Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (Adele) Project

Public Disclosure Authorized ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC UTILITY

ACCESS TO DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING IN ETHIOPIA (ADELE) PROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FINAL REPORT

Public Disclosure Authorized December, 2020 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Justification for the ESMF ...... 3 1.3 Objective of the ESMF ...... 4 1.4 Scope of the ESMF ...... 5 1.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 6 1.5.1 Literature Review ...... 6 1.5.2 Stakeholder Consultation ...... 7 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 11 2.1 Location ...... 11 2.2 Project Components ...... 11 2.2.1 Background ...... 11 2.2.2 Component 1: Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas ....12 2.2.3 Component 2: Solar-hybrid Mini Grids for Rural Economic Development ...... 12 2.2.4 Component 4: Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities ...... 13 2.3 Institutional Framework ...... 15 3. REVIEW OF POLICIES, STANDARDS, LEGAL &INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ..... 19 Constitution of Ethiopia ...... 19 3.1 National Legal Environmental Frameworks ...... 19 3.1.1 Relevant Environmental, Energy & Sectoral Policies ...... 20 3.1.2 Proclamations, Regulations &Directives ...... 22 3.1.3 Environmental Guidelines ...... 27 3.2 National Legislation Governing Land Administration, Acquisition, Compensation & Resettlement ...... 27 3.2.1 Expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement ...... 28 3.2.2 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation ...... 30 3.2.3 Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes ...... 31

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

3.3 Review of International Frameworks ...... 31 3.3.1 The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) ...... 31 4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 36 4.1 Oromia National Regional State ...... 36 4.1.1 Physical Environment ...... 36 4.1.2 Biological Environment ...... 37 4.1.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 38 4.1.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts ...... 39 4.1.4.1 Mada Walabu woreda ...... 39 4.1.4.2 Gera Woreda ...... 40 4.2 Amhara National Regional State...... 41 4.2.1 Physical Environment ...... 41 4.2.2 Biological Environment ...... 42 4.2.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 42 4.2.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District ...... 43 4.2.4.1 Janamora Woreda ...... 43 4.3 Southern Nations, Nationalities, people’s National Regional State ...... 43 4.3.1 Physical Environment ...... 43 4.3.2 Biological Environment ...... 44 4.3.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 45 4.3.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts ...... 45 4.3.4.1 Dassench woreda ...... 45 4.3.4.2 Maji Woreda ...... 46 4.4 Tigray National Regional State ...... 47 4.4.1 Physical Environment ...... 47 4.4.2 Biological Environment ...... 47 4.4.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 48 4.4.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District ...... 48 4.4.4.1 Alamata woreda ...... 48 4.5 Benshangul Gumez National Regional State ...... 50

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

4.51 Physical Environment ...... 50 4.5.2 Biological Environment ...... 50 4.5.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 50 4.5,5 Baseline Environment of Selected District ...... 51 4.5.5.1Guba Woreda ...... 51 4.6 Gambela National Regional State ...... 52 4.6.1 Physical Environment ...... 52 4.6.2 Biological Environment ...... 52 4.6.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 53 4.6.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts ...... 53 4.6.4.1 Jor Woreda ...... 53 4.7 Ethio-Somali National Regional State ...... 54 4.7.1 Physical Environment ...... 54 4.7.2 Biological Environment ...... 55 4.7.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 55 4.7.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District ...... 55 4.7.4.1 Harshin Woreda ...... 55 4.8 Afar National Regional State ...... 56 4.8.1 Physical Environment ...... 56 4.8.2 Biological Environment ...... 57 4.8.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 57 4.8.5 Baseline Environment of Selected District ...... 58 4.8.5.1 Kuri Woreda ...... 58 4.9 Addis Ababa City Administration ...... 58 4.9.1 Physical Environment ...... 58 4.9.2 Biological Environment ...... 59 4.9.3 Socio Economic Environment ...... 59 5. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION ...... 60 5.1 Introduction ...... 60 5.2 Objectives of the Consultation ...... 60

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

5.3 Main Findings of the Consultation ...... 61 5.3.1 Findings of Consultation for the off grid components ...... 61 5.3.1.1 Consultation with Federal Institutions ...... 61 5.3.1.2 Consultation with Regional Bureaus & Woreda stakeholders ...... 64 5.3.2 Findings of Consultation for the grid component ...... 76 6. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS& MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 82 6.1 Background ...... 82 6.2 Beneficial/Positive Impacts ...... 84 6.3 Negative Impacts & Mitigation Measures ...... 86 6.3.1 Background ...... 86 6.3.2 Impacts of Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas ...... 86 6.3.3 Impacts of Solar-hybrid mini grids and Standalone solar systems for health and education96 6.3.4 Negative Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 102 7. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 116 7.1 Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) ...... 116 7.2. Environmental & Social Monitoring Plan ...... 125 8.SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ..... 138 8.1 Guiding Principle ...... 138 8.2 Procedures and Steps ...... 139 9. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 146 9.1 Stakeholder Consultation Plan ...... 146 9.1.1 Objective ...... 146 9.1.2 Principles of Consultation ...... 147 9.1.3 Types & forms of Stakeholder consultation ...... 147 9.2 Information Disclosure ...... 148 9.3 Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM) ...... 148 9.3.1 Background ...... 148 9.3.2 National Grievances Redress Mechanism ...... 149 9.3.3 Word Bank Group (WBG) Grievance Redress Service...... 153

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

10. INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 154 10.1 Introduction ...... 154 10.2 Role & Responsibilities ...... 154 12. ESMF MONITORING, REVIEWS AND EVALUATION ...... 162 12.1 Monitoring ...... 162 12.2 Annual Audit ...... 163 12.3 End-of-project evaluation ...... 164 12.4 Reporting ...... 164 12. 5 Submission / Clearance and disclosure of ESMF ...... 165 13. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE PLAN ...... 165 13.1 Public Consultation Plan...... 165 13.1.1 Introduction ...... 165 13.2.1 Objectives of the Pubic Consultation Plan ...... 165 13.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan ...... 166 13.1.4 Structure of the Consultations ...... 166 13.2 Public Disclosure ...... 167 13.2.1 Introduction ...... 167 13.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan ...... 167 14. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...... 168 15. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET PROPOSED ...... 170 16. REFERENCES ...... 172 ANNEXES ...... 174 Annex 1 Exclusion List ...... 174 Annex 2 Data Collection tool ...... 174 Annex 3 Stakeholder and community Consultation participants for off grid Component ...... 194 Annex 4 Stakeholder and community Consultation participants for Grid Component197 Annex 5: Sample Environmental and social screening form/checklist ...... 199 Annex 6: Grievance Form ...... 202 Annex 6.1: Grievance Statement Form ...... 202 Annex 6.2: Grievance Receipt Acknowledgement Form ...... 202

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

Annex 6.3 : Grievance Investigation Form ...... 202 Annex 6.5 Grievance Redress Service (GRS) case log/Ledger log Book ...... 203 Annex 7: Procedures for Chance Find of Physical Cultural Resources ...... 203 Annex 6.4: Grievance Investigation Outcome Form ...... 205

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

List of Tables

TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ADELE PROJECT INTERVENTION SITES-PHASE I-VI ...... 8 TABLE 2 : LIST OF SELECTED SAMPLE WOREDAS ...... 9 TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL &RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES OF RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF RELEVANT POLICES ...... 21 TABLE 5 : SUMMARY OF RELEVANT PROCLAMATIONS AND REGULATIONS ...... 23 TABLE 6: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES RELEVANT TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 27 TABLE 7: SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR LAND USE &RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES OF RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 8: SUMMARY OF EXPROPRIATION OF LANDHOLDING FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE, PAYMENTS OF COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT (PROCLAMATION NO. 1161/2019) ...... 29 TABLE 9: SUMMARY OF RELEVANT WORLD BANK’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARD ...... 32 TABLE 10: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS OF CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS ...... 76 TABLE 11: SUMMARY OF ISSUES RAISED DURING COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ...... 78 TABLE 12 : LIST OF LICENSED COMPANIES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE COLLECT AND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA ... 99 TABLE 13: SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NETWORK STRENGTHENING FOR IMPROVED RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY IN URBAN AREA ...... 108 TABLE 14:SUMMARY OF MAJOR ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SOLAR-HYBRID MINI GRIDS AND STANDALONE SOLAR SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH AND EDUCATION FACILITIES ...... 112 TABLE 15: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR NETWORK STRENGTHENING FOR IMPROVED RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY IN URBAN AREA ...... 117 TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOLAR-HYBRID MINI GRIDS AND STANDALONE SOLAR SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH AND EDUCATION FACILITIES ...... 122 TABLE 17: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR NETWORK STRENGTHENING FOR IMPROVED RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY IN URBAN AREA ...... 126 TABLE 18: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR SOLAR-HYBRID MINI GRIDS AND STANDALONE SOLAR SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH AND EDUCATION FACILITIES ...... 132 TABLE 19: SUMMARY OF SAMPLE CRITERIA FOR REQUIRING A FIELD APPRAISAL ...... 142 TABLE 20: SUMMARY OF INDICATIVE PROCESS AND TIME FRAMEWORK FOR GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 152 TABLE 21: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT AND SPECIFIC ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INSTITUTES ...... 155 TABLE 22: LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND TRAINING COMPONENT ...... 159 TABLE 23 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED TRAINING TOPICS ...... 160 TABLE 24: SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED TRAINING BUDGET ...... 161 TABLE 25: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR ESMF ...... 169 TABLE 26: ESTIMATED ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET ...... 170

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP OF ADDIS ABABA, PROJECT REGIONS AND SELECTED SAMPLE WOREDAS ...... 11

List of Photo

PHOTO 1: VIEW OF CONSULTATION WITH DASENECH WOREDA PARTICIPANTS ...... 70 PHOTO 2: CONSULTATION WITH REGION ENERGY BUREAU ...... 71 PHOTO 3: VIEW OF CONSULTATION WITH KURI WOREDA PARTICIPANTS ...... 72 PHOTO 4: PARTIAL VIEW OF CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS IN ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION ...... 81 PHOTO 5: PARTIAL VIEW OF CONSULTATION WITH COMMUNITY MEMBER IN NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION ...... 81 PHOTO 6: PARTIAL VIEW OF EXISTING TRANSMISSION NETWORKS, DENSE SETTLEMENTS AND BUSINESS AREAS IN ADDIS ABABA ...... 90

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADELE Accelerating Distributed Electric Lighting In Ethiopia CSA Central Statics Authority DC Direct Current EEU Ethiopian Electric Utility EFCCC Environment, Forest & Climate Change Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority ESF Environmental And Social Framework ESIA Environmental &Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental &Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental &Social Management Plan ESSs Environmental & Social Standards FGD Focus Group Discussion GHG Greenhouse Gases GOE Government of Ethiopia GRM Grievances Redress Mechanism GTP Growth And Transformation Plan HSE Health, Safety & Environment IFC International Finance Corporation KW Killo Watt MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest& Climate Change MOWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Electricity MW Mega Watt NEP National Electrification Plan OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment PS Performance Standards PV Photovoltaic REA Regional Environmental Agency SMEs Electrify Small & Medium Enterprises SNNPRS Southern Nations ,Nationalities ,People’s Regional State ToR Terms of Reference

ESMF Report (Final)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The GOE through the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), and other implementing institutions and with support from the World Bank is planning to implement Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE, which will be ) project with the objective to increase access to reliable electricity for households, social Institutions, and enterprises in Ethiopia. ADELE constitutes support to NEP 2.0 primarily towards off-grid electrification and also improve the reliability of supply in Addis Ababa and ten other regional capitals and key zonal towns, where deficiencies in availability, quality and reliability of supply remain a challenge. The project aims at providing Tier 1 and above solar off-grid solutions for 750,000 households, and mini-grids, designed to handle grid-level loads, for 240,000 households and 11,500 enterprises. The project also provides a coordinated combination of these technology solutions as well as standalone solar systems for 1,400 health and education facilities.

The ADELE project will include five components. Which include 1) network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas i.e., 2) solar-hybrid mini grids for rural economic development; 3) solar home systems for households, small-holder farmers and small businesses; 4) standalone solar systems for health and education facilities and 5) capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support. Out of this components EEU will be an implementing agency for the component 1, 2, and 4. Component 3 will be implemented by DBE and MoWIE. Subcomponent 2.2 wll also be operated by a private sector.

Thus, project components could have adverse environmental and social impacts and risks associated with the upgrading and rehabilitation of the grid component and installations and construction activities other project components although the risk levels various from component to component. Therefore, to avoid, minimize, mitigate and offset potential negative impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts of the project, EEU has prepared this ESMF in accordance with national environmental and social safeguard requirements and the World Bank Environmental and Social Management Framework.

The main objective of the ESMF is to establish a clear procedure and general guidelines to assess &identify environmental and social impacts & risks that are likely to arise associated with the implementation of the proposed project components. The ESMF also identified roles and responsibilities of implementing parties.

The ESMF was prepared by adopting various methods including review of study documents, reports, national policies, legislations, guidelines international frameworks and standards, stakeholder engagement and consultation with city administration, federal, region, district sector stakeholders and community representatives.

Legal and Administrative Framework: The legal and administrative framework out lined, all the national legal frameworks including Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental and social protection and management. Relevant policies, proclamation, regulations and directives has been discussed in this section. In addition, World Bank’s environmental and social framework (ESF) environmental & social standards relevant to the proposed project).

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

Stakeholder Consultation: Relevant baseline data has been Collected, reviewed and analyzed of existing information about biophysical and socio-economic resource has been collected and stakeholder consultation were made with relevant federal, regional, district sector institutions and community representatives with the objectives to increase awareness about ADELE project, inform and get their views about the project, to engage and maintain active participation and support of relevant stakeholders and communities to be involved in various phases of the project. Government institutions MOWIE, EEU, MOA and EFCC; private company Hashu PLC. Due to COVID 19 state of emergency, travel restricts and unrest, in some regions, the consultant team was able to manage stakeholder consultation with only five regional state relevant bureaus (Afar, Benishangul Gumez, Gambella, Amhara & Oromia Regions ) and four woredas including Kuri (Afar Region), Dasenech (SNNPRS) ,Jor (Gambela Region) & Janamora Woreda in Amhara Region. Regarding the grid component, consultations were conducted in the four districts of Addis Ababa (North, South, East and West). 4 out of 31 service centers and 2 community consultations were conducted in two sub-cities (Kirkos-woreda 07 and Nifas-Silk Lafto-woreda 04). IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES: Positive Impacts: Like any other development projects, the proposed project will have both beneficial and adverse impacts The major benefits include improved access to clean energy, creation of direct or indirect job opportunities, development of new skill and capacity, improved access to communication, education and health facilities and generally improving quality of life for communities living in urban, pre-urban, deep urban and rural area of the country. In addition, upgrading and rehabilitation of the grid transmission line and distribution network will ensure availability of reliable energy supply and improve system efficiency, stability and reliability which will simulate the overall socioeconomic development and services. Negative Impacts: Potential negative environmental and social impacts that could arise during various phases the proposed project include loss of negation cover and trees, pressure on existing water sources , land expropriation, inappropriate waste management especially hazardous wastes associated with used batteries and solar panels ,occupational health and safety impacts, community health and safety a unskilled labor. potential risks to the health and safety of project construction work forces that can happened due to congested, dense, unplanned settlement pattern , fugitive dust and Land acquisition due to the RoW clearance are of the major impacts associated with during upgrading and rehabilitation of existing transmission line networks. Furthermore, clearing of vegetation along the ROW, furthermore, chemicals found in the electrical equipment’s (PCB and SF6) and EMF and Associated impacts with the distribution line including Bird Collusion has been discussed. Furthermore, access road clearance, Gender based violence, labor influx and child labor are also few of the impacts associated with the distribution rehabilitation activities of the project. More detail impact analysis has been undertaken under section 6 of the document and the ESMF has Identified mitigation measures that can be applied to avoid/minimize such impacts.

For impacts associated with solar systems including mini-grids, the impacts are mainly related with depletion of vegetation; while also contribute to disturbance of topsoil and cause of micro level erosion, disturbance on the fauna and flora species and ultimately affect natural habitats and biodiversity. Another likely impact of ADELE under these components in terms of biodiversity is related to avian collision with the solar panel installations. Due to small size of mini grids this risk is not expected to be high. Solar systems can pose risks to wildlife especially birds that may confuse solar panels with water bodies. The other potential project related impact is the pressure on local users and existing water source are possible

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

due to frequent need of water for washing of solar panels Furthermore, construction and operation phases will require supply of water which could also affect existing local water supply. These impacts may be high in areas where water shortage is a major constraint. Pollution of these water resources may also arise at or close to the base camps/stores or work sites as a result of inadequate provision of sanitary and waste facilities, and accidental spillage or leakage of polluting materials.\

There will be potential hazardous impacts associated with broken and used panels parts; used batteries and units. Thus, mitigation measures for the above-mentioned impacts including disposal of used fuel filters, batteries have been detailed in ESMF. Furthermore, Social impacts including Land acquisition, child labor issues, GBV has been discussed with their mitigation measures.

The potential impacts that will be generated are expected to be temporary, reversible, low in magnitude, and site specific and are manageable with the application of appropriate environmental and social risk and impacts management (ESRM) tools and international best practices. Though the project has many potential benefits including provision of renewable energy technology, there are few E&S risk and impacts associated with waste management (disposal and recycling of solar panels, used SHS units including used batteries especially lead acid and lithium ion batteries, defected and used solar panels which are considered hazardous wastes, poor OHS practices, labor issues, presence of Indigenous/underserved communities. Thus the risk classification of the project is substantial.

SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION: The guiding principles of the proposed subproject operations and to the implementation of the proposed project through site potential and involvement of EEU, beneficiaries, as well as private investors/independent power producers (IPPs) has been developed. In addition, the ESMF pointed out the procedures and steps for the implementation of environmental and social safeguards management and screening process. The implementation of environmental management and screening process of the proposed subproject will be achieved through the following major procedures and steps. The steps of the environmental and social screening process will lead towards the review and environmental approval by MoWIE or regional environmental institution of every potential project components to be implemented by EEU under proposed project. 1) Sub project preparation and application 2) desk approval 3) loan eligibility and safeguards screening 4) Submission of screening report to MoWIE or Regional Level Environmental Bureaus 5) Review of screening report and appraisal by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus 6) Review by the WB 7) Submission of ESIA/ESMP to EEU 8) Approval of subprojects by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus 9) Submission of approval decision report to EEU by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus to EEU and 10) Documentation 11) subproject effectiveness 12) implementation 13) supervision and monitoring 14) annual auditing and 15 end of project evaluation. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM: Relevant Word Bank environmental and social standards (ESS10) also recognize the need and importance of consultation including free, prior and informed consent of the affected Indigenous Peoples (ESS7).Therefore, for identification and assessment of environmental and social impacts and risks and for successful implementation of mitigation measures a continuous stakeholder consultation is paramount important. A separate SEP has been prepared and will be implemented accordingly. The SEP will be a live document which will be updated whenever there is new update on the project.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

The ESMF and subsequent projects safeguards documents (ESIA and ESMP reports) will be available to relevant institutions and are disclosed publicly both in country and at the World Bank’s Info Shop, (where applicable). Copies of these documents and a brief of the reports should be made available to communities and interested parties on accessible locations in English and/or if possible in local languages.

As part of the disclosure plan ,the draft ESMF shall be released publicly on EEU's and regional offices of EEU where the project is to be implemented .The draft ESMF report would be available in these &WB external website within which it could be possible to collect feedback, comments, and suggestion from interested entities. GRM:. The sources of public complaints/grievance may be variable from project to project and some of likely source of complaints/grievance likely to arise related to the proposed activities. Thus, based on the national proclamation ,the proposed project would make use of formal grievance redressing mechanisms using the existing Kebele, Woreda, Regional, and federal Public Grievance Hearing Offices in the country.

The most common GRM used for most of development projects is local Grievance Redressing Committee with the objective to provide a step-by-step process of registering and addressing the grievances. The committee may consist of representatives from project affected persons (PAPs), implementer’s representative, representative from Woreda or Kebele Administration, elders or influential personalities other than the aggrieved persons. Other members can be added or removed as required. According to World Bank Group Grievance Redress Service, project-affected parties who believe that they are affected by a Bank supported project may submit complaints and will have access, as appropriate, to project grievance mechanisms, local grievance mechanisms, the Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (http://www.worldbank.org/GRS) and the World Bank Inspection Panel (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2017). INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT: The successful implementation of the ESMF depends on the commitment of implementing institutions at federal and regional level in collaboration with other relevant institutions and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use the ESMF effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. The implementation of the ADELE project components will take place through the existing government institutional structures from the federal to the local or community level including: Ministry of Water, Irrigation &Energy (MOWIE); Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), Private company (IPP); Regional Energy Bureaus (REBs) & their line offices; Woreda Water, Mines and Energy Offices , Regional Environmental Protection Bureaus and their line office; Woreda & Kebele Administration /Farmers’ Associations or Cooperatives in the specific project site ; Communities /Beneficiaries; Grievance Redress Committees and Women, Children and Youth Committees. Capacity Building and Training required for the implementation of the ESMF has been identified and discussed. Furthermore, to examine available environmental information related to the project & implementation modalities of ADELE project and verify whether, or to what extent they conform to this ESMF& other safeguard instruments including Resettlement Framework (RF) and social assessment (SA) ESMF annual Audit has been targeted. The ESMF has included a framework public disclosure for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues. The objectives of the public consultations are to provide EEU, MoWIE with Status of implementation of the identified measures; A sense of the concerns, priorities and aspirations of the stakeholders and

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

implementing parties as they implement the measures: Information to shape the project as it progresses; and whenever possible, to recommend and implement specific recommendations and proposals. The project will be implemented for 6 years and the Estimated ESMF implementation Budget is USD 548,110. A separate budget will be allocated for the capacity assessment and strengthening the existing ESMS in the EEU.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Ethiopia is endowed with plenty of potential energy sources for generating renewable energy. However, the country is with lowest levels of annual energy consumption and the population survives in conditions of relative poverty and energy insecurity. The country has connected only 33 percent of its population with grid electrification and 11 percent with off-grid pre-electrification with the combined achievement of 44 percent of electricity access (IPE Global limited .2019). The greatest access deficits are found in rural and deep-rural areas. About 96 percent of urban households are connected to the grid (99.9 percent in Addis Ababa), while only 27 percent of rural households have access to electricity services. The highest deficits are experienced in deep-rural areas (beyond 25 km from the existing grid), where 5 percent of people have access to electricity; followed by rural areas (between 2.5 and 25 km from the grid), with 5 to 10 percent of access; and the peri-urban areas (within 2.5 km from existing MV lines), where 20 percent of people have access. In 2017, Ethiopia launched the National Electrification Program (NEP) to address the challenge of low electrification rate that remained at odds with these infrastructure achievements. Despite the success of the UEAP in connecting towns and villages, last mile connections across the country did not keep pace (20 percent access in 2015. The NEP, that sets a target of universal electrification by 2025, presents an integrated approach of grid and off-grid solutions, building on UEAP’s achievements on grid expansion, placing greater focus on service delivery and last-mile electrification for households, public institutions and industries.. In 2019, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) launched NEP 2.0, an updated full-fledged off-grid program to reach 35 percent of the population by 2025 through public and private efforts, leveraging the latest technical and analytical inputs. The geo-spatial analysis conducted for the country identifies the least-cost technology solution by location and over time, indicating the progressive extension of the grid footprint and simultaneously the pockets for off-grid: (i) Short-term pre-electrification solution for 3.3 million households, for which the grid, the least-cost option, will not become available by 2025; (ii) Mid-term pre- electrification for about 5 million target beneficiaries residing between 2.5–25 km away from the existing grid and expected to be connected to the grid by 2030; and (iii) Long-term off-grid/deep rural solutions for about 1 million households. Based on this, off-grid solutions are expected to provide services to 35 percent of the population, while acknowledging possible short-term electrification solutions for those households and communities waiting to get a grid connection by 2025, for a total of 9 million connections (Figure 1). In addition, the NEP 2.0 also operationalized the Multi-Tier Framework-(MTF)- survey for the first time, with a customer-centric approach to access and identification of most appropriate technology solutions, in space and time, based on electricity needs (demand) in combination with GIS tools. The NEP 2.0 also introduces the minimum subsidy tender (MST), which uses competitive bidding process to support private sector enterprises that can cost-effectively provide off-grid electricity services. The NEP 2.0 also contains an embedded commitment and strategy on closing gender gaps on off-grid value chains related to women entrepreneurs, creating jobs, and as consumers

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

Figure 1: The NEP integrated grid and off-grid components

The GOE through the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), and other implementing institutions and with support from the World Bank is planning to implement Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) project with the objective to increase access to reliable electricity for households, social Institutions, and enterprises in Ethiopia. The proposed ADELE constitutes support to NEP 2.0 primarily towards off-grid electrification and also improve the reliability of supply in Addis Ababa and ten other regional capitals and key zonal towns, where deficiencies in availability, quality and reliability of supply remain a challenge. The project aims at providing Tier 1 and above solar off-grid solutions for 750,000 households, and mini-grids, designed to handle grid-level loads, for 240,000 households and 11,500 enterprises. The project also provides a coordinated combination of these technology solutions as well as standalone solar systems for 1,400 health and education facilities. The proposed ADELE project is intended to have five main components which will be designed to be implemented by different public and private sector institutions as indicated in the below table 1:- Table 1: List of Components and implementing institutions

No. Component name Implementing institutions Network strengthening for improved reliability of 1 EEU supply in urban areas;

 2 Solar-hybrid mini grids for rural economic EEU, with an engagement with development; Private sector and Cooperatives

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

No. Component name Implementing institutions

 3 Solar home systems for households, small-holder MoWIE & DBE with an farmers and small businesses; engagement with Private sector and cooperatives

 4 Standalone solar systems for health and education EEU facilities;  5 Capacity building, technical assistance and MoWIE, EEU, DBE, implementation support

The specific locations and subproject details of the proposed project have not been identified at this stage and thus, it is difficult to identify the actual risks and impacts of the project activities and managed them in the context of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). Therefore, this “Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)” document has been recommended and prepared in compliance with the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework-ESS. This ESMF is considered to be a major environmental & social assessment tool to ensure that implementation of the proposed EEU components of ADELE project, (here in after the Project”) will be carried out in an environmentally friendly and socially

acceptable manner. To this effect, the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) has engaged the service of individual consultant to prepare this environmental and social management framework (ESMF) for of the Project activities which will be implemented by EEU. The purpose of this ESMF is to establish a basis and provide generic information on how to address the likely potential environmental and social impacts & to ensure that all national and international environmental and social safeguard requirements are adequately addressed in the course of project planning, design & implementation. Therefore, this ESMF is developed for managing any anticipated E&S impacts and risks associated with subproject activities under ADELE components (Components 1,2,4 and 5) “The Project” which supposed to be implemented by EEU and the report has been prepared with full participation and contributions of EEU’s corporate EHS team.

1.2 Justification for the ESMF

The rationale for preparing this ESMF is that, during the implementation of the proposed project, it is anticipated that both positive and negative environmental and social impacts will be generated due to the proposed project activities and possibly affect the nearby biophysical and social environment. In order to preclude and manage the anticipated environmental and social impacts and risks of the project and to ensure adequate environmental and social impact and risk management in place during the proposed project implementation period applicable safeguards instruments shall be prepared. However, given that precise designs and location of the proposed subproject activities are not yet known at this time, it is difficult to identify the actual risks and impacts of the subproject activities and managed those risks and impacts in the context of traditional Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). In compliance with the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF)- ESS1- Assessment and Management of

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Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts , this “Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)” document has been recommended and prepared. This ESMF prepared for the proposed project acknowledges the probable impacts of the subprojects, and integrates measures for assessing, avoiding, mitigating and managing these during planning/preconstruction, construction, and operation phases of the subprojects. The framework identifies the level of safeguard and due-diligence required for all categories of sub-projects and provides specific guidance on the policies and procedures to be followed for environmental and social assessment, along with roles and responsibilities of the implementing agencies to ensure effective management of the environmental and social risks and impacts that may emanate from the subproject activities. The overall goal of the ESMF is to ensure that decision making in subsequent stages of the project is informed and influenced by environmental and social considerations for the implementation of each subprojects under the Proposed project. When the exact locations and scope of each subproject under the Proposed project are defined and known, in accordance with the Government of Ethiopia Environmental Impact Assessment guideline, and the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguard policies, the respective proponent will be required to develop an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), as required, in accordance with the Government of Ethiopia Environmental Impact Procedural Guideline (2000/1992) and Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (No. 299-2002) which prescribe the type of Environmental Assessment to be conducted and the new World Bank Environmental and Social Framework.

1.3 Objective of the ESMF

The main objective of the ESMF is to establish a mechanism with clear procedure and general guidelines to systematically assess, identify, predict, evaluate, and manage beneficial and adverse environmental and social impacts and risks of the subproject activities that are likely to arise during the implementation of the proposed subproject and design enhancement measures for beneficial impacts, and recommend measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, compensate and/ or offset them that helps the project to comply

with the requirement of National policies and laws and the World Bank ESF.

The specific objectives are:  To outline the process to identify E&S impacts &risks expected during project planning, implementation and operation phases and specify an indicative management measures and design a methodology for preparing the environmental and social management and monitoring plans.  To define/establish clear procedures and tools (including checklists, guidelines) and &methods of E&S screening, impacts assessment, planning, review, approval, implementation and monitoring of subprojects to be financed under the ADELE Project that will enable relevant implementing bodies (EEU) to asses E&S impacts including preparation of a site-specific ESIA and/ or ESMP for the proposed sub project activities.  To present the policy, legal and institutional framework related to the environmental and social context applicable to the Proposed ADELE project and its potential subprojects.

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 To outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns associated to the proposed sub projects.  To Identify the roles and responsibilities of relevant sector institutions in executing, managing and monitoring environmental and social issues related to the proposed project activities.  To identify and propose training & capacity building requirements to implement the ESMF  To identify budget required to implement the ESMF.  To introduce an environmental due diligence process to present methodologies, instruments, procedures, and responsibilities (role) for environmental and social management and provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.  To indicate implementation strategies of the major issues outlined in the Environmental and Social Management Framework and Environmental and Social Management Plan annexed in this ESMF.

1.4 Scope of the ESMF

The proposed Project will cover Ababa and ten other regional capitals and key zonal towns, as well as other and pre-urban, and rural areas of Ethiopia in which the specific locations will be decided later in the project preparation and implementation phases. The ESMF identifies the likely environmental and social impacts including both beneficial and adverse impact of the proposed project; . it covers environmental and social management and monitoring plans designed to avoid, minimize, mitigate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts; as well as addresses steps and procedures of subproject screening, scoping and ESIA process. It identifies the role and responsibilities of implementing institutions at federal and regional level, implementing budget, training and capacity building requirements, monitoring and evaluation activities to be undertaken for ensuring effective implementation of the ESMF. The proposed Project will be implemented throughout the country. Specific locations for each subproject under proposed project will be determined later on in consultation with the relevant institution, including EEU and MoWIE. Cognizant of the number of proposed sub project activities, which the actual locations are not yet identified at this time, the applicable safeguards instrument used to mitigate/avoid/minimize/compensate or offset the anticipated project adverse impacts, and to enhance positive impacts is the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). This ESMF defines the steps, processes, and procedures for screening, scoping, assessment, and monitoring, to be undertaken during planning, design, procurement, construction, and post construction stages of the proposed sub projects. The framework is also designed to present a sample Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), outlining the measures that will be taken to minimize/mitigate the potential adverse environmental and social impacts, avoid and/or minimize to acceptable levels. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the relevant institutions responsible for addressing project impacts. In addition, it identifies the project institutional and capacity building needs for environmental and social impact management. The ESMF has prepared as a reference and guiding manual to be used by key stakeholders who are involved in the planning, implementation, management and operation of the proposed subprojects under

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EEU components of ADELE project. The ESMF also serves as an instrument to guide and to be used by EEU, MoWIE, and other relevant key stakeholders. This ESMF was developed by the EEU in coordination with the Bank’s Safeguard Specialists. According with the Bank's requirements of consultation, the broad consultations have been conducted with the relevant stakeholders during the preparation of this ESMF. The results and evidence of this consultation process is included in the section 5 and list of consulted people indicated in Annex 2 and Annex 3. Also, once the ESMF approved and cleared by the Bank, it will be disclosed in country on the EEU website and the World Bank external website in compliance with the Bank’s disclosure policy.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

The ESMF has been prepared in accordance with relevant national policies and guidelines and Word Bank Environmental and Social Framework. Despite the influence of travel restriction, state of emergency due to COVID-19 and unrest, both secondary and primary sources of data were collected by using qualitative approaches. The methodologies adopted for the preparation of the ESMF include review of literatures including study documents, reports, previous related project ESMF reports, national policies, legislations and guidelines, international frameworks and standards; stakeholder engagement and consultation with relevant city administration, federal, regional, district sector institutions and community representatives. The detail approaches and methodologies followed are discussed in the following section.

1.5.1 Literature Review

Relevant previous study documents were reviewed to understand the existing biophysical and socioeconomic basis and conditions of Addis Ababa City Administration & project regions. Furthermore, to get site specific and detail overview and picture of the existing biophysical and socioeconomic condition in each project region, 10 sample Woredas were selected from different project regions. Purposive sampling methods with consideration of the prevailing security and vulnerability situation were used as criteria for selection of this sample Woredas. Furthermore, to represent the deep rural, rural and pre-urban woredas, these Woredas were selected from potential ADELE project intervention sites of Phase I-VI (Table 2).

Accordingly, study document relevant to selected sample Woredas were also collected and reviewed. Potential intervention areas and list of selected sample Woredas are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. National policies, legislations, guidelines, directives, regional, national electrification programs and plans relevant to environmental and social issues, land acquisition and compensation, biodiversity conservation, water resource management, occupational health and safety, heritage, investment, Labor and climate change were collected and reviewed.

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The review also included World Bank Environmental and Social Framework. Project Information Documents (PID) were also reviewed to understand the E&S requirements under ESF, and project components and sub-components of the proposed project. Besides collection, review and analysis of available existing literatures relevant to the sector and project, the data collection method has also employed and supported by a combination of the following approaches including:-

 conducting a rapid context assessment of available data and identification of key environmental and social issues, identifying data gaps  Reaching out federal, regional and other stakeholders to collect additional data and information to fill the data gap through different means like phone call interview and emails as relevant.

1.5.2 Stakeholder Consultation

The implementation of the proposed project will require involvement and participation of several stakeholders both at federal and regional level. Hence, stakeholder consultation were made with relevant federal, regional, district sector institutions and community representatives with the objectives to increase awareness about ADELE project, inform and get their views about the project, to engage and maintain active participation and support of relevant stakeholders and communities to be involved in various phases of the project. The consultations followed a participatory bottom-up approach that considers the active participation of federal, regional and woreda level officials, sector representatives and experts on one hand and community members, elders, religious leaders and community or clan leaders on the other hand.

During consultation, more attention was given to the community development interests and priorities, concerns, community’s aspiration to proposed project. Furthermore, mitigation measures on the identified potential risks and impacts which are derived from the views of the sector and bureau representatives and community members at large were also captured.

For conducting stakeholder and community consultation at different levels, consultation guides and key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD) checklist were prepared and used for the grid and off grid components (Annex1 and Annex 2).

1.5.2.1 Stakeholder Consultation for the Off Grid Component

At federal level, stakeholder consultation was conducted with eleven (11) participants from 4 federal government institutions (MOWIE, EEU, MOA and EFCC). Furthermore consultation was made with one private company (Hashu PLC) involved in collection, transport and storage of used batteries across all regions of Ethiopia. At regional level, originally it was planned to undertake data collection and stakeholder consultation with 8 regional bureaus and 10 sample selected Woredas. However, due to COVID 19 state of emergency, travel restricts and unrest, in some regions, the consultant team was able to manage stakeholder consultation with only five regional state relevant bureaus (Afar, Benishangul Gumez, Gambella, Amhara & Oromia

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Regions ) and four woredas including Kuri (Afar Region), Dasenech (SNNPRS) ,Jor (Gambela Region) & Janamora Woreda in Amhara Region. In general, consultation was made with 10 participants from different regional bureaus and with 17 participants from different woredas. Details stakeholder consultations and outcome of the consulting meetings during the preparation of ESMF are presented in chapter 5.

Approaches of Sample Woreda Selection

Sample Woredas for data collection and stakeholder consultation were selected with EEU, SA & RF individual consultant teams.

In selection of Woredas purposive sampling, vulnerability and accessibility were used as a criterion to select the sample Woredas. Furthermore, additional criteria like maintaining the balance on pre-urban, rural and deep rural areas’ contexts and security status were used while selecting the sample Woredas.

Recruitment and training of enumerators: The consultants have employed one over all coordinator and 5 enumerators (regional level) and 4 enumerators (Woreda level) for data collection and consultation.

The data collectors /enumerators /and coordinator have experience in collecting data in similar projects financed by international funding organizations. The data collectors /enumerators/ were selected based on their experience & communication skills in the local languages, ability to comfortably discuss on environment and social safeguard topics that have an interest and motivation to work and have relevant technical skills or training in data collection Enumerators were trained and briefed on how to assess quality data and how to fill questionnaire appropriately, how to carry out the key informant interview and FGD at regional bureaus and woreda level consultations. The brifeing & training were given by respective individual consulatnts and by survey cordinator for all field teams through phone and telegram based conversations.

Follow-up and supervision: the field coordinator and the consultant closely monitored and supervised each enumerator and ensured that the quality of stakeholder consultations is maintained.

Table 2: Summary of potential ADELE project intervention sites-Phase I-VI

Phase Phase Sub- S.no Region Phase I Phase II Phase III IV Phase V VI total 1 Oromia Zone 8 10 8 6 7 4 43 Woreda 11 12 13 12 10 8 66 Kebele 15 15 16 16 16 16 94 2 Amhara Zone 4 5 3 3 5 0 20 Woreda 7 7 7 5 6 0 32 Kebele 10 10 10 10 10 0 50

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3 Benishangul Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Gumuz Woreda 2 2 2 2 1 2 11 Kebele 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 4 Gambella Zone 2 2 1 1 1 2 9 Woreda 2 2 2 2 1 5 14 Kebele 2 2 2 2 2 9 19 5 Somali Zone 4 1 3 2 2 0 12 Woreda 6 4 5 3 5 0 23 Kebele 6 6 6 6 5 0 29 6 SNNP Zone 2 2 1 1 1 2 9 Woreda 6 4 3 2 1 3 19 Kebele 10 10 10 10 10 18 68 7 Tigray Zone 2 2 2 2 3 3 14 Woreda 2 3 2 2 3 4 16 Kebele 2 3 3 3 3 5 19 8 Afar Zone 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 Woreda 2 2 1 1 2 1 9 Kebele 2 2 1 1 2 1 9

Table 3 : List of Selected Sample Woredas

No. Region Zone Woreda Phases Bale Mada walabu I Oromia 1 Jimma Gera V 2 Amhara North Gonder Janamora IV 3 Benishangul Metekel Guba III 4 Gambella Angwak Jore I 5 Somali Fafan Harshin IV South Omo Dasenech V SNNPRS 6 Bench Maji Maji I 7 Tigray South Raya Alamata VI 8 Afar Zone 1 Kuri IV Total 8 10 10 1.5.2.2 Stakeholder Consultation for the Grid Component Component 1 of ADELE project is a grid component, which is about network strengthening and expansion for improved reliability of supply and quality in urban areas. The consultant in collaboration with the team organized from EEU has carried out stakeholders and community consultations in Addis Ababa. The team is composed of three consultants and 8 data collectors from EEU (they were selected based on the experience they have on the issue under scrutiny and their levels of educational background.

The consultations were conducted in the four districts of Addis Ababa (North, South, East and West). In the four districts, there are 31 service centers, of these, 4 of them with their corresponding woredas were selected for stakeholders and community consultations. Accordingly, 2 community consultations were conducted in two sub-cities (Kirkos-woreda 07 and Nifas-Silk Lafto-woreda 04) from the Southern District

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of Addis Ababa. From northern district, Gulele sub-city, woreda 07, one community consultation was conducted. From Western district, Kolfe Keranyo Sub-city, Woreda 12, one community consultation was carried out, and finally from Eastern district, two sub-cities (Yeka-Kotebe (Yeka) and Bole (woreda 09), two community consultations were done.

Community consultations were carried out with 50 informants (20 females and 30 males). In addition, 9 key informant interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Ethiotelecom and Ethiopian Electric Utility serving at different capacities (Service center manager, Distribution Manager & Operator Team leader, Area Manager, Supervisor, Director and Customer Service Manager) in the four districts and service centers. Consultations were also done with 8 key informants working at the EEU and district level experts having the experience in environment and social impact assessment related to grid components. This team also engaged in the data collection process. Generally, 67 individuals were consulted for the grid component of ADELE project, which will be implemented by EEU.

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Location The ADELE project will be implemented throughout the country, more specifically those components which will be implemented by EEU will cover Addis Ababa and ten other regional capitals and key zonal towns, pre-urban, and rural areas.. The location map of the project regions and sample selected woredas is depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Location Map of Addis Ababa, Project Regions and Selected Sample Woredas

2.2 Project Components

2.2.1 Background

The proposed ADELE project will be implemented throughout Ethiopia. The project will increase access to new and improved electricity services for households, small-holder farmers, commercial and industrial users, and social institutions in urban, pre-urban, rural and deep-rural areas through on-grid, off-grid and mini grid solutions by leveraging public and private delivery modalities

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The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to increase access to reliable electricity for households, social institutions, and enterprises in Ethiopia The ADELE project will include five components and the major project components and subcomponents which will be implemented by EEU are described in the following section.

