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FULL ISSUE (48 Pp., 2.3 MB PDF) Vol. 12, No.3 nternatlona• July 1988 etln• Changes in Mission n May 1989 the World Council of Churches will convene St., New Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A., with a self-addressed, stamped I a world conference on mission and evangelism in San envelope (overseas requests, omit postage). We will also be happy Antonio, Texas, on the theme "Your Will Be Done: Mission to fill quantity orders, at $10 per 50 copies ($10 minimum order; in Christ's Way." It will be the tenth in a series of world mission payment must accompany orders). conferences, beginning with the Edinburgh Conference in 1910, that represents a long pilgrimage in the evolution of the world Christian mission in the twentieth century. It will also be the first of these conferences to be held in the United States. In anticipation of this conference, Gerald H. Anderson con­ tributes in this issue a retrospective essay on a century of Amer­ ican Protestant missionary effort that highlights the changes in On Page understanding, administration, support, teaching, and study of mission. His essay also reminds us that 1988 is the centennial anniversary of the founding of the Student Volunteer Movement 98 American Protestants in Pursuit of Mission: for Foreign Missions. 1886-1986 Contributing editor David B. Barrett describes and discusses Gerald H. Anderson the sweeping advance of the pentecostal/charismatic renewal movement. His essay is supported by the kind of eye-opening 110 Noteworthy survey we have come to expect from the editor of the World Christian Encyclopedia. The data underline Barrett's observation 119 The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal/Charismatic that today's world community of pentecostals/charismatics "are Renewal in the Holy Spirit, with Its Goal of more harassed, persecuted, suffering, martyred than perhaps any World Evangelization other Christian tradition." But they press on, fielding one-quarter David B. Barrett of the world's full-time Christian workers, and having "seized the global initiative in radio, television, movies, audio, video, 130 The Legacy of Bishop Francis X. Ford publishing, literature, magazines, citywide evangelistic cam­ Jean-Paul Wiest paigns (800 each year), and so on." The International Bulletin'sseries of personal stories continues 136 Book Reviews in this issue with Jean-Paul Wiest's account of Bishop Francis X. Ford, Maryknoll's pioneer missionary to China. 142 Dissertation Notices Interest in Lesslie Newbigin's OMSC inaugural address, fea­ tured in our April issue, has prompted many requests for reprints. 144 Book Notes Single copies are available with our compliments; simply send your request to Overseas Ministries Study Center, 490 Prospect of Isslonary• • search American Protestants in Pursuit of Mission: 1886-1986 Gerald H. Anderson n 1886 Dwight L. Moody convened the first Mount Her­ Christianity, and the desirability for English to be the language I mon summer conference for college students at North­ of humanity." field, Massachusetts, that led to the formation of the Student Until late in the nineteenth century, the American churches Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions (SVM) in 1888, with concentra ted their missionary efforts in "home missions," to John R. Mott as chairman. Also in 1886 Arthur Tappan Pierson, evangelize the pioneers on the frontier, Indians, Hispanic Amer­ who addressed the Mount Hermon conference, published the icans, blacks, and new immigrants in the cities. "In 1874, for major missionary promotional book of the era, The Crisis of Mis­ example, the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church sions, Josiah Strong published Our Country: Its Possible Futureand (Northern) supported in whole or in part more than 3,000 mis­ Its Present Crises, and Strong became general secretary of the Evan­ sionaries in the United States. In the same year ... that same gelical Alliance for the United States for which Philip Schaff also church had 145 missionaries overseas.:" served as honorary corresponding secretary. The missionary en­ Of special significance in shaping the mind and mood of terprise in the United States was entering a period of enormous American Protestant churches regarding the new frontiers of vitality with a crusading spirit that was fueled by duty, compas­ Manifest Destiny were the published writings of the Reverend sion, confidence, optimism, evangelical revivalism, and pre­ Josiah Strong (1847-1916), who canle out of a background of work millennialist urgency. 1 with the Congregational Home Missionary Society. His books, especially Our Country (1886), and The New Era; or, The Coming Manifest Destiny in Missions Kingdom (1893) "did much to develop the idea of the part America should play in fulfilling Anglo-Saxon destiny as a civi­ The overarching motive for missions at this time was love of Christ lizing and Christianizing power.r" Austin Phelps, professor emer­ and obedience to the Great Commission for the salvation of souls. 