An Ecological Land Survey and Landcover Map of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge

AN ECOLOGICAL LAND SURVEY AND LANDCOVER MAP OF THE SELAWIK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

M. TORRE JORGENSON JOANNA E. ROTH PATRICIA F. MILLER MATTHEW J. MACANDER MICHAEL S. DUFFY ERIK R. PULLMAN ERIC A. MILLER LAUREN B. ATTANAS AARON F. WELLS STEPHEN TALBOT

PREPARED FOR U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE KOTZEBUE, ALASKA

PREPARED BY ABR, INC.–ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & SERVICES FAIRBANKS, ALASKA

AND

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ANCHORAGE, ALASKA

AN ECOLOGICAL LAND SURVEY AND LANDCOVER MAP OF THE SELAWIK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Prepared for

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Selawik National Wildlife Refuge P.O. Box 270 Kotzebue, AK 99752

M. Torre Jorgenson Joanna E. Roth Patricia F. Miller Matthew J. Macander Michael S. Duffy Erik R. Pullman Eric A. Miller Lauren B. Attanas Aaron F. Wells

ABR, Inc. - Environmental Research & Services P.O. Box 80410 Fairbanks, Alaska 99708

And

Stephen Talbot U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503

November 2009

Printed on recycled paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...... iv LIST OF TABLES...... v LIST OF APPENDICES...... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ix INTRODUCTION ...... 1 METHODS...... 4 FIELD SURVEYS ...... 4 GROUND SURVEYS ...... 4 AERIAL SURVEYS...... 6 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ...... 6 DATA MANAGEMENT...... 6 ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION...... 6 ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS ...... 8 ECOTYPES...... 8 SOILS...... 9 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS SYNTHESIS...... 9 LAND COVER AND ECOSYSTEM MAPPING...... 9 LANDSAT IMAGERY PREPROCESSING...... 9 SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION DEVELOPMENT ...... 12 RESULTS...... 14 ECOTYPES AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS...... 14 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS...... 121 LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS...... 121 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS...... 121 VEGETATION COMPOSITION ...... 136 LANDCOVER MAPPING ...... 158 VEGETATION AND ECOTYPES...... 158 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT ...... 158 SOIL LANDSCAPES...... 164 CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL LANDSCAPES ...... 164 SOIL LANDSCAPES MAPPING ...... 171 FACTORS AFFECTING LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT...... 172 CLIMATE ...... 172 OCEANOGRAPHY...... 177 TECTONIC SETTING AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ...... 178 BEDROCK GEOLOGY...... 178 GEOMORPHOLOGY...... 179 FIRE ...... 180 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...... 182 LITERATURE CITED...... 184

iii Selawik Ecological Land Survey LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Interaction of interrelated state factors that control the structure and function of ecosystems and the scales at which they operate...... 2 Figure 2. Plot locations for the ecological land survey and land cover map for the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 5 Figure 3. Flowchart illustrating image processing steps for creating the landcover map...... 10 Figure 4. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 129 Figure 5. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 130 Figure 6. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 132 Figure 7. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 133 Figure 8. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 134 Figure 9. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 135 Figure 10. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for alpine and upland ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification ...... 146 Figure 11. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for lowland and lacustrine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification ...... 147 Figure 12. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification ...... 148 Figure 13. Map of vegetation classes of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 159 Figure 14. Map of ecotypes of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 161 Figure 15. Map of soil landscapes derived from ecotype-soil relationships for the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 173 Figure 16. Mean annual air temperatures across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 175 Figure 17. Mean annual precipitation values across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 176 Figure 18. Map of historical fire perimeters in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge from 1942–2007 ...... 181

Selawik Ecological Land Survey iv

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Auxiliary datasets used for mapping and analysis purposes ...... 7 Table 2. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Barrens ...... 16 Table 3. Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Barrens ...... 17 Table 4. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub...... 18 Table 5. Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub ...... 19 Table 6. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Barrens ...... 20 Table 7. Soil characteristics for Alpine Alkaline Barrens ...... 21 Table 8. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub ...... 22 Table 9. Soil characteristics for Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub ...... 23 Table 10. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub ...... 24 Table 11. Soil characteristics for Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub ...... 25 Table 12. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub...... 26 Table 13. Soil characteristics for Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub...... 27 Table 14. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow ...... 28 Table 15. Soil characteristics for Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow...... 29 Table 16. Vegetation cover and frequency for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh ...... 30 Table 17. Soil characteristics for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh ...... 31 Table 18. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Barrens ...... 32 Table 19. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Barrens...... 32 Table 20. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow...... 33 Table 21. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow...... 34 Table 22. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen...... 35 Table 23. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen ...... 36 Table 24. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh...... 37 Table 25. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh...... 38 Table 26. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Marestail Marsh ...... 39 Table 27. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Marestail Marsh ...... 39 Table 28. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh ...... 40 Table 29. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh ...... 41 Table 30. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow ...... 42 Table 31. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow...... 43 Table 32. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Alder Tall Shrub ...... 44 Table 33. Soil characteristics for Lowland Alder Tall Shrub...... 45 Table 34. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub...... 46 Table 35. Soil characteristics for Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub...... 47

v Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 36. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub ...... 48 Table 37. Soil characteristics for Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub ...... 49 Table 38. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Black Spruce Forest...... 50 Table 39. Soil characteristics for Lowland Black Spruce Forest...... 51 Table 40. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog ...... 52 Table 41. Soil characteristics for Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog ...... 53 Table 42. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Lake ...... 54 Table 43. Water characteristics for Lowland Lake...... 54 Table 44. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge Fen ...... 55 Table 45. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sedge Fen ...... 56 Table 46. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen ...... 57 Table 47. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen...... 58 Table 48. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Willow Low Shrub ...... 59 Table 49. Soil characteristics for Lowland Willow Low Shrub ...... 60 Table 50. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Alder Tall Shrub...... 61 Table 51. Soil characteristics for Riverine Alder Tall Shrub ...... 62 Table 52. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Barrens ...... 63 Table 53. Soil characteristics for Riverine Barrens ...... 64 Table 54. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub...... 65 Table 55. Soil characteristics for Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub...... 66 Table 56. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow...... 67 Table 57. Soil characteristics for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow...... 68 Table 58. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub ...... 69 Table 59. Soil characteristics for Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub ...... 70 Table 60. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Forb Marsh...... 71 Table 61. Soil characteristics for Riverine Forb Marsh...... 72 Table 62. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub ...... 73 Table 63. Soil characteristics for Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub ...... 74 Table 64. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh ...... 75 Table 65. Soil characteristics for Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh ...... 76 Table 66. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Poplar Forest ...... 77 Table 67. Soil characteristics for Riverine Poplar Forest ...... 77 Table 68. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Water...... 78 Table 69. Water characteristics for Riverine Water ...... 78 Table 70. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow ...... 79 Table 71. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow ...... 80

Selawik Ecological Land Survey vi

Table 72. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub...... 81 Table 73. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub...... 81 Table 74. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest...... 82 Table 75. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest...... 83 Table 76. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest ...... 84 Table 77. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest ...... 85 Table 78. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest...... 86 Table 79. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest...... 87 Table 80. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Willow Low Shrub...... 88 Table 81. Soil characteristics for Riverine Willow Low Shrub...... 89 Table 82. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub...... 90 Table 83. Soil characteristics for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub ...... 91 Table 84. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch Forest...... 92 Table 85. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch Forest...... 93 Table 86. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub ...... 94 Table 87. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub ...... 95 Table 88. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub...... 96 Table 89. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub...... 97 Table 90. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Bluejoint Meadow...... 98 Table 91. Soil characteristics for Upland Bluejoint Meadow...... 99 Table 92. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub...... 100 Table 93. Soil characteristics for Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub...... 101 Table 94. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sandy Barrens ...... 102 Table 95. Soil characteristics for Upland Sandy Barrens ...... 103 Table 96. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow ...... 104 Table 97. Soil characteristics for Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow ...... 105 Table 98. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Spruce–Birch Forest...... 106 Table 99. Soil characteristics for Upland Spruce–Birch Forest...... 107 Table 100. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest ...... 108 Table 101. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest...... 109 Table 102. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland...... 110 Table 103. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland...... 111 Table 104. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest...... 112 Table 105. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest...... 113 Table 106. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Willow Low Shrub...... 114 Table 107. Soil characteristics for Upland Willow Low Shrub...... 115

vii Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 108. Key to ecotypes for Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 118 Table 109. Landscape relationships for ecotypes in the the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, 2002–2008 ...... 122 Table 110. Crosswalk of abbreviated ecotypes with original ecotypes, floristic classes and Viereck level IV vegetation classes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 137 Table 111. Plant cover by alpine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 149 Table 112. Plant cover by upland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 150 Table 113. Plant cover by lowland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 152 Table 114. Plant cover by lacustrine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 154 Table 115. Plant cover by riverine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 155 Table 116. Areal extent of ecotypes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 157 Table 117. Areal extent of vegetation classes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...... 163 Table 118. Areal extent of soil landscapes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 171