2.2.2 Component 1: Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas

ADELE component 1 will improve the reliability of electric supply in Addis Ababa and other key urban areas, where near universal access to electricity has been achieved, but deficiencies in availability, quality and reliability of supply remain a challenge. This component would address the network strengthening requirements to achieve higher reliability, quality and duration of electricity supply, enabling electricity consumers to take full advantage of the benefits of electricity service. The network upgrade and rehabilitation will include infrastructure investments in EEU’s jurisdiction, including medium voltage and low voltage equipment as well as support for the Revenue Protection Program (RPP). Activities will focus on rehabilitation and expansion of more than 600 km of medium voltage (MV) lines. It will also cover the rehabilitation of distribution network of ten regional capitals and key zonal towns, while also supporting the implementation of EEU’s RPP investments at the level of distribution transformers1. The RPP is key to enhancing the financial sustainability of the utility. This component will improve the availability, reliability and quality of electricity supply, reduce technical losses, help address waiting list for new connections, and considerably reduce customer service complaints. Under component 1, focus will also be placed on building on the comprehensive EEU gender equality interventions currently supported under ELEAP, with a focus on women’s employment and leadership, institutional policy reform (focused on HR), scholarship and skills development, and childcare.

2.2.3 Component 2: Solar-hybrid Mini Grids for Rural Economic Development

This component 2 will finance the roll-out of solar mini grids along with battery storage and/or diesel backup. The mini grids supported under the Project will be rolled out through a combination of public and private sector-led approaches based on a pipeline of prioritized sites pre-identified using geospatial planning. These are: (1) EEU operated mini-grids, and (2) Private sector-led demonstration projects operated by local and international private mini grid developers, as well as cooperatives. During the first years of project implementation, and while the necessary regulatory and policy conditions for private sector-led models are in place, a utility-led delivery of mini grids (funded and operated by EEU) is expected to be the prevailing model. In addition to greenfield sites, investments will be made to hybridize the existing EEU-operated diesel-based mini grids. This component includes two subcomponents: Sub-Component 2.1: EEU-led mini-grids and sub- Component 2.2 Private sector-led mini-grid pilots and are discussed below. Sub-Component 2.1: EEU-led mini-grids (US$215 million)

1 Complementary RPP investments are being implemented at the MV level through ENREP.

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EEU will lead the EPC/Rollout of greenfield solar-hybrid mini grids. New solar-hybrid mini grids will be deployed by the EEU through Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) and short-term (e.g. 3 or 6 months) Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contracts. Upon conclusion of the short-term O&M period, the mini grids would be operated either directly by EEU or under a follow-on long-term O&M contract. In addition, this sub-component will include the hybridization of existing diesel-fueled mini grids currently operated by EEU across Ethiopia (primarily in the Somali region). These mini grids will be hybridized through the installation of a renewable power generation source (likely solar PV) and a battery back up at the selected sites, as well as, where appropriate, the upgrade of the distribution network and installation of updated meters and software. This is expected to improve the performance and reliability of the existing systems, reduce the overall levelized cost of energy (by reducing dependence on expensive diesel fuel), expand access to surrounding households as feasible, reduce the environmental impacts and increase the sustainability of the systems. Sub-Component 2.2: Private sector-led mini-grid pilot (US$50 million) In line with the goals and ambition set out in the NEP 2.0, the component will support demonstration of different private sector-led approaches to leverage local and international private sector financing for mini-grid scale-up. Two approaches could potentially be piloted as elaborated below. Minimum Subsidy Tender (MST). The Bank is supporting the Government in preparation of a long list of suitable sites based on data currently under collection on areas with high productive load potential across Ethiopia. These sites (e.g. 25-50) will then be grouped into lots for the tender process. The bidders will bid based on the minimum subsidy amount needed to meet the difference between the developer’s cost of system installation, operation and maintenance and the tariffs that can be charged based on consumers’ affordability at the selected sites. For their part, the developers will need to put together their own debt and equity financing. Under this pilot, private developers will receive one-time capex subsidies, and they will own and operate the mini grids. Bids will be evaluated based on detailed technical2 and financial proposals, as part of which the companies will provide detailed financial models showing the viability of their business models. The funding will be disbursed to the winning developers at predetermined performance milestones. Performance-based Grants (PBG). Performance-based Grants (PBG). This approach could consist of a performance-based affordability gap financing amount per-connection. EEU would invite interested mini grid developers and cooperatives planning to deploy mini grids - at any location of their choosing - to submit organizational documentation which will be appraised, under terms, procurement (selection) and award procedure to be outlined in the Project Operation Manual (POM). After qualification of the organization, the proponent can submit mini grid design proposals to receive the affordability gap financing amount. All funds will be awarded to the qualified developers/cooperatives after the installation and a pre-determined period (e.g. three months) of successful operation of the systems (upon verification by an Independent Verification Agent (IVA)).

2.2.4 Component 4: Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities

Component 4 will finance the supply and installation of standalone solar systems for health and education facilities identified under the NEP 2.0.The project will target health centers and secondary schools that are located in underserved and remote rural areas and are identified as priority by MoWIE,

2 This includes the business plan, commercial plan as well as technical design of the proposed systems

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in coordination with federal and local education, health and energy agencies. agencies. Depending on availability of resources, primary schools, health posts and other types of public facilities could be included if the federal and regional governments determine them as priority.

Under this component, around 1,400 secondary schools and health centers will be electrified using standalone solar systems. ADELE in combination with grid electrification can lead to 100 percent electrification of secondary schools and 85 percent electrification of health centers. The systems installed secondary schools are expected to provide basic electricity services such as targeted lighting, charging of electronics such as phone and computers, electricity for laboratories, possible use of television, among others. Meanwhile, the systems installed in health centers will provide electricity for lighting in maternity wards, main buildings and residences, vaccine refrigeration, and operation of critical medical and office equipment.

The sizing of the systems will be determined based on technical assessments of the electrification needs of each facility, which will be financed by the project and completed prior to supply and installation. Operations and maintenance (O&M) of the systems will be critical to ensuring operational sustainability. It is envisaged that private sector contractors will be engaged for the long-term O&M of the systems with the option to renew these contracts and deploy remote monitoring to track system performance. Key focus for gender equality will be around skills development and job creation for women around the solar standalone system installation and maintenance for public institutions. EEU and MoWIE will develop and adopt a roadmap which will set out the strategy for closing the gaps in opportunity for skills development and jobs for women in the solar sector2.5.5 Component 5: Capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support

This component 5 will finance various sector studies and technical assistance, capacity building and implementation support activities to ensure EEU, MoWIE, EEA, the local and international private sector, cooperatives, mobile network operators, financial institutions, and other sector stakeholders have adequate technical, planning, and operational capacity to implement the electrification program. The project will support general sector studies and technical assistance as they become relevant to the sector and the implementation of ADELE. Sub-Component 5.1: Enhancing EEU’s institutional, technical and planning capacity for the electrification program (US$15 million) – implemented by EEU Technical assistance will be provided to support the EEU in actively and effectively managing the implementation of the electrification program under ADELE, both on-grid and off-grid, during the duration of this project, and with the aim of creating longer-term capacity and sustainability. EEU will play a key role in the implementation of ADELE as the implementing agency for Components 1 (on-grid reliable access), 2 (solar-hybrid mini grids for rural economic development), and 4 (electrification of health and education facilities). Therefore, ADELE project includes a substantial technical assistance program in support of EEU to strengthen their institutional setup and technical capacity to implement the project and continue to play a leading role in electrification beyond the life of the project.

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2.3 Institutional Framework

Ethiopia has federal level government comprising various ministries, authorities and commissions responsible for setting national policy and legislation and a regional structure with powers delegate to the regional government.

Several institutions are involved in environmental protection and management .At federal level, the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), was the main Environmental Protection Organ. A subsequent restructuring has transformed EPA to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC) and recently restructured as Environment, Forest and Climate Change commission (EFCCC).

Regional environmental protection agencies have been also established, which decreed that each national regional state should establish an independent regional environmental agency.

Table 4 below summarizes institutional arrangements for environmental and related responsibilities of relevant institutions

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Table 4: Summary of Institutional Arrangement for Environmental &Related Responsibilities of Relevant Institutions

No. Institutional Responsibilities Arrangement 1 EFCCC Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission (EFCCC) is an autonomous government body established by proclamation No.1097/2018 .EFCCC is the key institution at the federal level which has responsibilities on environmental protection and engages in environmental issues and projects that have a federal, interregional and international scope.

Proclamation 803/2013 empowers each region to establish its own independent environmental agency/Sectorial 2 Regional Environmental Units with the responsibilities to coordinate and follow-up efforts to ensure public participation in the Environmental decision making process, Agencies/Bureau The major responsibilities include:

. coordinate and follow-up efforts to ensure public participation in the decision making process, to play an active role in coordinating the formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional conservation strategies as well as to foster environmental monitoring, and protection and regulation. . set up its environmental unit with the responsibilities to coordinate and follow-up to ensure that its activities are in harmony with national efforts to protect and preserve environment. . Provide environmental clearance certificate through reviewing ESIA reports with their respective region The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (MoWIE): 3 MoWIE MoWIE is established by proclamation No.1097/2018 is the lead institution for the Water, Irrigation & Energy Sector. Its responsibilities include resource assessment and development, policy and regulatory and research and development. In the resource assessment and development area its fields of operation are mainly water, hydropower, wind & solar energy resources. The following are relevant energy sector institutions accountable to MOWIE In relation to this sub-projects implementation , MoWIE is responsible to check and oversee the E&S compliance with the environmental and social policies of the country during project implementation.  Based on the delegation from EFCCC, the Ministry will review the project ESMF, ESIA, ESMP and other safeguards documents, provide their comments and recommendations to be included in the final document before approval of the project

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Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU): 4 EEU EEU is responsible for managing, distributing and selling electric energy in accordance with government priorities. It also undertake study , design and survey off-grid electricity generation, and construction and up grading works of off- grid electricity generation transmission lines and substation up to 66 kilo volt level; and administer, operate and maintain off-grid electricity generation, transmission line and distribution up to 66 kilo volt level; EEU will oversee and ensure sound implementation of environmental and social safeguards measures over the program implementation period. EEU will conduct periodic safeguards monitoring during construction and operation phase of the program, preparation, and implementation of Environmental, and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), ESMP, and Resettlement Action Plan (A/RAP) and to oversee the overall private sectors safeguards management activities through a well established ESMS. The Ethiopian Energy Authority (EEA): EEA serve as the power sector regulator with functions including 5 EEA licenses/permits, power purchase agreements and tariffs. The Authority is also responsible for energy efficiency and energy conservation in particular to set-up standards, carry-out testing and labelling of appliances, industrial and commercial audits. EEA is also responsible for negotiation of tariffs for fully off-grid independent power projects (IPPs) .The proposed project will need to engage with the appropriate authorities/ministries to implement the project For Proclamation no. 1161/2019, Proclamation on Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes, Payments of Compensation and Resettlement of Displaced People, provides power and functions for the following federal & regional institution for implementation this proclamation:-

6 Ministry of . nsure and follow up implementation of provisions of this Proclamation pertaining to Urban in Urban Areas; Urban . Support resettlement of displaced people from urban areas; Development and Construction . Provide technical and capacity building support to Regional States, . Follow up and support the issuance of Directives required for the proper implementation of this Proclamation; and

. Asses the living conditions the holders whose land has been expropriated for public purpose for urban development and provide solutions to problems discovered 7 Ministry of . Follow up and ensure implementation of the provisions of this proclamation pertaining to rural areas in the Agriculture Regions. . Support resettlement of displaced people from rural areas.

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8 Regional States . Follow up and ensure the implementation of this Proclamation and the Regulation and Directive enacted under it in Regional States, . Develop and implement resettlement packages. An independent entity that implement and govern this framework shall be established or appointed from this institution to bear this responsibility. . Provide capacity building support to Woreda Administrations to enable them implement this Proclamation. . asses the living conditions of the displaced persons and provide solutions to the identified problems 9 Woreda . Follow up and ensure the implementation of this Proclamation and the Regulation and Directive enacted under it Administrations in Regional States, . Develop and implement resettlement packages. An independent entity that implement and govern this framework shall be established or appointed from this institution to bear this responsibility. . Provide capacity building support to Woreda Administrations to enable them implement this Proclamation. . asses the living conditions of the displaced persons and provide solutions to the identified problems

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3. REVIEW OF POLICIES, STANDARDS, LEGAL &INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Constitution of Ethiopia

The Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) adopted in 1995 provides the basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection and management. The Constitution has the following key environmental objectives that have relevance to the development projects.  Development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment.  People have the right to full consultation and the expression of their view in the planning and implementation projects that affect them directly.  Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment

The specific articles of the constitution relevant to the proposed project include:

 Article 43 (1) gives broad right to the peoples of Ethiopia to improved living standards and to sustainable development.  Article 43 (2) acknowledges the rights of the people to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.  Article 43 (3) requires all international agreements and relations by the state to protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.  Article 44 (1) Environmental Rights stipulations that all citizens have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment  Article 92 (1-4) Environmental objectives are identified as government would endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment. The design and implementation of programs would not damage nor destroy the environment. Citizens also have a right to full consultation and to expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that directly affect them.  The Constitution of Ethiopia includes legal frameworks that protect the Ethiopian citizen’s rights to private property and set conditions for expropriation of such property for state or public interests.  The constitution leaves the detailed implementation of the provisions concerning tenure rights over rural land to be determined by subsequent specific laws to be issued at both the Federal and Regional levels,

3.1 National Legal Environmental Frameworks

The legal instruments which provide legal framework for environmental protection and management in Ethiopia include the constitution of Ethiopia, environmental and related sectorial policies and several environmental proclamations and supporting regulations and guidelines

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The Constitution of Ethiopia includes legal frameworks that protect the Ethiopian citizen’s rights to private property and set conditions for expropriation of such property for state or public interests. The constitution leaves the detailed implementation of the provisions concerning tenure rights over rural land to be determined by subsequent specific laws to be issued at both the Federal and Regional levels, In addition, the Constitution of Ethiopia includes legal frameworks that protect the Ethiopian citizen’s rights to private property and set conditions for expropriation of such property for state or public interests. The constitution leaves the detailed implementation of the provisions concerning tenure rights over rural land to be determined by subsequent specific laws to be issued at both the Federal and Regional levels,

The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (MoWIE): MoWIE is established by proclamation No.1097/2018 is the lead institution for the Water, regional Irrigation & Energy Sector. Its responsibilities include resource assessment and development, structure4 MoWIE policy and regulatory and research and development. In the resource assessment and 3 development area its fields of operation are mainly water, hydropower, wind & solar energy resources. The following are relevant energy sector institutions accountable to MOWIE.

Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU): EEU is responsible for managing, distributing and selling electric energy in accordance with government priorities. It also undertake study , design and survey off-grid electricity generation, 4 EEU and construction and up grading works of off-grid electricity generation transmission lines and substation up to 66 kilo volt level; and administer, operate and maintain off-grid electricity generation, transmission line and distribution up to 66 kilo volt level;

The Ministry is responsible for coordinating the nation’s labour and Social Affairs and implementing Programmes thereof. Through its department of occupational Safety, Health and Working Environment, the Ministry follows-up the proper implementation of directives, polices and international labour conventions; Conducts study and research and generates policy ideas; 7 MOLSA follow-up the implementation of occupational safety, health and working environment laws, rules & regulations in establishments; and undertakes capacity building activities in the areas of occupational safety, health and working environment for regional bureaus.

3.1.1 Relevant Environmental, Energy & Sectoral Policies

To support sustainable development efforts of the country, the Government of Ethiopia has adopted several policies and strategies including environmental and related sectorial policies and strategies which were developed based on the provisions of the constitution of Ethiopia. Table 3 below summarizes polices &strategies relevant to the proposed project.

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Table 5: Summary of relevant polices

Policies Relevance The environment policy adopted in 1997 is Ethiopia’s umbrella policy on environmental management

Objective: Its overall objective is to improve and enhance health and quality of life for all Ethiopians, and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles. The specific objective of the policy relevant to the project include:-  To conserve, develop, sustainably manage and support Ethiopia's rich and diverse cultural heritage  Prevent the pollution of land, air and water in the most cost-effective way. Environmental  To ensure policies and instruments support conservation of biological diversity Policy,1997  To ensure that the environment of heritage sites is so managed as to protect the landscape, the monuments, and the artifacts or the fossils as the case may be  To give priority to waste collection and to its safe disposal Relevance to the Project: The policy recognizes the need for development projects including the proposed project to address, social, socio-economic, and cultural impacts, in addition to physical and biological impacts and public consultations to be integrated within ESIA procedures. In addition, each ESIA shall include measures within the design process for both public and private sector & the need for developer to comply with this policy during all project stages. The broad objective of the energy policy are to meet the improved security and reliability of energy supply and be a regional hub for renewable energy, increase access to affordable energy, promote efficient, cleaner,& appropriate energy technologies and conservation measure, build strong energy institution, ensure environmental and social safety and sustainability of energy supply and utilization and strengthening energy sector financing.

National Energy Policy of Ethiopia (2013) Reliance to the project: The policy stress the need to Integrate environmental sustainability into all energy initiatives with respect to the production, transportation and utilization of energy and the requirement to introduce mandatory environmental and social impact assessment on new energy projects to assess the level of emissions of pollutions and determine whether the project will have to be realized and on the type of necessary mitigation measures to be adapted as necessary energy policy instrument for energy sector projects.

Objectives: The overall goal of the water resources policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient and optimum utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on sustainable bases. The Policy emphasize the need to control and ensure that water bodies are protected from pollution by waste Water Resources Policies water and other wastes indiscriminately discharged by industries and others & protect (1999) water bodies and water systems from pollution and depletion Relevance to the Project: The developer is required to comply with stipulations of the policy in the use and exploitation of water resources. In case the construction of energy projects will eventually have impact on water streams, adjacent lakes or on ground water, adequate measures should be implemented to avoid negative impacts.

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Policies Relevance

Objective: The key objective of this policy is to conserve, to develop and to utilize the country's biodiversity resources.

National Biodiversity Policy Relevance to the Project: Integration of the biodiversity conservation and development 1998 into federal and regional sectorial development initiatives and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance have been identified as the principal strategies for implementing the policy. The project must take note of the biodiversity of the project area and the regional biodiversity initiatives/strategies.

The cultural policy clearly states strategic issues and strategies regarding the conservation and protection of heritage resources of the country. Article 2 of the Policy states to systematically identify, develop, preserve and use the cultural, historical, and natural heritages of the peoples of Ethiopia, to sustainably apply them for economic, social and human development, and to facilitate their study, documentation, visibility and transfer to the next generation. It also devised implementation strategies, which includes:

. The country’s heritages shall be protected and maintained in accordance with their Cultural Policy of Ethiopia cultural and historical values by devising and applying a heritage management (2016) system . Close relations shall be forged with communities and other partners to protect and manage the country’s heritages Moreover, the Policy put down strategic statement regarding “Cultural Resources and Indigenous Knowledge” under article 2.3 and maintains:

Relevance to the Project: In planning and implementation of the proposed project, consideration should be taken to protect cultural, historical, and natural heritages of the country in general and the project area in particular. This policy emphasizing that all economic and social programs and activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and in the decision making process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the federal and regional institutions as well as implementation and National Policy on operation of private establishments. Women(1993) In general, the

3.1.2 Proclamations, Regulations &Directives

A number of proclamations & regulations containing provisions for the protection and management of the environment that reflect the principles of Ethiopian Constitution and Environmental Policy of Ethiopia have been prepared. The following table summarizes of proclamations and regulations relevant to the proposed project.

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Table 6 : Summary of relevant Proclamations and Regulations

Proclamations/ Regulations/Directives Summary The regulation is applicable to consumers, producers, transporters, collection centers, refurbishing, dismantlers and recyclers of electrical and electronic equipment. Part 2 of the regulation states that to minimize the environmental impacts associated with of electrical and electronic waste, three Electric & Electrical Waste waste hierarchies should be applied including reduction of waste generation; refurbishing and reuse, Management &Disposal Regulation recycling and disposal. The regulation clearly indicated the major roles of e-waste consumers, (Reg.No.425/2018) extended producers, collectors, dismantlers, recyclers, refurbishing companies and waste transports. This regulation is applicable as the proposed project is likely to generate wastes including used batteries and solar panels etc.

This regulation directed to industry and in particular “factories”. The regulation does not provide a Industrial Pollution clear definition of “factories”; however, certain sections of the regulation can be deemed Regulation(Reg.No.159/2008) applicable to the proposed project e.g. the need for emergency response systems and the need for monitoring of environmental safety. The main objectives of the proclamation are : Hazardous Waste Management and  To create a system for the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous Disposal Control Proclamation (Pro. Waste No.1090/2018  Prevent the damage to the human or animal health, the environment, biodiversity and property due to the mismanagement of hazardous waste. This Proclamation is applicable to any person who is engaged in the transaction of industrial chemicals and the objectives of the projection include: Industrial Chemical Registration and  establishing a national system for registration and administration of industrial chemicals; Administration Proclamation (Pro.  Preventing and controlling the adverse effects arising from the mismanagement of chemicals to the No.1075/2018) human and animals health as well as environment safety that may occur in the transaction of industrial chemicals. This regulation is applicable as the proposed project is likely to generate E- wastes.

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Proclamations/ Regulations/Directives Summary The key objective of the proclamation is to make EIA mandatory for specific categories of projects implemented either by public or private sector. The general provisions of the Proclamation outline the following processes for implementation and licensing as:  Implementation of any project that requires an EIA, and is subject to an authorization from the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) or from Regional Environmental Agency (REA); Environnemental Impact Assissent  Any licensing agency shall, prior to issuing an investment permit, trade or an operating license for any Proclamation (No. 299-2002) project ensure that the EPA or the relevant REA has authorized its implementation;  The EPA or the relevant REA (depending on the degree of expected impacts) may waive the requirement for an EIA;  A licensing agency shall either suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued, in the case that the EPA or the REA suspends or cancels the environmental authorization; This proclamation is promulgated with a view to eliminate or, when not possible to mitigate pollution as an undesirable consequence of social and economic development activities

The main objective of proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control is to provide basis for the set-up of standards on protection of ambient environmental in Ethiopia and to endorse the respect of these standards.The proclamation prescribes the principle of the “polluter pays” for all individuals, businesses, industries, etc. Environnemental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300-2002 The proposed energy project shall minimize the generation of pollutant to an amount not exceeding the limit set by the relevant environmental standard and dispose of it in an environmentally sound manner (Article 4 (1)).In addition, the developers shall have the obligation to handle equipment, inputs and products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and to human health (Article 4(2)).

Any violation of these standards is a punishable act. The “polluter pays” principle will also apply to all persons, trades, industries, storages, If any factory loses a potentially dangerous pollutant, input or product it shall immediately notify the competent environmental organ (Article 4(4)). The objective of this Proclamation is to allocate mandates to separate organizations for environmental development& management activities on one hand and environmental protection regulations and Establishment of Environmental monitoring on the other hand, in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental resources and avoiding Protection Organs (Proclamation No. possible conflicts of interest and duplications of effort. 295/2002) The developer is required to get environmental clearance certificate from the relevant environmental protection agency before project implementation

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Proclamations/ Regulations/Directives Summary

Solid Waste Management This proclamation sets the rules for sustainable management of wastes in order to achieve social and Proclamation economic development out of projects and preserve nature and protect environment. (No. 513/2007) This Directive is issued by the Ethiopian Electricity Agency (currently replaced by Ethiopian Energy Authority) pursuant to the authority vested in it by Articles 55, 67 and 69 of Electricity Operations Council of Ministers Regulations No. 49/1999. Directive on overhead electric lines &quality of supply (no. EEA/1/2005 Article 6, 7, and 8 of this directive include minimum standard distance of different voltage for clearance of overhead electric lines, clearance from other lines and clearance from vegetation corresponding to electric lines from ground for a road accessible to vehicular traffic, a building or structure, track of a small gauge railway/tramway system and clearance from vegetation as well as other lines. This proclamation provides various statements on working conditions & occupational health & safety conditions The proclamation obliges that an employer shall take the necessary measures to adequately safeguard the health and safety of the workers.

Components are as follows: women shall not be discriminated against as regards employment and payment on the basis of their sex. It is prohibited to employ women on type of work that may be listed to be particularly odious or harmful to their health; An employer shall not terminate the contract of employment of women during her pregnancy and until four months after her confinement. Grant leave to pregnant women without deducting her wage; adhere to the occupational health & safety requirements provided in the proclamation; take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified concerning the hazard of their respective occupation and the precautions Labour Proclamation 1156/2019 necessary to avoid accident and injury to health; provide workers with protective equipment, clothing and other materials and instruct them of its use; and Ensure that the work place and premises do not cause danger to the health and safety of the workers. The proclamation also states that no one may employ persons under 15 years of age,

Occupational Health and Safety: Article 92 of the Labor Proclamation states the fundamental obligations of an employer with regard to putting in place all the necessary measures in order to ensure that work places are safe, healthy and free of any danger to the wellbeing of workers. In the same article the employer is obliged to take particular measures to safeguard the health and safety of the workers, as follows:

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Proclamations/ Regulations/Directives Summary  To comply with the occupational safety and health requirements;  Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed;  Establish an occupational, safety and health committee;  Provide workers with protective equipment, clothing and other materials and instruct them of its use;  Ensure that all processes of work shall not be a source or cause of physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic & psychological hazards to the health and safety of the workers.

Article 93 provides the obligations of workers pertaining to the required co-operation and practice of the regulation and instruction given by the employer in order to ensure safety health and working conditions at work places.

The public health & safety addresses concerns of adjacent communities with regards to project construction, operation and decommissioning activities and that might negatively impact water, ambient air, or cause issues due to sanitation and waste water / solid waste mismanagement. The developer is required to comply with key areas and basic descriptions of hygiene and sanitation needs for enforcement of: water and food sanitation; waste management, and ambient pollution controls. The construction, its operations and eventual decommission will need to fully comply with the labor proclamation. The enforcement of occupational health requirements and standards in work places also includes medical care, sickness benefit, old-age benefit, employment injury benefit, maternity benefit, invalidity benefit& survivors’ benefit.

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3.1.3 Environmental Guidelines

Several environmental guidelines have been prepared by the former Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority. The guidelines provide a list of projects and activities which require full, preliminary and no EIA. Table 6 below summarizes of details of major environmental guidelines relevant to the proposed project

Table 7: Summary of environmental guidelines relevant to the proposed project

No. Name of guideline Summary

This EIA document provides a background to environmental impact assessment& environmental management in Ethiopia.

1 EIAGuideline, 2000 The guideline recommend to implement cleaner production strat- alternative products, production processes, raw materials, energy sources, prevent or reduce waste, waste recycling, re-use& to introduce water and energy saving measures

The aim of this guideline is to assist proponents and consultants in carrying out their environmental assessment related tasks and also other parties who engage in EIA processes to realize their rights, roles and responsibilities.

EIA Procedural 2 Guideline, 2003 The guideline outlines the screening, review and approval process for development projects in Ethiopia and defines the criteria for undertaking an EIA. This guideline encourage the develop and sustainable use of efficient alternative energy sources to enhance protection of forest.

The purpose of this guideline is to give guidance on the design and proper Guideline for implementation of Environmental and social management plan. The guideline Environmental 3 outlines the necessary measures for preparation of an Environmental Management Management Plan Plan (EMP) for proposed developments in Ethiopia and the institutional ,2004 arrangements for implementation of EMPs.

3.2 National Legislation Governing Land Administration, Acquisition, Compensation & Resettlement

The following section presents review of legal, institutional and regulatory framework governing land administration, acquisition, compensation and resettlement which include: . The Constitution of Ethiopia . Expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement(proclamation No. 1161/2019) . Rural land administration and land use proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005 :)

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. Payment of compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes regulation (Regulations No. 135/2007) 3.2.1 Expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement

The new federal proclamation on expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement (Proclamation No.1161/2019) repealed "Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation ,Proclamation No. 455/2005’’. The new proclamation has become necessary to address the steadily growing urban population which requires more land for building houses, infrastructure; and for redevelopment of the urban slams to invigorate investment and other services and for development activities in rural areas , define the powers and responsibilities of authorities which are in charge of property valuation; payment of compensation and resettlement and rectify and fill gaps envisaged in the former law and include other provisions to make the system of expropriation of land holdings and payment of compensation more effective and decision making process and grievances procedure related with the expropriation and payment of compensation The proclamation states that the landholder whose land has been expropriated shall be paid compensation for the property on the land and the permanent improvement made on the land. The amount of compensation for the property on the land shall cover the cost of replacing the property anew. The new proclamation also addressed displacement & compensation issues for communal landholding. The proclamation provides for the expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation states that a landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of compensation for his/her property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he/she made to such land. The amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be assessed on the basis of replacement cost of the property. Regarding displacement compensation, the proclamation states that a rural landholder whose landholding has been permanently expropriated shall, in addition to compensation paid for property situated on the expropriated land, be paid displacement compensation which shall be commensurate to ten times the average annual income he/she secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. It also empowered the Woreda Administration to establish valuation committees to value private properties. In the case of public-owned infrastructures to be removed from the right-of-way, the owners of the structures would assess the value of the properties to be removed. Additionally the proclamation provided for appeals on valuation decisions but such action would not delay transfer of possession of land to the proponent or contractor appointed by the proponent. A woreda or an urban administration shall, upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the same purpose. Relevant sections of the proclamation on expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement (proclamation no. 1161/2019)) are summarized in table 8 below.

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Table 8: Summary of expropriation of landholding for public purpose, payments of compensation and resettlement (proclamation No. 1161/2019)

Theme Relevant Sections Part IV ,Article 25 require and authorises Woredas or Urban Administration to organize consultative meetings with people that are going to be displaced on the type; benefits; and generally the process of the project; Institutional responsibility To pay compensation, implement resettlement packages, maintain record of the property located on the expropriated land and support and ensure the improvement of the livelihood of displaced farmers and pastoralists and maintain record and evidences relating to the displaced Article 9 the proclamation states that land requiring body shall submit to the city or woreda administration the decision that shows the size and exact location of the land to Land Requiring Body be expropriated at least one year before the commencement of the project

Article 8 sub-articles 1-9 require the city Administration or Woreda :-  To consult land holders who are to be displaced at least one year before they handover their holdings on the type; benefits and general process of the project  To collect landholding rights and conduct inventory, amount and size of all compensable properties from displaced people or their legal representatives. properties added after the expropriation notification is given to the land holder are not compensated.  To notify the land holder or his agent in writing to hand over the land expropriated for public Land holder purpose with the description of the amount of compensation to be paid; and/or the size and notifications for location of the land or house in kind compensation. expropriation, The land holder may be forced to handover the land within 120 (one hundred and twenty) days of compensation and the payment in cash or in kind compensation; or after the cash is deposited in the bank. land handover Where there is no permanent property or crop on the expropriated land, the land holder shall hand over his landholding within 30 (thirty) days of the payment of compensation to the City or Woreda Administration.

Where the land expropriated is under illegal occupation, the occupant shall evacuate without claim for compensation within 30 (thirty) days of notice.

Article 10 (1-6) indicates that The City or Woreda Administration shall request in writing utility line owner organizations to reply if they have utility lines over or under ground on the land to be expropriated . Removal of Utility The owner of the utility lines on the expropriated land shall estimate the value of the utility line to be Lines affected and send it with evidence to the City or Woreda Administration that requested it under sub article 1 of this Article within 30 (thirty) days of receiving the request. The utility line owner shall remove utility lines and clear the land within 60(sixty) days after the payment has been made. The utility line owner shall remove complex utility lines and clear the land within 120 (one hundred and twenty) days after the payment has been made.

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Theme Relevant Sections Article12 (1-6 )of the Proclamation No. 1161/2019 , high lights that a land holder is entitled to payment of compensation for his property situated on the land and for permanent improvements made on the land. The amount of compensation for the property on the land shall cover the cost of replacing the property anew. Compensation for permanent improvement to land shall be equal to the current value of capital and labor expended on the land.

Article 13 further requires that in addition to the compensation payable under Article 12, rural Compensation landholder whose landholding has been permanently expropriated shall, in addition, be paid displacement compensation and land substitution. The amount of compensation given to the temporarily displaced people shall not be greater than the amount of compensation given to permanently displaced people.

A rural landholder whose landholding has been provisionally expropriated shall, be paid displacement compensation for lost income based on the highest annual income secured during the last three years preceding the expropriation of the land until repossession of the land. Article 17 (1-3 ) states that ccompensation for the property situated on land to be expropriated shall be evaluated by certified private institution or individual consultant valuators on the basis of a nationally approved valuation method

Valuation of Property Where there is no private certified property valuation organization or individual consultant, valuation shall be an Autonomous Government Organization established for this purpose.

Where the organizations under sub articles 1 and 2 of this article do not exist, it shall be, considering location of the expropriated land evaluated by valuation committee established by the relevant Urban or Woreda Administrations comprising proper professionals. Article18 (1-3) of the Proclamation indicates that regional states & city administrations shall establish complaint hearing body and appeal hearing council which shall have jurisdiction to entertain grievances arising from decisions under this proclamation. Grievance resolution Article 19 further states that any person who received an order of expropriation of his landholding; or who has an interest or claim on the property to be expropriated may file an application within 30 (thirty) days of service of the order to the Complaint Hearing Body which is established as per sub- article 1 of Article 18 of this proclamation .

3.2.2 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation

This proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) provides a system of administration for rural land management and use and for sustainable rural land use planning that assures sustainable livelihood to communities. This proclamation describes the rights and obligations of users of rural land, including traditional subsistence farmers and private commercial estates. The proclamation makes statements oriented to preventing land degradation and maximizing productivity. Most importantly, it defines obligations of rural land users and land use restrictions. This law defines the scope of individual land use rights and states that such rights can be leased and bequeathed. The developer

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is required to get certificate of title issued by a competent authority as proof of rural land/urban land use right.

3.2.3 Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes

The regulation (Regulation No 135/2007) addresses payment of compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes. This regulation sets the rules for not only paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood. It contains provisions on assessment of compensation for various property types (including buildings, fences, crops, trees and protected grass), permanent improvement of rural land, relocation of property, mining license, and formula for calculating the amount of compensation. In addition, it has provisions for replacement of urban land and rural land, displacement compensation for land used for crops, protected grass or grazing, and provisional expropriation of rural land. Further, this regulation includes provisions that specify properties for which compensation is not allocated and regarding furnishing of data to compensation committee, records of property, evidence of possession and ownership and valuation costs.

3.3 Review of International Frameworks

There are a number of polices procedures and guidelines and standards prepared by funding agencies for different developmental projects worldwide. The following section presents review of World Bank’s environmental and social framework (ESF) environmental & social standards relevant to the proposed project).

3.3.1 The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF)

ESF (2017) is framework which will be used to screen, identify and manage environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the proposed project, mainly initiated after October 2017, like the proposed ADELE project..

The Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework consists of ten Environmental and Social Standard prepared to help Borrowers to manage the risks and impacts of a project, and improve their environmental and social performance and those standards applicable & relevant to the proposed project are summarized below in table 10.

31 Final ESMF Report

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Table9: Summary of relevant World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standard

Environmental & Social Standards (ESSs) Summary

ESS 1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts (ESSs 1)

ESS1 requires Borrower’s for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social risks and impacts associated with each stage of a project supported by the Bank in order to achieve environmental and social outcomes consistent with the Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs)

This standards aims to identify, evaluate and manage the environment and social risks and impacts adopt a mitigation hierarchy approach Including avoidance , minimize or reduce risks and impacts to acceptable levels, utilize national environmental and social institutions, systems, laws, regulations and procedures in the assessment, development and implementation of projects, whenever appropriate & promote improved environmental and social performance, in ways which recognize and enhance Borrower capacity.

Relevance : The proposed development project is likely to cause environmental and social impacts Hence, assessment and management of environmental and social risks and impacts is required

ESS 2 Labor and Working Conditions: ESS 2 stresses the importance of employment creation and income generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and inclusive economic growth. It requires to promote sound worker-management relationships and enhance the development benefits of a project by treating workers in the project fairly and providing safe and healthy working conditions

Relevance: The project will involve temporary or permanent workforce during construction and implementation phase of the project. Hence, the project will apply this standards

Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management. ESS3 ESS 3 recognizes that economic activity and urbanization often generate pollution to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources that may threaten people, ecosystem services and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels.

32 Final ESMF Report

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Environmental & Social Standards (ESSs) Summary

The current and projected atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) threatens the welfare of current and future generations. At the same time, more efficient and effective resource use, pollution prevention and GHG emission avoidance, and mitigation technologies and practices have become more accessible and achievable. Given the anticipated pollution impact emanated from the project, particularly hazardous wastes from used and damaged solar appliances and batteries, ESS 3 is applicable to the project

Community Health and Safety; ESS4 recognizes that project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase community exposure to risks and impacts. In addition, communities that are already subjected to impacts from climate change may also experience an acceleration or intensification of impacts due to project. It addresses the health, safety, and security risks and ESS 4 impacts on project-affected communities and the corresponding responsibility of Borrowers to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to people who, because of their particular circumstances, may be vulnerable. The construction and operation phases the project is likely to cause adverse health and safety risks on the local community. Hence, this standard is applicable to ADLE project

Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and voluntary Resettlement; ESS5 recognizes that project-related land acquisition and restrictions on land use can have adverse impacts on communities and persons which may cause physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shelter), economic displacement (loss of land, assets or access to assets, leading to loss of income ESS 5 sources or other means of livelihood) or both.

Relevance : This ESS will be applied since the proposed project projects will likely cause at least loss of income sources or means of livelihood of the local community in the project area as a result of the project, whether or not the project affect persons (PAPs) are required to move or not

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources

:ESS6 recognizes and addresses that:- ESS 6  Protecting and conserving biodiversity and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development. It defines Biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity often underpins ecosystem services

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Environmental & Social Standards (ESSs) Summary

valued by humans. Impacts on biodiversity can therefore often adversely affect the delivery of ecosystem services.  The importance of maintaining core ecological functions of habitats, including forests, and the biodiversity they support.  Addresses sustainable management of primary production2 and harvesting of living natural resources.  The need to consider the livelihood of project-affected parties, including Indigenous Peoples, whose access to, or use of, biodiversity or living natural resources may be affected by a project.

Relevance: This OS will be applied since the project would be located in areas providing ecosystem services upon which potentially affected stakeholders will be dependent for survival, sustenance, livelihood or primary income source

Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local-ESS 7

This ESS applies to a distinct social and cultural group identified in accordance with paragraphs 8 and 9 of this ESS. ESS7 contributes to poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that projects supported by the Bank enhance opportunities for Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically ESS7 Underserved Traditional Local communities to participate in, and benefit from, the development process in ways that do not threaten their unique cultural identities and well-being.

Relevance: Since the proposed development project is to be implemented in some of the project regions where indigenous peoples (vulnerable and marginalized groups) is a possibility, this standard should be considered and the project should respect indigenous people’s dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness so that they receive culturally compatible, social and economic

benefits and do not suffer from adverse effects during the development process.

Cultural Heritage

 Recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past, present and future. People identify with ESS 8 cultural heritage as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. Cultural heritage, in its many manifestations, is important as a source of valuable scientific and historical information, as an economic and social asset for development, and as an integral part of people’s cultural identity and practice.

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Environmental & Social Standards (ESSs) Summary

 Sets out measures designed to protect cultural heritage throughout the project life cycle.

 Sets out general provisions on risks and impacts to cultural heritage from project activities. Relevance: ESS8 is applied to the project components which undertake construction activity. The project should identify any important physical cultural resources that need protection in the project area and its surrounding. A chance finds procedure should also be considered if no physical cultural site is identified at the early stage of the proposed project

Financial Intermediaries: ESS9 recognizes that strong domestic capital and financial markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. The Bank is committed to supporting sustainable financial sector development and enhancing the role of domestic capital and financial markets.

Relevance: This ESS is relevant to the subcomponent 2.2. which is implemented ESS9 by EEU and the involvement of local and international private mini grid developers, as well as cooperatives. Therefore, as a the requiermnets of ESS9 to monitor and supervise environmnet and risk management compliance, EEU will undertake a capacity assessment its existing ESMS and will strengthen to implement component 2.2. prior to project implementation. The implementation of actions identified in the gap assessment will be a disbursement condition under 2.2.

Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure: This ESS recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant ESS10 contribution to successful project design and implementation.

Relevance : The standard is relevant to the project since stakeholder engagement and information disclosure is a priority for planning ,implementing & ensuring sustainability of the proposed project

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4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

Collection, review and analysis of existing information about biophysical and socio-economic resource basis are of fundamental importance for evaluation of environmental& social impacts and risk that area likely to arise with development projects. This chapter describes the exiting baseline condition of the nine project regions and sample selected Woredas in terms of bio-physical well as the socio-economic and cultural environment.

4.1 Oromia National Regional State

4.1.1 Physical Environment

Location &Extent The region shares borderlines with all the Ethiopian Regional States except Tigray. It also shares international borderlines with the Republic of Sudan in the west and Kenya in the south. The total area of the region is 363,136 km2, accounting for about 34.3 % of the total area of the country. Land Scape &Topography Oromia is a region of great physiographic diversity. Its landscape includes topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the north-western and north-eastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and south-eastern part. The region with immense geographical diversity includes high mountains including Batu, Tulu Dimtu, Kecha ,Ankolo, Gara Mulat etc. Agro ecology & Climate Altitude in the region varies from 500 masl in the south eastern part to 4,300 masl in the central and north western parts. The climatic types prevailing in the region may be grouped into 3 major categories: the dry climate, tropical rainy climate and temperate rainy climate. The dry climate is characterized by poor sparse vegetation with annual mean temperature of 27°C to 39°C, and mean annual rainfall of less than 450 mm. The hot semi-arid climate with annual temperature varying between 18°Cand 27°C . The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and north western parts are more of temperate climate.. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200 mm in the south east to 2,000 mm in the north western part of the region.

