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HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY, ARCHIVAL STUDIES

Mirzozoda Farkhundai Subhon Head of the Department of training of scientific personnel and scientific pedagogical, Tajik National University, Republic of

Khojaev Mehrovar Pardalievich Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent, Head of the Department of History of the ancient world, middle ages and archeology, Tajik National University, Republic of Tajikistan

RESEARCHER OF HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE TAJIK PEOPLE

Abstract. In this article we are talking about the scientific activity of the largest modern historian, original thinker, a worthy representative of the Tajik intelligentsia, an outstanding medieval scholar of academician Numon Negmatovich Negmatov. An outstanding historian and archaeologist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan N.N.Negmatov made a significant contribution to the study of the ancient and medieval history and culture of the Tajik people. Academician N.N.Negmatov made a significant contribution to the development of historical science in the Republic of Tajikistan. Academician N.N. Negmatov impartially and objectively explored the ancient, ancient and medieval history of the Tajik people, the cultural and ethnic processes of modern Tajikistan, determined the place and role of the ancestors of the Tajik people in the history of regional and world civilization. Keywords: Negmatov N.N., archeology, expedition, history of the Tajik people, ethno genesis, Samanids, Maverannahr, Khorasan, , Ustrushana.

The contribution of Academician N.N. Negmatov to the development of archaeological cultures of Northern Tajikistan is very significant, especially to the definition of the periodization of the region's monuments from ancient times to the 20th centuries. On the basis of archaeological materials from the settlements of Mughteppa, Nurtepa, Shirin, ancient Khujand and others, N.N. Negmatov posed the problem of the stages of urbanization of Ustrushana and the Middle Syr -Darya basin over the past 2500 years, investigated the manifestation of Hellenistic elements in the culture of the Ustrushan-Khujand-West Fergana region of , the 387

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY material culture of the Kushan time in Ustrushan and Western Fergana. Research results of numerous monuments of the 5th-10th centuries. AD were used by N.N. Negmatov to consider the early medieval stage of the urbanistic culture of Ustrushana, summing up the experience of studying the urban life of the Khujand- Ustrushan region: architecture and cultural life of the 11th-14th centuries did not fall out of the researcher's field of vision. [2,p.140]. Under the leadership of Academician N.N. Negmatov, for the first time in the archeology of Central Asia, a special and systematic study of madrasahs of the XI-XIX centuries - the fortresses of Northern Tajikistan was carried out. The experience of developing stratigraphy, obtained during the excavations of Khujand, was successfully applied in archaeological research in other cities (Ura-Tyube, Isfara, Kanibadam). Long-term works of academician N.N. Negmatov were reflected in the "Archaeological map of the Sogd region", "The Code of archaeological monuments of Tajikistan" and in the general work "Archeology of Tajikistan"[8]. The fruitful activity of Academician N.N. Negmatov is well reflected in the bibliography of his works, most of which are publications on archeology. All published works of N.N. Negmatov, from the publication of materials of individual objects to large monographs, are characterized by a good knowledge of specifically archaeological material, scientific assessment of facts, thoroughness and thoughtfulness of historical conclusions, which are widely used by his colleagues, students, graduate students. They were included in consolidated and generalizing works on the history of the Tajik people and Central Asia as a whole. Academician N.N. Negmatov with his scientific works has won great authority, recognition and respect among researchers of the material culture of Central Asia. As an orientalist, he skillfully combined archeology with oriental studies. In subsequent years, N. Negmatov, becoming the head of the North Tajik detachment of the Tajik archaeological expedition, put the archaeological study of Ustrushana and Khujand on a solid foundation. The accumulated archaeological material, combined with the data of written sources, allowed N.N. Negmatov to compose the first consolidated work on the ancient and medieval history of Khujand and 388

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Ustrushana. N.N. Negmatov's deep knowledge in archeology and rich organizational experience are highly valued by researchers of the history of Central Asia. Since 1969, a member of the Scientific Council on the Problems of Archeology of Central Asia and Kazakhstan of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was a member of the Soviet Commission of Soviet-Indian Cooperation in Archeology, was elected a member of a number of other societies, commissions, scientific councils on archeology, ancient and medieval history, on the protection of historical and cultural monuments. N.N. Negmatov took an active part in its activities, was one of the organizers of inter-republican meetings in Frunze (August 1970), (November 1979), Councils at which he spoke with summary reports. In 1972, Numon Negmatovich was approved as a professor in the specialty "archeology", becoming the first Tajik archaeologist, who made his way from a graduate student to an academician. [2,p.18-34]. About the vocation of the scientist Negmatov said: “Our goal is not only to study the richest social, economic, cultural and state heritage of the Tajik people and all history, but also to put the achievements of the history of past times into the service of modern mankind. Archaeological and architectural finds, achievements of agriculture, art, spiritual and ideological traditions should serve the education of a modern person, and all these achievements should arouse national pride "[2, 56- 59]. In this N.N. Negmatov sees the educational role of historical science. The scientist calls on to learn from the lessons of the past history of his people, so as not to repeat tragic mistakes and to be aware of the achievements of national and world science and culture. Academician N.N. Negmatov showed scientific interest in many aspects of modern humanitarian science, the main areas of study of our past and modern history and culture. This is confirmed by his major scientific works, primarily his fundamental monograph "The Samanid state (Maverannahr and Khorasan in the IX-X centuries)" (, 1977), which became the reference book of the Tajik intelligentsia, teachers of schools and universities and all those interested in the history of the native people and entered the golden fund of Tajik science. This work of Academician N.N. Negmatov, together with the monograph of Academician 389