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1. Coding system for characterizing ecological characteristics of field plots ...... 192 Appendix 2. List of ecological components of ground reference plots in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Alaska, including data collected by Stephen Talbot and used for the ELS...... 194 Appendix 3. List of environmental characteristics by ground reference plot in Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, including plots collected by Stephen Talbot and used for the ELS ...... 210 Appendix 4. List of vascular plant species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge with synomyny ...... 220 Appendix 5. List of non-vascular species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge by ABR and Stephen Talbot...... 225 Appendix 6. List of ecological components of aerial plots in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Alaska, 2008...... 228 Appendix 7a. Landsat ETM+ and TM data used for mosaic and spectral classification of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...... 233 Appendix 7b. Landsat ETM+ and TM scene parameters by data source...... 233 Appendix 8. Cross tabulation of clustering of spectral characteristics of training polygons and ecotypes ...... 234 Appendix 9. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped ecotype against ground plots used to create the map...... 236 Appendix 10. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped vegetation type against ground plots used to create the map...... 238

Selawik Ecological Land Survey viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Lee-Anne Ayres and Tina Moran of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their support and management of this project. We appreciate the safe helicopter flying provided by Troy Cambier, fixed wing support provided by Buck Maxim, and boat support provided by Sonny Berry, Clyde Ramoth and the Selawik IRA. We thank Carolyn Parker, Misha Zhurbenko and Olga Afonina for their plant identification skills. Kate Beattie made several figures for this report, and Janet Kidd and Sue Bishop provided technical review. Allison Zusi-Cobb and Dorte Dissing produced the map images. We give Pam Odom a special thanks for producing this report.

ix Selawik Ecological Land Survey Selawik Ecological Land Survey x Introduction

INTRODUCTION Using this integrated ecological land survey approach results in an ecosystem map that has This report provides the results of a three-year accompanying attributes for vegetation, soils, effort (2007–2009) by ABR, Inc.—Environmental ecotypes, and a suite of environmental properties. Research & Services (ABR) to survey, compile, The structure and function of natural analyze, and map ecosystems for the Selawik ecosystems are regulated largely along gradients of National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). We compiled energy, moisture, nutrients, and disturbance. These existing vegetation and soils data from a variety of gradients are affected by many ecological sources and included them in a standardized components including climate, physiography, database for analysis. We used satellite image geomorphology, soils, hydrology, vegetation, and processing and rule-based modeling incorporating fauna, and are referred to as state factors (Barnes et the landscape analysis of the large dataset to al. 1982, ECOMAP 1993, Bailey 1996). We used produce a new landcover map, taking advantage of the state-factor approach (Jenny 1941, Van Cleve extraordinarily clear and comprehensive Landsat et al. 1990, Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1996, Ellert et imagery from 2002. al. 1997) to evaluate relationships among An ecological land survey (ELS) and individual ecological components and to develop a classification in conjunction with land cover reduced set of ecotypes (Figure 1). mapping improves the ability of resource managers An ecological land classification also involves to evaluate land resources and develop organizing ecological components within a management strategies that are appropriate to the hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales (Wiken varying conditions of the landscape. An ELS can 1981, Allen and Starr 1982, Driscoll et al. 1984, be used to provide a strong foundation for O’Neil et al. 1986, Delcourt and Delcourt 1988, evaluating habitat distribution, wildlife use, and Klijn and Udo de Haes 1994, Forman 1995, Bailey long-term monitoring. By linking quantitative 1996). Local-scale features (e.g., vegetation) are vegetation and soil characteristics as attributes of a nested within regional-scale components, (e.g., landcover map, the landcover map becomes a tool climate and physiography) (Figure 1). Climate, to effectively partition ecological information for particularly temperature and precipitation, analysis of ecological relationships, to develop accounts for the largest proportion of global predictive ecological models, and to improve variation in ecosystem structure and function techniques for assessing and mitigating impacts. (Walter 1979, Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1998). Within This approach combines field data from the a given climatic zone, physiography (characteristic “bottom up” with satellite image processing and geologic substrate, surface shape, and relief) environmental modeling to differentiate the controls the rates and spatial arrangements of distribution of ecosystems from the “top down”. geomorphic processes and energy flow. These To enhance the land cover mapping, which is processes result in the formation of geomorphic based primarily on spectral characteristics, we used units with characteristic lithologies, textures, and a multi-step process to improve partitioning of the surface forms, which in turn affect soil properties variability in vegetation and other ecological and the movement of water (Wahrhaftig 1965, characteristics. These included: (1) an integrated Swanson et al. 1988, Bailey 1996). Water ecological land survey to characterize vegetation, movement through soil is a critical factor in soils, and other ecological characteristics; (2) determining the distribution of vegetation (Fitter classification of plant communities (floristic and Hay 1987, Oberbauer et al. 1989), due to its associations), soils, and local-scale ecosystems influence on both water balance and nutrient (termed “ecotypes”) that integrate co-varying availability for plants. Finally, vegetation provides ecological properties; and (3) analysis of structure and energy that affect the distribution of relationships among ecological components. We many wildlife species. The interrelated processes used rule-based modeling in conjunction with that operate across these components at the various landscape analysis to create a discrete basis for scales can also be sources of disturbance that organizing relationships among vegetation, soils, greatly influence the timing and development of physiography, and other environmental properties. ecosystems (Watt 1947, Pickett et al. 1989, Walker

1 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Introduction

a) ECOREGION Climate

s m P s M a i r n a e a t n g e t r r i O a Disturbance Eco- l type Time Soil Type

H y y d ph ro a y) l gr ph o o ra gy p g To sio hy (P b)

100000

Physiography 10000 Geomorphology Soil Texture Geomorphic Unit Slope Position 1000 Hydrology Drainage Water Level Permafrost Soil Moisture

Time (yr) Time 100 Regional Vegetation Disturbance Climate Fire Structure Fluvial Plant Association Thermokarst 10 Human

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Space (m2)

Figure 1. Interaction of interrelated state factors that control the structure and function of ecosystems and the scales at which they operate.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 2 Introduction and Walker 1991, Forman 1995). Official systems approach has several benefits. First, it incorporates for classifying ecosystems across scales have been the important effects of geomorphic processes on developed for both the United States (ECOMAP natural disturbance regimes (e.g., flooding, 1993) and Canada (Wiken and Ironside 1977), thermokarst) and the flow of energy and material. while the proposed system for Europe incorporates Second, it preserves the diversity of environmental elements of both the U.S. and Canadian systems characteristics. Finally, it uses a systematic (Klijn and Udo de Haes 1994). approach to classifying landscape features for A hierarchical approach to mapping applied analyses. To demonstrate one application vegetation and land cover was developed for of this approach, we analyzed the relationships northern Alaska by Everett and Walker (Everett et among soil and ecotypes and used these al. 1978; Walker 1983, 1999). They also applied an relationships to develop a map of soil landscapes. integrated geobotanical approach to mapping Thus, the maps can serve as a spatial database with ecosystem components in the Prudhoe Bay region, differing ecological components to aid resource but did not group the integrated units hierarchically managers in evaluating ecological impacts and (Walker et al. 1980). Recently, an integrated- developing land management strategies terrain-unit (ITU) approach was developed for appropriate for a diversity of landscape conditions. large-scale mapping of ecosystems on the Arctic Specific objectives of the project were to: Coastal Plain (Jorgenson et al. 1997, Jorgenson et 1) Collect appropriate information and al. 2003a), the entire North Slope (Walker 1999, construct a baseline landcover map for Jorgenson and Heiner 2003), Wrangell St. Elias the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge National Park and Preserve (Jorgenson et al., using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 2008), Cape Krusenstern National Monument and satellite imagery; Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (Jorgenson 2) Compile existing vegetation, soil, and et al., 2004), Noatak National Park and Preserve ecological data into a standardized (Jorgenson et al. in review), Yukon-Kuskokwim comprehensive Access database and Delta (Jorgenson 2000), interior Alaska (Jorgenson identify any gaps in existing data; et al. 1999, Jorgenson et al. 2001), and south-central Alaska (Jorgenson et al. 2003b). The 3) Conduct ecological land surveys with ITU approach also has been used for mapping increased emphasis on soil circumpolar arctic vegetation (Walker et al. 2002). characterization on the Selawik National To implement the ecological land Wildlife Refuge, targeted toward classification portion of overall mapping effort, we identification and filling data gaps; used a simplified ITU approach that incorporates 4) Analyze and synthesize ecological physiography, surface form, and vegetation; these information across the Refuge; features are readily mapped or modeled. The 5) Integrate past and newly collected physiographic units are derived from an ecological vegetation, ecological, and soils data subsection map delineated at a scale of 1:100,000 into a single comprehensive thematic for this project, and are closely related to surficial landcover mapping product; and geology and geomorphology. The surface forms 6) Ensure that the final product follows the are derived from the digital elevation model protocol used by and produces a product (DEM) (primarily slope-related features). The that is compatible and comparable with vegetation classes are derived from the land cover similar landcover efforts currently spectral classification. This ITU approach, along underway by the National Park Service with the landscape relationships developed from on adjacent conservation lands the analysis of the field survey data, allows us to (Jorgenson et al. 2009). develop an enhanced set of ecosystem types from remote sensing that essentially differentiate ecosystems at the ecotype level (“ecotypes”) of ecological land classification. This integrated