Geology The major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and is tectonically unstable. It appears to be a zone of volcanic and seismic activities. There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromia: the Rift lakes plain, the transitional scrap slopes, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava highlands and massifs and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The geology of the region consists

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of: Rocks of the Precambrian era, Rocks of the Paleozoic era, Rocks of the Mesozoic era, and Rocks of the Cenozoic era.

Soil: According to Woody Biomass (2002), the major soil types of the region include Nitisol, Cambisol ,Vertisol ,Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols and Fluvisols are commonly found in the plain lands of river banks and lake shores. . Water Resource There is an abundant surface and groundwater resources in the region. The Major rivers in the country like Blue Nile (Abay), Jemma, Muger, Guder and Anger Didessa, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dawa, Genale, Weyb, Dabuss, traverse the Oromia Region amd are major source of surface water in the region. The lakes in the region include Langano, Zeway, Abiyata,,Shalla Beseka; & crater lakes such as Chukala, Hora, Bishoftu, Hora Oda, Megerisa, Wenchi and Dendi; .

4.1.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover The region has dense forest cover in the central, south western and western areas, while southern and south-eastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savannah, grassland, riverine forests and wetland vegetation. Most of Oromia’s high forest (moist montane forests) is found in the Bale forested landscape in the southeast and the Jimma/ Wellega/Ilubabor forested landscape in the west Wild Life Resource, National Park Protected Area &Nature reserves Oromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species. There are about 12 million ha of woodland and bush land covering 32% of the Region. There is also 70 percent of the national forest priority areas located in Oromia: the Munesa (1,385 ha), Tiro Boter Becho (8,500 ha), Menagesha Suba (9,000 ha) are set aside as Nature Reserves. Oromia is also rich in wild animals. There are around 800 bird species and more than 100 wild animals in the region. Endemic wild animals such as Red Fox and Menelik Bushbuck are found in the Bale mountains national park. The Awash National Park is home to the Oryx, Kudu, Caracal, Aardavark, Colobus Monkey, Green Monkeys, Baboons, Leopard, Klipspringer, Hippo, Seemering's Gazelle, Grevy's Zebra and Cheetah. The Awash National Park has also bird sanctuary some of which include Limburger, Wattle Crane, Angur Buzzard, Verreaux Eagle and long eared owls. Water Fowls, Shore Birds and the colorful Ruddy Shelled Duck as well as the endemic Blue-38 winged Goose are common in the marshy areas of the park. There are parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta–Shala National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife Reserves (Sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo.

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The parks and protected areas host variety of wildlife and important bird species.They include, Mountain nyala, the Giant molerat, Ethiopian Wolf, Minilik’s Bushbuck, Bohor reed buck, Grey duiker, Oribi, Klipspringer, Grant’s Gazelle, Greater Kudu, Lesser kudu, Swayen’s hartebeest, Gerenuk, Burchell’s Zebra, Warthog, Giant forest hog, Bush pig, Colobus, Monkey, Anubis baboon, Spotted hyaena, Serval cat, Lion, Leopard, Golden jackal and African Hunting. The region has three national parks (Bale Mountains, Awash and Abijatta Shalla) and regional (Dhera Zilfekar), five sanctuaries (Sankalle, Yabello, Babile, Erer-fafen and Kuni Muktar) and three wildlife reserves (Awash, Bale and Chelbi) and many controlled hunting areas. The forests in Oromia region provide critical ecosystem services to the country and to the Region. It harbors globally important biodiversity with endangered endemic species such as the Abyssinian wolf and the mountain Nyla.

4.1.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Oromia Region is 27,158,471 of whom 3,370,040 are urban dwellers while 23,788,431 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the region is 35,467,001.From the estimated population, 5,354,000 (15%) people live in rural areas while 30,113,000 (85%) people are rural residences. Ethnic group residing in the region is also varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups. Livelihood and Natural Resources: Agriculture is the basis of livelihood for the majority of the population in the region. The region is also endowed with livestock resources, although quality and productivity is very low. Traditional range land management practices have deteriorated, and development in the water sector for various purposes has led to the degradation of some wet season grazing areas. Grazing land has been taken away from pastoralists for irrigation and for resettlement. Bush encroachment to the grazing lands is also a serious problem to the farmers in the region threatening their livelihood. Mineral deposits such as gold, platinum, nickel, iron-ore, soda ash, diatomite, limestone, feldspar, silica sand, dolomite, kaolin, granite and other construction materials and precious minerals such as gold and platinum is found in Adola and Laga Dambi (Borena zone) Nejo and Birbir river Valley (Wollega) and Yubdo (Wellega). Mining activities that are ongoing include gold (Borena and West Wellega), soda ash in the Rift Valley, limestone, gypsum and clay soil (Muger), tantalum (at Kenticha) ornamental and construction minerals (in Hararghe and Wellega) and ceramic in Borena. Heritage and popular attraction Sites: The hot springs in Walliso and Sodere are popular attraction sites for tourists In Oromia Region. The Sof-Omar caves in central Bale, with their galleries of polished white cone and chamber of columns are the incredible natural phenomena of great interest and beauty. The palace of Aba Jifar in Jimma City is another cultural heritage & historical attraction in the region.

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4.1.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts

In order to view & show the detail biophysical and socioeconomic setting of the region two sample woredas were selected namely Mada Walabu and Gera. The most important salient features of each woreda are summarized and presented below.

4.1.4.1 Mada Walabu woreda

Location The Woreda is found in south ester part of the country. Specifically, it is located in Bale Zone of Oromia Regional National State. The Woreda is bordered by Harena Buluku,Menna and Gura Damole Woredas to the northern part & a shares boundary with Goji zone in the southern part. Population &Ethnics: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 97,813 of whom 2,987 are urban dwellers while 94,826 live in rural areas As per the projection made by CSA for the year 2017, the estimated population of the district was 125,069.From the estimated population, 4,824 (4%) people live in rural areas while 120,245 (96 %) people are rural residences. The Arsi’s in Madda Walabu contains a number of sub clans some of which are Rayitu, Kereyu, Dawe, Denu, Gayta, Karara, Meta, Gadula and others which are similar in language but different with apical ancestor or forefather from which the name of sub clan originates. The concept of waqeffanna (belief in one God) and Islam are dominant in the district. The Arsi-Bale clan which is pastoral community inhabits in Mada Walabu woreda.

Cultural & Traditional Customary Laws The various communities that make up the Arsi Bale clan are unique because of their customary laws that govern mutual support systems. In Madda Walabu, the system of social security/assistance is called Hirpha. This customary social security is the main coping strategy for resilience from shocks. In addition to the broader community based social security system, the Arsi-Bale pastoralists have an extensive support system for specific vulnerable members of their community such as orphans, the disabled, and women with many unproductive children (haadha hiyyeessaa). The Arsi-Bale have a well-instituted traditional range management systems (herd management, grazing areas, settlement stratification, management of water supply points, hierarchical cohort based responsibilities) most of which are designed for conflict prevention and peaceful coexistence. Their view on nature and environment are instituted in their customary laws not only to protect the natural environment and eco-system, but also to reduce conflicts that may arise on over utilization and rapid depletion of resources. The communities have a customary law that prohibits cutting trees without adequate reasons. Some trees are prohibited for their spiritual, economic, social and cultural values. The type of trees grown in specific areas is also an indication of the availability or shortage of ground water.

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The Gada social system and rules allow cutting of trees only for fencing and building houses. Big trees should not be cut and only small branches are permitted for the construction of Barns. The Arsis believes that trees have and sustain life. Other customary laws regarding the administration of water are also at least not conflicting with the existing safe water supply management system. Livelihood & Natural Resource Basis: Agro- pastoralism is the main livelihood of the community in the area. The Arsi-Bale clan is found in the lowlands of the administrative zone of Bale, which also includes highland areas that are well integrated with the national economy. The livelihood strategy of the community is threatened by frequent drought, bush encroachment and poverty. Frequent drought, food insecurity and poverty are features that differentiate them from other communities.

4.1.4.2 Gera Woreda Location:Gera is one of the woredas in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region that is located 430 km southwest of the capital, Addis Ababa. It is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira. The woreda is bounded by Goma Sigmo and Gumay woredas in the south, west, and north directions respectively. Population &Ethnic : According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 115,307 of whom 4,746 are urban dwellers while 10,561 live in rural areas. As per the projection made by CSA for the year 2017, the estimated population of the district was 144,574. From the estimated population, 7,659 (5.3%) people live in rural areas while 136,915 (94.7 %) people are rural residences.

Livelihood & Natural Resource Basis Topographically, the Woreda is characterized by hills, valleys, and plains, within an altitudinal range of between 1390 and 2980 m.a.s.l. The agro ecological of the Woreda include mid highland (1500–2000 m.a.s.l), highland (> 2000 m.a.s.l) and lowland (< 1500 m.a.s.l). According to Alemayehu (2015), more than half of the district is covered by forest and the remaining area is mainly covered by arable land, pasture, and built-up areas. From the total area the district 80,830 ha is covered by coffee while 21,733 ha of land are used for crop production. Perennial rivers include the Naso. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 26.5% is arable or cultivable (23.4% was under annual crops), 7.0% pasture, 56.6% forest, and the remaining 9.9% is considered degraded, built-up or otherwise unusable and teff are important cash crops.

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From the total area in the district ,80,830 ha is covered by coffee while 21,733 ha of land is used for crop production. Maize and tef (Eragrostis tef) are two of the important crops cultivated. Honey and beef production as well as enset (Ensete ventricosum) and root crops are also commonly grown in the district.

4.2 Amhara National Regional State

4.2.1 Physical Environment

Location: The Amhara National Regional State bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar region in the east. The region shares international borderlines with Sudan in the west. The Regional State has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia). Land Scape &Topography: The Amhara National Regional State has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The region is perhaps topographically the most diverse and complex of all the regions in the country. It is the highest part of the country characterized by rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plains separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs Agro ecology & Climate: Amhara Nation Regional State is topographically divided into the highlands and lowlands. The highlands are above 1500 meters above sea level and comprise the largest part of the northern and eastern parts of the region. These highlands are also characterized by chains of mountains and plateaus and include Ras Dejen (4620 m.a.s.l), Guna (4236 m.a.s.l), Choke (4184 m.a.s.l) and Abune – Yousef (4190 m.a.s.l) mountain peaks. The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dega) and arid hot (Kola) agro-climatic zones. The lowlands lie mainly in the western and eastern parts between 500-1500 m.a.s.l. Areas above 2,300 m.a.s.l fall within the "Dega" climatic Zone, and areas between the 1,500-2,300m asl meter above sea level contour fall within the "Woina Dega" climatic zone; and areas below 1,500 m.a.s.l fall within the "Kolla" or hot climatic zones. The Dega, Woina Dega and Kolla parts of the region constitute 25%, 44% and 31% of the total area of the region, respectively. The region receives the highest percentage (80%) of the total rainfall in the country Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700 mm to over 2,000 mm . The highest rainfall occurs during the summer season, which starts in mid-June and ends in early September. The annual mean temperature for most parts of the region lies between 15oC to 21oC. Geology: The Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic rocks cover most part of the Amhara Region. Soils : According to Woody Biomass (2002) the dominant soils of the region include Cambisols ,Nitisols and Arenosols as the three major soil types in the region.

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Water Resource: Like Oromi Region, the Amhara region has abundant surface and ground water resources. The major water resource basins in the region are the Abay River /Blue Nile/, Tekeze River and Awash River basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake Zengena and Haik.

4.2.2 Biological Environment Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover: The natural forest in the Region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by individual farmers on different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different purposes). However the region has indigenous trees including Olea, Africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia species, hygenia Abyssinia, and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species found in the region.

Wild Life Resource, National Parks, Protected Areas &Nature reserves The region has about 450 species of birds and 50 species of larger mammals. The region is also home to large number of endemic species of Ethiopia, for example Walia Ibex, Abyssinian Wolf, Gelada Baboon, Menelik’s Bush Buck and Stark’s Hare. . The region has identified 17 priority forest areas comprising natural and plantation forests including Denkoro Forest .Protected parks in the region include Simien National Park and Halatish Regional Park. The region has also a number of Important Bird Areas (IBAs), namely: Simien Mountains National Park, Fogera plains, Bahir Dar–Lake Tana, Yegof forest, Denkoro forest, Awi Zone, Choke Mountains, Guassa (Menz), Jemma and Jara valleys, Mid-Abbay (Blue Nile) river basin,Ankober–Debre Sina escarpment, and Aliyu Amba–Dulecha . 4.2.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group:According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Amhara Region is 17,214,056 of whom 2,112,220 are urban dwellers while 15,101,836 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the Amhara Region is 21,134,988.From the estimated population, 3,682,000 (17.4%) people live in rural areas while 17,453,000 (82.6%) people are rural residences. Ethnic group residing in the region is also varied, the majority being Amhara and other ethnic groups including Oromo,Agew, Tigre,Kimant &Argoba etc. Livelihood and Social Services: About 85% of the people are engaged in agriculture. The region is one of the major Teff producing areas in the country, in addition barely, wheat, oil seeds, sorghum, maize, wheat, oats, beans and peas are major crops produced in large quantities. Cash crops such as cotton, sesame, sunflower, and sugarcane grow in the vast and virgin tract of the region's lowlands. The water resources from Lake Tana and all the rivers found in the region provide immense potential for irrigation development. The population of the Amhara Region is estimated about 21,134,988 in 2017. Regarding health structure, there are 4262 functional health facilities in the region; of these, 3345 are health post,

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848 health centers and 69 hospitals. The two towns identified for laboratory construction are Gendewa and Metema, both of which are located in Western part of the region. Heritage and popular attraction Sites” The Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old Monasteries, rock-hewn churches, palaces and castles are found in the region. The 12th century Rock- Hewn churches of Lalibela and the Gondar Castle in the region are e registered as International Cultural Heritage sites .There are several monasteries in Lake Tana Islands.. The Blue Nile Falls is found just few kilometres downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, which is a tourist attraction site. The traditional mural paintings and hand craft, the preserved corpse of the royalty found in the ancient monasteries in Lake Tana, as well as the Semien mountains national park, which shelters the endemic Walia ibex are spectacular tourist attractions. 4.2.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District

4.2.4.1 Janamora Woreda

Location: Janamora Woreda North Gondar Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Geographically, it is located between 120 44' 21.2'' N - 130 21' 19.3'' N and 380 0' 0.3'' E - 380 22' 40.5'' E. About 104 Km2 area of the park is under Janamora district and about 9 kebeles of the district is found in and around the park. Population &Ethnic Group: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 167,710 of whom 5,054 are urban dwellers while 162,656 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the Region is 196,721. From the estimated population, 8,788 (4.5 %) people live in rural areas while 187,933 (95.5 %) people are rural residences. Livelihood &Natural resource Basis Janamora woreda is characterized by steeply dissected and variable topography and most area of the Woreda is with very steep slope and topography. The district is classified in to three major traditional agroecological zones of Dega (highland), Woyna Dega (midland) and Kolla (lowland).The Kolla, Woyna Dega and Dega Agroecologicla zones cover about 25, 27% & 49% of the district respectively. Elevation of the district ranges from 1238 m.a.s.l - 4512 m.a.s.l. The district is characterized by unimodal (one rainy season) type of rainfall and the total annual precipitation of the district is 984.3 mm. The socioeconomic characteristics include agriculture, small scale trade, micro and small enterprise. Most of the people’s livelihood is dependent on mixed farming including subsistence form of agricultural production. Some of the population also depends on aid from productive safety net program. 4.3 Southern Nations, Nationalities, people’s National Regional State

4.3.1 Physical Environment

Location &Extent :The Regional State lies in the southern part of the country and ‘covers an area of about 117,500 km2 and occupies about 10% of the total area of the country.

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Land Scape &Topography: The physiographic feature of the region is divided in to highlands in the north and rift valley and lowland in the south. The region has an undulating land feature dissected by the Omo river basin into western and eastern parts. Agro ecology & Climate :The region’s climatic conditions vary from place to place. It has semi-desert climate in the southern extreme of the Kenya border, tropical climate in the northern highlands, and warm temperate in the mountainous areas of north Omo zone. About 56 % of the total areas of the region are found below 1,500 meters elevation, which is categorized largely as hottest low land ("Kolla").The rest 44 % is found in the temperate climatic zone. The mean annual temperature is in general ranges from 15°C to 30°C The elevation ranges from 376 to 4,207 m.a.s.l, the lowest part being Lake Rudolf in South Omo and highest being Mount Goge in North Omo. About 56 % of the total area of the region lies below 1,500 m asl, and is largely categorized as hottest low land ("Kolla"). The rest 44% is found in the temperate climatic zone. The mean annual rainfall of the region ranges from 500 - 2200 mm. The mean annual temperature of the Region ranges from 15°C to 30°C. Geology:The regional geology is characterized by Alghe group rocks, Jimma volcanic and quaternary plateau basalt Soils :The major soil types found in the region include Acrisols, Nitisols, Fluvisols, Vertisols, Gleysols and Lithosols (Woody Biomass, 2002) Water Resource: The region has abundant surface and ground water resources. Surface water resource of the region include rivers like Omo River, Genale ,Dincha, Gojeb, Segen Gibe River and Bilate Rivers, Rift valley lakes like Hawassa, Chamo and Abaya Lake are also found in the region. 4.3.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover: The Region is characterized by dense natural forest and rich wildlife resources. The forest resource is mainly situated in Kafa and Bench Maji Zones and in the southern part of the Region. The most common groups of vegetation include broad leaved deciduous woodland, evergreen scrubs, dry evergreen Montana forest and grasslands, acacia – commiphora woodland. The dominant forest and riparian species include: Podocarpus falcatus, Cordia africana, Croton macrostachyus, Borassus aethiopum, Ricinus communis, Rhamnus prinoides, and Acacia decurrens.

Wild Life Resource, National Park Protected Area &Nature reserves Region has five national parks (Mago, Nechsar, Omo, Chebera Churchura and Maze), two wild life reserves (Chewbahir and Tana) and six controlled hunting areas (Akobo, Boyo Swamp, Maze Sheleko, Omo West, Murle, and Segen The wildlife animals of the region include: Lion, Leopard, ,Giraffe, Common eland, Buffalo, Elephant, Greater kudu, Lesser kudu, Burchell’s zebra, Grant’s Gazelle, Guenther’s Dikdik, Crocodile, Rhinoceros ,Hippopotamus, Swayne’s Hartebeest, Orbi, Bohor Reedbuck, African Hunting dog, Black backed jackal, Colobus monkey, Oryx, Gerenuk and Ostrich.

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4.3.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Southern National, Nationalities, and People’s Regional State (SNNPRS) is 15,042,531 of whom 1,545,710 are urban dwellers while 13,496,821 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the SNNPRS is 19,170,007 . From the estimated population, 15.6 % or 3,178,000 people live in rural areas while 83.4 % or 15,992,000 people are rural residences. There are about 45 ethnic groups in the Region. Sidamigna Gruagigna,Wolayitagna, Hadiyigna, Keffigna,and Kembatigna are widely spoken language in the region. Other languages such as Gamoigna, Malo, Goffa and Gedeo are also used for communication purposes.

Livelihood: The population of SNNPR is concentrated mostly in eastern, northern and central part of the Region while the western and southern part of the State is sparsely populated. SNNP Regional State has abundant land and Water resource that can be harnessed to improve the livelihood of the region community in general and the pastoral and agro pastoral community in the lowlands of the region in particular. But these resources could not be easily accessed and sustainably exploited especially at the southern lowlands where the pastoralist and agro-pastoralist live to lack of adequate in road infrastructure. Coffee is the most important cash crop. Other major crops of the region include maize, teff, enset, potato, and wheat. Heritage and popular attraction Sites:There are cultural heritage sites in the region like the Tiya monuments and the Omo valley archaeological site. 4.3.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts

4.3.4.1 Dassench woreda

Location: Dassanetch woreda is found in South Omo Zone of SNNPR. The Dassanetch people are surrounded by four ethnic groups: the Turkana and the Gabra from the Kenyan side and Nyangatom and Hammar from the Ethiopian side. Population & Ethnics Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 51,559 of whom 2,360are urban dwellers while 49,199live in rural areas As per the projection made by CSA for the year 2017, the estimated population of the district was 64,960.From the estimated population, 5,025 (7.7%) people live in rural areas while 59,935 (92.3 %) people are rural residences. The dominant ethnic groups in the woreda are Dassench, accounting 97.1% of the total population and the remaining 2.9% comprises other ethnic groups mainly non-pastoralists like Amhara, Oromo, etc.

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Cultural & Traditional Customary Laws The traditional socio-political institutions among the pastoral and agro pastoral communities are “balabat” (founders and leaders of most of the villages in the area), “denb”, and the division of some ethnic groups into segments for management purposes, such as Jerbla and Awawa among the Dassench ethnic groups in Nakia kebele. The inter-ethnic relation identified was related to marriage, market relations, and sharing of grazing land. Land is the key natural resources of the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. The prevailing land tenure system in the area is communal land tenure. Access to communal land is based on ethnic membership, but access to private land is determined by kinship relationship. However, patriarchy is the cultural system that determines access to private tenure system. As a result, girls do not have the right to inherit the property of their family of orientation. Polygamous marriage is common. Livelihood & Natural Resource Basis Pastoralism is the predominant livelihood strategy in the Woreda. Out of the total community, 70% are riverine pastoralists found along the Omo valley, and the remaining 30% are pure pastoralist. But, as additional means of livelihood, Dassench ethnic groups practice farming on the alluvial soils around Omo valley when the river over flows on the edge of Omo river. Other supplementary income generating activities of the community are fishing, daily laborer, making charcoal, and sale of firewood. Dassench ethnic groups also commonly practice bee keeping.

4.3.4.2 Maji Woreda Location Maji Woreda is one of the districts of Benchi Maji Zone in SNNPRS of Ethiopia. It is bordered in the south by the Kibish River which separates it from South Sudan and by Surma, Meinit Shasha and the Omo River in the West, North and East respectively. It has a longitude and latitude of 6°12′N 35°35′E coordinates: 6°12′N 35°35′E with an elevation variously given as 2,104, 2,258 and 2,430 meters above sea level. The district has a total of twenty two kebeles and its administrative center is Tum town. Population &Ethnic Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 33,838 of whom 4,836 are urban dwellers while 9,002live in rural areas. As per the estimations made by the CSA, for the year 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the district was 41,546. From the estimated population, 10,298 (24.8 %) people live in rural areas while 31,248 (72.8 %) people are rural residences. Livelihood &Natural Resource Basis Agro-ecologically, consists of 52 percent lowland (500-1500 m.a.s.l), 43 percent intermediate highland (1500-2300 m.a.s.l) and 5 percent highland (>2300 m.a.s.l). It has an altitude ranging from 500-2500 m.a.s.l. The mean annual temperature varies from 15.10C - 27.50C. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 400-2000 mm. The main economic activities of the communities in the Woreda are agriculture followed by livestock rearing and traditional gold mining.

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4.4 Tigray National Regional State 4.4.1 Physical Environment

Location &Extent :Tigray regional state is one of the nine regional states in Ethiopia located at the northern most extreme of the country. It is surrounded by Sudan in the west, Eritrea in the north, and the Ethiopian regions of Amhara and Afar in the south and east, respectively. Land Scape &Topography: Tigray is characterized by undulating terrain and steep .Topography of Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands and is divided into two major blocs; the eastern bloc comprises of highlands while the western bloc is predominantly lowland Agro ecology & Climate:Tigray Region falls in different agro ecological zones such as desert, Kola, Woina Dega, Dega and Wurch. The mean annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600 mm in the north-eastern part to 1,600 mm in the western part. Temperature ranges between 16°C and 20 °C in the eastern and central highland part while in the lowlands of the western zones it is 380C to 400C. Geology:The geological formations consist of Precambrian metavolcanics and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks such as Adigrat sandstone, Antalo limestone, Agula shales, and Amba Aradam sandstone, which in turn are intruded by Cenozoic dolerite dykes/sills. Soils: Cambisols ,vertisol, leptosol are the three dominant soil types identified in the region (Woody Biomass,2002) Water Resource:There are three major river basins and a valley in the Tigray Region: Tekeze basin, Mereb basin, Afar basin and Angereb valley. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River and Mai Hitsatsa River.

4.4.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover:The vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savannah and grassland regions. The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savannah, juniperus trees mixed with savannah, and mixed deciduous woodland. The vegetation cover of the north-western zone of the region comprises of grass land, scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. The north-western zone of the region comprises of grazing grass land, scattered bush, scrub and dense forest. Wild Life Resource &Nature reserves: There are protected forest areas in TahitayAdiabo and AtsgedeTsimbelaWoredas of western zone. This includes Maikohni forest area, Aditsetser, AdiAscere areas and EndaTanki protected site. The region has varied wildlife species including hyena, tiger, monkey and fox Tigray region has six state forests: Wujig-Mahgo-Waren Natural Forest (in Southern zone); Hugumburda- Gratkahassu (Southern), Hirmi (North Eastern), Waldiba (North Western), Asimba (Eastern) and Desia (Eastern). The region has one national park: Kafta-Sheraro National Park located in Western and North Western zones.

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4.4.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Tigray Region is 4,314,456of whom 842,723 are urban dwellers while 3,471,733 live in rural areas. Based on 2017 projection, the estimated population of the Tigray is 5,247,005. From the estimated population, 26.7% or 1,400,000 people live in rural areas while 73.3 % or 3,847,000 people are rural residences. There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigray being the major ethnic group, there are also Amhara , Erob ,Kunama, Saho, Agew & Argoba .

Heritage and popular attraction Sites: Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Region, the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values in the region. The Axum Obelisks, the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region. There are more than 120 rock hewn churches and caves that serve as monasteries scattered over the mountains across the region. 4.4.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District

4.4.4.1 Alamata woreda Location: Alamata woreda is located in Southern Zone of the Tigray National Regional State. The seat of Alamata woreda, Alamata Town, is 600 kms to the north of Addis Ababa and 178 kms to the south of the regional capital, Mekele.

Population &Ethnic Group:According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 85,359 of whom 4,563 are urban dwellers while 80,796 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the district was 97,110 .From the estimated population, 7,566 (7.8 %) people live in rural areas while 89,544 (92.2%) people are rural residences. Livelihood &Natural Resource Basis: The woreda has two agro-ecological/climatic zones: kolla (relatively hot and lowland) climatic condition, which consists of ten rural kebeles, and dega (relatively cooler and highland) with five kebeles. The mean annual temperature of the woreda is 27°C and its mean annual rainfall is 861.5mm.The total area of the woreda is 75,318.4 hectares. Of this, 36,284.2 hectares is cultivated land; 16,662.5 hectares is bush land; and 9131.66 is grazing land. Agriculture is the mainstay of the people in the woreda. The main crops produced include teff, sorghum, and maize in the lowlands and barley and legumes in the highlands. In addition, vegetables like onion, tomato, pepper, and fruits like mango are produced through irrigation in the lowlands. In addition to

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agriculture, people in the lowland kebeles are also engaged in rearing livestock like cattle, camel, goats and sheep. The lowland areas are hot and the rainfall is highly unpredictable and short. There is shortage of water particularly in the lowlands. Ten kebels of the district are found in the low land area. Due to their topographic positions, crop lands in the low land area are frequent affected by the flood coming from the high land areas.

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4.5 Benshangul Gumez National Regional State

4.51 Physical Environment

Location &Extent: The Region is stretched along the western escarpment of Ethiopia between Gambela Region in the south, the Sudan to the west and Amhara and Oromia Regions to the northeast and east. Land Scape &Topography: The Region has a topography dominated by river valleys which join the Abay River before it enters the Sudan. The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range, Bedessa&Kushaya Mountains. Agro ecology & Climate :The climatic condition of the area is varied, like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of Kola (Hot climate), Woina Dega (Semi –Temperate) and Dega (Temperate) climatic conditions. Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 m.a.s.l up to 2,000 m.a.s.l. Geology:The geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglomerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold are also available in the area. Soils: The regional soil is fertile and has high agricultural potential with favorable agro-climatic conditions. It is estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only 233,200 ha could be cultivated. Water Resource: The region has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial rivers in the Metekel Zone, most of which have potential for irrigation. 4.5.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover: The region is one of the few areas that still have significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. The vegetation in the is classified into eight types, namely: dense forest, riverine forest, broad-leaved deciduous wood lands, acacia woodland, bush land, shrub lands, wood land and bamboo thickets. Wild Life Resource, National Park Protected Area &Nature reserves The region has varied wild life species including Elephant, Giraffe, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Buffalo, Roan antelope and Hartebeest, Lion, Tiger, monkey and Anubis baboon are found in the region.. Game Reserve and main bird Sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region

4.5.3 Socio Economic Environment Population & Ethnic Group: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Benishangul- Gumuz Region is 670,847 of whom 97,965 are urban dwellers while 572,882 live in rural areas. According to 2017 projection, the estimated population of the Benishangul-Gumuz is 1,066,001. From the estimated population, 21.6 % or 230,000 people live in rural areas while 78.4 % or 836,000 people are rural residences.

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The ethnic groups include Berta, Amhara, Gumuz, Oromo), Shinasha and Agaw-Awi . Main languages are the Berta, Amharic, Gumuz, Oromo, Shinasha and Awngi. Livelihood: The economic activities in the region are predominantly agricultural with livestock being of limited importance. Although there is high potential for agricultural development, traditional farming practices and inadequate involvement of women in all aspects of development compounded with other factors have considerably affected the performance of the region’s agricultural production and productivity. Subsequently, abundant rural households have been subjected to food deficit and challenges in feeding their family. Besides agriculture, other means of livelihood are trade and traditional gold- washing in some rivers. Even though there were inspiring developments there is still inadequate infrastructure and logistical constraints in terms of transportation and communication. The limited development of infrastructure is reflected in the region's healthcare, and education system among other social services. Unemployment, lack of knowledge and access to alternative on-farm and non-farm income generating opportunities, poor access to improved health services and limited social and economic infrastructure, broadening the vulnerability of rural households in general and women headed households in particular. In general, chronic food insecurity has remained a critical development challenge for the region for many decades. The region is endowed with fertile land suitable for high value crops, livestock, apiculture, fishery, minerals like gold and marble, and economically important trees like bamboo and incense. Livestock production is important means of livelihood in the region next to crop production. It is important sources of food, cash income, and assets to buffer against shocks. The region is rich in minerals such as blue-marble found in Gumuz area. Gold mining is common in Gumuz area. This is because of their access to areas which are rich in alluvial gold. The people of Benshangul Gumuz practice mixed farming system, involving both crop production and livestock rearing activities. According to the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) (2007) report the region had about 0.4 million cattle, 0.3 million goats, 0.1 million sheep, and nearly one million poultry. Assosa is the largest and the capital city of Benshangul Gumuz region.

4.5,5 Baseline Environment of Selected District

4.5.5.1Guba Woreda

Location :Guba is one of the 20 Woreda in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Sultanate of Gubba. Part of the Metekel Zone, Guba is bordered by the Abay River on the south which separates it from the Kamashi Zone, Sudan on the west, Amhara Region on the north, Dangur on the east, and on the southeast by the Beles River, which separates it from Wenbera. Towns in Guba include Mankush Population &Ethnic Group: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the district was 14,901 of whom 2,344are urban dwellers while 12,557 live in rural areas. Based on the CSA population projection for the year 2017, the estimated population of the district was 20,567.From the estimated population, 5,079 (24.7 %) people live in rural areas while 15,488 (75.3 %) people are rural residences. The four largest ethnic groups in the district include Gumuz , the Shinasha the Amhara , the Awi a subgroup of the Agaw, and the Tigrayans .

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4.6 Gambela National Regional State

4.6.1 Physical Environment

Location & Extent: The Gambela National Regional State is situated in the south-western part of Ethiopia & the region borders with two other regions namely; Oromia to the North and east and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS) and Sudan to the west. Thee region covers estimated area of 29,782.82 square kilometers. Agro ecology & Climate: The region is subdivided into three agro ecological zones: Woina Dega, Kola and desert agro ecological Zones. In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 270C to 330C. However, temperature as high as 450C occurred in March and as low as 100C in January had been recorded. The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 - 500 m.a.s,l of the western part receive 900 mm - 1500 mm, while areas over 2,000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from 1,900 mm to 2,100 mm. Geology: The Gambela Region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaternary sediments in the lowlands to the west. The area is dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposits: silt, sand, clay, diatomite, limestone, Enticho sandstone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones. Soils:The soils of the region are divided into two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river course). The soil fertility is very high and not been exploited much. Water Resource: Gambela Region is the wettest and best watered area in the country. There are five major rivers, namely, Baro, Akobo, Itang, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also trans-boundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in the Region such as, lakes Tata, Wagan and Nitang These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro - Akobo River Basin.

The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a wide range of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the provision of valuable goods and services. 4.6.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover:Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. The main habitats of Gambela Region are forests, woodlands, swamps and rivers. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savannah, tropical forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with natural high forest. Woodlands, bush lands and Savannah woodlands.

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Abobo-Gog natural forest is among the most important natural forests classified as National Forest Priority areas in Ethiopian. The dominant tree species include Acacia,Cambretum species,Terminaliacoxifera, Sonogisusreiccarpa, Kegelioafricanas, and Albiziacordiari. Wild Life Resource &Nature reserves: The Gambela National park, Mago National park and three controlled hunting areas: Jikawo, Akobo and Teyu sites are found in the region. The Gambela national park is the largest park in the country and accounts for 20% of the land area of the region. The remaining controlled hunting areas of Jikawo and Teyu also occupy similar sizes of land area. Those areas are habitat for over 300 bird species of which 100 are migratory and over 60 mammals. The major wildlife species conserved in the lowland plain are; Roan antelope, White-ear kob, Nile lechwe, Topi, Elephant, lion, Leopard, hippopotamus, Warthog, Giraffe, Defas, Water buck & Buffalo.

4.6.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Gambella Region is 306,916 of whom 77,878 are urban dwellers while 229,038 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 projection, the estimated population of the Gambella is 435,999 . From the estimated population, 33.9% or 148,000 people live in rural areas while 66.1% or 288,000 people are rural residences. The region is a home to five native people, namely, Nuwer, Anyuak, Majangir, Komo and Oppo ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups living in the region include Nuwer (46.7%), Anuak (21.2%), Amhara (8.4%), Kaficho (5%), Oromo (4.8%), and Majangir (4%).

Livelihood: The Gambella economy depends largely on farming, fishing, animal rearing and mineral resources. Fishing in this region becomes a vital source of income to many people in Gambella. In addition to that, most of people in Gambella earn their living by producing crops. Furthermore, most farmers in Gambella grow maize but few grow sorghum along the Gilo and Baro rivers. Farmers sell some of their produces and transport them to urban markets in exchange for money. Livestock rearing is predominantly practiced in Akobo, Jikawo, Lare, Mattaar, and Wanthoa weredas and some farmers in Gog, Jor and Abobo weredas also practice animal rearing.

4.6.4 Baseline Environment of Selected Districts

4.6.4.1 Jor Woreda Location: Jor is one of the woredas in the Gambela Region. it is bordered on the south by the Akobo River which separates it from South Sudan, on the west and north by the Nuer Zone, on the northeast by Abobo, and on the east by Gog Woreda .Ongogi is the administrative center of the woreda .

Population & Ethnic Group According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Jor Woreda was 8,862 of whom 633 are urban dwellers while 8,229 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated

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population of the Woreda was 12,174. From the estimated population, 1,204 (9.9 %) people live in rural areas while 10,970 (9.1 %) people are rural residences.

Livelihoods and natural resource basis The topography of the woreda is generally flat with an elevation ranging from 300 m.a.s.l to 400 m.a.s.l.Gilo is the major river in the woreda. Agriculture is the predominate economic activity in the woreda.

4.7 Ethio-Somali National Regional State

4.7.1 Physical Environment

Location & Extent:The region is found in the eastern part of Ethiopia &the region has a very large area size ranking second next to Oromia with an estimated area of approximately 279,000 km2. Land Scape &Topography: The region has entirely flat terrain except some hills with gentle slopes around Jigjiga and Togo Wuchale, and along major river courses.

Agro ecology & Climate :The agro ecology of the region is classified as "Kolla" (lowlands), highland ("Dega"), and temperate (Woyna Dega"). The rain in the Region has been generally low, unreliable and unevenly distributed. When rain occurs it is torrential and is of high intensity. The annual rainfall is between 200 mm and 530 mm for the Region as a whole. The mean annual rainfall is 425 mm. .. The major part of the region falls within hot and arid climate. Temperature ranges between 200 C and 450 C. The region is characterized by strong wind circulation, which can cause and aggravate soil erosion and water moisture losses. The majority of the region has an altitude of 900 meters above sea level and in some areas the altitude reaches 1600 meters. Geology: The geology of the Region is dominated by alternating limestone, shale, anhydrite, dolomites and marl. Soils:The dominant soil types of the region are Yermsol, Xerosols, Regosols, and solonchaks & minor soils such as fluvisols and Vertisols, Cambisols and Luvisols (Woody Biomass,2002). Water Resource:The region has both surface and groundwater resource potential. It is divided in to five basins: the eastern Ogaden basin, the WabeShebele basin, the Genale Dawa basin Aysha Basin and part of the Awash River basin. Most of the streams in the region are ephemeral and are characterized by short duration and high intensity of flood. However, perennial rivers like Wabe Shebele, Weyb, Genale and Dawa are also found in the region.

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4.7.2 Biological Environment

Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover:The region is predominately pastoral and grassland with scrubland are the two dominant land cover types occupying large portion of the Region’s total area. The main vegetation type includes acacia comiphora bush lands, evergreen scrubland and riparian forest. Wild Life Resource, National Park Protected Area &Nature reserves There are also a number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates uniquely adapted to the arid and semi-arid conditions. Wildlife animals include lion, hyena, leopard, fox, hunting dogs, and crocodiles, Bicids, Balango, Goodir, Dabatag, Zebra, Baboon, Hippopotamus, Ostrich, Monkey and Elephant. There are also a number of birds such as, degodi lark, little winged dove, Somali short billed crombec, Jubaland weaver, little brown bustard and white winged collared dove.

Population & Ethnic Group:According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Somali Region is 4,439,147 of whom 621,210 are urban dwellers while 3,817,937 live in rural areas. According to 2017 projection, the estimated population of the Somali Region is 5,748,998. From the estimated population, 15% or 838,000 people live in rural areas while 85% or 4,911,000 people are rural residences. Somali and Issa are the majority ethnic group, while Oromo, Amhara and Gurage are also found in the region. Livelihood: Most of the people of the state of Somali mainly earn their livelihood by rearing livestock. Some people in the region also practice crop production as well. The major crops cultivated in the region are sorghum and maize. Wheat and barley are also harvested in a smaller amount each year. Commercial activity is another occupation that is significantly exercised in the region. The state of Somali is known for its livestock resources from which most of the Somali people earn their livelihood. The region is estimated to have about 15.2 million domestic animals out of which sheep constitute 53% (nearly 8 million in number). Goats and cattle are the second and third most important domestic animals in the region accounting for 20% and 15% respectively. Camels are actually the most important animals in day to day life of Somali pastoralists , and they constitute for about 9% (1.3 million in number).

4.7.3 Socio Economic Environment

4.7.4 Baseline Environment of Selected District

4.7.4.1 Harshin Woreda

Location:Harshin is one of the Woredas in Somali regional state of Ethiopia. The Woreda is located in the south-east of Jijiga Zone. It is bordered to the south by Degehabur zone, to the west by Kebri Beyah and to the northwest by Somalia. Harshin is located 130 kilometers far from the Somali regional capital, Jig-jiga and about 730 Kilometers far from Addis Ababa. The Woreda has 30 Kebeles

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Population & Ethnic Group:According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the Woreda was 80,215 of whom 8,226 are urban dwellers while 71,989 live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the Woreda is 103,675 .From the estimated population, 11,068 (10.7 %) people live in rural areas while 92,607 (89.3 %) people are rural residences. Cultural & Traditional Customary Law:The pastoralists and agro-pastoralist the traditional conflict resolution system in the Woreda is known as ‘odiyash deganka’. According to this system, when conflict happens, the community informs the clan leader. Clan leaders manage inter-clan and intra-clan conflicts through Ola system by bringing together the two foes in order to reconcile and stop their enmity. If the conflict is with non-Somali ethnic groups, it is handled and settled by the Ugas who is the leader of clans in Somali ethnic groups that has the supreme power and any decision made by the Ugas is automatically accepted by the ethnic group. So, the Ugas together with clan leaders are responsible to resolve inter-ethnic conflict. The Oromo have also their own traditional conflict resolution called Jarsuma (conciliation of elderly) which is under the bigger umbrella of the Gada system. Parallel to resolving issues through the Gada system, more specifically Jarsuma, conflicts in the area are resolved through the formal government structures from Kebele to higher judiciary system. Livelihood &Natural Resource Basis: The Woreda has a semi–arid climate. The elevation in the Woreda ranges from 1302 m.a.s.l In terms of livestock population, the district has 18,725 camel, 15,470 cattle, 12,364 sheep, 7,032 goats, 3,138 horses, 2,440 mules, 112 donkeys, 79,582 poultry, and 12, 770 beehives. The population of the woreda are engaged in Pastoral, agro-pastoral and petty trade activities

4.8 Afar National Regional State

4.8.1 Physical Environment

Location &Extent: The Afar Regional State is situated in the North-eastern part of Ethiopia .The area of the regional state accounts for 8.4% of the area of country Ethiopia The region covers an estimated area of about 94,817 km2 and occupies about 8.4% of the total area of the country. Land Scape &Topography: Afar National Regional State is found in the Great Rift Valley System of Ethiopia. The topography of the region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an altitude of 1,000 – 1,500 masl to low plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the lowlands fall between 0 and 1,000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. This region is also known for its lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 114 meters below sea level in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region.

