serving clients and 2005 chapter 7 of the Republic of Indonesia digital device (either on computers, laptops, can proceed or not. businessmen as if serving the community as [5] explains the teaching profession and tablets or ) that aims to help the It is possible to apply the skill tree a whole through the service it does [1]. teachers are special line of work and have a learning process [7]. learning media for the students. Using Professionalization depends on creation and few principles which must be implemented, In this modern era, multimedia learning media in the learning process shows maintenance on at least three things: namely: (1) teachers should possess talent, innovations with artificial intelligence have better learning outcomes [14]. Information knowledge, practitioners, and customers [2]. interest, boredom, and idealism in teaching been created. Artificial intelligence is one of Technology used as learning media Professionalism can be seen to have a the learners; (2) teachers should have the computer science formed with the goal of facilitates the students to learn efficiently personal and habitual behavior of dedicated, commitment to improve the quality of providing intelligence on a machine (the [15], [16]. The developed media can support committed and highly skilled practice [3], education, the students’ characters and computer) in order to be able to work like a the students’ understanding of the subject and professionalism is an achievement of morals; (3) teachers must meet the academic human [8]. Artificial intelligence is diverse matter which has been compiled in the professional status as a tactic to gain qualifications and educational background in in shapes, one of them is a Skill Tree syllabus and must be mastered by students. strength or advantage in the marketplace [4]. accordance with their field of expertise; (4) System. Skill Tree is often called the The application of the skill tree is expected 134 Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, Vol.Vol. 24,25, No.No. 2,1, OctoberMay 2019 2018

to examine certain weaknesses of the previous research, it can be concluded that students in the subject. This study describes the skill tree can be used to improve the a method of designing skill tree used as a ability to predict and to analyze shortcoming medium of learning. in industries. However, this study focuses on Some previous research that designing a skill tree model for learning succeeded in using the skill tree was media that can be used for the educational conducted by McCandless [17] who found world not for industrial needs. that when using a skill tree model technique for solar generation can reduce variable METHOD prediction error between 10% and 55% compared by climatological average values The method used in this study was an of the temporal and spatial GHI standard approach that combines two models using deviation. Another research conducted by the waterfall model by Pressman [19] and Zhao [18] found that prediction performance the Dick & Carey model [20]. The for listing statuses of Chinese-listed development procedure is described in companies can be improved using a method Figure 1. that implement a decision tree. Based on

Analysis Phase Study of literature Needs analysis. Field studies

Design Phase

Architectural design Design of learning media model with skill Design skill tree system tree

Development stage

Developing learning media software with skill tree

Testing phase Field trials Quality Assurance

Data processed

Yes Product improvements Revision?