3 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Methods

METHODS We described soil stratigraphy from a shallow soil core or soil pit at each plot. Most soil profiles FIELD SURVEYS were limited to the seasonally thawed layer We conducted field work during the summers (~0.5–1 m) above the permafrost and were of 2007 and 2008. Ground-based surveys (Figure described from soil plugs dug with a shovel. For all 2) took place during 3–15 Aug 2007 and were intensive plots, the dominant mineral texture, the based out of float-plane accessible lakes. During depth of surface organic matter, cumulative 2008, 33 additional ground plots were sampled thickness of all organic horizons, depth to rock from 28 June–2 July in conjunction with a study (>15% by volume), and depth of thaw were evaluating caribou habitat in the refuge. Aerial recorded. When water was not present, EC and pH surveys (Figure 2) were conducted from 27 June–2 were measured from a saturated soil paste. A single July 2008 at 182 plots to fill in gaps in the dataset simplified texture (i.e., loamy, sandy, organic) was and to collect signature-specific data based on the assigned to characterize the dominant texture in the preliminary land cover classification. top 40 cm at each plot for ecotype classification. A more complete soil stratigraphy was described at GROUND SURVEYS 45 plots using standard methods (SSS 2003). We used a gradient-directed sampling scheme Detailed soil horizon descriptions were (Austin and Heyligers 1989) for the ground summarized into more general lithofacies classes surveys to sample the range of ecological for the purposes of consolidating sites by conditions and to provide the spatially-related data depositional setting. needed to interpret ecosystem development. In 2007, we assessed vegetation composition Intensive sampling was done along toposequences and structure semiquantitatively. If cover was (transects) located within major physiographic <10% or >90%, then cover of each species was units, including riverine, lacustrine, lowland, visually estimated to the nearest 1%; for cover of upland, and alpine areas. Data were collected at 10–90%, it was estimated to the nearest 5%. 275 plots along 16 toposequences. Along each Isolated individuals or species with very low cover transect, 1–36 plots were sampled, each in a were assigned a cover value of 0.1%. A species list distinct vegetation type or spectral signature was compiled that included most vascular plants identifiable on aerial photographs. All sample and the dominant nonvascular plants observed in coordinates (including approximate elevations) the plot. Total cover of each plant growth form were obtained with a Global Positioning System (e.g., tall shrub, dwarf shrub, lichens) was (GPS) receiver (accuracy ±15 m). At each plot estimated independently of the cover estimates for (~10-m radius), descriptions or measurements of individual species. Data were cross-checked to geology, hydrology, soil stratigraphy, soil ensure that the summed cover of individual species chemistry and vegetation structure and cover were within a growth form category was comparable to recorded (Appendix 1). Photos were taken at all the total cover estimated for that growth form. sample locations. Data and photos are archived at In 2008, we assessed vegetation using a point ABR. sample method, with 100 points of data collected × Geologic and surface-form variables recorded within a 10 10 m plot. Ocular estimate data of include physiography, surface geomorphic unit, dominant species were also collected for slope, aspect, surface form, and height of comparison to the semiquantitative method used in microrelief. Hydrologic variables measured at each 2007. Values were generally comparable across the sampling site included depth of water above or two sample methods. below ground surface, depth to saturated soil, pH, Taxonomic nomenclature is based on Viereck and electrical conductivity (EC). Water-quality and Little (1972) for shrubs and Hultén (1968) for measurements (pH and EC) were made with other vascular plants. Unknown dominant vascular Oakton or Cole-Palmer portable meters that were species were identified by Dave Murray and calibrated daily with standard solutions. These data Carolyn Parker, University of Alaska Museum of are compiled in Appendices 2 and 3. the North Herbarium (ALA), Fairbanks.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 4

Methods

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N

l A

e l

c 157°0'0"W u

O G

c Wildlife Refuge Wildlife

i Selawik National [ 157°0'0"W [ [ [ [ [ [

t [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ # [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

[ [

[ [ [ [ [ [ [

c [ [ $ [

A ABR ABR Aerial Surveys S.Talbot USFWS Selawik Data Origin Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Selawik National # E G # [

# [ r

ABR file: Selawik_Data_Plots_06-312.mxd; 21 May 2009 e

Ground Reference Plots Ground Reference v

G E G i E G E E G G

R E G E

G E G E E G G E [ G [ [ [ E G k E G E G i E G E G E G E [ G w [ E E G G E G E G E E G G E G E a G [ E G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ E [ [ [ G G E [ G [ [ [

l [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

E e G E G E G E E G G E E G G [ E E E S E G [ G G G E [ G E E E E G G E [ G G G E [ G E G # # # # # [ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # [ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # [ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # [ # # # # # # # # # # # [ # # # # # # E [ # G # # # # # # # # [ [ # # [ [ [ # # [ # # # [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ # # # # # # # # # [ [ [ # # # # # # # # # [ [ E [ [ [ [ [ # # [ G # # [ [ # # # # E # # # # # # G # # E # # G # # # # # # # # # # # E [ G # # # # # # # # # # E # G # [ # # # # # # # # # # # E # # [ # # G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E [ G # # [ # # # # [ # # E G # # # # # # [ # r the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. r the Selawik National Wildlife # # E # # # E # [ [ # G # G E # # G # # # # E [ G # # # # # # # # # # # E G # # E # G E # # G E E G # # G E # # # 159°0'0"W # # # # # E G G E E G G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # # # # G # E G E E G # G E G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # G # # # # # # # # # # # # # E E G G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # E # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # # [ # # # # # # # G G # # # # G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # E G # # # # # [ G # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # # # # # # G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # # # G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # [ G # # # # [ # # # [ # # # # # # # # # # [ # [ # # [ # # # # # # [ # [ [ [ [ [ [ # [ # # E # [ # # [ [ [ [ # G # [ [ # [ # [ # [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 159°0'0"W [ [ E G E G E [ [ G E [ [ [ G [ E E # G E G [ G [ # # # # # # # E E # # # # G G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E G # # # # E G E E # G G [ E G [ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E [ G [ E G # [ # [ E [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E E [ [ [ [ [ G [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ E E G [ E G G E [

# G E [ G # [

E G

r E E E E G G G E G G

E [ G E E G G

e [

E G v E G

E G i E [ [ [ G E G # [ [ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [ E [ [ G [

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ R [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [ [ # [ [

[ [ [ [ E G

E G

E G k E G [

[

E G u E G E E G G [ E E G G [

E E

G G b E G [ E [ [ [ [ [ E G [ [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ [ [ [

[

[ o G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E G [ # K E G E G E G E G Selawik E E G G cal land survey and land cover mapcal land survey and land fo E G E G 5 E G E G E E G G E G E G E G E E G G [ Miles E G [ E G E Kilometers 20 G E G E # G 30 [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E E E [ G G Selawik Lake G [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 161°0'0"W [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E G E G 15 E G 20 E G 10 1:925,010 # y 10 Noorvik

# a 5 161°0'0"W # B [ [ [ [ [

[ [ z [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E [ [ [ G t [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E l G 0

o 0 # # h

s Approximate scale: Approximate [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 5 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ h [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ E G