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Agro ecology & Climate: Afar region lies in the arid and semi-arid climatic zone. The climatic condition of the region is mostly hot, desert type and partially dry. As a result the region exhibits high temperature, and low rainfall that is not distributed uniformly. The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall.. Temperatures vary from 25°C during the rainy season to 48°C during the dry season. Rainfall ranges from 500 mm on the western edges of the region to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part of the region. Geology:The geological formation of the region include  Rhyohitic Volcanic centres, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignibrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic Afar series; mildly alkaline basalt ,  Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic& Alkaline olivine basalt,  Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments.  Alkali granite and syenite.  Rhyohitic Volcanic centres, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignibrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows (alkaline and pre-alkaline composition), and  Alluvial and lacustrine deposits: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand.

Soils:The major soils of the region in general include Fluvisols , Leptosols , Regosols and Solonchaks Water Resource: Like other regions of the country ,the region has surface and ground water resource potential and the rivers in the region: Awash, Mille, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie, Borkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams. The other major water sources of the region are Lakes. Lake Afdera ,Abe ,Asahle, Dalol, and Lake Gemeri are also found in the region.

4.8.2 Biological Environment Vegetation, Lands use /Land cover: Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in Ethiopia and the major portion of the land in the region is bare land followed by shrub land and grazing lands. Most of the land in the Afar region is used for grazing and browsing. The major vegetation species in the region include a varieties of acacia trees and prosopis. Wild Life Resource, National Park Protected Area &Nature reserves The Yangu Dirasa National park, the Awash National Park hosts number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation.in the region. Some of the wild animals include Abyssinian wild ass, Grevy's zebra, beisa oryx, crocodiles, lions, grater kudu, wild (bat eared) fox, wild cat, cheetah, Grant's gazelle, and warthog. 4.8.3 Socio Economic Environment

Population & Ethnic Group: According to the 2007 national census, the total population of Afar Region is 1,411,092 of whom 188,973 are urban dwellers while 1,222,119 live in rural areas. As per the estimations made by the CSA, for the year 2017 the total population of the region was estimated to be 1,812,002 .From the estimated population 346,000 people (19.1%) live in rural areas while 1,466,000 (80.9%) people are rural residences.

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The major ethnic groups of the regional state include Afar, Amhara, Tigray and others. Heritage and popular attraction Sites Afar region is rich in cultural assets. The archaeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, “Lucy”, was found in Hadar area of the Region. Hadar, which is 4.4 million years old humanoid is found in this region. There are also other tourist attraction areas in the region including Ertele , & the Dallol depression are some of the tourist attraction sites in the Afar region. Yangu Dirasa and the Awash National Parks also hosts number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation. Livelihood: Afar pastoral community is leading a communal life (using natural resources communally) moving from place to place in search of water and grazing. The life of the people of the region depends on its animal wealth and the natural resources like grazing and water. However, the animal production and husbandry practice in the region is not properly managed in line with the availability of grazing and water distribution. Agriculture such as production of maize, beans, sorghum, papaya, banana, and orange is also practiced. Cotton production is also typical to the region. Commercial activities such as production of salt are another area of occupation.

4.8.5 Baseline Environment of Selected District

4.8.5.1 Kuri Woreda Location: Kuri Woreda is one of the Woredas in Afar regional state of Ethiopia, part of the Administrative zone 1. Dubti Woreda, borders it to the south to the west by Teru Woreda, to the north by Bidu Woreda, to the east by ElidarWoreda. The Woreda has 15 Kebeles with an area of 2,869.56 square kilometers and their livelihoods entirely depend on livestock rearing. Population &Ethic Group:According to the 2007 national census, the total population of the Woreda was 21,790 and all the Woreda Population live in rural areas. Based on the 2017 population projection, the estimated population of the Woreda was 36,662.All the Woreda Population lives in rural areas. Livelihood &Natural Resource Basis: The communities in Kori Woreda are pastoralists &rearing of livestock is the main livelihood source.

4.9 Addis Ababa City Administration

4.9.1 Physical Environment

Location: Addis Ababa is situated in the central part of Ethiopia. The City Administration is structured into ten sub-city and 116 Woreda (district) administrations.

Land Scape &Topography:The City is characterized by a complex land scape and topography which include rugged, rolling, undulating and flat topography that varies across the city, Agro ecology & Climate: The city is characterized dominantly by tepid humid mid highland agro

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ecological zone.The altitude of the city ranges from 2,020 m.a.s.l around the southern edge of the city to 3,000 m.a.s.l at Entoto Mountain in the north. Highest and lower average temperatures ranges from 24°C –25°C and temperatures 8°C- 9°C respectively.

The main rainy season (Kiremit) extends from June to September, with an average high rainfall of 280 mm and 290 mm in July and August respectively. In addition, small rains occur between March and May.

Water Resource:The major surface water source streams and rivers crossing the city include Kebena, Little Akaki and Great Akaki rivers. Most of these streams and rivers are polluted due to uncontrolled disposal of municipal sewage, industrial and solid wastes and urban runoff. More than 2,000 industries are found in Addis Ababa which comprises 65% of all industries in the country and most of them located along the river banks which are mostly found in the western and southern parts of the city and discharge these effluents directly to the river, as much as 90% of these industries do not have any kind of treatment plant and discharge their untreated solid, and liquid wastes into the environment (Yohannes et al., 2017). 4.9.2 Biological Environment

Lands use /Land cover: Addis Ababa city is classified predominantly built up area and is the largest overall land use type of the city. Other land uses include agriculture and natural and plantation forests including parks and green areas. The plantation forests mainly cover north and north eastern part of the city.

4.9.3 Socio Economic Environment

The crude population projection for 2017 estimated that Addis Ababa had about 3, 433,999 of which 47.3% are male and 52.7% are female (CSA, 2017).The population density of the city is 6,346 people per Km2.The population density in the city varies cross the sub cities. Addis Ketema, Arada, Lideta and Kirkos sub-cities have higher density, whereas Akaki Kaliti, Bole and Yeka have lower population density.

In urban areas, the main economic support system is employment in trade (retail and wholesale) and industry, both self-employment and hired employment. In the surrounding rural area, the main stay of the economy is subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing, mainly using traditional rain fed subsistence agriculture.

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5. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION

5.1 Introduction

As it was clearly mentioned in previous section (chapter 3) of this report, the constitution of Ethiopia recognized that citizens have a right to full consultation and to expression their views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that directly affect them.

Similarly, the World Bank Environmental & Social Standards (ESSs 10) recognizes the importance of open, transparent & effective stakeholder engagement to improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation. ESS 7 further recognizes the need to obtain Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) of Indigenous Peoples/ Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. Furthermore, in recognition of their vulnerability, meaningful consultation tailored to these communities are recommend to promote effective project design, to build local project support or ownership, and to reduce the risk of project-related delays or controversies, as required also in ESS10 . Therefore, public and stakeholder consultations and information disclosure are both national and international requirements in planning, implementation and operation of any development projects.

Accordingly, as part of the preparation of the ESMF & in response to the requirements of the national laws and international standards, consultations were made with various stakeholders at federal, regional and woreda level including government officials and experts, community elders, religious and clan leaders at different levels. The views of these stakeholders were sought through face to face communication, interviews, and questioners & telephone conversion

Based on finding of the consultation, most of stakeholders show their interest and support the because of their development priority for electric access & anticipated benefits of the proposed project,

5.2 Objectives of the Consultation

The main objective of the consultations is to inform about the proposed project, to engage and maintain active participation and support of relevant stake holders and project-affected communities throughout the various phases of the project and the consultations were made with the following specific objectives:-

 To inform and provide all project related information to relevant  To accommodate the stakeholders' concerns during the project implementation.  Inform and discuss about the nature and scale of the project  Discuss project community’s needs, constraints and preferences  To ensure their views and concerns are incorporated into different phases of the project  Identify the views and overall attitudes of the community towards the project;

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 Obtain comprehensive local knowledge and integrate with the proposed project  Improve transparency and accountability in decision making process  Provide evidence on the process used to foster free, prior, informed consent with the communities

5.3 Main Findings of the Consultation

5.3.1 Findings of Consultation for the off grid components

A total of 8 consultations were held with 12 members of key government federal institution official & experts and one private company. Furthermore, a total of nine consultations were held with 27 members of different regional bureaus and Woredea level stakeholders. The following section presents summary of main findings of consultation meeting with various stakeholders at different levels. List of persons contacted and institutions visited at federal, regional and woreda level are presented in annex 2.. 5.3.1.1 Consultation with Federal Institutions

I. Ministry of Water, Irrigation &Energy (MOWIE)

Consultations were made with Environment &Climate Change Directorate & Alternative Energy Technology Development & Promotion Director under the Ministry and the consultation meeting members are composed of officials and experts working under each directorate and EEU’s individual consultants. The following were the main discussion points and results of the consultation meeting:- Views &Information about the proposed project: The participants from MOWIE have information about ADELE project. Benefits of the project: The participants are aware of the solar off grid solar system as a renewable energy source; environmental friendly and beneficial to the rural community. Adverse impacts: The participants expressed their concerns and risks that would arise with the implementation of the proposed solar project. According to them, the project is expected to cause the following negative socio-economic and environmental impacts:-  The off grid solar system especially the solar mini grids would be located on important land uses such as agricultural land, grazing land and other productive land use .Hence ,land take will be major socioeconomic impact of the proposed project.  Environmental pollution from improper disposal of solar batteries  Possible Interruption and impact on existing access road by the solar system & associated construction activities  Reflections from solar panels

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Proposed mitigation measures: The participant have forwarded the following mitigation measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or offsite negative environmental &socioeconomic impacts as well as to ensure sustainability of the proposed project:-  Proper site selection for setting up solar systems  Undertaking proper study during project screening and site selection  Setting up of solar mini grids on non-productive/ marginal lands  To avoid setting up of solar systems on agricultural land , forest areas and other productive lands  Solar batteries should be collected and recycled  Ensuring timely compensation payment to the project affected communities  Providing support to the local community as per their needs &priority like construction of social institution& implementation of livelihood restoration plan

Proposed institutional arrangement: The participants also proposed institution arrangement for ADELE project that new project should establishment a national project coordination office followed by assignment of energy related focal persons at regional and Woreda level who will be responsible over coordination of the project activities at different levels. Experience from Similar Projects:- According to the participants, similar projects have been implemented by MOWIE under rural electrification fund including solar home system for households & for social institution (health centers &schools) across different regions of the Country. The lessons learned from such projects show that the off grid solar projects were widely accepted by the rural community. However, particiapts reported that the following challenges /limitations/ were identified during implementation of solar lantern and solar home system project by MoWIE:  Eleven though the solar technologies were accepted by the community ,there was a short supply of the solar home systems  Installation of illegal and low quality solar equipment  Limited institutional capacity  Shortage of foreign currency.  Affordability problem due to high bank interests rate  Lengthy process of financial institutions

II. Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU)

Consultation was also made with EEU as the main implementing institution. The staffs from different section of the institute were consulted and they shared their rich experience in the energy sector including experience on similar pilot solar mini grid projects which are currently under implementation by EEU. The main discussion points and findings of the consultation with EEU staffs are summarized as follows:

Benefits of the project identified by the participants  Hydropower and other energy projects which have been implemented by the institution were time taking and costly. However, the off grid solar system will be implemented with in relatively short

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period of time and with low cost. Therefore, the rural community will get access to electric with in short period of time.  The off grid project is relatively low cost & will enable to reach remote rural areas of the country  Relatively low operational cost  Low environmental and social impacts  Reduces workload & burdens on women Adverse impacts identified by the participants  Land take ፡ Experience from pilot solar mini grid project’s shows that depending the generating capacity up 0.5 ha -1ha of land is required for sitting up mini grids & associated structures  Impact on houses &other property as observed in existing pilot solar mini grids  Impact on existing access road due to the likely movement of heavy machine during construction  Dust pollution/air pollution. This problem will be more significant in rural areas where the community is accustomed to prepare their food outdoor / outside their house  Environmental pollution from improper disposal of used solar batteries and solar panels  Oil spill during project construction activities  Disease transmission due to influx of workers Mitigation measures proposed by the participants

 Undertaking corrective measures for any adverse impacts likely to arise associated with the proposed project  Timely compensation payment or replacement of land  Collection and recycling of solar batteries and panels Experience from Similar solar off grid mini grid Projects: The participant expressed their concern that absence of tariff for solar mini grid will be one of challenge during the implementation of the proposed project.

III. Environment, Forest and climate change commission

The participants from the commission have forwarded the following views, suggestion, concerns and recommendations:  Implementation of the proposed ADELE project components across the country will bring various socioeconomic benefits  The ESMF document shall prepared in accordance with national policies guidelines regulations and proclamations  Electric and electronic waste needs much attention as no major work has been done so far  There is a need to undertake inventory of electric and electronic waste across the country  Provide awareness creation to the community about hazardous waste collection disposal and its adverse environmental impacts  Provides all round support to licensed companies involved in waste handling , disposal, recycling etc  There is need to develop and put in place a system which enables e-wastes generated reach to licensed companies and towards designated hand-over points

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 Electrical and electronic equipment importers should contribute and finance activities associated with collection ,storage ,transport ,disposal and recycling of these wastes in the country

IV. Hashu Private Limited Company

The following were the main discussion points and results of the consultation meeting with the company Major activities of the company:-

 Collection, transport & storage of used batteries across the country  Import of solar panels

Planed and accomplished activities

 The company has planned to establish solar panel production factory and-waste recycling plant in Ethiopia  E-waste storage facilities has been established in various parts of the country including in Addis Ababa, Hawasa, Arba Minch .Sodoand Husena .There is also a plan to establish storage facilities in other parts of the country  The company has prepared environmental protection and management plan and this document has been approved by the EFCC

Major Constraints of the company associated with E-Waste

Shortage of finance to establish e-waste recycling factory and other facilities associated with collection, storage and recycling of e-waste. Hence, to strengthen its performance, the company is expecting financial and technical support from NGO ,government , national and international financial institutions.

5.3.1.2 Consultation with Regional Bureaus & Woreda stakeholders

Consultation meetings were also held with relevant regional bureaus and selected woredas of the proposed project regions. The stakeholder consultations at different levels were started by introducing the project, its major components, the objectives of the proposed project and the purposes of the meeting which were explained by consultant’s representative. The main points which were tabled for discussion with regional bureaus and Woreda stakeholders include:-

 Views & Knowledge about the proposed project  Benefits ,adverse impacts and proposed solutions  mandate of institutions related to the propose project  Existing institutional arrangement to support the project  off grid and solar mini grid electric demands

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 Similar projects implemented so far  Major problems &constraints associated with off-grid and mini-grid electricity technologies & support services  Issues relevant to energy services:  Vulnerable groups of the community  The key stakeholders / institutions authorized to carryout land acquisition and related activities  The kind of capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support required and other additional information were among the main discussion points of the consultation meeting with regional and woreda level stakeholders The following sections present the summary of the main findings of stakeholder consultations held at regional and woreda levels. Summary of persons contacted and institution visited at Regional &Woreda level are presented in annex 2.2 and annex 2.3 respectively.

I. Oromia Region

Consultation with Oromia Water, Mining &Energy Bureau: Details of main discussion points, the response and main findings of the consultation with the bureau are summarized below:-

The participant from the bureaus has made clear that the key mandates of the bureau related to the off grid and mini grid electric supply are:-

 Conducting the study and design of small and medium scale electric power generation, approval ,issuing license to developers who wants to generate and distribute small and medium scale electric power  Undertake study and promotion activities of energy resources in the region in collaboration with concerned bodies  Collecting and storing energy resource data of the region  Encourage development and exploitation of energy resource  Promote and support the utilization of various level energy technologies including bioenergy technologies The participant also expressed that the bureau will support rural energy, off-grid and mini –grid electricity project through its existing Institutional arrangement i.e water and energy resource line offices including:

 Regional level Energy Resource Development Directorate  Zonal level Water Energy Resource Development Office  Woreda level Water Energy Resource Development Office According to the participant, the type off-grid electricity demand by the region include:-

 Household solar lantern of different capacity  House hold solar homes systems with different capacities  Off grid solar mini grid for villages and rural towns with clustered settlement pattern

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 Institutional solar system (Standalone solar system) for health centers and schools &etc. The participant also expressed that similar solar off grid projects have been implemented in the region related to cooking, baking and lighting which include:  Household solar lanterns of different capacities for lighting, mobile charging etc.  House hold level solar home systems for lighting, mobile charging and television etc  Institutional PV for different intuitions such as health centers and schools  Few solar mini grid systems for some rural villages

The participant pointed out and identified the following major problems & constraints associated with supplying energy with off-grid & mini-grid electricity technologies &support services in the region:-

 Limited budget & logistics to carryout promotional activities regarding off grid energy technologies  Limited supply of quality off grid solar technologies (solar lanterns ,SHS)  Affordability problems of the communities and limited credit facilities  Limited budget ,logistic and manpower to conduct study and design of solar mini grid and to implement the projects  Weak/inadequate horizontal;& vertical relation and coordination among concerned stake holders  There are some financial institutions that provide credit services for off grid energy technologies though it is not adequate  Technical support is being provided at all levels but not adequate due to limited budget ,logistic and manpower The consultation meeting participant also listed the following issues that need revision &improvement relevant to the energy services: -

 The energy sector structure needs revision  Vertical and horizontal relation and coordination among different stakeholders need to be strengthened  Energy policy needs to be revised and endorsed  Monitoring and support at different levels (federal to woreda ) needs to be improved The participant from the regional bureau also identified who will be vulnerable groups of the community due the project and the kind of vulnerability, support and livelihoods to be arranged. According to them, the most vulnerable group & the kind of support and livelihoods to be arranged include:

 Those who will lose their land due to the project will be vulnerable group  These groups may lose their livelihood  The vulnerable groups should be compensated if the land of equivalent value will be available  Financial compensation should be made as per the proclamation for any of the property they lose  Different income generating means need to be arranged for them based on their needs

The participant also raised concerns and issues that off-grid and mini-grid electrification project could cause and bring the following negative socio-economic and environmental impacts on the local community:-

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 The community members may lose their land and livelihood  There may be impact and removal of the vegetation cover as a result of implementation of the project  In some case social conflict may arise in relation to land acquisition and compensation processes  Vulnerable group will be all the family members of the community who will lose their land and the community living in the project area if vegetation will be removed due to the project implementation  Vulnerable groups shall be assisted by providing appropriate compensation for their land and property that they will lose and by arranging different income generating means for them  If there is any grievance ,it shall be resolve through discussion at different levels

During the meeting the participant identified the following key and relevant stakeholders who will be responsible & mandated to carry out land acquisition & related activities in the region:-

 Administration bodies (regional,zone; .woreda and keble adminsitaion)  Water &energy resource development structures (region to woreda )  Enironment ,forets and climate change authority (region to woreda )  Land adminsitartion structure(region to woreda)  Agriculture and natuarl resource strcuture (region to woreda) The participant expected &proposed that capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support will be is required in the following major areas:  Study and design of off grid and mini grid electrification  monitoring and evaluation of projects  Compensation and income generation arrangement for vulnerable  Project management  Operation and maintenance of scheme management Finally, the participant concluded & recommend that the study , design and implementation of off grid and mini grid solar project need to be carried out in collaboration with regional energy bureaus .Furthermore ,the vertical and horizontal relation and coordination among the key stakeholders is paramount important and need due attention and must be improved.

II. Amhara Region

Consultation with Amhara Water, Irrigation &Energy Bureau:- The major discussion agendas and key findings of the consultation are summarized below:-

Institutional Arrangement: According to the participants the Bureau has intuitional arrangement from region to woreda level but no specific arrangement is available for off grid and solar mini grid solar systems. Problems & constraints identified by participants related to energy service, off-grid and mini-grid electricity technologies:  Lack of quality assurance  Limited budget

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 Distribution of low quality solar lanterns and solar home systems Main Impacts and risks of off-grid and mini-grid electrification on the local community as identified by the participants:- The participant believe that land take will be the major impact of the proposed project .

In the consultation process, the participants also identified the key stakeholders and institution responsible for land acquisition &related activities in the region. The key institutions and stakeholders authorized to carryout land include the worda & Keble administrations and the community. The participants expressed their views and expectation that capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support will be provided in the field of design off-grid system from design to testing and AC inspection and Quality testing of appliance.

Consultation with Janamora Woreda: Janamora Woreda is one of the sample selected woreda in Amhara region .The consultation meeting members of the woreda include Woreda administrator, community elders and women representatives. The following were the main findings of the consultation meeting at woreda level:-

Benefits of the project identified by the participants

 The implementation of the project will be a good source of renewable energy for rural community  The project will reduce deforestation and land degradation in the woreda  It will reduce burden and work load on women  Reduce cost of energy  The participants also expect that the implementation of the project will enable the local community to be involved in various income generation activities like distribution of solar devices & other job opportunities including charging, lighting &beauty salon services etc.  In general ,the implementation of the project will solve electric problems in the rural area

Adverse impacts identified by the participants

 As the solar mini grid will require small plot of land , the community will lose their farm land  The implementation of the project will likely lead to displacement of the people & significantly affect the poor farmers

Mitigation Measures Proposed by participants

 Access to information to all project stake holders  Providing equal opportunities to all households & community  awareness creation about the proposed project  Payment of compensation and replacement of land  Providing special support to vulnerable group of the community

Major problems of Janamaora woreda : According to the participants, there are numerous problems in the woreda and the development priorities of the community include:-

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 Electric  Access road  Portable water supply  Education service  Health care service  Supply of agricultural input

Finally, the participants and the worda administration confirmed that they are very happy about the project and ready to support the implementation of the proposed project in all aspects.

III. Southern Nations ,Nationalities ,People’s Regional State (SNNPRS)

Consultation With Dasenech Woreda : Dasenech Woreda is one of the sample selected woreda in SNNPRS .The venue for the community consultation was Woreda council hall and the consultation meeting participants comprised of religious leaders ,clan/local elders/ and members of woreda development committee.

Benefits of the project identified by the participants

 The project will benefit the local community by solving energy problem in the area  It will benefit rural communities with no electric access from the national grid  It will encourage & increase investment opportunities in the area  The project will also provide capacity building and technical assistant to project implementers  The project will support &facilitate education service expansion especially night school  Implementation of the proposed project will reduce the costs to be incurred on purchase of generator

Adverse impacts identified by the participants: According to the participants, the proposed project could cause following adverse impacts:  If not properly implemented the project will affect houses &other properties  Land ownership  Conflict among people

Mitigation Measures proposed by participants

 Payment of compensation for land take and for properties likely to be affected by the project  Ensuring community participating especially equal gender participation  Providing support to those members of the community who need special support

Major Problems of Dasenech woreda : The participants expressed that there are many problems in woreda and the major identified problems and their development priorities include:-

1. Electric 2. Access Road

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3. Health services like hospital 4. Water Supply 5. Education services/ School/ 6. Health Center 7. Livestock Laboratory

The consultation meeting participants also identified vulnerable groups in the community & they believe that the following are the major vulnerable groups of the community in the woreda that need special consideration and support:-  The poor  Women  Orphans  Elders  Households with two or more family members & People living with HIV AIDs

Photo 1: View of Consultation with Dasenech Woreda Participants

IV. Afar Regional State

Consultation with Regional Bureaus: Consultation meeting were held with regional bureaus including Bureau of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Land Administration &Environmental protection Bureaus. The consultation meeting at regional level comprised of one participant from each relevant bureaus .Main finding of the discussion and consultations with Afar regional bureuas are summarized hereunder:- Views &Information about the proposed (ADELE) project: All officials consulted from regional bureau are not aware of the project & have no knowledge and information about the ADELE project. Benefits of the project identified by the participants

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 The proposed project will bring socioeconomic benefits to the local community  The participants also expect that the project will provide capacity building and technical assistance for implementation of the project

Adverse impacts identified by participants  The participants expressed their views that the proposed project will not likely cause as such adverse environmental &socioeconomic impacts

Mitigation Measures proposed by the participant

 The participants believe that it is necessary to implement formal laws to solve any adverse impacts & issues likely to arise associated with the implementation of the proposed project

Photo 2: Consultation with Region Energy Bureau

Consultation with Kuri Woreda : Kuri Woreda is one of the sample selected woreda in Afar Region. The consultation meeting participants at Kure woreda consist of social development representative, clan leader (community representative) and local religious leader. The main discussion points & key results of the meeting are described as follows:-

Benefits of the project identified by the participants

 The participant believe that the proposed project will bring benefits to the local community  The participants also expect that the project will provide capacity building and technical assistance for implementation of the project

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Adverse impacts

 They believe that the project will not bring any major adverse impact

Mitigation Measures proposed by the participants: The participants believe that any issues that would arise associated with the project should be resolved through involvement and participation of local community clan leaders. Furthermore, the woreda is ready to solve any issue on their part.

Problems in the Woreda : The participants of the meeting also expressed their views and identified social problems and issues related to development and the community development priority in their order of importance include: Water supply, Electricity,Network and, Aces road. The participants from Kuri Woreda also identified the vulnerable groups in the community & they believe that the poor in the community are the most vulnerable and undeserved group in the woreda.

Finally, the participants agreed that despite the limited information they have about the proposed project, they have keen interest to support implementation of ADELE project in the Woreda.

Photo 3: View of Consultation with Kuri Woreda Participants

V. Gambella Regional State

Consultation with Mining &Energy Bureau: The main findings of discussion and consultations with regional bueau are summarized hereunder:

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Key mandates of the bureau related to the off grid and mini grid electric supply are:-

 Technical Support.  To follow up monitoring and evaluation activities  To identify the regional alternative energy potential resources

Institutional Arrangement: The existing regional to zonal level, from zonal to woreda up to kebele level intuitional arrangement will provide support for rural alternative energy technology including the implementation of planned rural energy, off-grid and mini –grid electricity program in the region According to the participants, the type off-grid and mini-grid electricity demand by the region include:-  Household Solar home system,  institutional Solar home system  Household Solar lantern. The participants also expressed that similar solar off grid projects have been implemented in the region related to cooking, baking and lighting which include:  solar home system for household  solar system for social institutions Major problems & constraints associated with supplying energy with off-grid & mini-grid electricity technologies &support services identified by the participants include:-  Coordination gap between federal ®ional energy institutions like maintenance issue at all levels  Budget constraints for alternative energy sector at the regional level  Lack of alternatives energy technology suppliers  Lack of maintenance, installation of trouble shooting and non-functional technologies  Lack of car, & motorcycle Finally, the participants of the bureau proposed awareness creation, capacity building and training for expert’s specifically practical training on alternative energy technologies. Consultation with Jor Woreda : Jor Woreda is one of the selected sample woreda in Gambela Region. The consultation meeting members of Jor Woreda are composed of 4 male and one female participant .The meeting was conducted at Wored’s Administration Meeting Hall. The main discussion points and key results of the meeting are summarized below. Benefits of the project identified by participants

 The community will be benefits from the implementation of the proposed project  The project will benefit the communities in the woreda including farmers ,women and the youth in particular & the woreda in general  The proposed project components will support government’s growth and transformation plan and will helps to achieve energy development goals  The participants believe that the implementation of the project will improve services deliveries including electrification for house hold & social intuitions  provide capacity building ,technical assistance and implementation support

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Adverse impacts identified by participants

 The participants expressed their views that there will not be any significant adverse impact from the proposed project.

Mitigation Measures proposed by participants

 Since the solar off grid project is beneficial to the community, if the project causes any adverse impact, the woreda administration together with the community will solve any issue that will arise associated with project

Problems in the woreda and development priority

The major problems and challenges in the woreda are associated with electric, road, water supply, health service, education services, livestock and marketing service .The livelihood related challenges are associated with lack of infrastructures.

According to the participants, the develop priority of the community in the woreda include:  Access road  School  Health Center &  Water supply

Other important comments and views forwarded by the participants

 The participants expressed their views that they are willing to provide land required for any community development projects  The cultural factors affecting women in the woreda are early marriage and their cultural activities in the community.

VI. Benshangul Gumez Region

Consultation with Regional Bureaus: Main discussion points and findings of the consultations with the regional bureuas are summarized hereunder. According to the participants, the Key mandates of the bureaus related to the off grid and mini grid electric supply includes:-

 generate mini hydro /mini grid solar off grid  coordinate with EEU&EEP &ensure accessibility of electricity

The participants also expressed that the regional bureaus will support rural energy, off-grid and mini –grid electricity project by providing technical support as well as logistic support at regional level.

According to the participant, the type off-grid and mini-grid electricity demand by the region include:-  Mini grid solar system

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 Solar home system for house hold  Solar lantern for house hold  Solar system for social institutions and solar lantern

The participants also expressed that similar solar off grid projects have been implemented in the region related to cooking, baking and lighting which include:  solar home system for household  solar system for social institutions  Solar lantern

The participants pointed out and identified the following major problems & constraints associated with supplying energy with off-grid & mini-grid electricity technologies &support services in the region:-

 Limited budget  High initial cost  Shortage of logistic  Electric problems in which the participants urged EEU to solve this problem in the region

The participants from the regional bureaus also identified who will be vulnerable groups of the community. According to them the youth group of the society is the most vulnerable group in the community.

Impacts of the proposed project: The participants expressed their concern that the impact the off-grid electrification project will depends on the nature of the project and the specific sites where the sub projects are to be implemented.

During the meeting the participant pointed out the need to participate E&S officers and their role and responsibilities in ADELE project. According to them the officer will be responsible for evaluating report, approval &follow up of implementation of the propose project in the region.

Finally, the participants proposed that capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support are required in the following major areas:  Environmental impact assessment  Environmental auditing &  Monitoring and evaluation

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5.3.2 Findings of Consultation for the grid component Addis Ababa City Administration stakeholders with environmental and social responsibilities in relation to the proposed projects have been consulted for the grid components of ADELE project. The following tables briefly summarized key findings of the consultation meeting including views, concern, suggestions and recommendations of key stakeholders and community members. List of persons contacted and institutions visited are presented in annex 3. Table 8: Summary of findings of Consultation with Stakeholders

positions of Name of Area in Addis Ababa participants Key Findings

 Bole sub-city-Woreda 03 ,Service center #3; Electric power supply disruption: there are plenty  North District customer Service Service Center problems which are encountered within the electric Center-Gulele sub-city, Woreda managers, EEU power supply related service delivery in Addis Ababa 07 Stakeholder and customer involvement: this project and other similar one are more effective if they are Bole sub-city-Woreda 03, Service Service Center implemented through the active involvement of all center #3 manager stakeholders and the community as well

 East District ,Service center #4- Bole sub-city;  West district Customer Service Center#3- Kolfe keranyo &Ledeta sub-cities Director ,Service Benefits of the project: it will improve the reliability of  Ethio-telecom,West Addis Center managers electric power supply and also decreases work stress Ababa-Kolfe Keranyo East district- # 7-Yeka sub-city The project will help to reduce many compliant related Customer service to EEU service delivery; that is by solving electric Center manager power supply interruption

West District,Kolfe Keranyo and It will improve the reliability rate which is currently Lideta sub-cities Director 60% and it will also reduce energy losses

In Tsid Sefer (area name); the existing electric transmission line poles are old and has resulted with multiple power interruption and thus the rehabilitation work needs to be done intensively. Due to poor service quality plenty complaints are logged, thus the project North District- Gulele sub-city, Customer Service implementation will help to solve this deeply rooted Woreda 07 Center-Manager problem

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positions of Name of Area in Addis Ababa participants Key Findings

East district

 Service center #3; Bole sub- Income generating activities: grid oriented investment city-Woreda 03 Service Center will create an opportunity for unemployed and  Service center #4; Bole sub- managers underemployed youths in the areas of intervention city). Negative impact of the project: the project may damage the water and telecommunication infrastructures of the city

If the waste extracted through excavation works are not managed well, it may create a problem on the community members and the vegetation loss needs to be minimal

 Ethioatelecom Area manager- Bole sub-city, Woreda 17 The chemical emission as a result of the machineries  North District Customer  Area manager and vehicles used during project operation phase need Service Center,Gulele sub-city,  Customer Service to be managed well Woreda 07 Center manager  Service center #3; Bole sub- city-Woreda 03;  Ethio telecom Bole sub-city, Woreda 17  East district, service Center# 7- Yeka sub-city; Suggested mitigation measures: All stakeholders and  Service Center  West district-Customer Service community members needs to be informed about the manager Center#3, Kolfe keranyo subproject, relevant actors who are actively involved in  Area manager city  Customer service the project needs to be trained and the project needs  West District,Kolfe Keranyo Center manager to be started within the sooner possible time and Lideta sub-cities  North District-Customer service Manaer#3,Gulele sub-city, Woreda 07).

 West district,Customer Service  Customer Service Center#3,Kolfe keranyo sub- Manager Works should be implemented by using a collaborative city  Directors approach for instance collaboration with  West District-,Kolfe Keranyo  Customer service telecommunication, road and water supply offices and Lideta sub-cities Manager

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positions of Name of Area in Addis Ababa participants Key Findings

 North District-Customer service Manaer#3-Manager-Gulele sub-city, Woreda 07

Area manager Ethio-telecom,West Addis Ababa- Awareness raising works should be delivered on Kolfe Keranyo underground lines

Table 9: Summary of Issues raised during Community Consultation

Name of Area in Addis Ababa Key Findings

Bole and Yeka sub-city, Information about ADELE: this is a first platform that enabled as to get Woreda 10 information about the project

 Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 Importance of the project and revenue of EEU: the project is important in and Woreda 17; increasing the reliability, thus can help to overcome to improve the existing  South district,Nifas Silk Lafto power disruption and poor service quality problems. On the other hand, if the sub-city-Woreda 04; project is realized it will help EEU to collect the revenue properly. EEU needs to  South district,kirkos sub- discuss at grass root level in order to solve the multi-faceted problems related city-Woreda 07 to electric power supply  North district,Gulele sub- city, woreda 07).  Bole and Yeka sub-city, Woreda 10& North district- If managed properly, the project will benefit all segment population which are community-Gulele sub-city, found within our local area woreda 07 We expect the project to improve the reliability of electric power supply, East District,Service center 04- increase the number of small scale investment and will create job Bole sub-city opportunities for youths in the area

West District-Kolfe Keranyo It is essential to improve the halted works in relation to electrification sub-city, Woreda 11 expansion and it is better to start the project within the sooner possible time

West District,Kolfe Keranyo sub-city, Woreda 12 & Woreda 11 It will improve service equity in terms of electricity power supply

Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 &Woreda 17 Poor service quality: there is poor service quality status and there are frequent efforts which are intended to improve the service quality, but the conductors

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Name of Area in Addis Ababa Key Findings

have weak power; thus, the project needs to improve the capacity of the conductors and it also improve the overall service quality problems

 Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 and Woreda 17;  East District-Service center 04-Bole sub-city  South district-Community- Power disruption: there is frequent power interruption and enterprises are Female adult participant- failing to make as much as needed profit. We are hoping that ADELE project will Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city- solve this problem Woreda 04  Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 and Woreda 17; Awareness on community’s contribution: before the project implementation  East District-Service center phase; different awareness raising and community consultation initiatives 04,Bole sub-city needs to be conducted in areas like; land acquisition/land donation, right of  South distrc ,Nifas Silk Lafto way and minimal vegetation loss sub-city-Woreda 04 Bole and Yeka sub-city, Since some group of people will be affected by the project, for instance though Woreda 10 minimal so e group of people may be forced to sacrifice their resources as a result of the project implementation process, so the project implementers needs to work in increasing the awareness of the community and especially of the PAP

Quality of materials: we suggest that the overhead installation shall be MV Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 and line with high quality standard in order to avoid potential risks of power Woreda 17 fluctuation and load overflow

Vulnerable groups-categories of PAP: in the case of our area, new residents, Bole and Yeka sub-city, the poorest group of people, female headed households are the most Woreda 10 & Yeka sub-city vulnerable group of people

West District-Kolfe Keranyo In our woreda’s context, the vulnerable groups includes; people living with sub-city, Woreda 07 disabilities, poor of poor, elderly and chronically ill people

In our woreda’s context, the vulnerable groups includes; women, elderly and North district, Gulele sub-city, people involved in petty trade/hand crafts who are working during the night Woreda 07) time

East district, Bole sub-city, Woreda 03 Development priorities: the ranking of the community is presented as follows: East district, Yeka sub-city) Road, Electricity,Water,Education& Health

Development initiative shall be gender sensitive

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Name of Area in Addis Ababa Key Findings

North district, Gulele sub-city, Woreda 07 In our woreda’s context the following are the development priorities: Road,Water,Shops, Flour mills Negative impacts of the project: since the livelihood of most segment of West District-Kolfe Keranyo population is related with electric power supply; the project will benefit sub-city, Woreda 12 particularly education facilities and government service institutions

Mitigation measures: for the smooth execution of the project the following mechanisms needs to be considered-

-All community members and relevant stakeholders need to be actively involved.

-City administration personnel should actively in the project implementation process.

-Local community association (Edir) should involve in the community mobilization activities.

 East District-Service center -Relevant regular and refreshment training needs to be provided to the 04-Bole sub-city; technical and non-technical project implementers.  West District,Kolfe Keranyo sub-city, Woreda 12; -Strong and well-established follow-up mechanism needs to be established  West District,Kolfe Keranyo during the project implementation phase sub-city, Woreda 07 & 10  South district,Nifas Silk Lafto The project needs to be started within the sooner possible time sub-city-Woreda 04  Working in collaboration with telecommunication and water supply offices West District-Kolfe Keranyo  Generator should be prepared as a back-up in order to minimize the impact sub-city, Woreda 12 of the power interruption during the project upgrading and rehabilitation works West District-Kolfe Keranyo For the smooth implementation of the project the youth group should be sub-city, Woreda 11 actively involved

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Photo 4: Partial view of Consultation with stakeholders in Addis Ababa City Administration

Photo 5: Partial View of Consultation with community member in northern district of Addis Ababa City Administration

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS& MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Background Improving the reliability of electric supply in Addis Ababa and other key urban areas through upgrading and rehabilitation of distribution network will ensure availability of reliable energy supply and improve system efficiency, stability and reliability which will simulate the overall socioeconomic development and services of the city and its surrounding areas. Furthermore, off-grid renewable energy development projects enable to secure affordable electricity to rural communities and will play a vital role in environmental sustainability and overall socio-economic development. However, there is a growing concern that many forms of development activities including development of renewable energy have the potential impact on environment and natural resources upon which the socio economies are based. A major challenge is therefore, the trade-off between environment and development and how to maintain sustainable development without damaging the environment. Therefore, like all other development projects, proposed project will have both beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment.

Given the nature and scale of the sub project which result in adverse impact to the nearby biophysical and social environment, the environmental and social risk category is expected to be substantial for both Component 1: Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas and Component 2: Solar-hybrid Mini Grids for Rural Economic Development and moderate for Component 4: Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities. The potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project were identified through collection and analysis of necessary data related to the project including reviewing relevant documents and stakeholder consultation process at federal, regional and woreda levels.

The anticipated impacts are generic and serve as a spring board and a general guide for a undertaking thorough assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts of sub project components during actual project implementation in subsequent phases. It also gives a clear direction to ensure that the anticipated impacts of the proposed project are addressed by different actors during planning & realization of the proposed project. Hence, based on the finding of review of relevant documents, baseline information as well as public consultation at different levels, the anticipated beneficial and adverse impacts of the proposed project are presented below. As per the new Environment and Social Standard /ESS/ the WB classify all projects (including projects involving Financial Intermediaries (FIs)) into one of four classifications: High Risk, Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk or Low Risk. A project will be classified as High, Substantial, Moderate and Low risk, considering:

 the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the Project including physical considerations  the nature and magnitude of the potential ES risks and impacts, including the type of development (greenfield or brownfield, e.g. rehabilitation, maintenance or upgrading activities); the nature of

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the potential risks and impacts (e.g. whether they are irreversible, unprecedented or complex); resettlement activities;  presence of Indigenous Peoples; and possible mitigation measures considering the mitigation hierarchy  the capacity and commitment of the Borrower to manage such risks and impacts in a manner consistent with the ESSs  other areas of risk that may be relevant to the delivery of ES mitigation measures and outcomes, including the nature of the mitigation and technology being proposed, considerations relating to domestic and/or regional stability, conflict or security

An environmental and social risk categorization will enable EEU to monitor and evaluate its exposure to environmental and social risk aggregated at the relevant portfolio level. This allows EEU to better manage and track changes in the risk profile and the associated environmental and social impacts of ADELE subproject. This information can also be used by EEU to report internally to senior management, externally to stakeholders, and to the World Bank on overall environmental and social risk.

The project aims to rehabilitate distribution lines, mini grids with the involvement of private sectors and off-grid solar systems to education and health sectors throughout Ethiopia. Accordingly, examining the type, location, sensitivity, scale of sub project, it the project has various potential benefits to the households located in deeper rural areas including alleviating the daily household burdens of women and enhancing their livelihoods.