Conclusion

Report

= Waterfall = Dick and Carey

Figure 1. Skill Tree Model

Ghozali et al., Designing a Skill Tree Model for Learning Media 135

to examine certain weaknesses of the previous research, it can be concluded that RESULTS AND DISCUSSION teachers do not know the disadvantages or students in the subject. This study describes the skill tree can be used to improve the problems faced by the students. Therefore, it a method of designing skill tree used as a ability to predict and to analyze shortcoming The development was first started was developed as a tool to understand the medium of learning. in industries. However, this study focuses on with the analysis by observation, interviews, students using a decision tree/a skill tree to Some previous research that designing a skill tree model for learning documents, and studies. The results of press the numbers of students dropping out succeeded in using the skill tree was media that can be used for the educational observation and interviews revealed that the from schools. The results of this study conducted by McCandless [17] who found world not for industrial needs. implementation of the skill tree as learning showed that they successfully developed that when using a skill tree model technique media does not exist or is rarely found. useful tools for identifying both profiles, for solar generation can reduce variable METHOD However, the results of a study of strengths, and weaknesses of the students prediction error between 10% and 55% documents about education found only who are doing the lessons online or using e- compared by climatological average values The method used in this study was an several studies about education that applied learning. of the temporal and spatial GHI standard approach that combines two models using the skill tree. Heinimäki describes the use of The use of the skill tree can be used to deviation. Another research conducted by the waterfall model by Pressman [19] and technology trees in games and digital identify deficiencies and can be used in any Zhao [18] found that prediction performance the Dick & Carey model [20]. The classification criteria on the current era to application other than in games. for listing statuses of Chinese-listed development procedure is described in facilitate learning. Heinimäki found that the Further analysis is the analysis of companies can be improved using a method Figure 1. Technology trees are generally important to needs identification. Identification of needs that implement a decision tree. Based on be applied. which are used, among others, identification There are still limited studies about of the interface, the identification of data Analysis Phase technology trees. Technology trees are long needs software, and the functionality. The Study of literature Needs analysis. once known and worked on games [9]. results of the identification of the interface is Field studies Therefore the use of the technology trees obtained namely (1) page beginning; (2) log may work well in other fields and other in screen; (3) main menu, (4) display the purposes such as education. Another study assignment, (5) user info, (6) skill tree Design Phase related to the skill tree was performed by screen, (7) option menu; (8) setting of the Architectural design Design of learning media model with skill Yücel [21] who suggested how the attitude screen, (9) about a screen; (10) customer Design skill tree system tree of the chemistry teachers on the application service screen, and (10) social network of the classification technology and wanted screen. For the needs of data obtained as a Development stage to create the classification as a tool guide or result like the following, (1) data storage Developing learning a tool for the performance assessment. This information; (2) data storage assignment; (3) media software with skill tree study supports Morcillo who found that a data storage skill tree; (4) data storage social decision tree is a data mining technique network. As for the need of functionality, it

Testing phase which can be used to solve classification brings results, (1) installation progress, (2) Field trials Quality Assurance problems [22]. This study leads to the result software update, (3) display and that it can be used as a performance interactivity. Data processed evaluation tool to do a classification of After the analysis is completed then it Yes Product improvements Revision? disadvantages on teachers and students and was performed the stage of designing and

Conclusion can also be used as a guide to correct their developing. The design and development flaws [21]. stage is divided into three parts namely, (1) Report Topîrceanua & Grosseck [23] interface development; (2) algorithm indicated that higher technology used in development the skill tree; (3) development = Waterfall learning media increase difficulties to learn of a database of quests and the skill tree. = Dick and Carey the material for example in e-learning. The Development of the interface is the process

Figure 1. Skill Tree Model problem is the absence of direct interaction of creating the look of the software that between teachers and students thus the serves to connect users with the software. 136 Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, Vol.Vol. 24,25, No.No. 2,1, OctoberMay 2019 2018

Software development was based on the principle of user-friendly. Algorithm development of the skill tree can be based on the function of the software being developed. Each function on a skill tree requires confirmation from the mentor before users can access. In general, the functionality in the skill tree can be made based on the functional model adapted from Heinimäki [9] which can be seen in Figure 2. The flowchart algorithms skill tree can be created for media development in the form of software which can be seen in Figure 3. Figure 2. Functional Skill Tree Model Adapted from Heinimäki

Start

Login

Mentor Database Local/ Online Online User/Mentor Skill Tree Online ? Database dan Quest

User Local

Online Local/ Sk ill Tree Learning Online ?

Local Connecting to Online Database

Learning Material

Yes No Any changes?

Quest fulfilled? No

Updating skill tree Finish Yes

Mentor confirmation

Figure 3. Flowchart Skill Tree Algorithm

Development of a database was google firebase. The development of the designed to store and modify the different features of the chat feature for social possibilities on the branching skill tree. The network and delivery of files using the SDK database being developed are also designed open source IE Qiscus. While the overall to be used to store the user's credential data development also uses open source software online and also offline (local network). namely Android Studio. Examples of the Database development of the skill tree results of the development of the interface online used the open source database that is can be seen in Figure 4.