10 c

G s #

G E

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N Figure 2. Plot locations for the ecologi

5 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Methods

Nomenclature for bryophytes and lichens followed most useful of these contained vegetation species the National Plants Database (USDA 2008). data collected during 1996 and 1998 for the Identification of mosses and lichens during field purpose of making a land cover map. This sampling was limited to dominant, readily provided 98 sample points. Another dataset was identifiable species. Dominant cryptogams that part of a study on moose herbivory in SNWR; there could not be identified in the field were collected were no vegetation cover data, but the dataset did and sent to Mikhail Zhurbenko and Olga Afonina, contain Viereck vegetation class and locations for Komarov Botanical Institute, Russia, for 664 plots. These data were primarily used for identification. Plant species identified are listed in mapping purposes. The final dataset provided by Appendices 4 and 5. Appendix 4 also contains USFWS consisted of a post-fire vegetation study in references to currently accepted synonyms for the Waring Mountains (Foote, 2002). These data vascular plants. were not included in the mapping effort because they lacked location data. Additionally, ABR AERIAL SURVEYS collected field data for an ELS and land cover map We selected sites for aerial surveys based on a for the adjacent National Park Service (NPS) preliminary unsupervised 100–class classification parklands during 2005-2008 (Jorgenson et al. developed using Erdas Imagine 9.3.1 software. 2009) and these data were compiled with the Sample sites were distributed across the Refuge to SNWR data to create a seamless map for both encompass the range of spectral variation of the management units. These data were also used to imagery and the Refuge’s ecosystems. Sampling create a regional classification and to provide more focused on large polygons (> 50 pixels within a robust descriptions of those ecotypes that we class). Prior to fieldwork, we programmed daily identified and mapped in SNWR but where our sampling routes into the GPS unit to gain maximal sample size was small. plot coverage and most efficient usage of helicopter time. Additionally we opportunistically DATA MANAGEMENT sampled rare or underrepresented types as we We processed the data using several screening encountered them (i.e., birch forests or fresh sedge steps. All datasets were imported into a marshes). These data are compiled in Appendix 6. comprehensive MS Access database and variable Variables collected aerially consisted of codes were converted into ABR’s coding system. physiography, general surface form, presence or Plot photos were linked to plot data, and the entire absence of surface water, cover of bare ground, dataset was run through quality control routines. Viereck level IV vegetation class, and cover and Records that lacked location data were excluded vegetation class of any inclusions within the from the dataset; as were records that had sparse or polygon. The cover of dominant plant species was suspect data. In addition, plot locations were determined by ocular estimation. Photos were screened using GIS. In some cases we moved plot taken at all plots. locations to an area that was more accurate based on the plot data and photos (i.e., moving water SUPPLEMENTARY DATA plots into lakes from the margins). This database To increase our sample size and improve the was linked to the spectral database that we quality of the land cover map, we acquired developed for mapping, providing a direct link ecological datasets from several additional sources between ground data and the land cover map. through the duration of the project (Table 1). The quality of both the ecological analysis and ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION landcover map were greatly improved by the We classified ecosystems at two levels. First, addition of Stephen Talbot’s vegetation monitoring individual ecological components were classified dataset, which provided an additional 159 high and coded using standard classification systems quality sampling points throughout the Refuge. developed for Alaska. Second, these ecological Refuge personnel provided several datasets. The components were integrated to classify ecotypes

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 6 Methods

Table 1. Auxiliary datasets used for mapping and analysis purposes. Values in parentheses are number of plots that met the minimal criteria for mapping.

Data Used for collection floristic Used for Number Data Set Source Location Description Range analysis mapping of Plots Talbot USFWS- Stephen Selawik Site and species data 2005 Yes* Yes 159 (159) Selawik Data Talbot NWR in the Refuge

USFWS- USFWS Selawik Moose herbivory 2004- No Yes 664 (663) Prehoda NWR dataset, only used 2005 veg class data. USFWS- USFWS Selawik Vegetation dataset 1996 & No Yes 98 (92) SVMP NWR for land-cover 1998 mapping Gaar NPS- BRIM GAAR Photo points only - No Yes 53 (49) Compliance database; Bear & Bear Survey photo Surveys points, unpubl. data NPS Firepro- NPS (2005) GAAR, Fire Program ground 1984- No Yes 1048 GT KOVA, truth data- mixed 1988 (932) NOAT collection methods, aerial and ground. NPS Firepro- NPS (2005) GAAR, Fire Program 1985- No Yes 822 (531) IM KOVA, intensive mapping 1992 NOAT data- mostly aerial data. NPS Firepro- NPS (2005) GAAR, Fire Program paired 1984- No Yes 174 (116) Paired Plots KOVA, burned and non- 1987 NOAT burned plot data. High quality location and vegetation data. NPS- Neitlich (2007) NOAT Lichen dataset. Used 2004- No Yes 88 (84) Neitlich location, site and 2005 dominant vascular species data. NPS Swanson (1995) GAAR Landscape 1992- No Yes 249 (249) Swanson ecosystems data for 1993 the Kobuk Boot.

UAF Plot Bret-Harte et al., NOAT Shrub expansion data 2006 No Yes 45 (45) Data (2007) in the upper Noatak River Basin.

*Floristic analysis was based on data collected by Stephen Talbot and by ABR.

7 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Methods

(local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the ECOTYPES range of variation for all the measured We classified ecotypes using three general components. steps: (1) the ecological components were ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS individually classified for each detailed ground description, (2) relationships along transects were Geomorphic units were classified according to examined to illustrate trends across the landscape, a system based on landform-soil characteristics for and (3) contingency tables were used to identify Alaska, originally developed by Kreig and Reger the common relationships and central tendencies (1982) and the Alaska Division of Geological and among ecological components. In developing the Geophysical Survey (1983), and modified for this ecotype classes, we emphasized ecological study. We delineated an ecosystem subsection layer characteristics (primarily geomorphology and based on previous landscape analysis of northern vegetation structure) that could be interpreted from Alaska (Jorgenson et al. 2002, Nowacki et al. aerial photographs. We also developed a 2002) as a guide to our identification of nomenclature for ecotypes that describes geomorphic and geologic units. We emphasized ecological characteristics (climate, physiography, materials near the surface (<2 m) because they soil chemistry, moisture, vegetation structure, and have the greatest influence on ecological dominant species) using a terminology that can be processes. Within the geomorphic classification, easily understood. we also classified waterbodies based on their To reduce the number of ecotype classes, we depth, salinity, and genesis. aggregated the field data for individual ecological Surface forms (macrotopography) were components (e.g., soil stratigraphy and vegetation classified according to a system modified from that composition), using a hierarchical approach. of Schoeneberger et al. (1998). Microtopography Geomorphic units were assigned to physiographic was classified according to the periglacial system settings based on their erosional or depositional of Washburn (1973). processes. Surface-forms were aggregated into a We generally classified vegetation to Level IV reduced set of slope elements (crest, upper slope, of the Alaska Vegetation Classification (AVC) lower slope, toe, and flat). For vegetation, we used developed by Viereck et al. (1992). Plant the structural levels of the AVC (Viereck et al. associations were developed through numeric 1992), because they are readily identifiable on analyses to further identify plant communities. aerial photographs and a typical species common First, vegetation data (species cover by plot) were name (e.g., White Spruce Forest). Frequently, we ordered into species groups using R: a language grouped textural classes because the vegetation and environment for statistical computing (R associated with them was similar, and some Development Core Team, 2008). Second, sorted vegetation structures (e.g., open and closed shrub) table analyses (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg were grouped because their species composition 1974) were used to refine the groups and identify was similar. Full ecotype names were then based potential outlier plots. Finally, non-metric on the aggregated ecological components and multidimensional scaling (NMDS) (Shepard include physiography, texture, soil moisture, 1962a&b, Kruskal 1964a&b) was used to chart the chemistry, and vegetation (e.g., Riverine Gravelly plots in species space to assess their dispersion and Dry Circumalkaline Spruce–Poplar Forest). further identify outliers (Roberts 2007, Adler and Common relationships among ecosystem Murdoch 2008, Oksanen et al. 2008). After groups components were identified by use of contingency were finalized, each plant association was tables. The contingency tables sorted plots by identified by dominant and characteristic species. physiography, soil texture, geomorphic unit, slope These plant associations were similar to those position, drainage, soil chemistry (pH and salinity), developed by Stephen Talbot using his vegetation vegetation structure, and plant association. From monitoring dataset. We incorporated a few these tables, common associations were identified communities identified by Talbot’s analysis that we and unusual associations either were lumped with had not pulled out in our dataset. those having similar characteristics or excluded as