The potential impacts that will be generated are expected to be temporary, reversible, low in magnitude, and site specific and are manageable with the application of appropriate environmental and social risk and impacts management (ESRM) tools including the private sector ESMS and international best practices. It is expected that Thus, other than the e-waste that can be generated from the project activities, the anticipated environmental impacts and risks associated to the proposed ADELE project are not likely to be significant

Though the project has many potential benefits including provision of renewable energy technology, there are few E&S risk and impacts associated with waste management (disposal and recycling of solar panels, used SHS units including used batteries especially lead acid and lithium ion batteries, defected and used solar panels which are considered hazardous wastes, poor OHS practices, labor issues, presence of Indigenous/underserved communities. Additionally, some gender-related risks might involve gender- based violence, risk of underserving/ excluding female-headed households, and the need to close gender gaps in access to credit in deep rural and Historically Underserved areas of the country where ADELE is planned to be implemented.

Thus, considering the risk factors that help to identify the project risks classification, project components are classified as Substantial Risk.

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6.2 Beneficial/Positive Impacts

The major beneficial /positive impacts associated with implementation of the components of ADELE Project which are implemented by EEU are summarised below: Improved reliability of electric supply

Rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing grid transmission and distributions network will improve and ensure reliable energy supply and distribution to residents and businesses in the capital city and its environs. It is expected to improve the coverage of reliable power supply in urban and rural areas of Addis Ababa, thereby stimulating the economy and social service in the city. Moreover, where diesel generators and other form of substitute of energy are used due to lack of supply or frequent power interruption, ensuring reliable supply of grid electric energy will reduce the cost of energy to communities in the city and its vicinity. Improved Access to Clean and Reliable Electricity: The proposed project will provide to the rural population an opportunity to access clean energy from the off-grid solutions of the proposed project and the project will play an important role in achieving the country’s clean energy goals. Improved standard of living: The implementation of this project will result in connecting about 2.5 million beneficiaries to the off-grid electricity. Access to electricity will change the standard of living of the people as they can use domestic appliances like iron boxes, fridges, television sets, washing machines to mention but a few. Use of electricity for lighting implies that the people will not be exposed to smoke arising from use of kerosene lamps which predisposes people to respiratory diseases.

Job Opportunities & Skill development : To reach and serve an additional 6 million households by 2025, the grid and off grid components of the proposed project, which will create various job opportunities for skilled and unskilled labors to be involved in construction, distribution, retail, and maintenance activities as well as technical assistance and installation, manufacturing and acquisition, customer outreach and after-sale services etc. Furthermore, man power to be the employed in various categories will develop skill in renewable energy and create capacity to scale up the technology. Hence, the implementation of the project will close skill gaps and raise basic skill level in the grid and off grid energy sector in particular and the country in general.

Health benefits: Most of the rural community in Ethiopia depends on kerosene lamps, fuel wood, and animal dung, crop straw and stems as source of energy. These energy sources create indoor air pollution and pose health problems. The implementation of the proposed project will result in many families replacing the exiting energy source with electricity thereby reducing health problems in rural areas. Communications and information dissemination Access to electricity will lead to improved communication for the beneficiaries. This will be enabled by the fact that charging of mobile phones will be easier. Other direct benefit of the project will be disseminating information and awareness creation to the local communities through use of radios and TV including health education messages, information on HIV/ AIDs and other disease etc.

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 Benefits to education: Access to off grid electricity at the household level and at schools will create opportunities to more time for studying and facilitate night school in rural areas.One potentially important impact of electrification is the improvement of studying conditions of school-age children. Studying hours at home will tend to be higher for SHS user households.  Security and safety: In different ways, electric lighting may have a preventive character for the sake of security and safety. First, the replacement of traditional lighting may reduce the incidence of lighting-induced fire in the household. Second, since cooking with wood fuels is the main indoor air pollutant traditional lighting emits smoke that may have adverse effects on people’s health. Third, the incidence of animal attacks and the incidence of thefts will reduce due to the SHS introduction.  Contribute to improved standard of living: Access to electricity will change the standard of living of the people as they can lighting their homes and use domestic appliances like, television sets, radio and charging mobile phones. Use of electricity for lighting implies that the people will not be exposed to smoke arising from use of kerosene lamps which predisposes people to respiratory diseases.  Positive expected impact on poverty reduction: With more affordable and stable electricity in the otherwise off-grid areas, the beneficiaries will be engaging in income generating activities hence improving their economic status.  Gender Considerations: Electricity is a basic service especially for lighting but is still a luxury for many rural women and men. Access to modern electricity will go a long way towards alleviating the daily household burdens of women, giving them more time, improving their health and enhancing their livelihoods. Available literature on gender and energy suggests that providing electricity to communities and homes will promote gender equality, women’s empowerment, and women’s and girls’ access to education, health care, and employment. Indeed, most gender benefits of the project will occur because women tend to spend more time at home, are responsible for household chores that can be carried out more productively with electricity, and because certain tasks are culturally defined as women’s work. The first and strongest impacts of the project shall occur via lighting and TV. Electricity will replace more expensive candles and kerosene lamps, thereby reducing indoor air pollution, fire, burn risk and providing higher quality light. Women and girls will benefit more from air pollution of kerosene lamps because they spend more time in the kitchen. Lighting and television will improve access to information, the ability to study, and extend the effective working hours. The women will also benefit more due to access of information, especially on health and nutrition since they also spend more time at home. The project will also enhance security in the rural areas as most homes will be lit up, a benefit that is more appreciated by women.  Provision of employment: Both the grid and off grid components of the project will have a positive impact on both direct and indirect employment levels in the country translating into incomes at the household levels which will trigger other spending and demand in the local economy. In summary, the benefits to be achieved from the implementation proposed project include:  Reducing dependency on biomass based fuel (firewood ,charcoal etc ) for household lighting and cooking leading to reduced deforestation &land degradation rate & mitigation of climate change  Reducing use of fossil fuels (i.e. kerosene for lighting and petrol to run generators);  Reducing labor and time spent especially by women on fuel wood & other traditional biomass energy source collection  Reducing workload and burdens on women

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 Improving quality of life including better lighting, ability to run additional household appliances and reduced cost of energy  Enabling and facilitating establishment of local new enterprises including agricultural processing (e.g. grain mill, poultry production), metal and wood work etc which would in turn lead to local entrepreneurship development in the rural areas

6.3 Negative Impacts & Mitigation Measures

6.3.1 Background Despite the various socio economic and environmental benefits mentioned above the project will also have some negative impacts likely to arise during the construction and operation of the proposed project.

Considering the size and nature of the proposed project components, the anticipated potential adverse environmental and social risks could classify as low, moderate and substantial which varies from across different components and activities.

The anticipated negative impacts and proposed mitigation measures are detailed in the following section. The identified likely environmental and social (E&S) risks and impacts of for each project component are summarized in table 14.

6.3.2 Impacts of Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas Upgrading and rehabilitation of LV and MV distribution lines will mainly involve replacement of wooden poles and cables and re-conductoring. These activities will be undertaken using conventional overhead power line construction methods. Among others, some of the activities during rehabilitation and upgrading of distribution line are selective vegetation removal, excavation of new pole sites, removal of timber poles, installation of new concrete poles and removal and replacement of conductors. Replacement of poles will be carried out in close proximity to the existing locations. Leveling may be necessary at some sites to level the ground and improve the landscape for construction activities. Excess excavated material will be removed from site. Old poles, cable, transformers will be removed from site to be stored and disposed in an environmentally sound manner Typical pole installation equipment will include hydraulic excavators, drill rigs, rock drills and cranes. Alternatively, excavation may be undertaken by hand. Backfilling will typically be undertaken using hand held equipment such as shovels and vibratory tampers. Dump trucks will typically be used to remove excess excavated material from site as required. Re-conductoring activities will typically involve installation of stringing blocks on poles and using existing conductors to pull in new conductors. Bucket trucks and cranes will be used to the mount stringing blocks and line sagging will be corrected using tensioning equipment. Although, the existing access roads will be used to transport construction material to each project construction site), particularly for Mv line there will be a possibility of reroute from the existing route

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and/or due to the requirement of new MV line, additional site for MV RoW and new access routes may be required. Hence, environmental and social impacts and risks associated with grid network upgrading and rehabilitation including 600 km long medium voltage (MV), and low voltage (LV) distribution lines, supply of associated equipment and installation of more than 2100 transformers are expected to substantial.. . The following are the major anticipated adverse impacts of this component:-

Interruption of Power Supply Temporary and minimal power supply disruption will possibly occur during upgrading and rehabilitation activities. This impact will be limited to a few days if only a section of the line is tackled at a time so that the number of customers affected for each outage will be minimal. Mitigation Measures  A portable generator could be attached to the local transformer, which will feed the affected customers for during the periods when a power supply not available associated with upgrading and rehabilitation activities  Inform the community about the power interruption in advance of work Noise and Vibration Impacts Like other infrastructure projects, noise and vibrations are expected temporarily during different activities of the proposed project due to movement of project vehicles and machineries. Even though, noise impacts are minimal, these activities will create disturbances to the local communities living close to the construction routes and other sensitive receptors like clinics, hospitals and schools etc. Mitigation Measures  Excessive noise levels should be restricted to the day-time and working hours, and equipment producing high levels of noise should be avoided or screened when working within close proximity to any sensitive noise receptors;  Switching off equipment and vehicles when not in use to avoid noise emission Impacts of Waste Generation and Disposal It is anticipated that different types of wastes will be generated during upgrading and rehabilitation of existing transmission line networks. These include: solid and liquid waste, spoils soils, scrap metals, cables, capacitor, wood, glass ,packaging materials as well as hazardous wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from older imported transformers and capacitors, transformer parts& oils, fluorescent bulbs and a certain amount of heavy metals (chromium, copper and arsenic). Unmanaged disposal and inadequate waste management could affect public health, land and water resource. Mitigation Measures  Non-hazardous metals and cables could be sold to authorized collectors and recyclers

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 As there are no know facilities to dispose of hazardous waste in the country.Therefore, EEU is required to collect and store wastes until such time as waste disposal facilities are in place to accommodate specific waste types by licensed waste recyclers.  Capacitate and support licensed personnel who are involved in hazardous waste disposal and management in all aspects including financial and technical supports  Proper waste segregation, safe transport and disposal at the authorized designated waste disposal

Occupational Health and Safety Risks Construction activities like upgrading and rehabilitation activities could pose potential risks to the health and safety of project construction work forces. These risks include those associated during operation of project machinery, vehicles, plant and equipment. Others, could be electrocution, and working at height, particularly during pole installation and maintenance works. Freak accidents may occur which can result in injury and fatalities. Generally, workers on construction sites are highly exposed to injuries, falls, fatalities caused by machinery and/or transport, struck by falling object and risks from manual handling of heavy loads. Uncontrolled growth of tall trees or vegetation within the transmission RoW may aggravate and cause an increased risk of electrocution, due to contact of branches and trees with live distribution lines which creates, ignition of forest and brush fires that ultimately danger to workers who are on duty. Generally, workplaces and health and safety risks include:

 Electrocution hazard during installationinstallation and maintenance of power distribution lines.  Injury from falls when working at heights or from falling objects.  Injury or fatality from heavy construction equipment.  Improper use and lack of availability of the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  Injury during excavation for mini grid structure, tower erection, etc.

Mitigation Measures All Environmental and social management procedures and processes recommended to be implemented during project implementation period are designed to protect worker safety against the potential risks associated with:

 construction and/or operations of facilities or other operational practices developed or promoted under the project;  exposure to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and otherwise dangerous materials; and reconstruction or rehabilitation of infrastructure located in areas prone to natural hazards. This

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will be implemented in line with WBG-Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines: occupational health and safety3. Specifically, to avoid these safety hazards and risks, the following general safety need to be considered during project implementation period.

 Ensure safe handling and use of PPE.  Ensure the availability and proper use of PPE by the contractors, laborer who are engaged in the construction, installation and operation and maintenance of the proposed project  Monitor regularly the use and availability of PPE and other protective tools and materials by the project coordination unit at all phases of the project.  All workers entering the construction site must be equipped with PPE including goggles, safety shoes, overalls, gloves, dust masks, among others. The PPE should be those that follow the international standards of PPE.  ONLY competent workers and staff should be allowed to operate any machinery and equipment to reduce the incidents of accidents.  During the construction, the project site should be completely sealed off and warning signs erected informing the public to keep off the construction site when construction is in progress.  Personal protection gear applicable to the activities must be provided and its use made compulsory to all.  Fire risks are possible due to improper storage facilities and lack of fire drill and this requires provision of regular training and awareness creation to the workers  For any incidents of leakage or spill during installation, temporary containment structure is required to clean-up accidental spills.  Provide regular OHS induction training for staffs before mobilization to work  Personal protection gear will be provided and its use made compulsory to all. The entire workforce should be trained in the use of protective gear, handling of chemical products and acid storage cells, electric safety equipment, procedures for entering enclosed areas, fire protection and prevention, emergency response and care procedures.  Training given to the employees should be backed by regular on- site training in safety measures.  Machines and Equipment must be operated only by qualified staff and a site supervisor should be on site at all times to ensure adherence.  The contactor must develop workers’ Health and Safety Manual for which all the workers should be conversant with for response in case of accidents.

3 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/9aef2880488559a983acd36a6515bb18/2%2BOccupational%2 BHealth%2Band%2BSafety.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

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 Cut trees to a height shall be as per the national standards, limit the ROW at the recommended width for both 33 kV and 15 kV. However, the undergrowth in the ROW should be allowed while only leaving a narrow strip to be completely cleared to allow stringing of the line conductors.

Community Health and Safety: The congested, dense, unplanned settlement pattern in Addis Ababa coupled with low level of awareness makes community safety issue particularly challenging. This has been known to result in accidents (sometimes fatal) particularly in stormy weather conditions and with old lines. Risks also include those associated with the operation of vehicles, plant and equipment in close proximity to dense and congested settlement areas (Photo 6)

Photo 6: Partial view of existing transmission networks, dense settlements and business areas in Addis Ababa

Mitigation Measures  Community safety management system by EEU including training and awareness for the local community.  Regular inspections to prevent encroachment of houses ,fences and tress planation close to transmission lines Loss of soil, clearing of Vegetation cover/crop and Disturbance of Habitat:

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Although the MV and LV lins are limited within the exiting path, the anticipated distribution lines, particularly in rural areas are mostly covered by agricultural land. Activities like excavation and digging works may affect the vegetation and will involve clearing and loss of existing vegetation cover and disturbance of topsoil that promotes of soil erosion. In addition, Activities like excavation and digging works particularly for reinforcing of transmission line, clearing of way leave for distribution and transmission lines that cannot be located in the road reserve, pole erection, installation of MV-LV transformers, will involve the followings impacts

 clearing and loss of existing vegetation cover which may contribute for loss of plant cover and biodiversity;  disturbance of top soil that promotes of soil erosion;  plant material removed from site causes GHG emissions and air pollution if burned; and  obstruction of bird movements

Mitigation measures In order to minimize and/or avoid the negative impacts, the Employers, Contractors, implementing bodies and beneficiaries shall implement the followings measures:  The anticipated impacts could be managed by avoiding and/or minimizing cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees,  plan for replanting of trees; careful attention shall be given to threatened tree species, avoid open burning of plant material  string conductors under tension to minimize potential damage to remaining ground vegetation.  Any impact on clearing of ground and tree crops is expected to unavoidable and the crops destroyed will be compensated in accordance with the national law before any construction works commence. The compensation and resettlement process will be prepared and clearly discuss in a RAP/ARAP that will be used as an instrument to address such impacts.  As per the national standards, limit the ROW at the recommended width for both 33 kV and 15 kV. However, the undergrowth in the ROW should be allowed while only leaving a narrow strip to be completely cleared to allow stringing of the line conductors.  Strictly define ROW clearing activities in the contract specifications and in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (guideline for the preparation of ESMP is stated in Annex ….).  String conductors under tension to minimize potential damage to remaining ground vegetation. Air quality: Fugitive Dust

 Open burring of vegetation and other wastes would contribute a potential impact on the Air Quality, which ultimately pollute the air resulting in increases in bronchial and eye disorders. Exhaust emissions will also result from machinery and truck traffic during the construction phases.  Dust also an issue during the construction of access roads and clearing of vegetation along the ROW, especially when construction take place during the dry season. However, as most construction activities will be undertaken remote from residential areas, the impact is not expected to be major.

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 Fugitive dust will be localized and experienced only in the specific areas where the construction of access roads, earth working and excavation for installation of pole, excavations and stockpiles of materials, Both dust and exhaust from vehicles will cause health related impacts to the communities around and workers in the project site. Dust impacts from vehicular movement on gravel roads aggravated dust pollution in some areas during dry conditions. Dust pollution could also take place during maintenance and inspection of the power lines. This impact will be localized and of a short duration, during the construction phase and is anticipated to be less significance. Therefore, to minimize and/avoid the anticipated impacts the contractor shall consider and implement the followings:

Mitigation measures  The dirt roads and exposed construction areas should be moisturized during the dry season to prevent or minimize the fugitive dust emissions.  Proper location of material stockpiles, especially sand and soil downwind from the commercial, residential, and other settlements and receptors like schools and health facilities will be required.  Frequent wetting of the stockpile and working area.  Screening of or providing wind breaks for stockpiles.  Workers in the project site must be equipped with the necessary and required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) prescribed by the construction industry to mitigate impacts to dust pollution.  Routing of the lines should preferably not be in close proximity to residential dwellings and other sensitive receptors, including offices, schools and health facilities.  The construction schedule should be communicated with potentially affected parties.  Construction timeframes should be discussed with property owners.  Dust-suppression techniques should be used along gravel roads, when required.  regular vehicle maintenance,  Community members and contractor’s staff shall be advised and enforced to avoid such open burning that result smoking and pollution of air.

Biodiversity

 Activities during upgrading of distribution ine, stringing, opening of Right of Way (ROW), etc would require clearance of vegetation within the area of interest. Although it is not significant, installation MV/Lv poles will have a case to remove where trees that obstruct digging holes for poles.. Such clearance of vegetation will result an impact on the existing fauna and flora species and ultimately affect the biodiversity of the area. Generally, the anticipated impacts will not have potential adverse impacts on terrestrial and/or aquatic biodiversity. However, it is essential to consider and ensure the flowing measures:

Mitigation measures

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 Assess the status and presence of sensitive species in the area.  Check no sensitive fauna and flora species are found within and around the construction area that are affected by the project activities  Plan accordingly to minimize or avoid the sources of impacts during preconstruction phase.  Make sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and SF6 Impacts

 PCBs used to be widely used as insulators in electrical equipment, including transformers, capacitors, switches, voltage regulators etc. They are of concern because they are powerful toxins, even at low concentrations, and they persist and bio-accumulate in the environment creating adverse health impacts and adverse ecological changes.  Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents. The non-flammable, SF6 is a colorless, odorless, synthetic gas. It makes a hugely effective insulating material for medium and high-voltage electrical installations.SF6 currently plays a key role as an insulating and arc-quenching medium, particularly in switchgear. In addition to its many advantages in terms of technical properties, SF6 has the disadvantage of having a very high global warming potential (GWP). It is the most potent greenhouse gas known.

Mitigation measures  Analize the type of gases present in the transformers and other insulated equipment associated with PCB and SF6.  Refurbishment of any substations and upgrading/rehabilitation work of the power line will need to check whether any such old transformers/equipment will be replaced and appropriate safeguards taken. This is not an issue with new transformers, as they will not contain PCBs.  Use alternative vacuum circuit breaker technologies;  Use alternative fluorinated gas mixtures if possible Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Impacts

 Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) are invisible lines of force that surround any electrical device. Power transmission lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment all produce EMF. There are many other sources of EMF as well. Electric fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases. Magnetic fields result from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increase in strength as the current increases. Most electrical equipment should be turned on, i.e., current must be flowing, for a magnetic field to be produced. Electric fields are often present even when the equipment is switched off, if it remains connected to the source of electric power. In summary, voltage produces an electric field and current produces a magnetic

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field. Electric fields are shielded or weakened by materials that conduct electricity, even materials that conduct poorly, including trees, buildings, and human skin. Magnetic fields, however, pass through most materials and are therefore more difficult to shield. However, both electric fields and magnetic fields decrease rapidly as the distance from the source increases. Mitigation Measures  As a precautionary measure, the proposed project will adopt nationally accepted standards for ROW develop by the EEA and the respective institutions, and if required, in some area international standard for ROW will be effective along the MV distribution lines.  All habitation and structures are excluded from the ROW to ensure safety of people and animals from EMFs as well as from direct electric shocks and “flashover.” EEU and staffs working on safety risk area will take the required safety responsibility to ensure no or minimum impacts to workers and community nearby. Fire risk

 The risk of fire outbreaks during bad weather e.g. storms, winds etc. cannot be overruled especially when the pole crash or if electrical faults occur. Also, failure to maintain the ROW could cause the overgrowth of nearby trees that could end up crashing on the lines during poor weather and hence cause fire outbreaks of black outs. Given the stringing activities in LV and MV is expected to be insulated, there will be no or minimum impacts are expected. However, the followings are the mitigation measures to be considered by Employer and the Contractors Mitigation Measures  A robust fire prevention program and fire suppression system should be developed by the contactor for use in each work areas.  All the site must contain firefighting equipment of recommended standards and in key strategic points. This should include at least, Carbon dioxide systems, Detection/alarm systems, and portable fire extinguishers among others.  A fire risk management and evacuation plan must be prepared and posted in various points of the cabins including procedures to take when a fire is reported.  The proposed project should continuously ensure that the ROW is kept clear by regular trimming of trees and maintenance. Bird Strikes/Collusions and Electrocution

 Distribution networks are known to be a possible source of bird strikes that get entangled to the lines causing their injury or even instant death. This is especially more significant when large flock of birds migrates from one point to another and usually get struck by these distribution lines, Mainly MV lines..

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Mitigation measures  Considering the proposed project where the powerline is insulated, this risk of electrocution expected to be none or minimal and no power line is pass through any known migratory bird routes  However, the project closely works with the EFCC and other organization like Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS), Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity (EIB) and MoANR to identify the potential birds’ migration route within the project area, if available and ensure implementation of sound precaution and mitigation measure, like installation of habitat disturbance flapper or balloon on the power line to avoid and/or minimize the anticipated collusion and/or electrocution bird impacts. Land acquisition due to access road and RoW acquisition:

Considering the nature of MV line which may require new route, there will be a possibility of construction of new access road or rehabilitation of existing one. Therefore, the construction and rehabilitation of access roads can affect the environment through vegetation clearance, compaction of land, dust pollution and impact on natural habitats. Similar to access road construction, RoW will also be required for mainly for MV line. In this case, possible interference with or fragmenting of land uses along the ROW will be the causes for opening of remote lands to human activities such as settlement, agriculture and vegetation. These effects can be significant if natural habitats such as wetlands and national parks are affected.

 Project Affected People (PAPs) might lose part of their livelihoods in the process of clearing vegetation for the ROW, such as their cash crops including coffee plants, false banana (inset), mango, eucalyptus, and other trees. Moreover, during construction foundation, erection as well as stringing of distribution lines can involve movement of machinery, which may cause damage to crop that impact agricultural activities, and the livelihoods of PAPs.  PAPS may also lose part of their land under various use or other properties. The proposed route options may have impacts on the existing land use, both temporarily and permanently Land might be acquired for access roads, workers camp, workers’ residence, etc.. If the village from the solar or mini grid is to be connected to the main grid, ancillary features, including access roads and power distribution lines to connect a project to an existing electrical grid, can result in significant land use disturbances.  The PAPs may not be able to replace land or assets required, if there are cases of inadequate amount of compensation or pressure to contribute land voluntarily that results in diminished quality of life for the people affected. Mitigation Measures  To avoid/minimize the anticipated impacts, temporary access roads shall be constructed within the RoW without encroaching sensitive receptors and clearance of vegetation. In addition, more focus will be give to rehabilitate the existing roads/trails for access, and the impact will be expected to be significant.

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 To offset the impacts from RoW construction, the Employer/Contractor shall identify well- established routes corridors with minimum impacts that help for transport of goods and materials to ensure the cumulative effects from the project not to be significant.  During design phase, avoid acquisition which expropriate community lands, or select bare lands, abandoned mining land, or existing unusable corridors, if applicable. The proposed project proponent (EEU) will develop RP in accordance with national law and ESS5 and all compensation measures will be functional based on the approved A/RAP that will be prepared by EEU. 6.3.3 Impacts of Solar-hybrid mini grids and Standalone solar systems for health and education Impact on Biodiversity and Vegetation Cover One of the impacts of the proposed project would be vegetation clearance. The impacts on natural vegetation will be associated with construction and installation of solar mini grids and associated structures including camps, guest houses, septic tanks and construction of the low voltage distribution lines and solar home system for social institutions which may leads depletion of vegetation and may contribute for loss of plant cover at certain degree and disturbance of topsoil and cause of micro level erosion. Furthermore, as vegetation cover might impede efficiency of solar panels, in this case removal of vegetation is inevitable. All these activities may lead disturbance on the fauna and flora species and ultimately affect natural habitats and biodiversity.

Another likely impact in terms of biodiversity is related to avian collision with the solar panel installations. Due to small size of mini grids this risk is not expected to be high. Solar power plants could also displace animals and disturb their habitats, by direct disturbance during construction and operation (e.g. from noise, light disturbance at night). Mitigation Measures:-  Careful and suitable site selection for siting up of all subproject components  Demarcation and avoidance of species of conservation interest in work areas  Ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be affected by the subproject and that any disturbance is restricted to the actual subproject area and avoids spillover effects to the neighboring areas.  Re-vegetate and plant trees as a way of replacement of the cleared vegetation/trees within the area after construction  avoid or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees  Ensure no sensitive species are found and plan accordingly to minimize or avoid the sources of impacts.  Pruning should only be practiced to remove branches that only impede efficiency of the solar energy.  Demarcation and avoidance of areas of conservation of interest (high value, species, feeding or breeding sites, bird migration routes etc.

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Visual impacts Visual impacts would arise from the installation the solar system. These impacts will occur when changes in the landscape are noticeable to receptors observing the landscape from dwelling areas, tourism attraction areas, travel routes, and important cultural features. In addition, Solar Mini-grid and Panel installation result in minor change of the land aesthetics of the project areas due to installation of solar panel in improper direction and other. This may also affect the visual amenity of nearby houses and surrounding communities Mitigation Measures  Putting up a wall round the solar facilities to keep off by the project proponent.  To minimize interruption of visual quality, setting up of solar panels at the right direction (north – south) and with no reflection of light that affect the receptors’ visual quality.  , solar panel should be placed at the right direction (north –south) and with no reflection of light that affect the neighbors’ visual quality.  In all activities within the core area, indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, wooden timber, cables, electric equipment, empty oilcans, nails, and liquid wastes should be managed and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic beauty to the workers’ and residents’ area Impacts on water quality Pollution of these resources may arise at or close to the base camps/stores or work sites as a result of inadequate provision of sanitary and waste facilities, and accidental spillage or leakage of polluting materials Mitigation Measures  Installation of sewage treatment to meet required standards  adequate provision for treatment and disposal of sanitary and other liquid waste in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution of water resources  take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage  Prohibit washing of project vehicles, plant and machinery in or adjacent to any water sources. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources Noise Impacts Excavation activities, movement of vehicles and machinery are likely to cause noise emission and noise levels are expected to be much higher than the ambient noise level in and around the project area. These in turn may create disturbances and impact people living nearby the project access roads as well as near construction sites Mitigation Measures The potential noise impacts shall be mitigated by implementing the following mitigation measures:

 Activities producing excessive noise levels should be restricted to the day-time and working hours, and equipment producing high levels of noise should be avoided or screened when working within close proximity to any sensitive noise receptors;

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 Installing portable barriers and fencing off the construction site during construction  Switching off equipment and vehicles when not in use to avoid noise emission Impacts on avian species Solar systems can pose risks to wildlife especially birds that may confuse solar panels with water bodies. Furthermore, low and medium voltage power transmission lines could pose a number of threats to variety of birds including mortality through collision, electrocution and habitat disturbance .All these threats could result in the loss and reduction of the local birds’ population.

Mitigation Measures  Demarcation and avoidance of areas of conservation of interest (high value, species, feeding or breeding sites, migration routes);  Making power lines present less of an obstacle for birds to collide with and high-visibility markers should be installed to make the lines more visible to birds;  To design an avian-safe power pole to minimize bird electrocution risk by providing sufficient separation between energized phase conductors and between phases and grounded hardware to accommodate at least the wrist-to-wrist or head-to-foot distance of a bird;  To mitigate habitat disturbance and alteration as much as possible the size of the area to be cleared and used for the project should be minimized Competition for water resources with local users and impact on existing water sources Local water supplies are required for various purposes. Pressure on local users and existing water source are possible due to the need of water for washing solar panels frequently. Cooling water is also required for solar concentration devices. Furthermore, construction and operation phases will require supply of water which could also affect existing local water supply. These impacts may be high in areas where water shortage is a major constraint. Mitigation Measures  In areas where water is in short supply and critical, the availability of water shall be assessed and alternate sources shall be developed by the contractor  The contractor should get approval and permission from the local communities ,Kebele & Woreda administration before using local water resource  Promoting water efficiency (including leak detention, preventative maintenance  The use of a dry cooling system instead of a wet cooling system for concentrated solar power plants will reduces water requirements  Avoiding pollution of existing water sources Soil Erosion Excavation, levelling, vegetation clearance and related activities will be carried for construction and installation of solar hybrids minigrids and power transmission lines. Furthermore, construction of access roads will be carried out to transport personnel, materials and equipment. During these activities, soil disturbance and loss of vegetation cover will increase vulnerability of soil to erosion. Mitigation Measures

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To control the potential erosion problem, the following mitigation measures are recommended: . The project infrastructure design should ensure that provision is made for suitable and adequate drainage facilities; . Construction activities should be concentrated as much as possible in the dry season to reduce the environmental damage and soil erosion and sediment-loading to streams; . Excavated areas and temporary access roads not suitable for future maintenance activities shall be rehabilitated and reinstated after completion of the works; Impacts of Hazardous Waste disposal

There will be potential impacts associated with broken and used panels, lantern parts; used and damaged batteries and units. These hazardous wastes would be generated from the two proposed project components (component 2: solar mini grids for rural economic development & components 4: Standalone solar systems for social institutions). Furthermore, disposal of used fuel filters, batteries, etc. of project vehicles and machineries will be other source of hazardous wastes. These wastes unless properly managed would impose adverse impact on the environment, and human health and would lead pollution and poisoning, including air, soil, and water contamination.

Mitigation Measures:

 Due to the fact that most solar PV systems employ lead acid batteries, retrieval and recycling programs need to be incorporated to assure that the disposal of batteries does not result in environmental impact .Hence; hazardous wastes shall be collected, segregated, temporarily stored at designated waste disposal site and transported for recycling and reuse by licensed companies. In Ethiopia, there are three licensed companies who have competence certificate from Environment, Forest &Climate Change Commission for collection, transport and storage of used batteries, electric and electronics wastes& medical wastes (Table 12).  Procurement of electronic equipment from credible manufacturers with no or minimum adverse environmental impacts  training on waste management processes ,awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and end users about potential negative impacts  All wastes shall be properly disposed of in accordance with the national legislative requirements  Capacitate and support licensed companies involved in hazardous waste management in all aspects including financial and technical supports

Table 10 : List of licensed companies for hazardous waste collect and management in Ethiopia

No Name of company Major responsibilities

Collection, transport & storage of used batteries 1 Hashu system PLC across the country (in all regions)

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Wondewosen Alemu import Collection, transport , storage & segregation of 2 and export real state electric and electronic wastes

Collection, temporarily storage & burning of medical 3 Indet industrial PLC wastes

Impacts of Waste disposal from construction &related activities

Construction activities will produce considerable amount of waste including waste generated by construction works, construction campsite and other associated facilities. Waste management at the core sub project area shall be efficient and required to be implemented in an environmentally friendly manner. Indiscriminate disposal and/or storage of solid and liquid wastes including recycled batteries, used/burned transformers, other used and/or damaged solar panel and lantern parts, packages, and left- over construction materials and cements, have the potential to generate an adverse impact on the nearby environment and health and safety of the workers, local community and the beneficiaries. In addition, Solid wastes could also be generated from work sites, campsites, offices, cafeteria, workshops & stores. These include excavated soil material, paper wrapping, polythene, containers for various construction materials and plastics, metal scraps and packing materials and food leftovers among others will cause pollution and littering of the immediate and localized environment.

Unmanaged disposal & inadequate solid waste management could affect productive lands, the accumulation of solid waste on open lands, in water ways and drains which will be the source of pests and diseases & environmental pollution & clogging of drains, the creation of erosion, sedimentation, drainage problems and flooding.

Food wastes also attracts and scavengers (rodents, birds, dogs, cats) some of which are potential vectors of diseases including cholera, diarrhea etc. &may create nuisance to the local community.

Generally, improper disposal of the solid wastes off-site could be a social inconvenience and affect unknown archaeological heritage if disposed in a wrong places. The off-site effects could be aesthetic, pest breeding, pollution of physical environment. In the absence of any system for solid waste management, much of wastes will also find its way into the nearest drainage channel, creating a health hazard and blockage of water ways.

Mitigation Measures:-

 Proper waste segregation and store properly with no impacts to be generated from the storage area.  Provide solid waste handling facilities such as separate waste bins for biodegradable and non - degradable wastes until waste generated is disposed at authorized dumping sites  Final domestic and/or other nonhazardous wastes, after proper segregation, should be disposed of safely at the designated waste disposal site.

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 Maximize the re-use of all excavated materials in the construction works  Disposal of surplus material (spoil) only at designated sites approved by the responsible local authority and only by approved methods  no spoil should be disposed of in wetlands , near watercourses and other important habits  Conduct regular awareness creation, training and sensitization for the project proponent, workers and community reside in the area on the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, of solid wastes, proposer waste management practices, and processes ,  All wastes shall be properly disposed of in accordance with the national legislative requirements  The contractor should engage a refuse handling company to remove the wastes from the site to the recommended dumping site.  The contactor should erect warning signs against littering and dumping sites within the construction site.  Excavated topsoil should be used as backfill by the contractor. The contractor shall develop a waste management plan in line with the national policies, standards and guidelines as well as international standards, including World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Air Pollution There will be deterioration in air quality due to the generation of dust from construction activities and emissions from vehicle movement and could affect human health as these activities are likely to be undertaken in the vicinity of rural settlement areas.

The potential environmental impacts related to air quality will be avoided or reduced by implementing the following mitigation and management measures: Mitigation Measures:-  Dust control and suppression measures including regular application of water on or near construction sites, settlement areas to reduce dust generation and practicing traffic speed limit  Maintain all machinery and equipment in good working order to ensure minimum emissions Oil spill &leakage: During construction and operation of mini grids oil spill, leakage and improper disposal of used oil and automotive fluids including anti-freeze, brake fluid, transmission fluid, grease, other lubricants, and petroleum-based cleaning solvent wastes used during operation and maintenance of project vehicles & heavy machineries, could cause significant environmental pollution. Mitigation Measures:-  Vehicle maintenance and servicing should be done only on purpose-built impervious concrete platforms with oil and grease traps

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 Avoid leakages from vehicles and construction plant by regular and effective maintenance, and accidental spills through good practice by ensuring all equipment is in good condition, clean and free from leaks  Dot not wash vehicles into wet lands, lakes, streams or rivers  In case of oil spill or leaks, contaminated top soil should be scooped and disposed of appropriately  Establish temporary and/or permanent waste spill containment structure  Prepare and implement emergency preparedness and response plan

6.3.4 Negative Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation Measures The negative socio-economic impacts that might result from the implementation of the project are related to land acquisition, either temporary or permanent loss of assets and properties, social conflicts on claims to project ownership and impacts to vulnerable groups are described below with the mitigation measures. These adverse impacts are expected from the components that EEU is going to tb engaged in. (Electricity distribution network upgrading and expansion, hybridized solar mini-grids and standalone solar systems. Impacts related to land Acquisition The expected impact during the implementation of the proposed ADELE project is temporary or permanent expropriation of land for stores, installation of equipment, LV & MV electric distribution network rehabilitation and expansion works, construction of mini-grid structures, stand-alone solar systems and core work areas. Although it was found out during consultation that there would be minimal impacts of the project, there might be land taken for the RoW to the distribution network, mini-grid and off-grid to install the panels, as well as construction of stores. Due to land being taken, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses and other properties and their livelihood might be affected because of the loss of assets and location change/involuntary resettlement and access restriction. Since exact amount of land that would be taken cannot be determined now, appropriate planning and implementation is essential. EEU has developed a Resettlement Framework to guide the management of any upcoming land acquisition and restriction of access to natural resources in relation to ADELE project activities. The PAPs to be impacted by any land loss are likely to be heterogenous groups; the risks underlined in this ESMF differentially affect various categories of people. Hence, avoidance is the primary considerations to risks. Recognizing risks upfront and their financial implications is often a powerful stimulus to search for an alternative that eliminate the need for displacement or cuts down its size. Thus, during implementation of the project, the findings of the social impact assessment will be operationalized to identify the areas or sites likely to have impact because of resettlement due to land acquisition or restriction of access to resources. At that point, if the impact is unavoidable, WB Environmental and Social Standard 5 and national land expropriation laws would call for the preparation of separate stand-alone Resettlement Plans (RPs) consistent with the guidelines provided in the ADELE RF. To mitigate any potential negative social impacts, EEU should work closely with relevant stakeholders to ensure implementation of the following: . Preparation of sub-project specific RP, as necessary;

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. Project affected people should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the program; . Compensation for properties and land replacement should be implemented as per Proclamation No. 1161/2019, the RPs and WB ESS5; . Compensation shall be paid prior to the start of the construction works; and . Selection of project specific installation/implementation sites with minimum effect on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment will be done early on. Along with compensation for their asset losses, for the impacts generated by project activities on livelihood disruption, the project will prepare Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) for PAPs that include the following: . Provision of capacity building training on businesses which they want to engage; . Provision of technical support in business plan preparation, and implementation of the businesses . Facilitate Micro-finance support (savings and credit), and other small business development activities, . Follow up, supervision and monitoring the implementation of businessFor Voluntary Land Donation Procedure, refer the RF developed for ADELE. Social Conflicts/ dissatisfaction on services Potential adverse social conflict impacts that could result from ADELE project are likely to be minimal, and are easily manageable through implementation of socially acceptable best practice methods during the design and project implementation phase. The possible social impacts that may lead to conflict might result from high demand and lack of fairness in prioritizing households for services, equity of decision- making process in use of off-grid and failure to consider the local work force during the construction of the structures and installation. Hence, to minimize the expected social conflicts, it is worthwhile to encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target community on effective use of off grid and mini-grid systems for the benefit of all household members and on the expected role of the community/households members in management of the project at their level is essential. Impacts on vulnerable groups Vulnerable groups include women headed households, child headed households, households made up of the aged or physically impaired and whose members are socially stigmatized (because of traditional or cultural bias) and economically underserved or disadvantage. They may also be limited in their ability to claim or take advantage of project development benefits. Mitigation Measures for Vulnerable Group/PAPs The income restoration measures will also target the vulnerable persons to ensure that they are reasonably assisted to overcome potential economic shock from the project, and maintain the quality of life not less than their pre-project state because they are at higher risk than others based on their

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vulnerability status. The Project Implementation Office, in consultation with PAPs, will identify the type of livelihood restoration suitable to each vulnerable group. Provided that the ADELE has a positive impact on the vulnerable people and women in various aspects, impacts related to gender and other sources of vulnerability require the development of appropriate approaches. Thus, the following actions will be considered: . Include women and create employment opportunity; . Provide livelihood trainings to women groups and other vulnerable groups organized in Medium Small Enterprise’s with special attention to female headed households; . Special attention will be given to the impact of the project on vulnerable groups during monitoring and evaluation of of this ESMF and subsequent plans implementation. The danger of falling of peoples and animals on dug holes Since the proposed project activities under component 1, passes through densely populated settlement areas, the danger of falling of peoples and animals on dug holes might occur where pole erection and subsidiary holes are dug and left uncover. Thus, the project owner supervisors should take care and supervise the project execution and the teams needs to mitigate the impact properly by covering the dug holes regularly and barricade the construction sites.

Labour Influx: It is anticipated that most of the project labor requirements could be fulfilled from local employment except few skilled labors. Hence, the potential for influx of immigrant labor to the proposed project areas is expected to be relatively low. However, there may be risks associated with labor influx, related to interaction between project workers and local communities. In such a way, Gender-Based Violence (GBV). Measures to mitigate GBV risks, include capacity enhancement of implementing agencies and codes of conduct for contractors and other implementers. Contractor/s, private sectors, cooperatives, etc. will be required to implement measures to manage GBV risks at project level; such as: . Assigning of a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks and that works in close contact with Woreda Women, Youth and Children Affairs Offices, . Put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV (for example through Code of Conduct) to prevent Sexual Harassment in the workplace and acknowledging zero tolerance for GBV, . Strengthen GRM and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate response. . EEU shall ensure that an area/ site specific assessment of GBV/SEA/SH risks is undertaken within subsequent project ESIAs/ESMPs and that prevention and response measures are put in place. The detail SEA/SH requirements, including training, COC, awareness is included in the complementary project SEA/SH plan, . . Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)

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Labor Conditions, Health and Safety risks and impacts

Occupational Health and Safety Risks: Like any other construction projects, risk and impacts on the health and safety of workers are anticipated and the major causes include falls, injuries & fatalities etc.

There is potential for impacts on human health and safety to occur as a result of accidents and unplanned events that may occur during the construction and installation of the proposed project components and potential occupational injuries and accidents could exist in all stages including during construction and operation phases.