Ghozali et al., Designing a Skill Tree Model for Learning Media 137

Software development was based on the real limited number of users to see the principle of user-friendly. effectiveness of a product that includes the Algorithm development of the skill content, functionality, and connectivity. The tree can be based on the function of the tests were widely conducted also on real software being developed. Each function on users with a wider scale with the intention a skill tree requires confirmation from the that the software can be used elsewhere. mentor before users can access. In general, Limited testing was performed before. the functionality in the skill tree can be made Internal testing was first performed with based on the functional model adapted from quality assurance which includes content in Heinimäki [9] which can be seen in Figure general, functionality, and the connection. 2. The flowchart algorithms skill tree can be The first software prototype testing created for media development in the form was carried out using three smartphones of software which can be seen in Figure 3. Figure 2. Functional Skill Tree Model Adapted from with several levels of the operating system. Heinimäki The smartphones used are, (1) M2 fw Figure 4. Software Main Menu Interface 5.1, (2) Xiaomi Note 4 fw 7.0, (3) Start fw 8.0. Some of these devices The results of the hardware and have firmware levels that are getting higher Login software requirements analysis found that one each other, namely from firmware 5.1, smartphones that are in the market and are 7.0, and 8.0. This is the need to be done to Mentor Database Local/ Online Online User/Mentor Skill Tree Online ? Database still widely used are the 2014 smartphones determine the compatibility of software on dan Quest

User with the (Android several devices that have different operating Local firmware 5.0) operating system. Therefore systems. Online Local/ Sk ill Tree Learning Online ? the development of software prototypes The results of the initial test on the developed on the Android operating system application found that, (1) When the first Local Connecting to Online Database with Firmware 5.0 and above. The device download there was no installer data found, Learning Material used applies a minimum system such as the (2) The application icon in the Meizu M2 Motorola with specifications: (1) Device looks too rounded, (3) There is no Yes No Any changes? Chipset with Qualcomm MSM8226 loading indicator, (4) There is no permission

Quest fulfilled? No Snapdragon 400 (28 nm), (2) CPU with to move the application to the memory card, Updating skill tree Finish Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7, (3) GPU (5) There is no indicator to access the main Yes uses Adreno 305, (4) Internal Memory of menu, (6) Information menu has not been Mentor confirmation 8/16 GB, 1 GB RAM, (5) WLAN with Wi- provided, (7) There is no limit to the text Figure 3. Flowchart Skill Tree Algorithm Fi of 802.11 b / g / n, hotspots, (6) bands entered except when entering an email that with GSM 850/900/1800/1900, (7) bands should be in the format of an e-mail address, Development of a database was google firebase. The development of the with HSDPA 850/900/1700/1900/2100, (8) (8) There is a problem when trying to create designed to store and modify the different features of the chat feature for social Speed of HSPA 21.1/5.76 Mbps, (9) GPRS, an account with special characters or possibilities on the branching skill tree. The network and delivery of files using the SDK (10) EDGE, (11) Resolution of 720 x 1280 symbols in the e-mail address and password, database being developed are also designed open source IE Qiscus. While the overall pixels, 16: 9 ratio (~ 326 ppi density), and the application will display http 400 and to be used to store the user's credential data development also uses open source software (11) Browser with HTML5. then get stuck on the synchronization data, online and also offline (local network). namely Android Studio. Examples of the The testing phase was then conducted (9) After re-launching the profile that Database development of the skill tree results of the development of the interface after the initial product design (prototype) is entered and loaded is the previous user's online used the open source database that is can be seen in Figure 4. ready. The tests were conducted in two profile. When this happens, the user cannot ways, namely a limited trial and a test chat because after selecting the lecturer, the extensively. The tests were conducted on a Chat section will not be loaded (will re- 138 Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, Vol.Vol. 24,25, No.No. 2,1, OctoberMay 2019 2018