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 8 Methods atypical (outliers). Finally, ecotype names were The contingency table analysis also was used abbreviated to emphasize primary characteristics to evaluate how well these general relationships of the class and facilitate discussion (e.g., Riverine conformed to the data set, and how reliably they Spruce–Poplar Forest). The resulting final could be used to extrapolate trends across the ecotypes were used for mapping and to summarize landscape. During development of the the ground data. relationships, outliers were excluded from the table because of inconsistencies among physiography, SOILS texture, geomorphology, drainage, soil chemistry, We classified soils to the subgroup level and vegetation. We excluded these points because according to NRCS soil taxonomy, Tenth Edition our primary goal was to identify the most distinct (NRCS 2006). When data needed for the and consistent trends. These sites may be taxonomic keys were not available, a best guess transitional ecotones, or sites where vegetation and was used when assigning classes. For example, it soils have been affected by historical factors (e.g., was difficult to determine if permafrost was changes in water levels, disturbances) in ways that present in rocky soils. Consequently, permafrost are not readily explainable based on current was assumed to be present in alpine environments environmental conditions. assuming mean annual air temperatures were low. Similarly, differentiating Eutrocryepts from LAND COVER AND ECOSYSTEM Dystrocryepts was based on a cutpoint of 5.5 for MAPPING the pH reaction, although the actual diagnostic criteria is based on a cutpoint of 50% base LANDSAT IMAGERY PREPROCESSING saturation from laboratory analyses. Acquistion Soil-landscape associations, or soil We reviewed Enhanced Thematic Mapper landscapes, were developed to characterize and Plus (ETM+) imagery of the study area, and map broader relationships among soil type, identified a period in late July and early August physiography, and vegetation. The soil landscapes 2002 that provided nearly complete, cloud-free were developed by cross-tabulating ecotypes and coverage. Additional ETM+ and Thematic Mapper soil subgroups to identify associations of similar (TM) scenes were acquired for the few areas that ecotypes that group with similar soil subgroups. that were cloudy or hazy. Three different sources of The resulting associations were named based on Landsat data were used. First, we worked with the physiography, soil texture, and dominant agencies to order several scenes which covered vegetation structure (e.g., dwarf shrub, woodland most of the study area. Second, circa-2000 forest). GeoCover scenes were downloaded from the ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS SYNTHESIS Goddard Land Cover Facility. Finally, additional Ecosystem components were analyzed to scenes as well as new versions of the previously identify responses to evolving landscapes acquired scenes were ordered after the USGS comprising a wide variety of geomorphic processes opened the entire Landsat archive for free access in associated with physiographic regimes within the September 2008. Some processing parameters park. Identifying patterns associated with differed among these three data sources (Appendix geomorphic units and vegetation, along with 7). After the USGS free Landsat program went into analysis of changes in soil properties within effect, the capability to order scenes using physiographic settings, helps identify processes user-specified processing parameters was removed. (e.g., acidification, sedimentation) that affect the A flow chart illustrating the imaging processing changing patterns observed on the landscape. routine is shown in Figure 3. Understanding these ecological relationships Reprojection and Georeferencing provided parameters to recode the ecotype map Following selection and import of the Landsat into a derived map of other ecological data from various sources, we reprojected and characteristics, such as a soils or lichen map (see georeferenced all of the imagery to a consistent Soils Landscape Mapping in Results section). coordinate system and resolution. The project

9 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Methods Slope (degrees) Aspect (adjusted) Cloud Masks Edge Masks points sample Calibration DEM Angle Illumination points sample Correction Illumination k-Images Mosaic map Mosaic NDVI ssing steps for creating the landcover map. (Radiance, TOA Reflectance) Raw Landsat Scenes (DN) Raw Landsat Scenes (DN) Reprojection and Edge Masking Calibrated LandsatCalibrated ETM+ Swaths Calibrated LandsatCalibrated ETM+ Scenes Normalized LandsatNormalized ETM+ Mosaic Normalized LandsatNormalized ETM+ Swaths Normalized ETM+ Mosaic, Illumination Corrected ETM+ Mosaic, Illumination Normalized ESUN table Acquisition date Acquisition Sun angle Gain/bias values Scene Metadata • • • Earth-Sun Distance table Figure 3. proce Flowchart illustrating image

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 10 Methods horizontal coordinate system is the Alaska Albers the zero (background) values affect the resulting Conical Equal Area, NAD1983 horizontal datum. pixel values. We manually digitized an edge mask We selected a pixel resolution of 28.5 m, as this for each scene to remove these edge artifacts. was closest to the actual pixel resolution. The Radiometric Calibration raster cell alignment followed the same convention We then converted the scenes to as the GeoCover imagery. This resulted in a cell top-of-atmosphere reflectance using the scene alignment where the center of one pixel was metadata and calibration coefficients from the located at (0,0) in the target coordinate system. Landsat 7 Science Data Users Handbook (LPSO, The GeoCover and most of the USGS 2009). Landsat 5 data were calibrated using the imagery was precision terrain corrected. That is, it coefficients from Chander et al. 2009. The scenes was geolocated with subpixel accuracy to match were stored in a 16-bit signed-integer format to the circa-1990 GeoCover global Landsat mosaic. preserve precision (reflectance values were scaled We conducted an informal assessment of the by a factor of 10,000). Adjacent scenes from the geolocation accuracy of the precision terrain same acquisition date were then mosaicked into corrected imagery by comparing it to a set of GPS swaths. tracks that followed water body edges and to the orthorectified Ikonos imagery. These comparisons Radiometric Normalization indicated that the precision terrain corrected The primary reference images for the mosaic imagery was generally within ~15-m of these were the Landsat ETM+ scenes acquired July 29, independent data sources. Based on this finding, 2002 (path 78, rows 13–15). The objective of precision terrain corrected scenes were simply radiometric normalization was to correct the other reprojected into the project coordinate system (all scenes so that their pixel values were compatible precision terrain corrected scenes were in a UTM with those of the primary image. Corrections were coordinate system). The non-precision terrain needed mainly to account for the effects of corrected scenes were georeferenced to a different atmospheric conditions on different panchromatic (14.25 m) mosaic constructed from acquisition dates. Scenes that did not overlap the the precision terrain corrected scenes using first- or primary swath were normalized using previously second-order polynomials. normalized Landsat images. The choice of resampling algorithm is We developed a preliminary cloud mask for important when reprojecting or georeferencing each scene. We generated a set of stratified random Landsat scenes,. Nearest-neighbor (NN) points for the mosaic area, to ensure that the full resampling preserves the original pixel values, but range of scene brightness was represented, introduces geolocation errors of up to a half pixel including rare, bright pixels. Points within the horizontally and vertically. Cubic convolution preliminary cloud mask were excluded. Random (CC) resampling alters pixel values but more points were used to sample the reference image and effectively preserves image smoothness and the target images, and the resulting values were geolocation. Generally, the NN approach is assessed interactively using scatterplots in preferred when performing a single image analysis ArcMap. The sample set was screened to filter out such as classification. However, the CC approach snow, small clouds, and calibration points located produces better results when comparing one image near abrupt brightness changes. A table containing to another, as in the radiometric normalization. the resulting set of filtered points was analyzed in a Edge Masking statistical package to determine linear regression coefficients. The normalization then applied these Following reprojection, all of the scenes were coefficients to the target image. masked to remove both inconsistent edge data and large empty borders. The USGS scenes include all Mosaicing of the data for each band, including at the edges A mosaic map layer (a non-overlapping vector where the coverage of each band is different. Also, polygon dataset) was maintained that identified cubic convolution resampling results in spurious which scene would be passed through to the final values at the top and bottom of the scenes where mosaic for each region of the study area. The