Mitigation Measures:-

 The construction contractors should develop environmental; health and safety (EHS) management plans which outline procedures for avoiding health and safety incidents and emergency medical treatment. This requirement should be achieved by making it as part of project contractual agreements.  Introducing & Implementing proactive preventive measures including minimizing the hazard: through design of safe work systems and administrative or institutional control measures such as training on safe work procedures, workplace monitoring, regular safety inspections ,limiting exposure or work duration.

 Providing all necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE to the workers and enforce that PPEs are used for the safety and health of workers

In general, the project implementation unit shall engage dedicated personnel competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, and experience to manage and oversee the health, safety and environment (HSE) aspects of the project. The HSE personnel shall ensure that the project and contractors operate in accordance with the applicable national and international regulatory HSE requirements and plans; and also monitor implementation of environmental and social protection measures,

Impact on Child Labor and young worker: During subproject construction period, the contractor and other parties may use child labor due to lack of awareness on the proclamation and the negative impact of child labor. Due to the hazardous nature of the project activities under ADELE (mainly component 1) Work connected with electric power generation plants, transformers or transmission lines, the project will not employ/engage any person under the age of 18 years of age. Mitigation Measures:-

The private & public contractors and other participating private companies are required to implement the following mitigation measures:

 Implementing & respecting national labor proclamation (Labour Proclamation &1156/2019) and international performance standards requirement  To work closely with local authorities to stop recommending under age children (15 years as a minimum age) for the project construction works.

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 EEU PIU will undertake monitoring, at a minimum every six months, of all project workers, to ensure that there are no workers under 18 years of age, and that all contractors and subcontractors involved, private sectors and cooperatives, etc. in the project are not employing/engaging anyone under 18 years of age for work in relation to the project.  Use the following process, prior to the employment or engagement of an applicant for work on the project, to verify the person’s age. Each contractor/subcontractor also uses this process and provides the PIU with written confirmation that each worker they employ or engage in relation to the project is at least the minimum age of 18 years. This following information will be kept on file in the PIU administrative offices:  Written confirmation from the applicant of their age; and  Where there is reasonable doubt as to the age of the applicant, requesting and reviewing available documents to verify age (such as a birth certificate, national identification card, medical or school record, or other document or community verification demonstrating age). Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)

Impact on Public Health: Labor influx and Interaction between in-migrant construction workers and local communities is expected and may increase occurrence of communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and respiratory diseases. Conversely, migrant construction workers could be vulnerable to local latent diseases. However, considering the small size of the proposed projects, most of the project labour requirements could be fulfilled from local employment except few skilled labors .Hence; the potential for influx of immigrant labor to the proposed project areas is expected to be relatively low.

Mitigation Measures • Providing training and awareness creation for workforce and local community on HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and other communicable diseases • Provision of cultural sensitization training for workers regarding engagement with local community. • provide guidelines on local culture, behavior and social life to workers

Conflict between Local and Migrant Workers The proposed project is expected to create job opportunities for skilled and unskilled labourers during construction phases of the project. With an influx of workers arriving in to the rural community throughout the construction phase, there might be a conflict between the local community and workers coming-out side the project area .Unfair employment process and non-use of local labour might be source of conflict. Furthermore, Influx workers may involve in certain culturally unacceptable behaviours that are either rare or non-existent before the project. Mitigation Measures:-  Involve, encourage and maximize use of local skilled and unskilled labour provided that it is compatible with the contractor’s skill requirements  Ensure fair and transparent hiring and staff management procedures and culturally appropriate communication with communities regarding employment opportunities.

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 Work closely with project woreda, kebele administration & local community representative  Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)

Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Importance sites

The presence of heritage site can influence the project site selection, design, construction and implementation .If the proposed project is not properly sited, project construction activities might affect or damage cultural heritage, architectural, archaeological, cultural & historical, ritual and burial sites. Mitigation Measures  Screen & Identify known heritage sites in consultation with local community & relevant institutions  Avoid locations where the project would displace, alter or render inaccessible important cultural heritage sites including historical sites/monuments, graves, churches and mosques etc.  A chance finds procedure should also be considered if no site is identified at the early stage of the proposed projects

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Table 11: Summary of anticipated environment & social impacts and mitigation measures for Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban area

PP Impacts E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  Provides substitute power sources such as generators Interruption of power √  supply Inform the community about the power interruption in advance of work Low  Restrict activities producing excessive noise levels to the day-time Noise Impacts Low √ √  avoided or screened equipment producing high noise  Switching off equipment vehicles when not in use

 Non-hazardous metals and cables could be sold to legal collectors and recyclers Impacts of waste  Collect & store wastes until disposal facilities are in place to accommodate specific waste types (hazardous wastes) by licensed waste cyclers generation & disposal Moderate √ √  Capacitate support licensed companies involved in waste collection and recycling including financial technical assistance  Proper waste collection, segregation & disposal at the designated waste disposal site

 Workforce training and awareness creation in advance of work Occupational health  Adequate provision and proper use personal protective equipment PPE) for workers. Moderate √ √ &safety  Cut trees to a height less than the line height based standards.  Implementing proactive preventive measures

 Community safety management system by EEU including training and awareness for the Impact on community local community. health and safety Moderate √ √  Regular inspections to prevent encroachment of houses ,fences and tress planation close health to transmission lines

Soil and Vegetation  avoiding and/or minimizing cutting of big trees, particularly indigenous trees, threatened Clearance and Habitat Low √ √ tree species… Loss  replant trees and avoid open burning of plant material  prepare RAP, compensate for unavoidable clearance

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PP Impacts E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  Strictly define ROW clearing activities in the contract specifications and in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (  Community members and contractor’s staff shall be advised and enforced to avoid such open burning that result smoking and pollution of air.  Water the area under construction during the dry season to prevent or minimize the fugitive dust emissions.  Proper location of material stockpiles and water them Dust emission Moderate √  Equipped Workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  The construction schedule should be communicated with potentially affected parties and property owners  Construction timeframes should be discussed with  Check no sensitive fauna and flora species are found within and around the construction area that are affected by the project activities  Make sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency  Works with the EFCC and other organization like Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Biodiversity and Bird Moderate √ √ Society (EWNHS), Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity (EIB) and MoA to identify the Collision potential birds’ migration route within the project area, if available and ensure implementation of sound precaution and mitigation measure, like installation of habitat disturbance flapper or balloon on the power line to avoid and/or minimize the anticipated collusion and/or electrocution bird impacts. 

 Properly maintain equipment’s which has toxic insulating materials like SF6 PCB, Oil and SF6 Moderate √ √  Avoid exposure to natural environment like soil and water bodies contaminations  Develop spill response plan

 Implement accepted standards for ROW EMF and Fire Low √  Excluded habitation and structures from the ROW

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PP Impacts E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  Aware communities on the safety risk to ensure no or minimum impacts to workers and community nearby.  A robust fire prevention program and fire suppression system including firefighting equipment should be developed by the contactor for use in each work areas.  All the site must contain of recommended standards and in key strategic points. This should include at least, Carbon dioxide systems, Detection/alarm systems, and portable fire extinguishers among others.  Develop fire risk management and evacuation procedure and post it in various points of the cabins including procedures to take when a fire is reported.

 Preparation of sub-project specific RP, as necessary;  Project affected people should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the program;  Compensation for properties and land replacement should be implemented as per Proclamation No. 1161/2019, the RPs and WB ESS5;  Compensation shall be paid prior to the start of the construction works; and  Selection of project specific installation/implementation sites with minimum effect on the Land Acquisition xx √ biophysical and socioeconomic environment will be done early on.

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PP Impacts E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  Facilitate Micro-finance support (savings and credit), and other small business development activities,  Follow up, supervision and monitoring the implementation of businessFor Voluntary Land Donation Procedure, refer the RF developed for ADELE.  engage a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks associated with GBV  put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV GBV/SH  strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate response  Implementing & respecting national labor proclamation (Labour Proclamation &1156/2019) and international performance standards requirement  To work closely with local authorities to stop recommending under age children (15 years as a minimum age) for the project construction works. Labor influx , Child and  EEU PIU will undertake monitoring, at a minimum every six months, of all project √ young Labor workers, to ensure that there are no workers under 18 years of age, and that all contractors and subcontractors involved, private sectors and cooperatives, etc. in the project are not employing/engaging anyone under 18 years of age for work in relation to the project.  Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)  Involve, encourage and maximize use of local skilled and unskilled labour provided that it Conflict between is compatible with the contractor’s skill requirements Local and Migrant  Ensure fair and transparent hiring and staff management procedures and culturally Workers appropriate communication with communities regarding employment opportunities.  Work closely with project woreda, kebele administration & local community representative  Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)

Notes: PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation

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Table 14:Summary of major anticipated environment & social impacts and mitigation measures for solar-hybrid mini grids and standalone solar systems for health and education facilities

Project PP component impacts are Impacts relevant for E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures Biophysical Environment  Select suitable sites carefully for setting up all project components Impact on Biodiversity &  Ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be affected, avoid 2 Substantial √ √ Vegetation Cover disturbance &spillover effects to the neighboring areas.  Ensure no sensitive species are found in the project site  Putting up a wall round the solar facilities to keep off Visual impacts 2,4 Moderate √  Setting up of solar panels at the right direction (north–south) and with no reflection of light that affect t receptors’ visual quality.  Installation of sewage treatment to meet required standards Impact on water  adequate provision for treatment and disposal of sanitary and other liquid waste resources 2,4 Moderate √ √  take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage  Prohibit washing of project vehicles, plant and machinery in or adjacent to any water sources.  Restrict activities producing excessive noise levels to the day-time and working hours Noise Impacts  avoided or screened equipment producing high noise when 2,4 Low √ working within close proximity to any sensitive noise receptors;  Installing portable sound barriers and fencing off Switching off equipment and vehicles when not in use to avoid noise emission  Demarcation and avoidance of areas of conservation of interest Impacts on avian species  Making power lines present less of an obstacle for birds to collide 2.4 Moderate √ √ with and high-visibility markers should be installed to make the lines more visible to birds;  To design an avian-safe power poles

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Project PP component impacts are Impacts relevant for E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures Minimize the size of

 Assess and develop alternate sources of water Competition for water  Get approval and permission from the local communities and administrations before using local water resource resources with local 2,4 Low √ √  Promote and ensure water use efficiency users and impact on  use a dry cooling system existing water sources  avoiding pollution of existing water sources

 ensure that provision is made for suitable and adequate drainage Soil Erosion facilities during project design 2,4 Moderate √ √  concentrate construction activities in dry season  rehabilitate and reinstated excavated areas after completion of the works  collection, segregation, storage at designated waste disposal site and transport for recycling and reuse by licensed companies Hazardous Waste disposal 2,4 Substantial √ √  Procurement of electronic equipment from credible manufacturers with no or minimum adverse environmental impacts  training & awareness creation on waste management

Waste disposal from  Proper waste segregation and disposal at the designated waste construction & related disposal site activities 2,4 Moderate  Provide solid waste handling facilities  properly disposed of all wastes in accordance with the national legislative requirements

implement dust control and suppression measures including regular Air Pollution 2,4 Low √ application of water on or near construction sites, settlement areas to reduce dust generation and practicing traffic speed limit

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Project PP component impacts are Impacts relevant for E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  Undertake vehicle maintenance and servicing on purpose-built Oil spill &leakage 2 Moderate √ √ impervious concrete platforms with oil and grease traps  Avoid vehicles wash into wet lands, lakes, streams or rivers Socioeconomic Environment  The land impacts from solar systems can be minimized by selecting proper sites including siting them on land with lower-quality Land Expropriation 2 Moderate √  Compensations and address the land related issues with ADELE Resettlement Framework (RF) prepared for the proposed project, and associated resettlement plans.  The construction Contractors should develop and implement Environmental; Health and Safety (EHS) plans  Review contractual agreements to include health and safety Occupational Health clauses 2,4 Substantial √ √ &Safety  Implementing proactive preventive measures  Providing all necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE to the workers and enforce that PPEs are used for the Implement national labor proclamation & international Impact on Child Labor 2,4 low √ √ performance standard requirements

Provide training and awareness on HIV/AIDS and other STDs and Impact on Public Health 2,4 Moderate √ √ other communicable and respiratory diseases

Work closely local administrations & community representative Conflict between Local & and encourage employment opportunities for local labor in a Migrant Workers 2,4 Low √ √ fair and transparent manner. Application of workers’ code of conduct and community awareness trainings.

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Project PP component impacts are Impacts relevant for E&S Risks PC C O Main Mitigation measures  engage a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks associated with GBV  put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV 2,4 Low √ GBV  strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate response  Screen & Identify heritage sites in consultation with local community & relevant institutions  avoid locations where the project would affect heritage sites Heritage sites 2 Moderate √  A chance finds procedure should also be considered if no site is identified at the early stage of the proposed projects

Notes: PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation Project components: 2. Solar-hybrid mini grids for rural economic development, 4. Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

7.1 Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP)

The main purpose of Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) is developing procedure that details measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project that reduce, eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts & actions needed to implement these measures. ESMP is used to ensure that negative environmental impacts identified are mitigated during project implementation and operation phase This requires identification of suitable administrative arrangements and responsible parties to undertake the ESMP and a mitigation plan setting out what mitigation is required and monitoring plan to assess the adverse impacts during implementation and the efficacy of the mitigation measures and budget estimate for implementing the ESMP.

The environmental and social management plan (ESMP) is also a statement of how and who will carry the implementation of proposed mitigation measures. Indicative environmental and social management plans to be adopted for the preparation of ESMP during different phases of proposed project sub components are summarized in Table 15 &Table 16 below. The environmental and social management plans of the proposed project indicates that most of the responsibilities lies with the contractor. Therefore, the contractor shall prepare and submit a construction environmental and social management plan which include the below management strategies implementation plans but not limited to :-  Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan  Community Health and Safety Management Plan  Noise and Vibration Management Plans  Landscaping and Site Restoration Plan  Labour influx management plan  Waste management plan, with a more focus on hazardous wastes  Emergency preparedness and response plan

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Table 15: Summary of Environmental & Social Management Plan for Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban area

PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility  Provides substitute power sources such as EEU, Contractors generators Interruption of √  Inform the community about the power power supply interruption in advance of work  Restrict activities producing excessive noise Contractors levels to the day-time Noise Impacts  avoided or screened equipment producing √ high noise  Switching off equipment vehicles when not in use  Non-hazardous metals and cables could be EEU, MOWIE, Contractors sold to legal collectors and recyclers licensed private  Collect & store wastes until disposal facilities companies, cooperatives Impacts of waste are in place to accommodate specific waste generation & types (hazardous wastes) by licensed waste disposal cyclers.  Capacitate support licensed companies involved in waste collection and recycling including financial technical assistance  Proper waste collection, segregation & disposal at the designated waste disposal site

 Workforce training and awareness creation in advance of work  Adequate provision and proper use personal Occupational protective equipment PPE) for workers. √ √ Contractors health &safety  Cut trees to a height less than the line height based standards.  Implementing proactive preventive measures

 Community safety management system by EEU including training and awareness for the Impact on local community. community health √ √ Contractors, EEU  Regular inspections to prevent encroachment and safety health of houses ,fences and tress planation close to transmission lines

 avoiding and/or minimizing cutting of big Soil and √ √ trees, particularly indigenous trees, Vegetation threatened tree species…

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility Clearance and  replant trees and avoid open burning of plant Habitat Loss material  prepare RAP, compensate for unavoidable clearance  Strictly define ROW clearing activities in the contract specifications and in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (  Community members and contractor’s staff shall be advised and enforced to avoid such open burning that result smoking and pollution of air.  Water the area under construction during the dry season to prevent or minimize the fugitive dust emissions.  Proper location of material stockpiles and water them Mo  Equipped Workers with Personal Protective Dust emission der √ Equipment (PPE) Contractors, EEU ate  The construction schedule should be communicated with potentially affected parties and property owners  Construction timeframes should be discussed with

 Check no sensitive fauna and flora species are found within and around the construction area that are affected by the project activities  Make sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency  Works with the EFCC and other organization like Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS), Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity and √ √ Biodiversity (EIB) and MoA to identify the Contractors, EEU Bird Collision potential birds’ migration route within the project area, if available and ensure implementation of sound precaution and mitigation measure, like installation of habitat disturbance flapper or balloon on the power line to avoid and/or minimize the anticipated collusion and/or electrocution bird impacts. 

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility  Properly maintain equipment’s which has toxic insulating materials like SF6 PCB, Oil and SF6 √ √  Avoid exposure to natural environment like Contractors, EEU contaminations soil and water bodies  Develop spill response plan

 Implement accepted standards for ROW  Excluded habitation and structures from the ROW  Aware communities on the safety risk to ensure no or minimum impacts to workers and community nearby.  A robust fire prevention program and fire suppression system including firefighting Lo equipment should be developed by the EMF and Fire √ Contractors, EEU w contactor for use in each work areas.  All the site must contain of recommended standards and in key strategic points. This should include at least, Carbon dioxide systems, Detection/alarm systems, and portable fire extinguishers among others.  Develop fire risk management and evacuation procedure and post it in various points of the cabins including procedures to take when a fire is reported.

 Preparation of sub-project specific RP, as necessary;  Project affected people should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the program;  Compensation for properties and land Land Acquisition xx √ replacement should be implemented as per EEU Proclamation No. 1161/2019, the RPs and WB ESS5;  Compensation shall be paid prior to the start of the construction works; and  Selection of project specific installation/implementation sites with minimum effect on the biophysical and

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility socioeconomic environment will be done early on.

Along with compensation for their asset losses, for the impacts generated by project activities on livelihood disruption, the project will prepare Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) for PAPs that include the following:  Provision of capacity building training on businesses which they want to engage;  Provision of technical support in business plan preparation, and implementation of the businesses  Facilitate Micro-finance support (savings and credit), and other small business development activities,  Follow up, supervision and monitoring the implementation of businessFor Voluntary Land Donation Procedure, refer the RF developed for ADELE.  engage a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks associated with GBV  put in place administrative measures to GBV/SH √ √ prevent and minimize GBV Contractors, EEU  strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate response  Involve, encourage and maximize use of local skilled and unskilled labour provided that it is compatible with the contractor’s skill requirements  Ensure fair and transparent hiring and staff management procedures and culturally Labor influx √ Contractors, EEU appropriate communication with communities regarding employment opportunities.  Work closely with project woreda, kebele administration & local community representative

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility  Consult ADELE Labour Management Procedure (LMP)  Implementing & respecting national labor proclamation (Labour Proclamation &1156/2019) and international performance standards requirement  To work closely with local authorities to stop recommending under age children (15 years as a minimum age) for the project construction works. Child Labor √  EEU PIU will undertake monitoring, at a Contractors, EEU minimum every six months, of all project workers, to ensure that there are no workers under 18 years of age, and that all contractors and subcontractors involved, private sectors and cooperatives, etc. in the project are not employing/engaging anyone under 18 years of age for work in relation to the project.

Notes:

PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation

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Table16: Summary of Environmental & Social Management Plan for Solar-hybrid Mini Grids and Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities

PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility Biophysical Environment  Select suitable sites carefully for setting up all project components EEU, beneficiaries ,contractors Impact on  Ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be affected and avoid ,regional energy Bureaus& Biodiversity & √ disturbance and spillover effects to the neighboring areas woreda line offices ,Woreda & Vegetation Cover  Ensure no sensitive species are found in the project site Kebele Administration  Putting up a wall round the solar facilities to keep off Visual impacts √  Setting up of solar panels at the right direction (north–south) and with no reflection of light that affect receptors’ visual quality. contractors  Installation of sewage treatment to meet required standards  adequate provision for treatment and disposal of sanitary and other liquid Impact on water waste √ √ resources  take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage Prohibit washing of project vehicles, plant and machinery in or adjacent to any water sources. contractors  Restrict activities producing excessive noise levels to the day-time and working hours  avoided or screened equipment producing high noise when working within Noise Impacts √ close proximity to any sensitive noise receptors;  Installing portable sound barriers and fencing off Switching off equipment and vehicles when not in use to avoid noise emission Contractors  Demarcation and avoidance of areas of conservation of interest  Making power lines present less of an obstacle for birds to collide with and Impacts on avian high-visibility markers should be installed to make the lines more visible to √ √ species birds;  To design an avian-safe power poles Minimize the size of contractors  Assess and develop alternate sources of water Competition for √ √ water resources contractors

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility with local users and  Get approval and permission from the local communities and administrations impact on existing before using local water resource water sources  Promote and ensure water use efficiency  use a dry cooling system  avoiding pollution of existing water sources

 nsure that provision is made for suitable and adequate drainage facilities Soil Erosion during project design √ √  concentrate construction activities in dry season rehabilitate and reinstated excavated areas after completion of the works contractors  collection, segregation, storage at designated waste disposal site and transport for recycling and reuse by licensed companies Hazardous Waste √ √  Procurement of electronic equipment from credible manufacturers with no disposal or minimum adverse environmental impacts EEU,MOWIE, licensed private  training & awareness creation on waste management company, cooperatives

 Proper waste segregation and disposal at the designated waste disposal site Waste disposal from  Provide solid waste handling facilities construction &  disposed of all wastes in accordance with the national legislative related activities requirements √ Contractors  implement dust control and suppression measures including regular application of water on or near construction sites, settlement areas Air Pollution √  reduce dust generation and practicing traffic speed limit Contractors  Undertake vehicle maintenance and servicing on purpose-built impervious Oil spill & Leakage √ √ concrete platforms with oil and grease traps  Avoid vehicles wash into wet lands, lakes, streams or rivers Contractors Socioeconomic Environment

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PP Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures body/Responsibility  The land impacts from solar systems can be minimized by selecting proper sites including siting them on land with lower-quality such bare lands, abandoned mining Land Expropriation √ land, or existing unusable corridors whenever possible  Compensations and address the land related issues with Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for the proposed project EEU,Woreda &Keble Administration  The construction Contractors should develop Environmental; Health and Safety (EHS) plans Occupational Health &  Implementing proactive preventive measures √ √ Safety  Providing all necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE to the workers and enforce that PPEs are used for the Contractors Implement national labor proclamation & international performance standard Impact on Child Labor √ √ requirements Contractors Provide training and awareness on HIV/AIDS and other STDs and other communicable and Impact on Public √ √ respiratory diseases Health Contractors,EEU Work closely local administrations & community representative and encourage Conflict between Local √ √ employment opportunities for local labour in a fair and transparent manner Contractors, EEU ,Woreda &kebele & Migrant Workers Administration  Engage a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks associated with GBV  put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV GBV √  strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate Contractors & Woreda women response ,youth and children affairs offices Screen & Identify heritage sites in consultation with local community & relevant institutions Contractors, EEU Regional Energy Heritage sites √ and avoid locations where the project would affect heritage sites Bureau &line offices ,Woreda& kebele Administration Notes:- PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation * Cost of Mitigation measures is to be included as bill of items in the contractor’s contract document

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7.2. Environmental & Social Monitoring Plan

Environmental & social monitoring is required during pre-construction, construction and operation phase of the proposed project .Environmental and social monitoring plan plays an important role in achieving environmental study objectives, realization of proposed mitigation measures and ensure project sustainability. Monitoring involves the continuous or periodic review of project activities to determine actual implementation & effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures. Consequently, trends in environmental degradation or improvement can be established. Its purpose is to establish benchmarks so that the nature and magnitude of anticipated environmental and social impacts can be continually assessed. The objectives of environmental and social monitoring for the proposed project are:  To check on whether the proposed mitigation measures have actually been implemented  To provide actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures  To help decision making in environmental management monitoring  To create institutional coordination mechanism between the proponent ,relevant district and sector office and the other partners involved in the environment monitoring activities.

Indicate environmental and social monitoring plan for the proposed sub projects are summarized in table 17 and table 18.

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Table17: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban area

PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body  Provides substitute power sources such as generators Interruption of √  power supply Inform the community about the power Number of days that Observation In advance of interruption in advance of work interruption occurs &inspection work EEU, Contractors EEU  Restrict activities producing excessive noise levels Noise Impacts √ to the day-time  Switching off equipment vehicles when not in use Observation Number of complaints &inspection Daily Contractors EEU  Collect & store wastes until disposal facilities are  Number of hazardous waste Impacts of in place to accommodate specific waste types management licensed Occasionally (hazardous wastes) by licensed waste cyclers. companies involved waste throughout EEU,MOWIE,  Capacitate support licensed companies involved  Type & number of waste generation & construction contractors, disposal in waste collection and recycling including handling facilities financial technical assistance  Developed WMP and Observation operation licensed private  Proper waste collection, segregation & disposal at Hazardous waste handling &inspection phase company EEU,Consultant the designated waste disposal site and disposal protocol  Workforce training and awareness creation in advance of work  Adequate provision and proper use personal EEU/ protective equipment for workers Contractor’s EHS plan Occupational √ √  Cut trees to a height less than the line height document health &safety based standards.  Implementing proactive preventive measures Number &type of PPE Report Independent distributed ’ &inspection monthly Contractors Consultant

 Community safety management system by EEU EEU/ Impact on including training and awareness for the local community community. √ √ health and  Contractor’s EHS plan Independent Regular inspections to prevent encroachment of Report safety health document monthly Contractors Consultant houses ,fences and tress planation close to &inspection transmission lines Contractor’s EHS plan  avoiding and/or minimizing cutting Soil and document EEU/ √ √ of big trees, particularly indigenous Vegetation Report trees, threatened tree species… monthly Contractors Clearance &inspection

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body and Habitat  replant trees and avoid open burning Independent Loss of plant material Consultant  prepare RAP, compensate for unavoidable clearance  Strictly define ROW clearing activities in the contract specifications and in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (

 Community members and contractor’s staff shall be advised and enforced to avoid such open burning that result smoking and pollution of air.  Water the area under construction during the dry season to prevent or minimize the fugitive dust emissions.  Proper location of material stockpiles and water them Mo Community compliant, Dust  Equipped Workers with Personal der √ emission Protective Equipment (PPE) No of PPE distributed to EEU/ ate  The construction schedule should be employees communicated with potentially affected parties and property owners Records of consultations Observation  Construction timeframes should be &inspection Independent monthly Contractors Consultant discussed with

EEU/  Check no sensitive fauna and flora Contractor’s EHS plan Biodiversity species are found within and around document and Bird √ √ the construction area that are Proof of engagement with Independent Collision affected by the project activities Report relevant authorities monthly Contractors Consultant &inspection

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body  Make sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency  Works with the EFCC, EWNHS, EIB and MoA to identify the potential birds’ migration route within the project area,  ensure implementation of sound precaution and mitigation measure,

Contractor’s EHS plan  Properly maintain equipment’s which document has toxic insulating materials like SF6 PCB, Oil and EEU/  Spill response plan prepared SF6 Avoid exposure to natural √ √ environment like soil and water contaminati bodies Awareness given to the ons employees involved in Observation, Independent  Develop spill response plan Report maintenance of equipment’s monthly Contractors Consultant &inspection

 Implement accepted standards for ROW

 Excluded habitation and structures Awareness created to the from the ROW community and employees EMF and Lo √  Aware communities on the safety risk Fire w Developed emergency EEU/ to ensure no or minimum impacts to preparedness and response workers and community nearby. plan

 A robust fire prevention program and Actions and procedures Observation, Independent Report fire suppression system including posted in the construction site monthly Contractors Consultant &inspection firefighting equipment should be

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body developed by the contactor for use in each work areas.  All the site must contain of recommended standards and in key strategic points. This should include at least, Carbon dioxide systems, Detection/alarm systems, and portable fire extinguishers among others.  Develop fire risk management and evacuation procedure and post it in various points of the cabins including procedures to take when a fire is reported.

 Preparation of sub-project specific RP, as necessary;  Project affected people should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the program; Land xx √ Acquisition  Compensation for properties and land replacement should be implemented as per Proclamation EEU/ No. 1161/2019, the RPs and WB ESS5;

 Compensation shall be paid prior to Observation, Independent the start of the construction works; Report monthly Contractors Consultant and &inspection

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body  Selection of project specific installation/implementation sites with minimum effect on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment will be done early on.

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body  engage a GBV specialist who will be responsible to manage the risks associated with GBV  put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV

GBV/SH √ √  strengthen grievance redress and EEU/ other monitoring mechanisms to Community compliants ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and GRM regitresd Independent assure them to access adequate Report s monthly Contractors Consultant response &inspection  Involve, encourage and maximize use of local skilled and unskilled labour provided that it is compatible with the contractor’s skill requirements  Ensure fair and transparent hiring and staff management procedures and culturally appropriate communication with communities Labor influx regarding employment opportunities.  Work closely with project woreda, kebele administration & local community representative EEU/ Consult ADELE Labour Management Eployees database record.

Procedure (LMP Community compliants Observation, Independent Report  To work closely with local authorities GRM regitresd monthly Contractors Consultant &inspection to stop recommending

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PP Method of Frequency of Implementing Impacts PC C O Main Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring body Monitoring Body  under age children (15 years as a minimum age) for the project construction works.  EEU PIU will undertake monitoring, at a minimum every six months, of all project workers, to ensure that there Child Labor are no workers under 18 years of age, and that all contractors and EEU/ subcontractors involved, private Eployees database record.

sectors and cooperatives, etc. in the Community compliants Observation project are not employing/engaging &inspection Independent anyone under 18 years of age for GRM regitresd monthly Contractors Consultant work in relation to the project.

Notes: PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation

Table18: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Solar-hybrid Mini Grids and Standalone solar systems for health and education facilities

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PP Impacts/ issues Method of Frequency of to be monitored PC C O Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring Implementing body Monitoring Body

 Select suitable sites carefully for √ setting up all project components EEU, /,regional  Ensure proper demarcation of the  Number of sensitive energy Bureaus& project area to be affected and avoid biodiversity habitats & species EEU, beneficiaries ,contractors woreda line disturbance and spillover effects to found nearby the subproject ,regional energy Bureaus& offices ,Woreda & the neighboring areas. Impact on site Observation & Continuous during woreda line offices ,Woreda & Kebele Biodiversity &  Ensure no sensitive species are found  Number of tress removed inspection Construction Kebele Administration Administration Vegetation Cover in the project site

 Putting up a wall round the solar EEU I Consultant facilities to keep off /,regional energy  Setting up of solar panels at the right Bureaus& woreda direction (north–south) and with no line offices reflection of light that affect t Number of appropriately Observation & ,Woreda & Kebele Visual impacts receptors’ visual quality installed solar panels inspection during Construction Contractors Administration

 Installation of sewage treatment to meet required standards  adequate provision for treatment EEU, Consultant Impact on water and disposal of sanitary and other /,regional energy resources liquid waste Bureaus& woreda  take all reasonable precautions to Number of affected receiving line offices prevent spillages and leakage  Prohibit washing of project water bodies near by the project Observation & during Construction ,Woreda & Kebele vehicles, plant and machinery in or site inspection &operation Contractors Administration adjacent to any water sources.  Restrict activities producing Noise Impacts excessive noise levels to the day- time and working hours Observation  avoided or screened equipment Number of complaints &inspection Daily Contractors EEU producing high noise when

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PP Impacts/ issues Method of Frequency of to be monitored PC C O Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring Implementing body Monitoring Body working within close proximity to any sensitive noise receptors;  Installing portable sound barriers and fencing off Switching off equipment and vehicles when not in use to avoid noise emission

 Demarcation and avoidance of areas of conservation of interest  Making power lines present less of Impacts on avian an obstacle for birds to collide with and high-visibility markers should species be installed to make the lines more visible to birds;  To design an avian-safe power poles  Minimize the size of vegetation to Number of avian species affected inspection Monthly Contractors EEU be affected  Assess and develop alternate sources of water Competition for  Get approval and permission from water resources the local communities and with local users administrations before using local and impact on water resource existing water  Promote and ensure water use efficiency Occasionally sources Number of existing water supply  use a dry cooling system Number of throughout the &water sources used by the complaints construction phase contractors EEU  avoiding pollution of existing water contractor sources  ensure that provision is made for Formation sheet erosion, rill Occasionally Soil Erosion suitable and adequate drainage

facilities during project design ,gullies and eroded sediments on Observation throughout the

 concentrate construction activities the project site &inspection construction phase contractors EEU in dry season

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PP Impacts/ issues Method of Frequency of to be monitored PC C O Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring Implementing body Monitoring Body  rehabilitate and reinstated excavated areas after completion of the works  collection, segregation, storage at designated waste disposal site and transport for recycling and reuse by licensed companies Hazardous √  Procurement of electronic equipment  Number of hazardous waste Waste disposal from credible manufacturers with no management licensed or minimum adverse environmental companies involved Occasionally impacts  Type and number of waste Observation throughout the EEU,MOWIE, contractors,  training & awareness creation on handling facilities &inspection operation phase licensed private company EEU, Consultant waste management  Number of installed disposal sites & their Proper waste segregation and disposal distance from sensitive area Waste disposal at the designated waste disposal site s like water bodies, wetland from ,settlements √ √ construction & Provide solid waste handling facilities  Type and number of waste related activities handling facilities properly disposed of all wastes in Waste accordance with the national legislative  contractor’s waste Observation requirement management plan document &inspection monthly Contractors EEU, Consultant

implement dust control and suppression measures including regular application of water on or near construction sites, Air Pollution √ settlement areas to reduce dust generation and practicing traffic speed Continuous during limit Area sprayed with water daily Visual inspection Construction Contractors EEU, Consultant

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PP Impacts/ issues Method of Frequency of to be monitored PC C O Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring Implementing body Monitoring Body  Undertake Vehicle maintenance and servicing on purpose-built Oil spill impervious concrete platforms √ √ &Leakage with oil and grease traps Number of properly installed  Avoid vehicles wash into wet oil disposal structures &their lands, lakes, streams or rivers effective utilization Visual inspection Monthly Contractors EEU, Consultant

Compensations & address the land Land related issues with Resettlement Number of beneficiary who √ Framework (RF) prepared for the received compensation Report Woreda &Keble Expropriation proposed project & number of complaints &inspection Administration EEU

The construction Contractors should develop Environmental; Health & Safety (EHS) plans

Implementing proactive preventive measures Occupational √ √ Health& Safety Providing all necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE to the workers Contractor’s EHS plan document and enforce that PPEs are used properly Number &type of PPE distributed Report ’ &inspection monthly Contractors EEU/Consultant

Implement national labor proclamation Impact on Child √ √ & international performance standard Contractor’s manpower report by Labor requirements category &age inspection Contractors EEU/Consultant

 engage a GBV specialist who will Type & Number of GBV cases and √ GBV be responsible to manage the complaints reported inspection Contractors EEU risks associated with GBV

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PP Impacts/ issues Method of Frequency of to be monitored PC C O Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators monitoring monitoring Implementing body Monitoring Body  put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize GBV strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and assure them to access adequate response

Provide training and awareness on Impact on Public √ √ HIV/AIDS and other STDs and other number of training &awareness Report, records Health communicable and respiratory diseases programs conducted & inspection Monthly Contractors EEU/ Consultant

Work closely local administrations & community representative and Conflict between √ √ encourage employment opportunities Local & Migrant for local labour in a fair and transparent Number of reported conflict Contractors, EEU ,Woreda Workers manner cases Inspection Occasionally &kebele Administration EEU/ Consultant

Screen & Identify heritage sites in consultation with local community & Contractors, EEU Regional √ relevant institutions and avoid Energy Bureau &line offices locations where the project would affect Number Heritage sites found Continuous during ,Woreda& kebele Heritage sites heritage sites nearby the subproject site Visual inspection Construction Administration EEU/ Consultant

Notes

PP: Project phases PC: pre construction C: Construction O: operation * Cost of Mitigation measures is to be included as bill of items in the contractor’s contract document

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8.SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 Guiding Principle

According to the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework ESS1, the overall proposed ADELE project is classified E&S risk rating substantial, whereas those components (1,2,4,5) which will be implemented under EEU depending of the proposed activities under each subcomponent, is classified E&S risk rating is in the range of low to substantial. and thus, some of the sub project will most likely require an ESIA/ESMP, particularly subproject under component 1, 2, and 4. Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is necessary for identification and development of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting, and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels that are acceptable during preparation, implementation, and operation of the proposed subprojects. Given the proposed subprojects will be developed by EEU the required ESA will follow the principles and requirements of World bank Environmental and Social standards. The overall guiding principles of the proposed subproject operations and implementations are the following, but not limited to: -

 The planning processes shall take for a complete understanding and prioritizing the potential sites.  A detail feasibility study of subprojects based on the potential survey;  Proper stakeholder engagement process and preparation of subproject environmental and social studies;  Conforming to specific requirements and standards;  All proposed subprojects will undergo for environmental and social screening;  Ensuring no harm or minimum impact to the nearby social and biophysical environment that can be mitigated easily by employing best practices;  Ensuring sound implementation of the recommended mitigation measures;  The planning and implementation process will integrate ESA/ESMP or other relevant environmental and social safeguards instruments;  Promoting adequate and timely technical support to EEU, MoWIE, Regional and Woreda Water, Mines and Energy Offices and Regional and Woredas environment offices which in turn will do the same to the communities;  Promoting supervision and monitoring of implementation of projects by all relevant parties including EEu and MoWIE with the support from the respective environmental offices at the national, regional, and local level; and  Throughout process, close attention to gender issues in consultation, data collection, and design of opportunities and mitigation measures e.g. GBV. The overriding guiding principle to the implementation of the proposed project is through site potential and involvement of EEU, beneficiaries, as well as private investors/independent power producers (IPPs).

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The implementation of environmental and social safeguards management and screening process will be attained through the procedures and steps described below and Figure 3 project implementation cycle

8.2 Procedures and Steps

The following section briefly describes the major steps and procedures to be followed for ensuring that environmental and social impacts likely to arise as a result of the implementation of the proposed project components are adequately addressed. This ESMF highlights the proposed projects planning focus on ensuring the implementation of subproject activities are environmental friendly and socially acceptable with no harm principle through applying best practices and sound mitigation measures. The implementation of environmental management and screening process of the proposed subproject will be achieved through the following major procedures and steps. The steps of the environmental and social screening process will lead towards the review and environmental approval by MoWIE or regional environmental institution of every potential project components to be implemented by EEU under proposed project. As stated above, given the scale and nature of the proposed project components are categorized under environmental and social risk of substantial, which are likely to have site-specific environmental and/or social impacts that are less adverse than those of Risk High subprojects. Likely impacts are few, site-specific, largely reversible, and readily minimized by applying appropriate management and mitigation measures or incorporating internationally recognized design criteria and standards. Most subproject operations approved and implemented by EEU are included in this category unless the nature, scale, or sensitivity of the intended subprojects activities involves either a high level of environmental and social risk or no such risk. Although, the nature of the proposed project is categorized under E&S risk rating of substantial, understanding of the sensitivity and magnitude of the proposed site/receiving environment with its biophysical and socioeconomic nature is very crucial. This may bring the impact to be significant and may demand the preparation of ESIA. Therefore, the assessment and identification of environmental and social impacts associated to the specific subproject activity is equally important during the project studies to avoid sensitive areas and take steps to ensure that projects stay within proposed environmental and social risk of “substantial”. In this regard, to ensure the anticipated adverse impacts are small in scale and manage accordingly with best practice methods, every potential subproject that will be funded under ADELE and be implemented by EEu will require environmental and social screening process. The screening checklist guides the impact assessment in identifying key environmental and social issues and impacts associated with subprojects prior to the final project design (Annex 4). The Environmental and social screening asks key questions on matters that are of environmental and social importance to the Project. By responding “Yes”, “No”, “Unknown” or “NA” (Not Applicable). When planning a project, there is a list of issues that must be considered. If these issues are considered early in the project cycle, the project will be more sustainable and accepted by the local community. These relate to:

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 Natural hazards  Preservation of cultural property  Preservation of land use/impact of adjoining uses  Preservation of species and natural spaces  Community and gender equality issues  Building issues  Construction issues  Waste management issues – solid, hazardous and sewage  Location considerations  Public and occupational health and safety Checklists are identifying issues within each of the above environmental and social concerns that needs to be considered as part of the subproject planning and design. The list is intended to guide the impact assessment (IA) in identifying key environmental and social issues and impacts that may be associated with projects under the project, prior to the project design. Adverse impacts of the project activities on the local environment or to the community and vice versa may be minimized through changes to project design and/or the use of mitigation measures to lessen negative effects Step One: Sub project preparation and application During the subproject preparation and application, EEU and other implementing intuitions (Addis Ababa City Administration and project regions) are required to ensure that environmental and social impacts of the ADELE projects components could be avoided, minimized, mitigated or offsetted through identification and evaluation of technically and financially feasible alternatives (including location, technology and or alignment options) or through implementations of environmental and social management best practices. Anticipated environmental and social impacts and the respective mitigation measures presented under chapter 6 of this report will be used by implementing institutions to obtain an overview of potential environmental and social impacts that could arise due to the implementation the proposed project components Project applications are likely to be submitted for funding of the proposed project components and the screening and assessment of environmental and social impacts is applied simultaneously with the screening for eligibility of the project, particularly in case of beneficiaries under component s2 and 4. Due to the scale and nature of ADELE project subcomponents, if the environmental and social impacts assessment is required, subprojects will thus not be finally approved until an environmental and social safeguards impact assessment has been prepared and approved.

Step Two: Desk appraisal

Prior to field visits to the proposed project sites, a desk appraisal will be carried out to confirm that all applications contain the required information pertinent to identification of environmental and social safeguards issues. Depending on the type of sub project components, desk appraisal will be conducted by EEU to ensure that all pertinent environmental issues are identified.

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Step Three: loan eligibility and safeguards screening

EEU and/or MoWIE, Regional and local water and energy bureau, as well as private sectors who are engaged in the implementation of subproject with the support from relevant institutions from Addis Ababa City Administration and Regional Bureaus and Woreda line office, as required will undertake screening of subproject applications for environmental and social safeguards of subproject activities to ascertain that the likely social and/or environmental impacts are identified. This screening will be carried out by using the Environmental and Social Screening Form (see annex 4).