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B.G. Gafurov "", was highly appreciated in the report of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon at the Founding Conference of the National Movement for National Unity and Revival of Tajikistan (July 18, 1997). Academician N.N. Negmatov, in his famous work, managed to concisely outline almost all the most important problems, questions and facts of the whole era of the history of Tajiks, their state, territory, social life, economy, diverse areas of culture and, finally, to outline the history of the final stage of ethnogenesis. Academician N.N. Negmatov fully proved himself as an outstanding analyst, a major generator of difficult multifaceted processes in almost the “golden age of Tajik history”. In 1997, his other monograph, "Tajik Phenomenon: History and Theory", appeared. This fundamental book reflects important problems of the history of the Tajik people: a) A new vision of the problems of the history of Tajiks in the new era of independence of the Republic of Tajikistan, problems of the reform of historical science and historical education, definitions and characteristics of the terms Ancestral Motherland, Motherland and Historical Tajikistan, issues of historical periodization, problems of ethnogenesis of ethnic history of Tajiks and their terminological characteristics; problems of cultural genesis, cultural population and cultural and anthropological periodization of the history of Tajiks. b) The concept of ethnogenesis of the Tajik people; stages of the formation of a territorial society, Iranian linguistic structures and the formation of the Parsi-Dari- ; the formation of a community of culture of the Tajik people, the ethnonym "Tajiks". c) Tajik revival: from Sassanids to Samanids; the heritage of the material and spiritual culture of the Tajiks of the classical period. d) Cultural and anthropological chronogram of processes, phenomena and figures of the stages of ethnogenesis, revival and historical phenomenon of Tajiks. "Tajik Phenomenon: History and Theory" [14] is a valuable reformatory conceptual work and philosophy of Tajik history. The famous Tajik scientist S. Abdullaev wrote: “The universal scientist N.N. Negmatov from the standpoint of science at the end of the XX century considered a whole series of major scientific 390

SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 problems, starting with the reforms of the Tajik historical science and historical education itself, which is very necessary in connection with the transition of the Republic of Tajikistan to a new political, social, economic and cultural-moral state and the need to reorient Tajik social thinking and life ideology of these days, the near and distant future, with the main reliance on the actual Tajik historical movements " [2, p. 33-36]. Academician N.N. Negmatov is an active participant in the creation of the first universal Tajik encyclopedia in 8 volumes (Dushanbe, 1978-1988). He was the head of the Council for Archeology, a member of the Main Scientific Editorial Board, took an active part in the creation of a vocabulary on archeology and ancient history, which laid the foundation for the process of forming and streamlining Tajik scientific archaeological terminology. The range of N.N. Negmatov's research and their chronological coverage is multifaceted. He was engaged in archeology, culturology, ethnology, state studies, history of architecture, general cultural anthropology of Tajikistan and Central Asia, mainly Historical Tajikistan and Tajik ethnocultural society. N.N. Negmatov from the very beginning of his creative activity was engaged in the study of the historical and Central Asia, the ethnic history of Central Asia, the ancient and medieval cities of Tajikistan, the material and spiritual cultural Central Asia, the study of architectural monuments, issues of the history of science and culture. In the field of historical geography, N.N. Negmatov showed himself from the first steps of his scientific activity. Published already in 1953, the fundamental work "Historical and geographical survey of Ustrushana", in 1956 the article "Geographers of the IX-X centuries about Khujand and its region ”, based on materials from Tajik-Persian and Arabic written sources, laid the foundation for his publications on the historical geography of Central Asia. This continued the tradition of studying the region of Tajikistan, laid down by V.V. Bartold, S.S. Ayni, and A.A. Semyonov. In 1957, his next work "Ustrushana in the ancient and early middle ages" was published, in which the problem of localization of the cities of Ustrushana in the ancient and early medieval eras was considered. In 1977, his fundamental monograph "The State of the Samanids (Maverannahr and Khorasan in the 9th-10th 391