11 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Methods construction of the final mosaic was an iterative sampled. The points were used to sample the process in which a mosaic was created and mosaic pixel values, DEM derivatives, and NDVI. reviewed visually, adjustments were made to the We reviewed and filtered the samples interactively. mosaic map layer, the mosaic was regenerated, and We analyzed the variability of the estimated the process was repeated. When completed, the k-value in relation to band, slope, and NDVI; and mosaic was maintained at 16-bit radiometric produced models to calculate k-images for each resolution (reflectance scaled by 10,000). In band as a function of NDVI. The k-images were addition, we produced an 8-bit version following applied in the backwards radiance correction the MRLC2001 convention (USGS 2006). The transformation to produce a normalized mosaic in 8-bit version stored reflectance scaled by 400, and floating point format. The mosaic was converted to truncated at 0.6375. The mosaic map layer allowed 8-bit format using the MRLC conventions the scene specific information (such as solar (reflectance scaled by 400, and truncated at elevation and azimuth) to be compiled for all 0.6375). portions of the mosaic. SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION Illumination Normalization DEVELOPMENT The radiometric calibration and normalization techniques described above do not address the Preliminary Unsupervised Classifications problem of topographic effects on remote-sensing We generated several preliminary imagery. The imagery covers extensive areas of unsupervised classifications from the illumination mountainous terrain, where these topographic normalized mosaic. These were intended primarily effects are most pronounced. Sun angles are low at to identify spectrally homogeneous patches to high latitudes, further increasing topographic guide the development of the supervised training effects. To minimize these effects, we performed set. The mosaic was stratified using NDVI an illumination normalization procedure and a thresholds to segregate the image into vegetated backwards radiance correction transformation and non-vegetated strata. Initially, values greater (Colby 1991). Rather than using a single Minnaert than 0.3 were assigned to a vegetated strata and constant (k) for each band, a k-image was unsupervised classifications were performed in constructed for each band, similar to the procedure Erdas Imagine 9.3.1 to generate preliminary used by Lu et al. (2008). They related the k value to spectral classes. Three unsupervised vegetated slope, while we related the k value to the strata classifications were produced, with 50, 75, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). and 100 classes (referred to as Veg50, Veg75 and NDVI is fairly resistant to topographic effects and Veg100). A 25-class non-vegetated strata was used to distinguish a gradient of barren, classification (Nonveg25) was also produced based partially vegetated, and densely vegetated land on pixels with NDVI ≤0.3. A 75-class cover types for the illumination normalization. The non-vegetated strata classification (Nonveg75) was geolocation of the DEM was assessed as part of the produced from pixels with NDVI ≤0.4. illumination normalization procedure and adjustment of the DEM was considered. Supervised Training Set Development To perform the illumination correction, the Plot locations were displayed in ArcGIS DEM data were compiled and several derivatives overlaid on the Landsat image mosaic, Ikonos were calculated. These included the slope, aspect, imagery, and the preliminary unsupervised and illumination angle (which varies with classifications. We digitized training polygons so sun-sensor geometry). We used the adjusted aspect that each included a discrete vegetation patch (corrected for the map projection distortion; see consistent with interpretation of the plot data, below) for this analysis. Areas without direct Landsat imagery and Ikonos imagery. In addition, sunlight were masked using the ArcGIS hillshade the training polygons were at least 10 Landsat function to model shadows. Stratified random pixels in area and included a maximum of two points were generated, ensuring that a full range of spectral classes in at least one of the unsupervised illumination and brightness conditions were strata (Veg50, Veg75, Veg100, or Nonveg75).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 12 Methods

Some training polygons were digitized in vegetation class (Viereck Level 4) with a frequency areas without plot data. We generated these of at least 70% were carefully reviewed, and were non-plot training polygons mainly for either reconfigured or were removed from the non-vegetated or partially vegetated types, training data set. primarily water and barrens. These types could be Stratification and Supervised Classification easily recognized on the Ikonos imagery and/or the Landsat mosaic. In addition, some non-plot The classification area was stratified based on training polygons were digitized over types for physiography, geology and treeline/vegetation which limited plot data were available, but which structure layers that were developed for this could be reliably distinguished on the Ikonos project. Coastal and riverine physiographic zones imagery. were derived from ecosubsection mapping. Alpine The training polygons were compiled into a zones were derived from lower and upper elevation comprehensive vector GIS dataset. The training cutpoints defined for points on a 100-km grid. A polygons were labeled with the plot GID (unique subalpine zone was defined to identify the area identifier) based on an overlay with the plot points. where alpine and upland physiographies We converted these polygons to a raster at the same overlapped. The remaining area was comprised of resolution and cell alignment as the Landsat upland and lowland physiographies, which were mosaic. The raster included all pixels whose center often difficult to distinguish using subsections or was contained within the polygon boundary. The topographic metrics. Some upland and lowland training polygons were used to generate maximum zones were defined using topographic metrics likelihood signatures for each training polygon. while much of the area was categorized to upland The plot data, pixel data, and signature data for or lowland based on spectral signatures. The final each training polygon were saved to a spectral physiographic strata included alpine, subalpine, database in Microsoft Access format. Several upland, upland/lowland, lowland, riverine, and criteria were applied to remove problematic coastal. signatures, for example: the covariance matrix was For alpine and subalpine strata, we used the not invertible; size was below the threshold of 10 ecosubsection map layer to categorize the pixels; or spectral heterogeneity was high (based predominant geology and substrate chemistry into on the diversity of classes from the preliminary four classes: acidic/circumacidic, alkaline/ unsupervised classifications). circumalkaline, alkaline, and mafic. Signature separability was evaluated based on A treeline layer was developed to delineate the Bhattacharyya distance (which is also used to regions with no trees (tundra), white spruce (boreal calculate the Jeffries-Matsushita distance that is white spruce), and black or white spruce (boreal commonly used). Lee and Choi (2000) estimated black spruce). This layer was based primarily on the probability of class confusion between two the linework from the subsection mapping with normally distributed maximum-likelihood some editing. In addition, a mosaic of winter signatures. Pairs of signatures with high Landsat imagery (acquired late March to early probabilities of confusion were reviewed to April, 2000–2003) was used to separate some identify problematic training polygons and/or plot spectrally similar vegetation types in the boreal data. Training polygons were revised or deleted to riverine, boreal lowland, and boreal improve spectral separability. In addition a spectral upland/lowland strata. Forested areas were darker cluster analysis was performed and overlaps in the winter imagery due to the vegetation canopy among similar signatures were identified. and shadows, while areas with short stature Signature clusters were compared with ecotypes vegetation were covered by snow and had a very and poorly characterized signatures were bright signature. Bright pixels (band 1 reflectance eliminated. >0.7) were stratified into a low vegetation structure We evaluated signature fidelity stratum, while dark pixels (band 1 reflectance (self-classification) by assessing the classification ≤0.7) were stratified into a tall vegetation structure of pixels within training polygons. Training stratum. polygons that did not classify to the correct

13 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Results

These routines resulted in a total of 31 strata incidence angle and terrain shadow layers were that partitioned the study area. We classified each merged to form a shadow strata. The shadow strata stratum independently using a set of signatures was classified using an unsupervised isoclass based on a lookup table for each stratum. Ecotypes algorithm to produce 50 classes. These classes were previously assigned to signatures based on were reviewed over the Landsat and Ikonos plot data, thereby producing a map of ecotypes by imagery and each class was assigned to a barren, strata. Some ecotypes identified by ground data vegetated, or snow category. The shadow were not mappable; each was merged with the classification was intersected with the strata layer most ecologically similar mappable ecotype. and a crosswalk was constructed to map these The entire study area was also classified using classes to appropriate map ecotypes. the full signature set, and in some strata a filter was The completed classification was reviewed for applied based on the classification confidence. In consistency across the landscape and appropriate these cases, including alpine, coastal, riverine, regional specificity. Signatures that failed to lowland, and upland/lowland strata, pixels that consistently classify well were removed. were not classified at the 99% confidence level or higher (approximately three standard deviations RESULTS from the class mean) were replaced with ecotypes derived from the full signature set classification. ECOTYPES AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS We then assigned signatures from the full Complete descriptions of 57 ecotypes are classification to ecotypes that were appropriate to presented for SNWR (Tables 2–107). They were the target strata from a crosswalk table for each defined by general distribution, landscape features, strata. The crosswalk assignments were based on plant associations, dominant plant species, similarities in vegetation structure or spectral dominant soil textures and chemistry, and characteristics as identified by the signature cluster hydrologic characteristics. This includes 12 analysis. ecotypes that were identified through the regional Shadow and Snow Classification classification, but we had no plots in SNWR; in these cases there were sufficient data from plots in Two additional strata (snow and shadow) were ARCN to describe the ecotype and for the classified using special methods. Snow was vegetation and site tables. An additional 4 ecotypes mapped using the SnowMap algorithm (Hall are described in brief. These ecotypes were 1995). The supervised classification was not mapped in SNWR, were identified through the applied to areas mapped as snow by this algorithm. regional classification, but are uncommon and we Shadowed areas were extracted using two rules. did not have enough data to provide a full First, cells with a solar incidence angle of ≥85 description. We did not describe or map an degrees (calculated using the DEM and additional 3 ecotypes that we determined to be image-specific solar elevation and azimuth rare. A key to ecotypes is provided in Table 108. parameters) were included in the shadow strata. There were a total of 40 plant associations. Most This included cells that faced away from the sun ecotypes were only associated with a single plant (for which the illumination correction algorithm association, however 9 ecotypes had multiple plant was undefined), but did not necessarily include all associations, and 4 plant associations were used to cells that were shadowed by intervening terrain. describe more than one ecotype. This overlap Second, a potential terrain shadow was constructed resulted from communities that were floristically by modeling shadows using a hillshade function. A comparable but had very different site factors (i.e., sun elevation angle of 35° (lower than the actual alpine communities on different bedrock types), or angle) and sun azimuths of 152°, 162°, and 172° from communities that were immediately adjacent were input and a potential shadow layer from the in a successional sequence (e.g., Riverine Poplar three hillshades was merged. Within this potential Forest and Riverine Spruce–Poplar Forest). terrain shadow layer, pixels with band 5 reflectance <0.045 were considered terrain shadows. The