Completion of this screening form will facilitate the identification of potential environmental and social impacts; environmental and social risk rating classes; proposal of appropriate environmental and social mitigation measures, and the need to conduct any further environmental and social assessment work, if necessary. The proposed project environmental and social risk classifications will be based World Bank Environmental and Social Management Frame Work and assignment of appropriate respective environmental and social risks to the project components including network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban area; solar-hybrid mini grids for rural economic development and standalone solar systems for health and education facilities construction activity will be based on the information provided in the environmental and social screening form (annex 4).

As this step is among the a vital steps, the screening process shall be carried out by experienced and qualified experts from EEU and relevant regional bureaus and line offices at Woreda level.

Step Four: Submission of screening report to MoWIE or Regional Level Environmental Bureaus

After thorough screening of the national level applications/proposals, EEU will require to submit the safeguards screening results, their recommendations and reports to MoWIE or to Regional Environmental Bureaus. Step Five: Review of screening report and appraisal by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus

The MoWIE or Regional or wereda Environmental Bureaus will review the screening report including results , recommendations, proposed mitigation measures and will provide feedbacks on the screening report. After review of the screening reports, field appraisal mission to the location of the subproject sites may be required in order to obtain additional and detailed information on biophysical and socioeconomic environmental setting of the proposed subproject sites. Furthermore, if the desk appraisal and screening indicates that the proposed sub project components may have environmental and/or social concerns that are not adequately addressed in the current documentation, or if the application meets certain criteria Table 20 below), the MoWIE/Regional Environmental Bureaus will require a field appraisal before the subproject application can be considered further.

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Table 19: Summary of Sample Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal

No. Criteria Field Appraisal Land must be acquired for a sub-project, Determines the scale and level of impact. A an individual or community's access to Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)/Abbreviated land or available resources is restricted Resettlement Action Plan(ARAP) may then be or lost, or an individual or family is required according to procedures detailed in ADELE 1 displaced Resettlement Framework(RF) document Determines if the sub-project will adequately avoid A sub-project may-affect a protected adverse effects on the protected area or natural 2 area or a natural habitat habitat, as provided for in the ESMF A field appraisal determines the scale and level of impact. The application may need to be revised to describe how the sub-project will avoid or minimize A sub-project may have an impact on adverse impacts to ecologically sensitive areas. This ecologically sensitive ecosystems (e.g. of may require a distinct Environmental and Social 3 impact on wetlands) Management Plan (ESMP) as outlined in this ESMF A sub-project may involve, or result in: Diversion or use of surface waters; A field appraisal determines the scale and potential Production of effluent waste; adverse effects, and may include an ESMP as outlined 4 Wells, or water points Chapter seven of the ESMF.

Note: these criteria should be updated based on field experience in implementing subprojects.

Depending on the field appraisal mission, the appraisal might reconsider the need for development of an ESMP for the sub project. EEU is responsible for ensuring that the required ESMP is conducted as per the WB ESF requirements. The ESMP could be prepared by a team of experts from the EEU including the environmental and social safeguards specialist (to be recruited by the project) or by a consultant when necessary. Once all the required documentation has been prepared and compiled, EEU will request MOWIE or Region Environmental Bureaus for final clearance and approval. Step Six: Review by the World Bank The World Bank will review and provide comments and inputs to EEU on the draft site-specific safeguards instruments (ESMP/ESIA). Step Seven: Submission of ESIA/ESMP to EEU Once all the requisite documentation has been compiled, and after incorporating the World Bank comments and inputs, EEU will make recommendations and submit the ESIA/ESMP to MoWIE for final clearance and approval.

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Steps eight: Approval of subprojects by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus

The completed screening form along with any additional planning reports and overall subproject application is forwarded to Regional environmental Bureaus or to MoWIE. The first step in the approval process is to determine if all the relevant information has been provided, and is adequate. The MoWIE at national level and Regional environmental Bureaus , at regional level will check if the beneficiaries and screening team have thoroughly considered all environmental and social issues with regards to the identification of potential adverse effects arising from the subproject as well as mitigating measures to adequately address negative impacts. Subprojects may not be eligible for risk grant, if they have potentially a negative impact on physical cultural resources, or significant impacts on natural habitats, forests, and other. Lists of such projects that may not be granted by the project are described in annex 1 (project exclusion list). Although the propose project has no activity, which affects cultural resources, in case of any events of the potential chance find of physical cultural resources, the contract for construction or installation of solar panels or wind energy is required to include reference to procedures to follow as per chance find procedures annexed in this ESMF (annex 6). MoWIE, will review the instruments (ESIA/ESMP) and make decision by approving the project activity (with or without conditions relating to implementation); recommending to re-design (with required and/or recommended amendments); or rejecting the project activity (with comments as to what is required to submit as an acceptable report). As part of the appraisal, the project's corresponding ESIA/ESMP has to be made publicly available.

Step Nine: Submission of approval decision report to EEu by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus to EEU

In order to avoid delays in project implementation, the Review of ESIA or ESMP report by MoWIE or Regional Environmental Bureaus to EEU should be carried out as soon as they receive these reports

The Review report should include but not limited to:  the decision on each subproject activity whether an ESMP is required or not;  if an ESMP is required, the recommended scope of the ESMP clearly indicating the aspects to be seriously addressed, the skills required and duration of the ESMP;  if an ESMP is not required, include guidance on special needs such as technical guidelines on any of the subproject activities; and  Approval without conditions for those subprojects with no potential adverse impacts.

The final ESMP documents will be disclosed at EEU’S website and World Bank external site, as appropriate. The local level disclosure of the final ESMP will be carried out using appropriate language and culturally sensitive manner.

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Step Ten: Documentation

EEU after receiving the decision report from the MoWIE or Regional Bureaus will compile the documentation comprising of the decisions environmental and social safeguards screening for further processing of implementation of the project. Step Eleven: Subprojects effectiveness

Once the documentation is finalized, EEU will communicate the loan beneficiaries to notify the effectiveness of the subproject implementation and loan award with all requirements during project implementations.

Step Twelve: Implementation

EEU will inform appropriate implementing institutions/beneficiaries to commence the implementation of the subproject, as per their proposal and notify the beneficiaries to act on the decisions and requirements provided by the MoWIE/Regional Environmental Bureaus together with approval reports. At the time of implementation of the proposed projects, the potential environmental and social impacts are clearly identified. A management plan will be formulated and implemented. Implementation of environmental and social mitigation measures will be done concurrently with the other project activities and in line with sector guidelines and checklists that will be provided. In each project area, EEU and regional and woreda administration, and energy and environmental offices will be required to make their contribution to environmental and social mitigation measures upfront. As much as possible local communities will also participate fully in project implementation

Step Thirteen: Supervision and Monitoring

EEU,MoWIE ,Regional Bureaus or Woreda line office will carry out supervision and monitoring, in consultation and support with the World Bank.

Step Fourteen: Annual auditing

As stated in the ESMF, the annual auditing is the responsibility of EEU. The assignment will be annual auditing by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Woreda Environmental offices or MoWIE, as required. Step Fifteen: End of project Evaluation

End-of-Project evaluation is the responsibility of EEU. The assignment will be end-of project evaluation at the end of project implementation period by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Woreda Environmental offices or MoWIE, as required

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Approval of Submission of safeguard approval Project instruments decision report Preparation by MoWIE to EEU by MoWIE

EEU submit and reviewed Documentation Desk ESMP/ESIA and Project Appraisal/EE to MoWIE for Effectiveness U approval

Safeguard End of Screening Project WB Implementation Project and review Evaluation preliminary IEE

Supervision Submission Review of Annual and of screening screening &or Auditing & or IEE IEE report Monitoring to MoWIE by MoWIE

Figure 3: Typical Project Implementation cycle under the proposed ADELE

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9. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM Stakeholder consultation, information disclosure and grievances management are among the major building blocks of stakeholder engagement. The following section presents the plans, principles and types of stakeholder consultation; information disclosure &national and international grievances redress mechanism and services. 9.1 Stakeholder Consultation Plan Stakeholder consultation is a core element and regulatory requirement that must be adhered to environmental and social impact assessments including ESMF. Article 92 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia recognizes that Citizens have a right to full consultation and to expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that directly affect them. Moreover, disclosure of relevant information and undertaking consultation with persons and communities directly affected by any development project that entails displacement of people and loss of property is a constitutional right in Ethiopia. Consultation is also an important part of any environmental and social impact assessment processes as the environmental impact assessment proclamation (proclamation No.299/2002) requires that all environmental impact assessment studies undertake public consultation as part of the study.

Relevant Word Bank environmental and social standards (ESS10) also recognize the need and importance of consultation including free, prior and informed consent of the affected Indigenous Peoples (ESS7).Therefore, for identification and assessment of environmental and social impacts and risks and for successful implementation of mitigation measures a continuous stakeholder consultation is paramount important.

This stakeholder consultation plan forms part of the ESMP .As mentioned in chapter 5 of this report, the preparation of this ESMF has been carried out based on consultation with Addis City Administration, Federal, Regional and Woreda Key Stakeholders.

9.1.1 Objective

The objective of the stakeholder consultation plan is to provides a framework for ensuring full and effective stakeholder involvement and participation in the course of project planning and implementation so that the proposed project is carried within the planned time framework and budget with full satisfaction of affected and interested stakeholders The specific objectives of the stakeholder consultation plan are:-  Get necessary information that enables implementers to shape the project components and address environmental and social concerns taking into account the opinion/ suggestions of the stakeholders in the course of project implementation  To get possible recommendations &implement them accordingly

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 To create forum for interaction and discussion for implementers and participating institutions at different levels  Finally, to ensure that the proposed project has broad community support &that affected people endorse the proposed mitigation and management measures.

9.1.2 Principles of Consultation

According to World Bank consultation guidelines (2019), the major principles that make consultation process effective include: Openness: open to the input from stakeholders and stakeholder contributions will be taken into account. Access to Information: Stakeholders need access to all relevant information in advance. This principle applies to information on the consultation process as well as materials that would help stakeholders to provide informed opinions on the subject of consultation. Accountability: The input and feedback from each stakeholder is collated and assessed, shared back with stakeholders, and brought to the attention of decision makers Transparency: Information is available to stakeholders about relevant aspects of the process, stakeholder engagement, stakeholder input, consultation outcomes, and how stakeholder input is used. Visibility: To reach all impacted groups, experts, and other relevant and interested stakeholders.

9.1.3 Types & forms of Stakeholder consultation

The four major forms of stakeholder consultation Include (IFC2007):-

Iterative Consultation: Plan ahead; consulting using basic principles of good practice; incorporate feedback; documenting the process and results of consultation; letting stakeholders consulted to know what has happened and what the next steps in them process will be (reporting back) are among the major iterative consultation .process. Informed Participation: Informed participation is a more intensive and active form of consultation. it involves a more in-depth exchange of views and information, leading to joint analysis and decision-making. This increased level of involvement tends to generate a shared sense of ownership in a process and its outcomes

Consultation with Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous peoples are often among the most marginalized and vulnerable segments of a population. They can be subject to different types of risks and severity of impacts including loss of identity, culture, traditional lands, and natural resource-based livelihoods. Essential parts of preparation for the consultation process with indigenous peoples include:  Pre-consult  Identify priority issues for consultation  Give special care to cultural appropriateness  Share responsibilities with government for disclosure and consultation

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Gender Considerations: It is important to keep in mind that it is likely to affect men and women differently. In most societies, men and women play different roles within the private and public spheres. With these different and complex roles comes differential access to resources and finances, to contacts and relationships, to personal skills development, and to opportunity and power.

Consulting primarily with men provides only half of the story. Partial information can lead to both risks and missed opportunities. For most companies, failing to consult adequately with women is not deliberate; rather it happens because engaging women in the consultation process usually requires awareness and concerted effort.

9.2 Information Disclosure

Information disclosure is both national and international legal and standard requirements. Disclosure is making information accessible to interested and affected parties. Communicating such information understandable to stakeholders is an important first step in the process of stakeholder engagement. All other activities including consultation and informed participation, grievances etc will be more constructive if stakeholders, including affected communities, have accurate and timely information about the project, its impacts, and any other aspects that may have an effect on them.

Copies of these documents and a brief of the reports should be made available to communities and interested parties on accessible locations in English and/or if possible in local languages.

9.3 Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM)

9.3.1 Background

GRM provides a formal avenue for affected people or stakeholders to engage with the project implementers or owners on issues of concern or unaddressed environmental and social impacts. People adversely affected (or about to be affected) by a development project will raise their grievances and dissatisfactions about actual or perceived environmental and social impacts in order to find a satisfactory solution. The purpose of a grievance redressing mechanism is to establish a way for individuals, groups, or communities affected by the project activities to contact responsible body if having an enquiry, a concern, or a formal complaint. The main objective is to provide a step-by-step process of registering and addressing the grievances.

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Grievances can be an indication of growing stakeholder concerns and can escalate if not identified and resolved. Projects may have a range of potential adverse impacts to people and the environment in general and their implementation may be a source of grievance. Hence, project implementing entity/ project proponent shall work proactively towards preventing grievances through the implementation of appropriate impact mitigation measures designed to anticipate and address potential issues before they become grievances. The sources of public complaints/grievance may be variable from project to project and some of likely source of complaints/grievance likely to arise related to the proposed activities include but not limited to: . Land acquisition . Restriction of access to natural and common property resources . Air, water and land pollution . Traffic congestion and accidents to people and livestock . Inadequate and non-timely compensation payment . Influx of job seekers to the project area and conflicts . Public Health and Sanitation . Waste and spoil disposal . Lack of meaningful consultation Implementing proactive measure, identifying grievances and ensuring timely resolution constitute major components of GRM and stakeholder management. Hence, this GRM & procedures proposed as part of this ESMF will serve as a guide during project implementation.

9.3.2 National Grievances Redress Mechanism

National grievance redress mechanism is based on land & environmental related proclamations. According to the FDRE expropriation of land holding for public purpose, payments of compensation & resettlement of displaced people proclamation (Proclamation NO. 1161/2019) regional states shall establish complaint hearing body and appeal hearing council which shall have jurisdiction to entertain grievances arising from decisions under this proclamation. It also states that any person who received an order of expropriation of his landholding; or who has an interest or claim on the property to be expropriated may file an application within 30 (thirty) days of service of the order to the Complaint Hearing Body. The Complaint Hearing Body after investigating the complaint submitted to it; shall make its decisions within 30 (thirty) days of the filing of the application and notify in written to the parties.

The proclamation also gives recognition that a party aggrieved with the decision of the appeal hearing council may file an appeal to the regional high court. If the land holder faces economic loss due to the expropriation and is unable to file an appeal, the government shall arrange for free legal services.

Article 17 of Proclamation on EIA (proclamation no 299/2000); also states that any person dissatisfied with the authorization or monitoring or any decision of the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency regarding a project may submit a grievance notice to the head of the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency, as may be appropriate. The decision of the head of the Authority or relevant regional environmental agency shall, as provided above, be issued within 30 days following the receipt of the grievance.

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Based on the aforementioned proclamations ,the proposed project would make use of formal grievance redressing mechanisms using the existing Kebele, Woreda, Regional, and federal Public Grievance Hearing Offices in the country.

The GRM applicable to the proposed project which is commonly used for most of development projects in Ethiopia is GRM involving formation or operationalizing of local Grievance Redressing Committee with the objective to provide a step-by-step process of registering and addressing the grievances.

The committee may consist of representatives from project affected persons (PAPs), implementer’s representative, representative from Woreda or Kebele Administration, elders or influential personalities other than the aggrieved persons. Other members can be added or removed as required. The Committee will be headed by Woreda or/Kebele Administration. The main role of the committee will be arbitration through mediation and negotiation when complaints arise to ensure that cases are resolved quickly and fairly

The following are major Grievance Redress Process/procedures applicable to the proposed project: 1. Publicizing the GRM : The GRM for the project shall be introduced to the project stakeholders for inputs as a part of the project stakeholder engagement program through available means of channels including public meetings, through the Woreda administration office and at the implementing sector office etc, 2. Receiving and registering the grievance: Any member of the grievance redress committee can receive and acknowledging receipt of a grievance from the public as soon as possible either through direct face- face meetings or in writing. The members who receive complaints verbally should put them in writing for them to be considered& shall inform the complainant about the time frame in which a response can be expected. A grievance and information request form (annex 2) shall be signed and a copy shall be provided back to the complainant. 3. Reviewing and investigating grievances: The grievances shall be screened to determine whether they are eligible for the grievance mechanism. Ineligible complaints include those that are not project related or those that the community procedures are more appropriate to address. Eligibility should be a procedural step to ensure that the issue being raised is relevant to the proposed project. 4. Action & Feedback: This is the development of resolution options taking into consideration the community preferences, project policy, past experience, current issues and potential outcomes. Undertake proposed actions for resolution and update the complainant once actions are completed. 5. Closure: This occurs only when both are happy with the solution (agree on a compromise).Grievance investigation outcome form will be used to document this process. If complainants remain unsatisfied with the grievance process; they have the right of recourse to the courts.

6. Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluating: Monitoring and reporting are the tools for measuring the effectiveness of the grievance mechanism, efficient use of project resources and for determining trends and recurring problems to facilitate proactive resolution. The implementer shall monitor grievances routinely as part of the broader management of the Project.

Monthly grievance reports will include: . The number of grievances logged in the proceeding period by level and type.

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. The number of stakeholders that have come back stating they are not satisfied with the resolution. . The number of grievances resolved & unresolved. . The measures taken to incorporate these responses into project design and implementation. These reports and other records will be made available for external review if required. An appropriate grievance report should be part of the project’s quarterly reporting. The summary of steps, process and timing of grievance redressing mechanisms are presented in table 20 below. Proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism for the ADELE Project The grievance procedure does not replace existing legal processes. Based on consensus, the procedures will seek to resolve issues quickly in order to expedite the receipt of entitlements, without resorting to expensive and time-consuming legal actions. If the grievance procedure fails to provide a result, complainants can still seek legal redress. Registration of Grievances: As long as one of the sub-projects entails resettlement and/or compensation, the implementation agencies will establish a register of resettlement/compensation related grievances and disputes. The existence and conditions of access to this register (where, when, how) shall be widely disseminated within the interested area of the implementation sites as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub-projects in general. Any grievance that may arise from project related activities, including compensation/resettlement action plan will be filed for First Instance to the implementation agency of the sub-projects, and will be registered by the agency for further action. First Instance - Amicable Settlement: While there are courts of law for handling grievances, local communities may often be reluctant to expose family members to courts of law, which could trigger the separation of families or worsen conflicts between neighbors. Courts of law may also be viewed as slow and involving somewhat complicated procedures. People may prefer such matters to be first handled by a “first instance” mechanism, on the model of traditional dispute-resolution mechanisms. In such compensation and resettlement operations, it usually appears that many grievances have roots in misunderstandings, or result from neighbor conflicts, which usually can be solved through adequate mediation using customary rules. Most grievances can be settled with additional explanation efforts and some mediation. This is why a first instance of dispute handling will be set up with the aim of settling disputes amicably, in the form of a locally selected Mediation Committee. A local Grievance Hearing Committee (GHC) will be established, consisting of representatives from the village or town, municipality, Woreda, or Kebele administration, the displaced persons, elders or influential personalities other than the displaced persons, and religious administration. The Grievances should be settled amicably whenever possible. Positive discussions need to be made to convince the affected PAPs in the presence of the GHC. However, if the resolution of a case requires additional payment or any form of relocation of resources, the report shall be sent to the appropriate administrative executive for consideration. If the administrator agrees to the recommendation, he/she shall instruct the relevant resettlement Unit to implement the amended provision; on the other hand, if the recommendation of the GHC is such that it upsets legal frameworks, the aggrieved party may be advised to pursue the case in a normal law court. When a grievance/dispute is recorded as per above-mentioned registration procedures, mediation meetings will be organized with interested parties. Minutes of meetings will be recorded. Solutions to grievances related to compensation amounts, delays in compensation payments or provision of different types of resettlement assistance should be pursued directly by the designated RP team through liaison with the relevant actors. The sub-project RP team will ensure that community members and in particular PAPs are informed about the avenues for grievance redress, and will maintain a record of grievances received,

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and the result of attempts to resolve these. All PAPs will be informed about how to register grievances or complaints, including specific concerns about compensation and relocation. In urban areas, a PAP who is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation may complain to an administrative organ and if the PAP is still not satisfied, may appeal to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court if applicable within thirty days from the date of the decision. Appeal to Court: Whenever misunderstandings and disputes arise between the principal parties (e.g. local government bodies and affected parties) involved in the resettlement and compensation process, the preferred means of settling disputes is through arbitration (Proclamation No.1161/2019). The number and composition of the arbitration tribunal may be determined by the concerned parties. Though Proclamation No. 1161/2019 provides for appeals from valuation decision, such action will not delay the transfer of possession of land to the proponent. Courts of law shall be considered as a “last resort”, which in principle should only be triggered where first instance amicable mechanisms have failed to settle the grievance/dispute. However, the Constitution allows any aggrieved person the right of access to court of law.

Table20: Summary of indicative process and time framework for Grievance Redress Mechanism

Steps Process Description Time frame(day)* Face to face; phone; letter, e-mail; recorded during 1 Identification of grievance public/community interaction; 1 Grievance assessed and Significance assessed and grievance recorded or 2 logged logged (i.e. in a log book) 4-7 Acknowledgement of grievance through appropriate 3 Grievance is acknowledged medium 7-14 • Grievance assigned to appropriate party for resolution 4 • Response development with input from Development of response management/ relevant stakeholders 4-7 5 Response signed off Redress action approved at appropriate levels 4-7 Implementation Redress action implemented & update of progress 6 &communication of response on resolution communicated to complainant 10-14 Redress action recorded in grievance log book 7 Complaints Response Confirm with complainant that grievance can be closed or determine what follow up is necessary 4-7 Record final sign off of grievance If grievance cannot Close grievance be closed, return to step 2 or refer to sector minister 8 or recommend third-party arbitration or resort to court of law 4-7

* Though time framework for different process is variable but the final decisions shall be made within a maximum of 30 (thirty) following the receipt of the grievance.

Generic forms to manage grievances (need to be translated in local language) including grievance statement form; grievance receipt acknowledgement form; grievance investigation form; grievance investigation outcome form and grievance redress service (grs) case log/ledger log book are presented in annex 5.

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9.3.3 Word Bank Group (WBG) Grievance Redress Service

According to World Bank Grievance Redress, communities and individuals who believe they are adversely affected by a Bank-supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the Bank’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed to address project-related concerns and impacts. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the Bank’s Independent Inspection Panel, which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, because of the Bank’s noncompliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the Bank’s attention and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the Bank’s corporate GRS, see http://www.worldbank.org/GRS, and Bank’s Inspection Panel, see www.inspectionpanel.org

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10. INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT

10.1 Introduction One of the main purposes of the ESMF is to establish roles and responsibility of the institutions and stakeholders to successfully implement the project considering the environmental and social dimensions. The successful implementation of the ESMF depends on the commitment of implementing institutions at federal and regional level in collaboration with other relevant institutions and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use the ESMF effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Institutional arrangements in the following section describes the role and responsibilities of relevant federal and regional institutions that have a stake in the implementation of the proposed project. The implementation of the ADELE project components will take place through the existing government institutional structures from the federal to the local or community level including:

 Ministry of Water, Irrigation &Energy (MOWIE)  Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU)  World Bank  Regional Energy Bureaus (REBs) & their line offices  Woreda Water, Mines and Energy Offices  Regional Environmental Protection Bureaus and their line office  Woreda & Kebele Administration /Farmers’ Associations or Cooperatives in the specific project site  Communities /Beneficiarie  Grievance Redress Committees  Women, Children and Youth Committees

10.2 Role & Responsibilities

Ministry of Water, Irrigation &Energy (MOWIE): The overall coordination and implementation of the project will be facilitated by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation &Energy through Ethiopian Electric utility in collaboration with other relevant institutions. Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) : EEU as the main implementing institution, through its project management and coordination unit to be established for ADELE will provide overall coordination of the project components and lead the implementation of the program components, which will include overall responsibility for safeguards due diligence, and compliance monitoring. Further, EEU will be responsible for the overall coordination of the sub-project implementation including component 2.2 which will be implemented in coordination with private sectors. Thus, EEU will undertake a capacity assessment to identify the gaps and bridges for functional ESMS. This will allow EEU to strengthen and maintain organizational capacity and competency for implementing the ESMS with clearly defined roles and responsibilities including the responsibility of the senior management

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for the overall accountability of environmental and social performance of the subprojects those will implemented by the private sector, including the implementation of ESS9, ESS2 and resources necessary to support such implementation. The implementation of actions identified in the gap assessment are disbursement condition under 2.2. Private Sector : Will be the implementing organ for the sub-component 2.2. and responsible for all the aspects of project implementation and operation, it is responsible for the implementation of E&S risk management activities of the project. Therefore, the private sector will adopt the requiermnets stated under EEU’s ESMS for sub component 2.2 and develop an ESMS that will be proportinate with the nature and magnitude of environmental and social risks and impacts of their subprojects. The applicable requirements for private secor implementing subprojects will include the following: (a) All subprojects will be prepared and implemented in accordance with relevant environmental and social national and local laws and regulations; (b) All subprojects will be screened against exclusions in the legal agreement; (c) All subprojects will be screened for environmental and social risks and impacts; and (d) All subprojects which involve resettlement (unless the risks or impacts of such resettlement are minor), adverse risks or impacts on Indigenous Peoples or significant risks or impacts on the environment, community health and safety, labor and working conditions, biodiversity or cultural heritage will apply relevant requirements of ESSs.

Regional Bureaus (REBs) & line offices: Regional bureaus are expected to play an important role in overall coordination and implementation of the off-grid program/ADELE project at regional level. Woreda& kebele Administrations: will be responsible for community mobilization, awareness creation, identifying and registering project beneficiaries

The specific roles and responsibilities of each federal and regional implementing institutions and their line office are summarized in Table 21. Table21: Implementation arrangement and specific role and Responsibilities of institutes

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Name of No. Institution Role &responsibilities

 Establish, coordinate &lead national steering committee meetings pertaining to the off-grid renewable energy  Support , coordinate & oversee implementation of the off-grid energy program in the country with other organizations, including EEU  Facilitates a consultative process among different ministries & institutions Ministry of Water, 1  Provides overall technical support/assistance for off grid solar energy project Irrigation &Energy  Through its environment &climate change directorate :- (MOWIE)  Check and oversee the proposed off grid energy activities are compliance with national environmental & social safeguard policies guidelines &proclamations  review E&S assessment reports prepared for the off grid energy project & provide approval and environmental clearance

 Facilitate and implement environmental and social audits which will be used a management tool to enhance all the safeguards tools as captured in this ESMF  Establish dialogue with stakeholders &community groups to ensure environmental and social concerns are addressed and incorporated and implemented in the project  Review all environmental and social safeguard documents  Assign environmental & social focal person  Designing, organizing and implementing training and capacity building programs for relevant stakeholders associated with the proposed project components.  Prepare plans for effective project development and management;  Co-ordinate the project programs and actions plans, and develop the various sub-project activities Ethiopian Electric  Undertakes supervision, monitoring and provides feedback to concerned 2 Utility (EEU) parties  Overall oversight of the E&S risk assessment, management, and monitoring processes in line with this ESMF, for each component of the sub-project;  Facilitate &maintaining adequate stakeholder engagement and grievance redress mechanism  Develop/ enhance the existing ESMS to follow up/ supervise the private sector E&S activities and compliance with the national and WB standards.  screen all subprojects against any exclusions in the legal agreement and screen, review, and categorize the subprojects according to their potential environmental and social risks and impacts.  Will develop and adopt a categorization system for subprojects with clearly defined risk categories.  Will develop and maintain organizational capacity and competency for implementing the ESMS with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.  Review and provide comments and recommendations for the private sector to improve safeguard compliance according to the requirements in the ESMS

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Name of No. Institution Role &responsibilities

 promptly notify the Bank of any significant accidents or incidents associated with FI subprojects

 Prepare and implement Environmental and social Management System /ESMS/ Conduct self-screening activity Ensuring that all the necessary environmental protection measures and project components are incorporated during the final survey, design and construction;  Assign a qualified Environmental Inspector (EI) in the supervision team;  Conduct periodic project site supervision to oversee environmental performance of the project or status of environmental protection measures and if required provide guidance for the supervision consultant’s team; 3 Private Sector  Carrying out environmental monitoring during the construction phase of the project and ensuring failures are sufficiently repaired in time;  Review environmental monitoring and status reports to be prepared by the Environmental Inspector; and  Improve the recommendations of the ESMS if required according to lessons learnt during all phases of the project.  Prepare Site Specific ESMP and other site-specific management plans.  Provide compensation payments to implement RAP and LRP if any.  Disclose the final ESMS/RAP/ESMP on its web site.  Implement, regular monitoring and reporting to EEU/ MoWIE

 Facilitate establishment & implementation of GRM at regional &Woreda level  Undertake project beneficiaries energy demand estimation  Coordination of private sector enterprises (PSEs)& micro financial institution activities at their respective region Regional Energy  Awareness creation on implementation the proposed project  Control the distribution and installation of illegal solar energy equipment in 3 Bureaus collaboration with other government sectors  Support, follow-up, monitor and evaluate the overall implementation of the proposed project in their respective regions;  Ensure that all contractors & private enterprise successfully completed supply and installation of solar systems as per the contract agreement for each project component  Follow up & make sure that installed solar systems are properly functioning

 Facilitate and support training on implementation of ESMF Regional  Support, follow-up, monitor and evaluate the overall implementation of Environmental safeguards instruments Protection  Organize& coordinated field visits 4  Monitor ,evaluate & report to EEU any E&S issues and concerns arising due Bureaus& their line to the proposed project implementation in their respective region office  Support and facilitate subproject screening activities  Review & evaluate E&S assessment reports including ESMF, screening, scoping &EIA reports related to the proposed project in their respective region  Follow up effective implementation of ESMP &mitigation measures

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Name of No. Institution Role &responsibilities

 Assign safeguard focal person

 Create awareness and registration of possible beneficiaries; Woreda Water,  undertake screening & evaluate the eligibility of the beneficiaries; Mines &Energy  Support and facilitate overall implementation of sub project activities 5 Offices construction and installation of solar systems and associated facilities  identify, organize, register &report beneficiaries energy demand or requirement  Facilitate & support, monitoring and evaluation activities

 Support, facilitate ,coordinate & lead implementation of land acquisition ,process of valuation and compensation activities  Coordinate establish necessary integration between Woreda sector offices Woreda  Facilitate awareness creation and community mobilization 6 Administration  Assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment schedule  Establish grievance redress committee  Sensitize communities / beneficiaries to return loans in collaboration with other offices  Follow-up and assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment of loan

Kebele  Mobilize the community to participate in the overall implementation of the Administration/ proposed project  Identify community energy needs &undertake registration of beneficiaries Farmers (potential users) 7 Association/  Report E&S issues that are relevant to the proposed project. Cooperatives

11. CAPACITY BUILDING & TRAINING

Effective implementation of this ESMF will require environmental and social safeguard capacity building in the form of detail training and awareness creation for staff of federal institutions, regional bureaus and Woreda offices who will in one way or another involve in the implementation of the proposed project activities.

Findings of public consultation also revealed that different level of training and capacity building are required to manage environmental and socials issues associated the proposed project implementation. Furthermore, off-grid solar solutions are a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia. Hence, the ESMF recommends

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a capacity building and training program for staffs of relevant federal institutions, regional bureaus and Woreda office who will be involved directly or indirectly in the implementation of subproject activities.

The overall objective of the training is to mainstream environmental and social consideration into processes of sub-project identification, planning, implementation and mitigation. The training will enable staff of the relevant implementing institutions to build capacity in screening, monitoring, inspecting, identification and analysis of environmental and social issues & implementation of mitigation measures proposed in the project ESMF.

The training and capacity building activities which are proposed to support implementation the ESMF are detail training for staff of federal institutions and the regional Bureaus including all aspects of environmental management, ESMF, ESIA, ESMP, public consultation etc. and awareness creation for environment and energy project team at woreda level .

The cost of capacity building and training shall be covered from component: Capacity building technical assistance and implementation support

Table 22,Table 23 & Table 24 below present name of institutions and training component, summary of proposed training topics & estimated training budget respectively.

Table 2212: List of Institutions and training component

No. of No Name of Institute participant Training Component Length

1 Federal Institutions

1.1 Ministry of Water, irrigation& 6 Energy(MOWIE Detail Training 2 days

1.2 Ethiopian Electric Utility(EEU) 6 ‘’ ‘’

1.3 Ethiopian Energy Authority (EEA) 2 ‘’ ‘’

1.4 Addis Ababa City Administration 3 ‘’ ‘’

1.5 Private Company 1 ‘’ ‘’

2 Regions (8 Regions)

2.1 Environmental Bureaus 9 Detail Training 2 days

2.2 Energy Bureaus 9 ‘’ ‘’

2.3 Woreda offices 302 Awareness creation 2 days

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The details of the proposed training topics to be covered for staff of federal institutions and regional Bureaus on ESMF are presented in table 23 below showing that the training will be delivered in five major training packages.

Table 23 Summary of Proposed Training topics

No. Training Topics Description

This topics will introduce about the background of the proposed Introduction to project project & major components of ADELE project including solar 1 components photovoltaic basics

 This session will introduce participants about ESMF, principles, Introduction to Environmental & application & rational for preparation of ESMF Social Management & monitoring  describes the range of E&S issues associated with the projects& 2 Plans corresponding management strategies to be employed to mitigate potential adverse impacts National Environmental Laws and Legislation & International This section will discuss & introduce application of relevant national Financial Institutions Safeguard policies, legal &institutional frameworks, guidelines as well as 3 Policies and standards International policies ,environmental & social standards

 Introduction to EIA process in Ethiopia 3 Screening  Application of the screening checklist  Project screening methods & application of the screening checklist  This topic will key potentially beneficial impacts & adverse impacts associated with development projects including the proposed project E &S impacts & mitigation  Mitigation & benefit enhancement measures: e.g. battery and solar 4 measures panel handling and disposal, STD and other transmitted disease, GBV/SH, Project GRM, Occupational Health and Safety Issues etc. This topics will introduce the need for public consultation ,objectives 5 Public consultation and approaches of public consultation

Table 24 presents estimated budget required which will be updated by EEU in collaboration with MOWIE after specific project sites &details of the sub project activities in each project region are identified. A separate budget will be allocated for the capacity assessment and strengthening the existing ESMS in the EEU.

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Table 24: Summary of Estimated Training Budget

Unit No. of Total Number of days Total Cost No. Description of activities Cost/day* participant including travelling days (USD) (USD)

Detail training for staff of federal 18 6 100 10,800 1 institution

Detail training for staff of regional 18 6 100 10,800 2 Bureaus

Awareness creation for staff of relevant 302 5 100 151,000 3 Woreda offices 4 Training facilities Training document ,stationary, banner, hall rent, entertainment, training Lump sum 7500 7500 4.1 document & others Sub Total 180,100 Contingency (10%) 18010 Grand Total 198,110

*unit cost includes transport, perdiem &other costs

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12. ESMF MONITORING, REVIEWS AND EVALUATION

12.1 Monitoring

Monitoring is a continuing process throughout the life of the proposed project including construction, installation, and operation and decommissions phases. The purposes of this monitoring activities are to establish benchmarks on safeguards so that the nature and magnitude of anticipated environmental and social impacts can be continually assessed and managed and confirm the achievements of ESMF objectives. Therefore, ESMF Monitoring within the project implementation period is become a regular practice or it could be periodic review like annual monitoring/auditing during project implementations period that to determine and guarantee the effective implementation of measures and procedures stated under this ESMF The objectives of monitoring are

i) To alert project implementers by providing timely information about the success or otherwise of the environmental management process outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to the proposed project environmental and social management process (even beyond the project’s life). ii) To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures incorporated in the technical designs and the EMP have been successful in such a way that the pre-project environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or is worse than before and to determine what further mitigation measures may be required. The ESMF implementation indicators to be monitored during project implementation include but not limited to:-  Number of ESMPs and other safeguard instruments developed and implemented;  Number of staffs at all levels trained in the implementation of this ESMF;  Type of training program and staffs at national, regional and Woreda levels attending training course in ESMF, RAP/RF, ESMP, ESIA, and other safeguards instruments;  Number of safeguard clauses included as part of the project contract documents;  Number & record of category of contractor’s staff who received training and awareness;  Number of local people/ PAPs participated;  Type and number of PPE distributed ;  Number of EHS officers hired;  Number of contractor’s staffs by profession ,sex including number of ,local employees, underserved peoples & vulnerable groups;  inspection , monthly, quarterly and annual reports; Number of PAPS who received compensation;  Number of field appraisals undertaken;

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 Number of written warnings of violations of ESMPs issued to Private sector enterprises, project contractors and/ or the beneficiaries in case of non-compliances;  Number of recommendations from the WB missions, annual review and monitoring that have been implemented by the beginning of the following year;  Number of chance find procedures for physical cultural resources invoked, if applicable

Incorporating the above indicators into the monitoring & evaluation systems of ADELE project components will ensure that the ESMF will be fully implemented during the project implementation periods.

12.2 Annual Audit

Annual audit report on ESMF Implementation shall be prepared by the EEU-ADLE project management &coordination unit and delivered to the regulatory entity (MOWIE). The regulatory entity such as MOWIE or the implementer shall undertake audits where necessary to ensure that implementers are complying with their Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) and their commitments to environmental &social management, mitigation and monitoring.

An independent environmental and social audit shall be undertaken on annual basis depending on the level of implementation of the sub-project components. The performance audit shall be carried out by an independent consulting firm. The main objective of the environmental audit is to examine available environmental information related to the project & implementation modalities of ADELE project and verify whether, or to what extent they conform to this ESMF& other safeguard instruments including Resettlement Framework (RF) and social assessment (SA). Auditing has been universally accepted as one of the components of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and should be undertaken during& after construction, operation, and upon the completion of the project decommissioning as well in the entire life of the project.

An annual audit is necessary:-

 To determine the extent to which the project is in compliance with procedures and guidelines for management of environment and social issues as prescribed in this ESMF &other project safeguard instruments such as RF &SA;  To ensure that the mitigation measures are being identified and implemented;  To identify any amendments in the project ESMF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness;  Verify if the ESMF process is being implemented appropriately and mitigation measures are being identified and implemented;  Determine capacities, training and technical assistance needs that are necessary to ensure successful implementation of ESMF  To measure compliance & determine the extent to which implementation of the proposed project conforms with national legislative requirements & World Bank E& S policies & ,standards

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The main tasks &scope of the audit shall include but not limited to:  Description of the project;  objective, scope and criteria of the audit;  Verify the level of compliance by the proponent with the conditions of the environmental management plan;  Evaluate the proponent’s knowledge and awareness and responsibility for the application of relevant legislation;  Review existing project documentation related to the project;  Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and corrective actions in case of emergencies;  Examine records of incidents and accidents  Examine and views on health and safety issues from the project employees, the local and other potentially affected communities and  Prepare a list of health and environmental concerns of past and on-going activities. Proposed generic approaches & methodologies for undertaking environmental & social audit include but not limited to:  Collection ,review &analysis of project records and documents including ESMF ,RF,SA ESIA and RAP reports ;  Reviewed the proposed mitigation measures and extent of their implementation in compliance with ESMF, RF, individual subprojects Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) and RAPs;  Review of national ®ional environmental policies, guidelines and legislation & World Bank Environmental and Social Framework;  Review of records, registers, grievances, workshop proceedings, public consultation and participation minutes of meetings and monitoring reports ;  undertaking consultation with Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and implementing entities at national, regional, Woreda and Kebele Levels and  Used various audit instruments including interview guides, audit questionnaire, checklists and audit sheets to conduct interviews with project stakeholders at different levels

12.3 End-of-project evaluation

Based on the comprehensive annual reviews, an end-of-project evaluation will take place, going into more details with some of the issues raised in the annual reviews and the impact of the capacity development activities provided to the GoE relevant ministries and institutions officials and staffs.

12.4 Reporting The main implementing institutions of ADELE project will be required to report on the progress of the project implementation in line with financing agreement. Progress, monthly, quarterly and annual environmental and social safeguard performance reports should be prepared by EEU.

The reports shall include the following key information but not limited to:

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 An introduction including project overview and project progress status , reporting period and monitoring locations  implementation of the ESMF provisions and management actions undertaken during the reporting period  Progress to date in implementing the ESMF  Summary of main findings of monitoring including E&S issues and concerns related to biophysical environment, occupational health and safety and socioeconomic issues related compensation and land acquisition etc.  Summary of follow up issues including EHS topics, action description, responsibilities, status and level of non-conformance. 12. 5 Submission / Clearance and disclosure of ESMF The ESMF document will be submitted to the Ministry of Water, irrigation and Energy, and the World Bank parallel for their comments and approval. The disclosure of ESMF will be released on EEU’S website and in the World Bank’s external website and announced on the Ethiopian newsletters or mass media to the public, as applicable.

13. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE PLAN

13.1 Public Consultation Plan

13.1.1 Introduction

For the successful identification and assessment of project specific environmental and social impacts, implementation and monitoring of the respective mitigation or enhancement measures and a continuous consultative process is required. MoWIE and EEU has the responsibility to ensure sound stakeholders consultation are conducted adequatey with all relevant parties to achieve the project objectives that benefit the beneficiaries and other stakeholders. Through consultations, all parties, EEU will create a bridge of communication between the Public, Private sector and the Government, which will improve the efficiency and transparency for the execution of the projects. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the ESMP that will be prepared by EEU and is the same for projects under the ADELE. The development of this ESMF is based on a consultative process comprising of key stakeholders at the national, regional, Woreda and local levels and sought their feedback. Key government agencies, have been consulted at the various levels to obtain their consent on the ESMF.