2 itus at Andover Seminary, wrote the introduction to Our Country Underneath, however, was the compelling idea, developing since in which he said that Americans should "look on these United the 1840s, of America's Manifest Destiny-of a national mission States as first and foremost the chosen seat of enterprise for the world's conversion. Forecasting the future of Christianity, as statesmen forecast the destiny of nations, we must believe that it will be what the future of this country is to be. As goes America, "There was a conviction so goes the world, in all that is vital to its moral welfare.?" that the United States was This small volume-which sold 175,000 copies over a period a nation divinely chosen or of thirty years-emphasized the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race in general and of Americans in particular as God's chosen predestined to be the people. The Anglo-Saxon, Strong asserted, was "divinely com­ /primary agent of God's missioned to be, in a peculiar sense, his brother's keeper.',9 In the closing pages of The New Era, Strong summarized his "en­ meaningful activity in thusiasm for humanity" in these words: "Surely, to be a Chris­ history.' " tian and an Anglo-Saxon and an American in this generation is to stand on the very mountain-top of privilege." assigned by Providence for extending the blessings of America Leaders in the Forward Movement of Missions to other peoples. Herman Melville had written in 1850, "We Americans are peculiar, chosen people, the Israel of our times; While Strong probably did more than anyone else at that time to we bear the ark of the liberties of the world.r" Until the 1890s get Americans interested in the application of Christianity to the Manifest Destiny was thought of primarily in terms of continental problems of the nation, A. T. Pierson, a Presbyterian, is judged expansion, of "winning the West," with the absorption of to have been "the foremost spokesperson for foreign missions settlers into citizenship and statehood. In the 1890s, however, in the late nineteenth century.Y'" Of particular importance was when the United States had reached the limits of prospective Pierson's leadership at the 1886 Mount Hermon summer confer­ continental expansion, there developed agitation for expansion ence attended by 251 students from nearly ninety colleges, in­ beyond North America. There was a conviction that the United cluding John R. Mott, Luther D. Wishard, Robert P. Wilder, and States was a nation divinely chosen or predestined to be the Charles K. Ober. Speaking on "God's Providence in Modern "primary agent of God's meaningful activity in history.i" The Missions," Pierson urged that"All should go, and go to all." doctrine of Manifest Destiny had its roots in the concepts of By the last day of the conference, 100 young men-"The Mount Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, of America as the center of civi­ Hermon Hundred"-dedicated themselves to foreign missionary lization in the westward course of empires, the primacy of Amer­ service. 11 Two students-RobertWilderandJohnN. Forman-were ican political institutions, the purity of American Protestant delegated to visit American colleges during 188fr.87 to enlist fur- Copyright © 1988 by the Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University, Car­ Gerald H. Anderson is Director of the Overseas Ministries Study Center, New bondale. Reprinted with emendations by permission of the publishers from A Haven, Connecticut, and Editor of the International Bulletin of Missionary Century of Church History: The Legacy of Philip Schaff, edited by Henry Research. Warner Bowden (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1988). 98 International Bulletin of Missionary Research ther student support for foreign missions. By the time 450 stu­ International Bulletin dents assembled at Northfield in June 1887 for the second student of Missionary Research conference, the number of volunteers had increased to more than 2,100-1,600 men and 500 women. During the second year (1887­ Established 1950 by R. Pierce Beaver as Occasional Bulletin from the 88), even with no organized deputation to campuses, the number Missionary Research Library. Named Occasional Bulletin of Missionary of volunteers who had signed a declaration, "I am willing and Research 1977. Renamed International Bulletin of Missionary Research desirous, God permitting, to become a foreign missionary," swelled 1981. to nearly 3,000. The story of the student missionary uprising generated a revival of missionary interest in the churches. Pres­ Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October by the ident James McCosh of the College of New Jersey at Princeton, Overseas Ministries Study Center commenting on the new student offering of life for missionary 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, U.S.A. service, asked, "Has any such offering of living young men Telephone: (203) 624--6672 and women been presented in our age, in our country, in any age, or in any country, since the day of Pentecost?,,12 Editor: Associate Editor: Assistant Editor: Gerald H.
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