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 14

Ecotypes

15 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE ACIDIC BARRENS Table 2. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Barrens (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 88.6 27.6 100 Total Vascular Cover 51.4 18.5 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.6 2.6 40 Empetrum nigrum 1.2 1.8 40 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.4 0.9 20 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 2.6 3.7 40 Arctostaphylos alpina 2.0 3.5 40 Betula nana 0.4 0.9 20 Vaccinium uliginosum 0.2 0.4 20 Total Forb Cover 36.2 13.1 100 Anemone narcissiflora 0.2 0.4 20 Antennaria friesiana 5.2 2.7 100 Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 3.0 0.7 100 Artemisia arctica 0.4 0.5 40 Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. arcticum 0.4 0.9 20 Geomorphology: Campanula lasiocarpa 0.2 0.4 20 Cardamine bellidifolia 0.2 0.4 20 This ecotype occurs in the Waring Mts., Draba fladnizensis 0.6 1.3 20 Kiliovilik Range, Western Hockley Hills, Selawik Draba palanderiana 0.6 1.3 20 Hills, and Purcell Mts. on the edges of SNWR. Epilobium angustifolium 0.2 0.4 20 Geomorphology includes non-carbonate bedrock, Epilobium latifolium 0.4 0.9 20 hillside colluvium, and talus. It is typically found Minuartia arctica 4.8 3.3 80 on upper slopes and crests, on all aspects, at greater Pedicularis kanei 0.6 0.9 40 than 200 m elevation. Slope varies from gradual to Potentilla uniflora 16.0 13.0 100 Saxifraga bronchialis 1.4 1.7 60 steep. Saxifraga reflexa 0.2 0.4 20 Plant Association: Selaginella sibirica 1.8 1.3 80 Total Grass Cover 5.8 1.5 100 Lichen–Hierochloe alpina Festuca brachyphylla 0.6 1.3 20 Alpine Acidic Barrens has sparse plant cover Hierochloe alpina 2.4 0.5 100 (<30%) which contributes to a low total number of Poa glauca 2.4 0.5 100 species per plot (Table 2). Forbs, grasses, mosses Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 0.4 0.9 20 and lichens are typically present. Trees and shrubs Total Sedge & Rush Cover 5.2 4.3 80 Carex glacialis 2.4 1.8 80 taller than 20 cm are absent. Common species Carex podocarpa 0.6 1.3 20 include Antennaria friesiana, Potentilla uniflora, Carex scirpoidea 1.2 1.1 60 Hierochloe alpina, Racomitrium lanuginosum, and Luzula confusa 1.0 1.2 60 Flavocetraria nivalis. Total Nonvascular Cover 37.2 10.0 100 Alpine Acidic Barrens is most similar to Total Moss Cover 13.4 6.7 100 Alpine Alkaline Barrens, but it has different parent Abietinella abietina 0.4 0.9 20 Bryum sp. 0.2 0.4 20 material with lower pH and lower total species Ceratodon purpureus 0.4 0.5 40 diversity, but higher lichen diversity. It is also Cynodontium alpestre 0.2 0.4 20 similar to Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub and Cynodontium strumiferum 0.6 1.3 20 Alpine Acidic Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub, but with Dicranum acutifolium 0.4 0.9 20 lower species cover. Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.4 20 Encalypta rhaptocarpa 0.2 0.4 20 Pogonatum dentatum 0.6 1.3 20 Pogonatum urnigerum 3.6 8.0 20 Polytrichastrum alpinum 0.4 0.9 20 Polytrichum piliferum 2.6 3.2 80 Racomitrium lanuginosum 1.8 1.3 80

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 16

Table 2. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Rhytidium rugosum 0.6 0.9 40 Schistidium sp. 0.4 0.9 20 Tortella fragilis 0.8 0.8 60 Total Lichen Cover 21.2 8.2 100 Alectoria nigricans 0.4 0.9 20 Alectoria ochroleuca 0.6 1.3 20 Arctoparmelia separata 0.6 0.9 40 Asahinea chrysantha 1.2 0.4 100 Bryocaulon divergens 0.6 1.3 20 Bryoria nitidula 1.2 1.8 40 Cetraria laevigata 0.4 0.5 40 Cetraria nigricans 1.6 1.1 80 Cetraria odontella 0.2 0.4 20 Cladina arbuscula 0.4 0.9 20 Soils are blocky or rubbly, and surface organic Cladina stygia 0.6 0.9 40 Cladonia albonigra 0.4 0.9 20 horizons are very thin or lacking (Table 3). Cladonia borealis 0.4 0.5 40 Permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m Cladonia macroceras 0.6 1.3 20 due to the cold annual temperatures at elevation. Cladonia sp. 0.8 1.8 20 Surface fragments are common and abundant. Cladonia subfurcata 0.4 0.9 20 Loess caps are absent. Soil pH is acidic to Cladonia uncialis 1.4 1.1 80 circumneutral. The soils are typically excessively Flavocetraria cucullata 0.8 0.8 60 to somewhat excessively drained. Depth to water Flavocetraria nivalis 2.4 0.9 100 Lopadium pezizoideum 0.2 0.4 20 table is assumed to be substantial, given the well Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.2 0.4 20 drained soils. Ochrolechia sp. 0.6 1.3 20 Parmelia omphalodes 0.4 0.9 20 Table 3. Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Parmelia skultii 0.6 1.3 20 Barrens. Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 20 Property Mean SD n Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.4 0.9 20 281.6 53.7 5 Sphaerophorus globosus 2.4 1.1 100 Elevation (m) 10.0 2.8 2 Stereocaulon paschale 1.0 1.4 40 Slope (degrees) Thamnolia vermicularis 2.8 0.8 100 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.0 5.7 2 Total Bare Ground 61.6 21.5 100 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Bare Soil 61.6 21.5 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.0 0.5 5 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

The following description is based on data collected in ARCN and used for the regional classification. The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, well drained, moderately thin organic horizon, permafrost below 1 m).