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY centuries)" [13] was published. Based on the analysis of a huge number of sources and the extensive involvement of data from archaeological excavations, N.N. Negmatov managed to reveal the dynamics of the productive forces of the period of developed feudalism, reflect the picture of the socio-economic and ethnocultural development of society, the formation of the Tajik people and their statehood, the development of material and spiritual culture in the era Samanids. Leading for many years a large archaeological expedition as part of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, he showed himself as a scientific organizer. Academician N.N. Negmatov is a leading specialist on the main problem of the history of Tajiks - ethnogenesis, ethnic history and general ethnology, the successor of the theoretical ethnogenetic developments of V.V. Bartold, M.S. Andreev, B.G. Gafurov, A.M. Mandelstam and the creator of a coherent concept of ethnogenesis and periodization of the ethnic history of the Tajik people. Academician N.N. Negmatov is the pioneer of modern Tajik culturology, the founder of the department of the history of culture of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, the founder of the school of leading Tajik culturologists. He understood the need to create an integral history of the culture of the Tajik people, which it is necessary to fill in the gaps in history, and this is not possible without generalizations from diverse sources. The uniqueness of the breadth and scale of the historical vision, truly encyclopedic knowledge of the history of the civilization of Central Asia, coupled with the objects of his research, allowed him to come to the idea of the need to create a team of specialists dealing with various aspects of the history of culture. In the former , only from the mid-70s, cultural studies were perceived as a science. N.N. Negmatov, the beginning of Tajik cultural studies was laid in the mid-70s. In the 70s and 80s, along with active archaeological activity, he developed certain aspects of the history of the culture of the Tajik people: "On the role of the east in the formation of the ancient Roman legendary tradition" (1974), "Material culture of the Kushan time in Ustrushana and western Fergana" (1975) , "Ustrushan component of the Central Asian culture of the early Middle Ages" (1977), "The nature and level of material culture of Ustrushana" (1979), "On the 392

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Hellenistic elements in the culture of the Ustrushan-Khujand-West Fergana region of Central Asia" (1982), "Development of urbanized cultures in Tajikistan and the problem of cultural ties "(1982)," The early medieval stage of the urban culture of Ustrushana "(1986) [2, p. 24-60]. Through the efforts of the scientist, in 1971, a sector for the history of culture was created, and then transformed into a Department. The department of the history of culture was the main brainchild of N.N. Negmatov, whose team of like-minded people was constantly replenishing, the research topics were expanding. Here, first of all, there was a search for methodological methods of studying the Central Asian culture. With a small group of like-minded people A.K. Mirbabaev, E.D. Saltovskaya, H.G. Ishankulov, W.P. Pulatov, A.E. Negmati and others began research in various areas of cultural history. Along with the enormous practical archaeological work, N.N. Negmatov laid the foundation of our culturological science. For the Tajik scientist, there was no single methodology in the approach to cultural studies. He brilliantly demonstrated this in his fundamental monograph "The Samanid state (Maverannahr and Khorasan in the IX-X centuries)" [13]. The scientist, based on the complex use of written and archaeological sources, managed to vividly and convincingly reveal and show the cultural genesis of the Tajik people. Although N.N. Negmatov specialized in the archeology of Central Asia, the sphere of his scientific interests was much broader: he was engaged in the study of the problems of archeology of Central Asia, historical geography, history of culture and science, made a great contribution to the study of the problems of ethnogenesis of the Tajik people. This range allowed N.N. Negmatov to use very effectively the achievements of sciences related to archeology in his research. In the 70s of the XX century N.N. Negmatov gave their and cultural interpretation in a number of works: "On the painting of the Ustrushana Afshin palace" (1973), "The Wanderings of the Bunjikat wolf" (1973), "The emblem of Rome in Ustrushana's painting and the ancient Eastern mythological tradition" (1973), "On the question of the role of the East in the formation of the ancient Roman legendary tradition" (1974), "Antique trends in the art of Ustrushana" (1976), "Relief heads from the palace of the Afshins of Ustrushana (Shahristan)" (1976), 393