13.2.1 Objectives of the Pubic Consultation Plan

This plan provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on- time to the satisfaction of all concerned parties. The objectives of the public consultations are to provide EEU, MoWIE, etc with:

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 Status of implementation of the identified measures;  A sense of the concerns, priorities and aspirations of the stakeholders and implementing parties as they implement the measures;  Information to shape the project as it progresses;  Whenever possible, to recommend and implement specific recommendations and proposals; and,  Provide the participating regions including Woredas with a forum to interact constructively and make progress towards solutions and actions; and feedback from EEU and MoWIE on information received and steps to follow.

13.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan

In order to ensure effective implementation of this plan, the EEU shall be committed to the following principles:

 promoting openness and communication;

 Ensuring effective stakeholder involvement;

 Evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.

Thus, the beneficiaries are given:

 Clear information on the purpose and objectives of the meeting;

 Opportunity to express individual views without interruption;

 Opportunity to build on views expressed and, whenever possible, to discuss and reach conclusions, consensus or recommendations; and,

 Opportunity to engage in open-ended discussion (generally at the conclusion of the meeting).

13.1.4 Structure of the Consultations

Consultation meetings will generally take two approaches: (i) individual interviews involving addressing checklists, (ii) one-to-one and/or focus group meeting. The consultations will be structured along the following lines:

 Advance notification;

 Introduction and information;

 Early break-up into work groups or roundtables;

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 Opportunity for each participant to make a presentation; and,

 A closing session to allow open discussion between participants EEU

13.2 Public Disclosure

13.2.1 Introduction

The World Bank ESF requires that the GoE and the World Bank disclose the ESMF report as a separate and stand-alone document. The ESMF is required to be approved and disclosed prior to appraisal according to Bank policies and normal procedures. The disclosure should be both in GoE where it can be accessed by the public, including affected groups and NGOs, and at the World Bank external website. The EEU will make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places (possibly at National and Regional relevant government offices) for information and comments. The sub projects will be announced through different forms of media. The announcement will include a brief description of the proposed project, references to where and when the ESMF can be viewed, duration of the display period, and contact information for comments. For meaningful consultations between the EEU and possible project affected groups, beneficiaries and local NGOs, proposed subprojects under components 1, 2,4., EEU shall provide a relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. To meet the consultation and disclosure requirements of the Bank, the Government of Ethiopia will issue a disclosure letter to inform the Bank of :- 1) The Government’s approval of the ESMF; 2) The actual disclosure of these documents to all relevant stakeholders and potentially affected persons in Ethiopia, and 3) The Government’s authorization to the Bank to disclose these documents in its Info shop. The steps towards disclosure of the safeguard documents have to be completed prior to appraisal of the Project as required by the Bank’s Disclosure Policy OP 17.50.

13.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan

Following the public consultation, all comments and briefs will be analyzed by EEU, which shall prepare a report for the MoWIE and WB. The report will be published and made available to the concerned community groups and to interested bodies upon request. For projects under ADELE components 1,2,4, the World Bank procedures require that an ESMF be prepared and publicly disclosed prior to project implementation. This allows the public and other stakeholders to comment on the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, and the EEU team to strengthen

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the frameworks as necessary, particularly measures and plans to prevent or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts. In line with this, the ESMF will be available at the relevant institutions at all levels and be publicly disclosed both in country and at the World Bank’s external website. The EEU will make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places in English and working language of the country in compliance with the World Bank’s Public Consultation and Disclosure Policy. It is proposed that the locations of copies are announced through pubic relation sections of relevant sector line Ministries, radio announcement in addition to press releases, as applicable. Any ESMPs and other safeguards instruments that will be prepared for projects will also needed to be disclosed to the public. Copies of the ESMPs should be made available to communities and interested parties in accessible locations through local government authorities, (e.g. Woreda offices). Copies of the ESMPs should also be provided to the implementing agencies and submitted to the World Bank. This will ensure record keeping of all activities implemented under the ESMF and ensure that third party audits, if required, have adequate information when undertaking annual environmental and social audits.

14. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE This section presents reporting systems and schedules for ESMF implementation based on the 6 years ADELE implementation period.The implementation, monitoring and reporting arrangements for the ESMF have been prepared within the overall institutional structure for implementation of the proposed ADELE project components. The implementation schedule for the ESMF is presented in Table 26.

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Table 25: Implementation Schedule For ESMF

Years Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Reporting Quarters Deadlines No. Project Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Immediately Recruitment of after staffs are 1 safeguards specialists recruited Annually every 2 Capacity Building 4th quarter Developing of site 3 specific ESMPs year1 Every Year,1st Developing of Site Quarter 4 specific work plans 5 Technical assistance Annually ESMF implementation, monitoring and Every quarter 6 supervisions Annually by the end of fourth 7 Annual reviews of ESMF quarter By the end of 6th year of 4th 8 End-of-Project evaluation quarter

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15. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET PROPOSED

The ESMF implementation indicative budget covers the costs that will be incurred to implement the requirements or recommendations of the ESMF.. Hence, the ESMF implementation budget includes:

 Training and capacity building costs  ESMF monthly, quarterly and annual reviewing and monitoring costs  Recruitment of safeguards staffs at federal level &focal person at regional and woreda level.

Continuous monitoring will be carried out during the implementation of the project sub components in order to measure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures.

The monitoring and reporting procedures will ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and will furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Hence, these continuous monitoring activities will incur costs. These supervision and monitoring activities will be carried out by safeguard staffs at federal level &focal persons at regional and woreda level.

The environmental & social management costs are not included in the ESMF implementation budget, as these costs will be covered directly or indirectly through inclusion of cost for mitigating measures as part of contracts with supply, installation and construction contractors for each project components.

The ESMF implementation budget is estimated based on previous experience from related projects.

The estimated budget required for implementing this ESMF is presented in table 26 below. The actual costs will be determined during the implementation phase, when the specific sites, number of people required monitoring and training will be identified.

Table 26: Estimated ESMF implementation Budget

No. Description of activities Cost (USD)

1 Detail Training & Awareness creation activities 198,110 2 ESMF supervision & Monitoring 100,000 3 annual audit and end of project evaluation 50,000 Recruitment of safeguards staffs (EEU) &focal 4 person at regional & woreda level 200000 Total Costs 548,110

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15. CONCLUSION &RECOMMENDATION

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is an environmental and social assessment and management safeguard instrument which has established a mechanism to identify & assess future potential environmental and social impacts of the ADLE project in which the specific locations & details of subproject activities including details and levels of social and environmental impacts &risks & effective mitigation are to be identified later during project preparation & implementation phases.

This ESMF has set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during design, implementation and operation of the sub project activities in order to avoid ,minimize ,mitigate and offset adverse environmental and social impacts.

Stakeholder consultations enabled to capture the view, expectations, and concerns of the participants at different levels &most of them show their interest & support to the proposed project due to their top development priority to get electric access.

In view of all these, it is recommended that:-

 Training and awareness creation shall be organized &provided to staffs of relevant implementing intuitions at federal and regional level  Project management and coordination office including E&S safeguard unit shall be established under EEU to follow up & monitor effective implementations of the ESMF &other project safeguard instrument  As outlined in this ESMF, the sub-projects and related activities of the proposed project should be properly screened as per E&S screening steps and procedures& EIA process & follow necessary review and approval process prior to implementation of the subproject components. Furthermore, as this ESMF has been prepared as a stand-alone document, it is recommended to use this document in conjunction with RPF &SA documents prepared for the proposed project.

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16. REFERENCES

Alemayehu, R .2015. Characterization of Agricultural Souls in Cascape Intervention Woredas in Western Oromia Region. Draft Report.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) .2003. environmental impact assessment procedural guidelines of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 1997.Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Protection Authority, 2000.Guideline Document Environmental Impact Assessment; Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007.Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes. Ethiopian Electric Agency .2005. Directive on Overhead Electric Lines and Quality of Supply. no. EEA/1/2005.Addis Ababa. FDRE 1995. 2005. Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation No. 456/2005. Addis Ababa. FDRE 1995. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (December, 2002): Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (No. 300/2002); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (February, 2007): Solid Waste Management Proclamation (No. 513/2007); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (October, 2002): Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (No. 295/2002); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (October, 2002): Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (No. 299/2002); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Federal Negarit Gazette of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2018. Proclamation No.1097/2018. Proclamation to provide for the definition of the powers and duties of the executive orangs of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia Federal Negarit Gazette of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.2013. Proclamation no. 803/2013. proclamation to amend the proclamation on the definition of powers and dutie of the executive org ns of the federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia Federal Negarit Gazette of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.2019. Labour Proclamation. Proclamation No.1156/2019.Addis Ababa International Finance Corporation.2007.Stakeholder Engagement. Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets. Washington, D.C. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank/.2017 . Environmental and Social Framework. Washington, DC IPE Global limited .2019 Ethiopian Regulatory Environment and Capacity Constraints in Off-Grid Energy Sector. Framework Contract for Mobilising Investment for NDC Implementation Project in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Office.

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank/.2017 . Environmental and Social Framework. Washington, DC International Finance Corporation (IFC) .2012. IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability Ministry of Water & Energy .2012. Ethiopian National Energy Policy. Addis Ababa Ministry of Water Resources.2001. Ethiopian Water Sector Policy. Addis Ababa Yohannes H, Elias E (2017) Contamination of Rivers and Water Reservoirs in and Around Addis Ababa City and Actions to Combat It.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1 Exclusion List

Project that are not eligible for funding are those that will

Block the access to water points etc. used by others

Cause encroachment to, and adversely affect, important natural habitats (e.g., wildlife reserves; parks or sanctuaries; protected areas; natural habitat areas, forests and forest reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other ecologically/environmentally sensitive areas)

Impact on physical cultural resources (archaeological sites; religious monuments or structures; natural sites with cultural values; cemeteries; graveyards; graves; and other sites of significance)

Located in protected areas and ecologically sensitive sites

Would not disadvantage or give advantage to community members.

Contravene international and regional conventions on environmental and social issues

Cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings

Annex 2 Data Collection tool

Annex2.1 Data Collection tool for Grid Component

Semi-Structured Checklist for Primary Data Collection Instructions: Introduction by interviewer My name is ______. I am working with consultants who are employed by EEU for Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) World Bank financed project. We are an independent consultants assigned to work in the Preparation of Social Assessment; Resettlement Framework, and Environmental and Social Management Framework for ADELE project in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa City Administration). From the 31 service centers of EEU; 5 service centers and 5 corresponding woredas are randomly selected. We do not represent the government or any political party. We are gathering baseline information; physical; biodiversity; socio-cultural context; environmental; institutional arrangement and the potential social risks and impacts of the ADELE project of the identified 5 service centers and Woredas on the existing status of the grid based electric power supply quality and reliability. Your response will be kept confidential and will not be shared with anybody other than for this project purpose.

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Brief Introduction about Grid- Component of ADELE

Component 1: Network strengthening for improved reliability of supply in urban areas. Investment areas: The network upgrade and rehabilitation will include infrastructure investments in EEU’s jurisdiction, including MV and LV equipment and support for the Revenue Protection Program (RPP) The component intends to achieve the following goals:  To Rehabilitate and upgrade medium voltage lines, that are not considered in the ongoing and upcoming projects of Addis Ababa, with automated sectionalizes with their RTUs. The total un-rehabilitated medium voltage lines in Addis Ababa city is estimated to be around > 600 Km.  Supply of >2,100 distribution transformer  Rehabilitation of distribution network of regional capitals and key zonal towns  Support for implementation of EEU’s Revenue Protection Program (RPP Section 1: Interview Guide for Stakeholders

Name: ______-

Institution name: ______

Position: ______

District name: ______

Service center name: ______

Sub-city name: ______

Woreda name: ______

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Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response Water Supply &Sanitation Authority Is the electric power supply in your area reliable? How do you Telecommunication rate the quality of the service? EEU-District office What benefits do you expect from network upgrade and EEU-service center rehabilitation investment in Addis Ababa

What are the impacts or risks of grid electrification on the local Land acquisition: community mainly related to: Social conflict: Land Acquisition Project ownership and gender: Social conflicts Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs: Project ownership & gender Assistance to vulnerable groups: Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs Grievance Redress mechanism: Assistance to vulnerable groups Grievance Redress mechanism Right of way clearance: Right of way clearance Chemical emission: Chemical emission Power disruption Power disruption: Voltage overflow or power fluctuation Voltage overflow or power fluctuation: What type of mitigation mechanisms do you suggest? What kind of capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support is required? You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional information

Section 2: Interview Guide for Community Consultation

Composition of participants: elderly, adult men and women, and youth (male and female).

I. Brief description of the project and project components

a. Name of Region______Sub-city ______Woreda ______b. Date of consultation conducted: ______c. Consultation Start Time:______d. Consultation End Time: ______

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e. Venue: ______f. Name of Consultation Moderator: ______g. Name of Consultation note taker ______h. Number of Males:______Number of Females ______Total ______

S.no Name Sex Phone number Signature 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

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E& S Topics Questions Response General project over Views &Information about the proposed (ADELE) project view How do you evaluate the development activities in your area? Project benefit What the project would benefit

Risks and Concerns What adverse effects would result from the project (Risks ,Concern)

Mitigate the adverse What solutions would there be to mitigate the adverse effects effects Vulnerable PAP Who are the most vulnerable and underserved groups? [Probe for: the poor, the poorest of the poor, women, orphans, children, girls, elderly, disabled, female- headed households; polygamous households, PLHIVs, outcast and underserved occupational or livelihood groups, households facing conflicts over natural resources, particular cultural, religious groups, new residents, others…] Do specific groups (minorities, women, FHHs, youth) are likely to lose-out from specific types of development in the intervention areas? Social problems and What is the existing status and major challenges related to electricity, road, development issues water, health, education, agriculture, livestock and market services in the area?

What are livelihoods related challenges faced by the community? Could you list down development priorities of the community? Are you willing to donate your land if it is needed for community development?

What development priorities do both male and female youths have? Additional comment You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional idea.

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Annex1.2 Data Collection tool for off grid Component

Part I: Key Informant Interview (KII): Checklist

Key Informant Interview (KII): by level of government, specific institute and topics/ focus areas

Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response Regional Level Bureau of Water, Irrigation and Energy  The mandate of the bureau in relation to energy/off-grid and (BoWI&E) mini-grid electricity supply ( Desk on Energy technologies)/EEU  Institutional Arrangement for supporting Rural Energy, off-grid and Environmental Protection and mini-grid electricity; Authority  Energy/electricity policy, strategy and programs  The type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar demanded  The types of off-grid and mini-grid electricity/ Solar supplied related to cooking, baking and lightning;  business environment for off-grid and mini-grid electricity business  Problems & constraints in supplying Energy off-grid and mini- grid electricity technologies;  Support services (finance, etc..)  Other issues relevant to Energy Services; Who are vulnerable groups of the community due the project and the kind of vulnerability, support and livelihoods to be arranged?

What are the impacts or risks of off-grid and mini-grid electrification on the local community mainly related to:

o Land Acquisition o Social conflicts o Project ownership & gender o Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs o Assistance to vulnerable groups

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response Grievance Redress mechanism

The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing resettlement/land acquisition processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

 Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas? The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing Stakeholder engagement plan and social development plan processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

 What kind of capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support is required?  You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional information

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response Woreda Woreda Administration/ Council  Institution involved in energy/ off-grid and mini-grid electricity services, along with their coordination mechanisms existed in this regard;  Knowledge, Availability and Use of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar by Community;

 The type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar demanded and supplied related to cooking, baking and lightning

 Number and type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar technologies in services; and

 Problems in supplying and using Energy/ off-grid and mini-grid electricity technologies;

Who are vulnerable groups of the community due the project and the kind of vulnerability, support and livelihoods to be arranged?

What are the impacts or risks of off-grid and mini-grid electrification on the local community mainly related to:

o Land Acquisition o Social conflicts o Project ownership & gender o Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs o Assistance to vulnerable groups Grievance Redress mechanism

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

 Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas? The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to  carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing Stakeholder engagement plan and social development plan processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

 What kind of capacity building, technical assistance and  implementation support is required?

 You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional  information Bureau of Water, Irrigation and Energy  Knowledge, Availability and Use of off-grid and mini-grid  (BoWI&E) electricity /Solar by Community; ( Desk on Energy technologies)  The type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar demanded and supplied related to cooking, baking and lightning

 Number and type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar technologies in services;

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response  Market situation on off-grid and mini-grid electricity;  Community interest or intention to involve in promotion of off- grid electricity;  Community willingness to purchase off-grid and mini-grid electricity at Market price or preferences; and  Problems in supplying and using Energy/ off-grid and mini-grid electricity technologies;. Who are vulnerable groups of the community due the project and the kind of vulnerability, support and livelihoods to be arranged?

What are the impacts or risks of off-grid and mini-grid electrification on the local community mainly related to:

o Land Acquisition o Social conflicts o Project ownership & gender o Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs o Assistance to vulnerable groups Grievance Redress mechanism

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

 Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing Stakeholder engagement plan and social development plan processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

What kind of capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support is required?

 You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional information Woreda EEU office  Knowledge, Availability and Use of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar by Community;  The type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar demanded and supplied related to cooking, baking and lightning  Number and type of off-grid and mini-grid electricity /Solar technologies in services;

 Market situation on off-grid and mini-grid electricity;  Community interest or intention to involve in promotion of off- grid electricity;  access and use of off-grid electricity,  Natural Resource Base,  Attitude and preference  Incentive to use off-grid electricity /Solar

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response  Linkage with finance, promotion, and disseminator;

 Support services  Community willingness to purchase off-grid and mini-grid electricity at Market price; and Who are vulnerable groups of the community due the project and the kind of vulnerability, support and livelihoods to be arranged?

What are the impacts or risks of off-grid and mini-grid electrification on the local community mainly related to:

o Land Acquisition o Social conflicts o Project ownership & gender o Vulnerable groups-categories of PAPs o Assistance to vulnerable groups Grievance Redress mechanism

The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to  carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing resettlement/land acquisition processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

 Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

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Level Name Checklist of Topics/Focus area Response The key institutions, departments, and stakeholders authorized to  carryout land acquisition activities along with their respective mandates, roles and responsibilities. It is necessary to outline clearly the enforcement and institutional capacity in implementing Stakeholder engagement plan and social development plan processes and provide an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses of each entity and opportunities for their capacity enhancement

What are the roles and responsibilities of Environment and Social officer(s) in ADELE?

Who are the valuation and compensation committee members in the deep rural, rural and peri-urban areas?

Problems in supplying and using Energy/ off-grid and mini-grid electricity technologies;

What kind of capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support is required?

 You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional information

Part 2 : Community Consultation Community Consultation :Environmental and Social Management Framework Checklist – ADELE I. Community Consultation Record form II. Brief description of the project and project components

a. Name of Region______Woreda ______b. Date of consultation conducted: ______c. Consultation Start Time:______d. Consultation End Time: ______

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e. Venue: ______f. Name of Consultation Moderator: ______g. Name of Consultation note taker ______h. Number of Males:______Number of Females ______Total ______

S.no Name Sex Phone number Signature

Total

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Brief Description of the ADELE project and project components The objective of the ADELE project is to increase access to electricity and lighting for households, social institutions and enterprises in Ethiopia and the total project cost is estimated to be 400 million USD which will be invested in five consecutive years. The project will provide electricity services through off-grid solutions, including mini-grids as well as standalone systems for households, productive use and social institutions. These solutions will reach areas where it is too costly to be reached by national grid in the short term.

The proposed project complements existing projects in the Bank’s portfolio to support the government’s Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II). The operation also supports the government’s transformation and energy goals under GTP II by taking actions to achieve universal access to energy through improved service delivery and the rollout of an off-grid electrification program. The project is envisioned to have four main components, which are (1) Off-grid electrification for households through stand-alone solar home systems (SHSs) led by the private sector operators; (2) Off-grid electrification through mini-grids in high demand areas and productive use clusters; (3) Off- grid electrification for social institutions (particularly schools and health centers); and (4) Capacity building, technical assistance and implementation support. A cross-cutting component on gender and citizen engagement will be implemented in parallel to ensure equal participation from men and women in the off-grid sector.

Code El & S Questions Response WCC1 General project over Views &Information about the proposed view (ADELE) project How do you evaluate the development activities in your area? WCC2 Project benefit What the project would benefit

WCC3 Risks and Concerns What adverse effects would result from the project (Risks ,Concern)

WCC4 Mitigate the adverse What solutions would there be to mitigate the effects adverse effects

WCC5 Social dynamics Social structure: organization, roles, values, norms

Inter and intra-group relationships and dynamics

Is there social cohesion (or lack of) among social groups in the community? Are there specific groups that are likely to lose- out (not benefit) from specific types of development?

Are there any biases against those defined as the most vulnerable in the community? What is the relationship between groups, if relevant?

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Code El & S Questions Response

What are the most significant social and cultural features that differentiate social groups and do the differences result in exclusion of vulnerable groups? Are there any cultural factors affecting women’s access? Opportunities and conditions for vulnerable stakeholder participation in the development process? WCC6 Livelihood and IGA What are the livelihood activities that the community carries out to make a living? Are viable IGA opportunities available in the area? WCC7 Who are the most vulnerable and underserved groups? [Probe for: the poor, the poorest of the poor, women, orphans, children, girls, elderly, disabled, female-headed households; polygamous households, PLHIVs, outcast and underserved occupational or livelihood groups, Vulnerable PAP households facing conflicts over natural resources, particular cultural, religious groups, new residents, others…] Do specific groups (minorities, women, FHHs, youth) are likely to lose-out from specific types of development in the intervention areas? WCC8 Are there physical cultural resources that have or will likely to be impacted? If so, list the Physical and cultural name, type, age, ownership, short description resources of the cultural resource, etc

WCC9 Are there existing micro-credit programs? If so? What was their experience in the project target areas in terms of their cultural Micro-credit programs appropriateness? Are they accessible to vulnerable nations, nationalities and people as well as other vulnerable and marginal groups?

WCC10 Are there institutions in the area; consider both the presence and function of public, Social institutions private and social institutions relevant to the operation?

WCC11 Social problems and What is the existing status and major challenges related to electricity, road, water, development issues health, education, agriculture, livestock and market services in the area?

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Code El & S Questions Response What are livelihoods related challenges faced by the community?

Could you list down development priorities of the community?

Are you willing to donate your land if it is needed for community development? How is land or other asset compensation effected? What development priorities do both male and female youths have? WCC12 What farmer/pastoral organizations exist? Do they exercise collective power to negotiate or influence related to their needs and interests? In what ways? Is customary law dominant in your area compared to formal law? What traditional institutions of energy supply management exist?

What traditional land and other natural resource-related dispute settlement institutions/mechanisms exist? Local knowledge What traditional land use and conservation knowledge and practice exist?

What traditional institutions/self-help groups/mutual aid associations/and work parties exist and function in your community?

What other traditional institutions/structures exist and function in your community?

How does the community use and govern its’ natural and energy/electricity resources? WCC13 You are cordially invited to suggest if there is any additional idea. Additional comment

Part 3 Stakeholder Consultation-Federal and Regional Level Stakeholder Consultation (Federal and Regional offices) Social Assessment, Resettlement Framework and Environmental and Social Management Framework Checklist – ADELE II. Stakeholder Consultation Record form

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II. Brief description of the project and project components

a. Name of Office b. Federal______c. Regional d. Date of consultation conducted: ______e. Consultation Start Time:______f. Consultation End Time: ______g. Venue: ______h. Name of Consultation Moderator: ______i. Name of Consultation note taker ______j. Number of Males:______Number of Females ______Total ______

S.no Name Sex Position Phone E-mail address Signature number

Total

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Accelerating Distributed Electric Lighting in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project Ethiopian Electric Utility The World Bank

Code E&S Topics Questions Response SC1 General project over Views &Information about the proposed view (ADELE) project How do you view the contribution of the project in improving access to electricity for the target households? SC2 Project benefit What the project would benefit What adverse effects would result from SC3 the project (Risks ,Concern) Risks and Concerns SC4 Mitigate the adverse What solutions would there be to effects mitigate the adverse effects

SC5 Strength &Gaps Institutional arrangement (constraint) for Policy legislation and proclamation planning, implementation and Man Power &finance operation of the proposed project at federal ®ional level related to Training and capacity building SC6 What kinds of institutional supports and services does your organization will Role provide to the implementation of project? WCC9 To what extent does concerned government structures at all levels own Micro-credit programs and provide technical support to subprojects which will be established

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through ADELE support? What are the challenges in this regard? What recommendations do you have to address any existing gaps? WCC10 Similar projects implemented so far - strength, lessons learned and gaps and Lessons learned impacts.

SC13 You are cordially invited to suggest if Additional comment there is any additional idea.

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Annex 3 Stakeholder and community Consultation participants for off grid Component

Annex 2.1: Persons contacted and Institutions Visited at Federal Level

No. Name Sex Position Institution Mobile Email MOWIE, Environment &Climate Change 1 W/ro Belaynesh Biru F Director Directorate 0912159392 [email protected] MOWIE, Environment &Climate Change 2 Ato Maiakel Mulugeta M Geologist Directorate 0929117925 [email protected] Ministry of Water ,Irrigation &Energy (MOWIE) , Alternative Energy technology 3 Ato Asres W/GiorGis M Director development &promotion director [email protected] Rural Electric Fund MOWIE ,Alternative Energy technology 4 Ato Yisak Seboka M Coordinator development &promotion director 0911955889 [email protected] 5 Ato Fre Alem Kuri M Portfolio technical Advisor Ethiopian Electric Utility(EEU) 0929908735 Senior Environmentalist & 6 Ato Josiyas Zena M PPM EHS manager EEU 0910082705 [email protected] Ato Tigistu Ministry of Agriculture , Land 7 Gebremeskel, M Director Administration and Use Directorate 0911121718 [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture , Land 8 Ato Abebaw Abebe M Lawyer Administration & Use Directorate 0918054115 [email protected] Environment ,forest and climate change 9 Tolosa Yadesa M Director , commission (EFCC), ESIA directorate 0913754227 EFCC, Solid and Hazardous Waste 10 Yared Mekuria M E-Waste Expert, compliance monitoring directorate 0911475799 EFCC, Solid and Hazardous Waste 11 Anemaw Gebeyehu M E-Waste Expert compliance monitoring directorate 0918568069 12 Tefera Micheal M Deputy Manager Hashu system PLC 0911772626

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Annex 2.2: Persons contacted and Institutions Visited at Regional Bureau Level

Mean of No. Name Sex Position Institution Region communication Mobile Energy sector Water ,Irrigation &Energy Benshangu 1 Yosef Mubarek M Director Development Bureau Gumez Face to face 0910316940 Environmental protection & Environmental Protection regulation & Land Administration Benshangu 2 Habtamu Tafese M promotion director Bureau Gumez Face to face 0913174864 Rural Land Environmental Protection Administration &Use & Land Administration Benshangu 3 Ahmed Rama M Director Bureau Gumez Face to face 0913155665 Water, Irrigation & 0921233816 4 Yasin Hanfrea M Head Energy Bureau Afar Face to face Land Administration 0910680654 5 Ali Seid M Head Bureau Afar Face to face Environmental Protection 0910813273 6 Ahmed Filalea M Head Bureau Afar Face to face 7 Kong Rek M Deputy director Mining &Energy Bureau Gambela Face to face 0917881661 Climate change Measurement & 8 Kong Tot M Follow up expert Mining &Energy Bureau Gambela Face to face 0993964358 Water ,Mining and Energy Bureau 9 Tesfaye Soresa M Director Directorate-Director Oromia Face to face

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Annex 2.3: Persons contacted and Institutions Visited at Woreda level

Mean of No. Name Sex Position Region &Zone Woreda communication Mobile Amhara ,North 1 Derebe Melese M Woreda Administrator Gonder Janamora Face to face Not mentioned Amhara ,North 2 Lemlemu Mariye M Woreda ICT expert Gonder Janamora Face to face Not mentioned Amhara ,North 3 Meheret Moges M Community elder Gonder Janamora Face to face 0918731885 Amhara ,North 4 Mola Zewdie M Community elder Gonder Janamora Face to face 0918711447 Amhara ,North 5 Estifanos Alemu M Community elder Gonder Janamora Face to face 0918813381 Amhara ,North 6 Yalega Kefyalew F Community elder Gonder Janamora Face to face 0918416660 7 Hummed Mahi M Clan leader Afar, Zone 1 Kuri Face to face Not mentioned 8 Mohamded Itili M Religious leader Afar, Zone 1 Kuri Face to face Not mentioned Woreda community development committee 9 Mahi Yayo M head Afar, Zone 1 Kuri Face to face Not mentioned 10 Operew Ochalla M Not mentioned Gambela Jor Face to face 0961179581 11 Ochalla Oleach M Not mentioned Gambela Jor Face to face 0960432829 12 Opera Obang F Not mentioned Gambela Jor Face to face 0901789565 13 Cibi Gang M Not mentioned Gambela Jor Face to face Not mentioned 14 Jamal Seid M Religious Leader SNNPRS Dasenech Face to face 0916295519 Town community development committee 15 Zerihun Zaza M member SNNPRS Dasenech Face to face 0916040839 Clan leader/ Community 16 Ahimed Jilo M elder SNNPRS Dasenech Face to face 0905485596

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Annex 4 Stakeholder and community Consultation participants for Grid Component

Annex 3.1 Lists of Stakeholder Consultation Participants

No. Name Sex Position Institution Sub City Woreda EEU District Service center 1 Rediat Mulugeta F Service center manager EEU Bole 03 East Addis Ababa 03 Distribution Manager & 09 ‘’ 2 Biniam Tegen M Operator Team leader EEU Bole &Yeka 09 3 Mesfin Tesfaye M Service Center Manager EEU Bole Bole Jakrose ‘’ 04 4 Aleme Birke F Service Center Manager EEU Yeka ‘’ 07 Ethio 17 Bole Medihani 5 Zeleke Chaka M A/Manager telecom Bole Alem Ethio 12 Kolfe 6 Abebe Anejojo M Supervisor telecom ‘’ 7 Abdu Mohammed M Director EEU Lideta Ambachew 07 North Addis 8 Ladilew M Customer Service Manager EEU Gulele Ababa 03

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Annex 3.1 Lists of Community Consultation Participants

No. Name Sex Position Sub City Woreda 1 Tsega Tefera M 0910500671 Gulele 07 2 Samson Adis M 0911660943 ‘’ ‘’ 3 Birke Basha Hurrde F 0913954009 ‘’ ‘’ 4 Woqnesh Worku F 0925511300 ‘’ ‘’ 5 Bizuayeho Tsegaye M 0937619807 ‘’ ‘’ 6 Desta G/Selassie F 0911438213 Kolfe Keranyo 7 Yohanese Asefa M 0911039562 ‘’ 8 Birhanu Desta M 0911105299 ‘’ 9 Adanech G/Sellasie F 0911438708 ‘’ 10 Amele Gemechu F 0910112131 ‘’ 11 Zeleke Chaka M 0911659920 Bole 17 12 Abrham M 0930011559 ‘’ ‘’ 13 Jemal Shemsu M 0911501234 ‘’ ‘’ 14 Addis Ayele M 0937714440 Kotebe -yeka 15 Fikdew Alemayehu M 0937443580 ‘’ 16 Assefa Menda M 0921629826 ‘’ 17 Abrham Kassay M 0911652592 ‘’ 18 Asnake Fantahun M 098559325 ‘’ 19 Girma Tegene M 0911203229 Bole-yeka 20 Mesfin Tesfaye M 0911897555 ‘’ 21 Kebrom Amdemicheal M 0930650598 ‘’ 10 22 Tayech Alemayehu F 0980194830 Bole 23 Mohamed Jabele M 0954997928 ‘’ 24 Hana Tesfaye F 0923162042 ‘’ 25 Asbete Tesfaye F ‘’ 26 Tekle Getaneh M 0910773338 ‘’ 27 Tirusew Girma M 0912337739 ‘’ 28 Totuba Borena M 0942940637 ‘’ 29 Yared Tokola M 0936225916 ‘’ 30 Tewedros Tibebu M 0947154569 ‘’ 31 Tilahun Wordofa M 0911425017 Bole 03 32 Demeke Abebe M 0911457280 ‘’ ‘’ 33 Askale Haile F 0913234133 ‘’ ‘’ 34 Tegegn Gurmu M 0955931097 ‘’ ‘’ 35 Zerihun Tessema M 0927572757 ‘’ ‘’ 36 Kassahun Mekete M 0913236686 ‘’ ‘’ 37 Meaza H/Mariam F 0911306650 ‘’ ‘’ 38 Fikadu Getahun M 0911970025 ‘’ ‘’ 39 Anteneh Alemu M 0901953131 ‘’ ‘’ 40 Wegene Fikadu M 0910763813 ‘’ ‘’ 41 Tsegie Hana F 0944722974 Kirkos 07 42 Tsehaye Meka F 0913715884 ‘’ ‘’ 43 Semira Ahmed F 0973334650 ‘’ ‘’ 44 Selam Desalegn F 0913993812 ‘’ ‘’ 45 Alemayehu Derese M 0910611335 ‘’ 46 Jemila Shefa F 0913444685 Nifas Silke 04 47 Addis Asmare F 0912174726 ‘’ ‘’ 48 Harewoin Bekele F 0913135344 ‘’ ‘’ 49 Yeshareg Zeleke F 0913637191 ‘’ ‘’ 50 Gezahegn Mekonen M 0922172252 ‘’ ‘’ 51 Kasahun Erdaw M ‘’ ‘’ 52 Girma Tefera M 0920731149 ‘’ ‘’

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53 Elsa Girma F ‘’ ‘’

Annex 5: Sample Environmental and social screening form/checklist

1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project component…………………………………………………………………………..

Sub- Project Name……………………………………………………………………………….

Location: Woreda ………………………….village/local name …………………………………….

GPS Coordinates Easting…...... Northing……………………………..…

Solar panels: Number of solar panels …………Capacity of each solar panel ……………………. Wp

Total Generating capacity: ………………………..MW/KW/

The total land area required for solar system &associated structure……………m2

Distribution line length::….……………km New Access road length…………………………km

Forest clearance:

Main associated structures ------m2 Distribution line ------m2 New access road ……………..m2

Major land cover/land use type of the proposed project site

Cultivation land………………………. Forest…………………………….

shrub land/bush land…………………………Grass land………………Bare land

Others………………………………………

Land Ownership:

Private………………………….Government…………………community/communal land------

Others………………………..

Final Category of the project based on the results of the screening………………………..

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2. Projects Environmental and Social Concerns

2.1 Biophysical impact

If yes, provide detailed No information (distance & Screening questions/ Environmental and Social Issues Yes (Y) (N) location relative to site, etc.)

Is the project site within or adjacent to any of the following areas?

Natural reserve ,Protected Area ,National parks

Buffer zone or wetlands

ecologically sensitive areas

Biodiversity hotspot areas

Critical habitat

physical cultural resources (Cultural heritage site ,archaeological sites; religious sites, cemeteries; graveyards

will the project/subproject

Involve removal or conversion of forests and other natural resources?

affect or degrade or convert critical or other natural habitat

Cause pollution of surface & ground water resource (rivers, streams, wetlands, or groundwater wells ) ?

cause drainage water logging problem, soil erosion, flooding etc.

cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings

Cause or increase the production of solid or liquid wastes during construction& operation phase

2.2 Socioeconomic impact

Yes No If yes, provide detailed Screening questions/ Environmental and Social Issues (Y) (N) information

Will the project or subproject

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Yes No If yes, provide detailed Screening questions/ Environmental and Social Issues (Y) (N) information

Cause house hold relocation /displacement (number of households to be relocated)

Involve permanent land acquisition( area in ha)

Involve temporary land acquisition

Involve loss of assets or access to assets on the land (loss of crops, fruits trees)?

Affect household infrastructure such houses

Affect any vulnerable or underserved groups or

Indigenous people?

Affect any vulnerable or underserved groups

Has the project engaged adequate stakeholder consultation with affected communities?

Any significant issues raised by the stakeholders during consultation

Are there residence within or close to the project site

Yes No If yes, provide detailed Screening questions/ Environmental and Social Issues (Y) (N) information Potential Community Health and Safety Impacts- will the project subproject Construction works disturb community/residential activities? Activity block/restrict accesses used by local community (road, water points &other social services ) Create major noise/vibration? create dust problem around the sites cause social conflict in case of workers hired from other region? Construction will cause any damage to the existing local roads? soil excavation during project’s construction cause soil erosion? need to open new access roads Cause conflicts or disruption to local communities

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Annex 6: Grievance Form

Annex 6.1: Grievance Statement Form

Name of the Complainant: ______

Woreda/Town/Keble/Village:______Phone Number (if available:______Gender:______Age______Grievance Subject:______Grievance Reference number:______Grievance Statement (details of your grievance, include description of the problem, who it happened to, when, where and how many times, as relevant : ______What is your suggested resolution for the grievance, if you have one? ______Complainant:______Name/Signature of the Project Officer ______*Grievance form should be translated in local language

Annex 6.2: Grievance Receipt Acknowledgement Form

Name of the Complainant: ______

Woreda/Town/Kebele/Village: ______Phone number of the Complainant (if available): ______Grievance Reference number: ______

Brief Description/ Subject of the Grievance______

Place where the Grievance received: ______

Name of the Officer who received the Grievance: ______Name and Signature of Project Implementing Agency Officer, receiving the Grievance: ______

Date: ______

Annex 6.3 : Grievance Investigation Form

Name of the Complainant: ______Address______

Woreda/Town/Kebele/Village ______Phone Number :______

Gender ______Age ______

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Grievance Subject Grievance Reference number______

Grievance investigation details/facts______

Investigator Name and Signature ______Date ______

Annex 6.5 Grievance Redress Service (GRS) case log/Ledger log Book

Case Receive Project Project Case Received Case Case Reason for Issued No. No. date Country Number Title by status type inadmissibility raised

Notes:-

Case status: solution phase, Inadmissible, closed Case type: environmental and /or social issue etc. Reason for inadmissibility: if issue does not raise E&S related harm resulting from project, issue raised not related to project etc. Issues to be raised: Land acquisition and compensation, delayed compensation, compensation to damage to property, labor issue, community health and safety impact, employment related issue community exposure to health issue, quality of construction work

Annex 7: Procedures for Chance Find of Physical Cultural Resources

Given the proposed projects activities under the ADELE are implemented in area where potential land acquisition is required, the project activity may have an impact on cultural resources, particularly for unknown cultural heritage. The Project activities are required to comply all the requirements under the Bank ESF and during inception period the ESS8 was considered applied to the project, expecting that unforeseen impacts might occur during the construction activities of projects. Within the scope of the proposed ADELE project, any subproject activities that will impact the cultural resources are not eligible for funding (for a list of projects that are not eligible for funding, please refer to Annex 1). In case of any possibility of chance find of physical cultural resources, most notably during excavation as part of construction activity, the chance find procedures is one of the instruments to be used during the project implementation period. Such physical cultural resources may take the form of work of art, building structures, graves or other sites of importance, including sites of archaeological, historical, or religious significance.

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All chance finds of such physical cultural resources will lead to temporary suspension of all activity that will adversely impact the cultural resource. Contractors will include detailed procedures for ensuring the protection of the cultural resources, including cessation of activities until the significance of the find has been determined and until appropriate mitigating measures has been implemented. This Annex contains standard provisions to be annexed to contract documents that potentially will lead to chance finds of physical cultural resources, as required. Therefore, the attachment outlined below will be annexed to the contract document to manage in case there is the possibility of chance find of physical cultural resources. Attachment to contracts in case of potential chance find of physical cultural resources If the Contractor discovers archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor/Masons shall: 1: Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided and as stated in annex 1, such projects are not eligible for funding. Where historical remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural, historical or archaeological importance (including graveyards) are unexpectedly discovered during construction in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, the following procedures should be applied: a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. b) Delineate the discovered area. c) Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible national and regional authorities and the Ministry of Culture and truism to take over. d) Notify EEU environmental and social safeguards specialist who in turn will notify the MoWIE and EEU respective relevant institutions to contact the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism immediately (less than 24 hours). e) The Ministry of Culture and Tourism will be in charge of protecting and preserving the area until deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This might require an evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the relevant Ministry Culture, and Tourism (within 1 week). The evaluation of the findings will take in consideration various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values as decided by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. f) Decisions on how to handle the finding are taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (within 2 weeks). This could include changes in the location of the project layout (such as when the finding is irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. g) Construction or rehabilitation work will resume only after authorization is provided by the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism concerning the safeguard of the heritage. h) Authorization to resume work shall be communicated to the contractor and/or regional and Woreda energy experts in writing by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2: In case of delays incurred indirect relation to any physical cultural resources findings not stipulated in the contract (and affecting the overall schedule of works), the contractor/masons may apply

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for an extension of time. However, the contractor will not be entitled to any kind of compensation or claim other than what is directly related to the execution of the physical cultural resources findings works and protections

Annex 6.4: Grievance Investigation Outcome Form

Complainant Name:

Grievance Reference Number______Address:

Woreda /Town/Village:______Phone number: ______

Grievance Subject: ______Investigation Completion Date: ______

Investigation details: ______

I agree that I have received the outcome of the Investigation: ______

Signature: Name of the Complainant: ______

Date: ______

I agree that I have been informed with respect on the Investigation outcome of my Grievance. I accept the outcome and that I have no objection.

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