Commercial Spaceports

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TR N EWS NUMBER 300 NOVEMBER –DECEMBER 2015 Commercial Spaceports

Plus Big Data to Boost Driving Safety Applying Greenhouse Gas Measures Adapting to Extreme Weather Events Tips for a Brain-Friendly Presentation —And More! Commercial Spaceports Building the Foundation of a Commercial Space Transportation Network

RICHARD M. ROGERS P H O T O :

The author is Spaceport N A S Planning Lead, RS&H, A / M A S

Inc., Merritt Island, T E Florida. N

(Above:) Xombie, a verti - cal-takeoff, vertical-land - he word “spaceport” may trigger visions of motes the use of government assets for access to ing experimental rocket, some far-off place, millennia into the future, space, including commercial launch facilities, rock - lifts off from Mojave Air with spacecraft zipping around between plan - ets, personnel, and missions. and Space Port in a test T ets. Yet spaceports are here, on Earth, and are inch - After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, for the National Aeronau - tics and Space Administra - ing ever closer to the spaceports envisioned in the NASA programs—such as Commercial Crew and tion’s Jet Propulsion imagination and depicted in the movies. In the not Cargo—have inspired several private companies to Laboratory; the project is too distant future, spacecraft will be zipping people fill the gaps in space access. Some companies are evaluating an algorithm from the surface of the Earth into space and back building on past designs; others are working for a for planetary pinpoint again. Space flight no longer will be the privilege of cheaper, more accessible, way to space by applying landing of spacecraft.

a few astronauts. The Commercial Space Trans - new ideas, new designs, and unique engineering. T

(Below:) Commercial R

portation Network is in development now. New designs in development are attempting to build- N spaceports may expedite E in significant cost savings. Some of the innovations W the recreational space S

3 travel imagined in the Diversified Space Race are revolutionary—such as stage reusability, vertical 0 0

1902 French silent film A Traditionally, spaceports were federally owned facil - takeoff–vertical landing, and horizontal reusable N O

Trip to the Moon. ities for launching large government rockets. launch vehicles. V E M

Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) B S E N R O –

M Station in Florida and Vandenberg Air Force Base in Office of Commercial Space regulates many aspects D M O E C

California are the primary government facilities that of the commercial space sector. FAA has licensed 10 C A I E D E M M

I have managed rocket launches in the United States commercial spaceports, each with a unique role and B K I E W

R : for more than 60 years. capability. E

G 2 A 0 M

I In the past two decades, the U.S. Congress has The U.S. spaceport network includes several types 1 passed several pieces of legislation that are ushering of facilities, government- and commercially owned. 5 in a new commercial space race. The legislation pro - Some require large expanses of land with gigantic 9 1 0 TR NEWS 300 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2015 t w 2 w c i M t E H A A i A a T S s l n n i o h p o e t c 0 l p v o f a o l

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T : P T G A S A N , P Y N O O T O H M I D N A Y A R S R E W O P H O

T biomedical industry, for instance, seeks access to O :

K I

M space to research new medicines, biological prod - S H I

F ucts, and medical devices. Other industries, such as L E T T ,

N aerospace, technology, optics, and materials, want to A S A use space to research and develop new manufactur - ing techniques, materials, and devices. University researchers, scientists, and students may need to con - duct microgravity experiments on a suborbital or orbital mission. As the number of spaceports within the commercial spaceport network increases, so does the access to space.

Regulations and Standards The NASA Railroad train jobs are often abundant in the area surrounding a Originally, government organizations such as the transports the final set of spaceport and provoke community interest in space. A Department of Defense and NASA exclusively oper - solid rocket booster spaceport and related aerospace industry can inspire ated spaceports. The commercialization of space has segments for the Space local children to pursue studies in science, technology, involved FAA in licensing and regulations for space - Shuttle to the Kennedy Space Center. A multi- engineering, and mathematics through tours, launches, port operators and for launch vehicle operators. modal infrastructure is and classroom experiments. Commercial space regulations in the Code of Fed - required to move equip- The Department of Defense, NASA, and commu - eral Regulations (CFR) cover safety, launch sites, ment and parts to launch nications companies are interested in putting satel - launch vehicles, experimental permits, and human sites. lites into orbit for the Global Positioning System, space flight requirements. 1 The CFR section titled telecommunications, and weather research. But the motivations for space flight are more extensive. The 1 14 CFR Part 411 through Part 461.

What Happens at a Spaceport? WAYNE FINGER

verything necessary for a flight into space comes together at a spaceport. Components arrive by air, rail, water port, or high - Eway. The major parts of the rocket are integrated to create the fully assembled launch vehicle. Propellants—both fuels and oxi - dizers—arrive at the spaceport and are stored, awaiting transfer to the launch vehicle just before the launch. Space flight participants, crew, and their families arrive, complete orientation, and prepare for the flight. Cargo and experiments arrive and are stored in a controlled environment. Researchers, educators, and S O U R

students participate in the final preparations, and Launch Vehicle C

Beyond Earth E :

Orbit S

the experiments are loaded on board. & H The space flight mission originates at the space - Waterborne, Launch Vehicle port, which monitors the weather and coordinates rail, truck, air with air traffic control to ensure that the flight cor - { Launch Vehicle ridor has accounted for public safety. Some launch vehicles eventually may go beyond earth orbit and Propellents 5

1 not return. For now, most will return intact to a 0 Truck, rail SPACEPORT 2

R spaceport, will have components that return to a Ordnance E

B { spaceport, or will fall into the ocean. M E

C In essence, a spaceport is a multimodal trans -

E Passengers

D Orbital/

– portation facility that integrates air, water, ground, Air, surface

R Suborbital E vehicles

B and space transportation. This span of responsibilities Crew M

E { requires special technological, safety, and environ - V O

N mental approaches for successful operations—and Cargo 0 Truck, air, 0 opens vast opportunities for research. 3

surface Environment/ S

W vehicles Experiments Earth E

N The author is Senior Vice President, RS&H, Inc., {

R T Orlando, Florida. Figure 1 What happens at a spaceport. 12 3

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