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"Carved panel of the palace of the Afshins of Ustrushana" (1977) ), "Reconstruction and plot interpretation of the paintings of the small hall of the Afshin Ustrushana palace" (1977), "The divine and demonic pantheons of Ustrushana and their Indo-Iranian parallels" (1984), "Painting of Shahristan: problems and judgments" (1985), etc. On the recommendation of N.N. Negmatov began work on the multivolume "History of the culture of the Tajik people." Within the framework of this project, certain aspects of the history of Tajik culture have been developed more widely. A broad outlook and scientific perspectives allowed N.N. Negmatov to direct many researchers to study the key moments of the spiritual and material culture of the Tajik people. Tajik cultural studies have taken place; have firmly stood on their feet. Behind all the achievements of the historians of the culture of Tajikistan is the tireless work and creative energy of N.N. Negmatov, the creator of the Tajik school of cultural studies. Under the leadership of N.N. Negmatov, another important study of Tajik cultural studies was carried out and objective historical truth was restored. This is a question of the relationship of Soviet ideology to the Tajik national agricultural holidays - Navruz, Mehrgon, Sada, etc. Proceeding from the fact that the ancient agricultural Navruz and other Tajik holidays organically entered the Islamic culture and were celebrated in the religious circles of Tajik society for almost one and a half millennia, they were recognized as exclusively religious and prohibited by the official ideology of Soviet power. The repeated attempts of the Tajik intelligentsia, especially scholars and writers, to restore the ancient traditions of the Tajik people were not crowned with success. Then in the Department of the History of Culture of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, under the leadership of N.N. Negmatov, the problem of studying the ancient Tajik folk agricultural holidays, their essential, chronological and programmatic foundations was posed. It turned out that Navruz, Mehrgon, Sada and all fifteen hundred ancient Iranian, Persian and Tajik holidays arose and formed along with the agriculture and way of life of our ancestors. They had annual specific calendar functional-ritual, at the first stage not religious, traditions of the most ancient agricultural communities, 394

SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 then among our ancestors - Farces, Bactrians, Sogdians, Khorezmians, Ferghans and other peoples, and now Tajiks, Persians and other modern Iranian peoples. The rejection and prohibition of many historical traditions of the peoples of the Soviet Union was an ideological mistake. A series of memoranda to the leadership of Tajikistan from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, the foundations of which were compiled by N.N. Negmatov and A.E. Negmati, finally gave a result and one of these holidays - Navruz was officially allowed in its modern form in the 70s. XX century as a result of this work, the department of cultural history prepared a manuscript of a huge work on all Tajik agricultural holidays - about their essence, chronology, programs, ceremonies and rituals. Only a small part of the materials was published by A.E. Negmati under the editorship of N.N. Negmatov. The restoration of Tajik traditional culture and spirituality was influenced by the support of the entire creative intelligentsia of the republic, while the above-mentioned scientific research led by Academician N.N. Negmatov of the teams of scientists served as the main one. Thus, it can be argued that a fruitful scientific study of archaeological sites in the northern part of Tajikistan, which are the pride of all Tajiks, allowed Academician N. N. Negmatov to make outstanding scientific discoveries: 1. Opening of the archaeological date of the foundation, history and culture of Khujand with the official nationwide state celebration of the 2500th anniversary of the city (research in 1954-1986); 2. Discovery of the archaeological culture, history of urbanization and art of the medieval historical and cultural area of Ustrushana with many first-class monuments of architecture, painting and woodcarving (research from 1955-1990); 3. The concept of creation on the basis of the monuments of the Hisor historical and cultural reserve of the Tajik Hisor open-air museum. Academician N.N. Negmatov - organizer and participant of a new stage of scientific research to clarify the chronology, functional purpose of monuments, practically the pioneer of research (research in 1984-1992); 4. Development of the concept of reanimation of the historical achievements of the "Great Silk Road" and their use in the socio-economic and spiritual progress of 395

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY modern society in the Republic of Tajikistan (in the Sogd region). Head and co- author of the "Concept for the creation of the Museum of an outstanding political, state and public figure of Tajikistan, scientist and organizer of science, academician BG Gafurov"; 5. Discoveries of different periods of ancient history and culture of Ustrushan, Bunjikat-Shahristan, Isfara, Kanibadam, Hisor; 6. Wise knowledge and experience, the beginning of the XXI century, Academician N.N. Negmatov noted a comprehensive study, new conclusions, his own concept of a permanent Aryan-Tajik civilization reflected in his recent works, the largest of which is "Ariana and Aryanveja" [15] he finally achieved the goal set at the beginning of his path in science and created a coherent concept of a permanent Aryan-Tajik civilization. Each of these discoveries has been scientifically confirmed by dozens of scientific publications and reports by Academician N.N. Negmatov that have already been carried out.

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10. Negmatov N.N. Ustrushansky castle in Shakhristan // Soviet archeology.-1959.- № 2.-pp.205-217. 11. Negmatov N.N. Medieval Shahristan.-Dushanbe, 1966.-pp.145. 12. Negmatov N.N. STAKE research in 1983 // Archaeological work in Tajikistan.-Dushanbe, 1991.-Issue 23 (1983) .- pp.9-14. 13. Negmatov N.N. The Samanid state (Maverannahr and Khorasan in the 9th-10th centuries).- Dushanbe, 1977. - 279 p. 14. Negmatov N.N. Tajik phenomenon: theory and history.-Dushanbe, 1997.- 428 p. 15. Negmatov N.N., Mukimov RS, Khakimov N.G., Vodnev V.V., Mandelstam A.M. Ariana and Aryanvedja (history and civilization).-Khujand, 2006.- 712 p.

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