select the lecturer menu), (10) There is no has a category of appropriate, on the tutorial menu, (11) There is no setting menu, portability aspect that is 100% and has the (12) The entry menu is not clear, (13) There category of very appropriate, and on the is no copyright screen, (14) No exit maintainability aspect that is 95% and has confirmation screen message, (15) Many the category of very appropriate. problems with the display when using From the data above, it can be landscape mode, (16) There is no sound concluded that the software developed is notification. feasible and can be used but is still not The first test experienced many optimal. Therefore experts provide several technical problems with device suggestions such as (1) Need to increase the compatibility. But there are no problems that number of characters in scientific works and occur due to the application database. the number per chapter; (2) Improvement of Therefore improvements are made by set the research choice structure, and (3) It is some features that will still be used and necessary to add a data copy feature by the eliminating features that are not needed to supervisor to correct written errors. get optimum results. After the addition of the features Software that has these defects after suggested by the expert, a retest was carried being revised then assessed by material and out. The results obtained on the structure media experts for the suitability of the and technical testing showed that there were software developed. Material experts assess no defects in the products and the product the content of scientific writing that covers can be operated smoothly. The structure and the beginning, core, and end of scientific technical testing examine (1) the application writing. The results of the assessment by can be run on a 2 g network, 3 g, or 4 g material experts for the suitability of (LTE), (2) installation process to the scientific writing content were reviewed devices, (3) the correct icon form, (4) from the initial part of the scientific writing, uninstalling the software, (5) re-installing namely 81.25% and had the category of very process of the software, (6) launching and appropriate, at the core part of 79.76% and relaunching, (7) displaying orientation, (9) had the category of appropriate, and at the loading time, (8) no transition effect, (10) no end of 50% and has the category of not cache after the relaunching, (10) not fast appropriate. If all three are combined, the draining the battery, (11) available storage, value obtained reaches 78.2% and gets a (12) sensitive word (password), (13) idle, scale of appropriate. (14) google theme. The next step is an assessment by Testing on a general rule found media experts on aspects of functionality, several defects that are not too fatal and can reliability, efficiency, usability, portability, still be repaired. Disability is a tutorial found and maintainability. The results of the on the first time you have yet to implement, assessment are obtained on the functionality the absence of key information, has provided aspect that is 95% and has the category of input on the prohibition of the textbox, there very appropriate, in the reliability aspect that has not been an indicator of whether the skill is 100% and has the category of very tree is already selected, the absence of the appropriate, on the efficiency aspect that is cancel button if you want to get out 91.66% and has the category of very applications, and there are still some appropriate, on aspects usability is 80% and problems if run in landscape. However, the Ghozali et al., Designing a Skill Tree Model for Learning Media 139

select the lecturer menu), (10) There is no has a category of appropriate, on the software is already viable use although there [2] J. Brown, The Definition of a tutorial menu, (11) There is no setting menu, portability aspect that is 100% and has the should be little improvement. Profession. New Jersey: Princeton (12) The entry menu is not clear, (13) There category of very appropriate, and on the University Press, 1992. [3] T. Townsend and R. Bates, is no copyright screen, (14) No exit maintainability aspect that is 95% and has CONCLUSION Handbook of Teacher Education: confirmation screen message, (15) Many the category of very appropriate. 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But there are no problems that number of characters in scientific works and stimulates the utilization of mobile [5] Ministry of National Education, The occur due to the application database. the number per chapter; (2) Improvement of technology as a medium of learning. Law Number 14 Year 2005 regarding Therefore improvements are made by set the research choice structure, and (3) It is Currently, it is used as an alternative media Teachers and Lecturers (Undang- some features that will still be used and necessary to add a data copy feature by the and may be used as a compulsory learning undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 eliminating features that are not needed to supervisor to correct written errors. media in the future. Many applications now tentang Guru dan Dosen). Ministry get optimum results. After the addition of the features already implement artificial intelligence, of National Education, 2005. 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