17 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE ACIDIC DRYAS DWARF SHRUB Table 4. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub (n=11).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 103.7 25.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 67.1 20.4 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.3 9 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 29.5 13.6 100 Diapensia lapponica 0.2 0.6 9 Dryas octopetala 29.3 13.3 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.3 9 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 3.1 3.3 55 Arctostaphylos alpina 1.1 2.6 18 Salix phlebophylla 0.7 1.7 18 Salix rotundifolia 0.9 1.6 27 Total Forb Cover 27.6 13.7 100 Androsace chamaejasme 0.5 0.7 36 Anemone drummondii 1.3 1.3 55 Anemone narcissiflora 1.0 1.1 55 Geomorphology: Antennaria friesiana 2.4 1.2 100 This ecotype occurs in similar geographic Arenaria chamissonis 0.5 0.8 36 locations as Alpine Acidic Barrens, on weathered Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 1.0 1.1 55 bedrock and hillside colluvium. It mainly occurs on Arnica frigida 0.2 0.6 9 ridge crests and slopes, generally between 300 and Artemisia furcata 0.8 0.9 55 Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. arcticum 0.7 0.6 64 700 m elevation. Slopes are typically gentle, and Campanula lasiocarpa 0.7 1.0 45 occur on all aspects. Campanula uniflora 0.2 0.4 18 Plant Association: Castilleja caudata 0.2 0.4 18 Castilleja hyperborea 0.5 0.8 27 Dryas octopetala–Hierochloe alpina Dianthus repens 1.3 1.0 64 Draba palanderiana 0.9 1.1 45 Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf has high species Eritrichium splendens 0.7 1.0 45 diversity (Table 4). Trees and tall shrubs are absent. Gentiana propinqua 0.4 0.7 27 Dwarf shrubs and lichens are the most common life Lupinus arcticus 1.1 1.6 36 forms. Most species except Dryas octopetala have Minuartia arctica 2.5 1.3 91 less than 3% average cover. Common species Oxytropis kokrinensis 0.5 1.0 18 include Dryas octopetala, Antennaria friesiana, Oxytropis nigrescens 0.9 1.0 55 Papaver lapponicum 0.3 0.6 18 Smelowskia calycina var. porsildii, Hierochloe Pedicularis kanei 1.0 0.9 64 alpina, Rhytidium rugosum, and Flavocetraria Podistera macounii 0.4 0.7 27 nivalis. Polygonum viviparum 0.8 1.1 45 This ecotype is similar to Alpine Acidic Potentilla uniflora 0.5 0.7 36 Barrens, except for higher species cover, and Alpine Saxifraga bronchialis 1.4 1.5 55 Saxifraga flagellaris 0.6 0.8 45 Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub, but differs in the Saxifraga reflexa 0.7 1.1 36 reduced presence of ericaceous dwarf shrubs. It has Selaginella sibirica 1.1 1.6 36 different species assemblages relative to the alpine Senecio ogotorukensis 0.3 0.5 27 alkaline ecotypes. Silene acaulis 0.2 0.4 18 Smelowskia calycina var. porsildii 1.5 1.2 73 Soils: Viola biflora 0.2 0.6 9 Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by Total Grass Cover 4.2 2.0 100 thin organic horizons (Table 5). Thaw depths often Agrostis trinii 0.3 0.6 18 could not be determined in the rocky soils, but Festuca lenensis 1.2 1.3 55 Hierochloe alpina 1.8 1.3 82 permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m due Poa glauca 0.6 1.1 27 to the cold temperatures at high elevations. Frost Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.5 1.9 91 boils are uncommon, and surface fragments are

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 18

Table 4. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Carex podocarpa 0.5 1.2 18 Carex scirpoidea 1.0 1.3 45 Luzula confusa 0.9 1.0 55 Total Nonvascular Cover 36.6 14.1 100 Total Moss Cover 8.2 2.5 100 Abietinella abietina 0.3 0.5 27 Ceratodon purpureus 0.4 0.9 18 Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.6 9 Grimmia torquata 0.2 0.6 9 Pogonatum dentatum 0.6 1.2 27 Pogonatum urnigerum 0.2 0.6 9 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.4 1.2 9 Polytrichum piliferum 1.6 1.7 55 Polytrichum sp. 0.3 0.9 9 common and abundant. Loess caps are absent. Soil Racomitrium lanuginosum 1.2 1.3 55 pH is acidic to circumneutral and EC is generally Rhytidium rugosum 1.6 0.9 82 low. The soils are typically somewhat excessively Unknown moss 0.5 1.8 9 to excessively drained. Depth to water table often Total Lichen Cover 25.8 11.9 100 could not be measured, but it is assumed to be > 1.5 Alectoria nigricans 0.4 1.2 9 m depth given the well drained soils. Alectoria ochroleuca 1.8 1.3 73 Arctoparmelia separata 0.4 0.8 18 Table 5 Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Asahinea chrysantha 1.1 1.1 55 Dryas Dwarf Shrub. Bryocaulon divergens 1.6 1.2 73 Bryoria nitidula 0.8 1.5 27 Property Mean SD n Bryoria tenuis 0.2 0.6 9 Elevation (m) 440.9 104.3 11 Cetraria hepatizon 0.5 1.0 18 Slope (degrees) 12.4 7.7 9 Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis 0.5 1.2 18 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 5.7 3.4 6 Cetraria laevigata 0.6 0.9 36 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Cetraria nigricans 0.8 1.4 36 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cladina arbuscula 0.5 0.8 27 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Cladonia amaurocraea 0.3 0.9 9 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladonia borealis 0.7 1.3 27 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata 0.4 0.9 18 20.0 1 Cladonia pleurota 0.3 0.9 9 Thaw Depth (cm) 5.3 0.4 11 Cladonia pyxidata 0.2 0.6 9 Site pH at 10-cm depth Cladonia sp. 1.2 1.2 64 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 110.0 1 Cladonia uncialis 0.9 1.2 45 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Cladonia wainioi 0.3 0.9 9 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Flavocetraria cucullata 0.5 0.9 27 Flavocetraria nivalis 2.0 1.4 82 Hypogymnia bitteri 0.4 0.7 27 The following description is based on data Hypogymnia subobscura 0.3 0.9 9 collected in ARCN and used for the regional Melanelia stygia 0.5 1.0 18 classification. The soils in this ecotype include Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.4 1.2 9 Parmelia omphalodes 1.0 1.2 55 Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost Pertusaria bryontha 0.4 1.2 9 lacking cryoturbation), Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.3 0.6 18 well drained, moderately thin organic horizon, Sphaerophorus globosus 2.1 1.4 73 permafrost below 1 m), Lithic Cryorthents (poorly Stereocaulon paschale 0.5 1.3 18 developed, <50 cm to bedrock, permafrost absent), Thamnolia vermicularis 3.1 1.2 91 and Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil over Umbilicaria arctica 0.3 0.9 9 Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii 0.4 1.2 9 permafrost with cryoturbation). Unknown lichen 0.5 1.8 9 Vulpicida tilesii 0.4 0.7 27 Total Bare Ground 50.5 22.9 91 Bare Soil 50.5 22.9 91

19 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE ALKALINE BARRENS Table 6. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Barrens (n=52).*

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 34.3 25.9 100 Total Vascular Cover 27.2 20.8 98 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0 0 2 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4 5 56 Cassiope tetragona 0.1 0.7 7 Dryas integrifolia 0.7 2.1 14 Dryas octopetala 2.8 4.5 37 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 0.4 1.7 7 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 9.5 12 84 Potentilla fruticosa 0.1 0.8 5 Salix arctica 0.1 0.4 21 Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 0.1 0.9 2 Salix glauca <0.1 0.2 7 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.1 0.5 5 Salix reticulata <0.1 0.2 12 Geomorphology: Salix rotundifolia 8.8 12 53 Alpine Alkaline Barrens is uncommon and Salix rotundifolia ssp. dodgeana 0.1 0.4 12 occurs at higher elevations in SNWR in the Total Forb Cover 12.1 12.4 98 0.1 0.2 35 Purcell Mountains and Kiliovilik Range. Androsace chamaejasme Anemone drummondii <0.1 0.2 7 Geomorphology includes carbonate sedimentary Anemone parviflora <0.1 0.2 12 bedrock, metamorphic carbonate (marble) bedrock, Artemisia furcata <0.1 0.2 14 weathered bedrock, hillside colluvium, and talus. Boykinia richardsonii 0.1 0.5 7 Site chemistry is alkaline due to carbonate-rich Braya humilis ssp. richardsonii <0.1 0.2 7 0.1 0.5 23 parent material. Macrotopography consists of Castilleja elegans Chrysosplenium tetrandrum <0.1 0.2 5 upper slopes, shoulders, ridge crests, and plateaus. Crepis nana 0.1 0.2 19 Slopes are steep and occur at all aspects. We did Draba nivalis 0.1 0.3 12 not collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, Epilobium latifolium <0.1 0.2 5 and the following data reflect plots sampled in Erigeron hyperboreus 0.3 0.7 28 ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of the Hedysarum mackenzii 0.1 0.3 12 Minuartia arctica 0.2 0.3 26 regional classification and was identified in SNWR Minuartia obtusiloba <0.1 0.2 7 through the spectral classification and mapping Minuartia rubella <0.1 0.2 7 effort. Oxytropis arctica <0.1 0.2 7 Oxytropis nigrescens 1.8 4.8 33 Plant Association: Parrya nudicaulis 0.1 0.2 23 Dryas octopetala–Saxifraga oppositifolia Pedicularis kanei <0.1 0.2 21 Phlox sibirica sibirica 0.1 0.2 14 Salix arctica–Minuartia arctica Potentilla biflora <0.1 0.2 5 Vegetation cover is sparse in this ecotype, Potentilla hookeriana <0.1 0.2 7 although species diversity is high. Plants are Potentilla uniflora 0.2 0.4 28 Saussurea angustifolia <0.1 0.2 7 present in trace quantities (Table 6). Trees and Saxifraga eschscholtzii 0.1 0.5 9 shrubs taller than 20 cm are absent. Total Saxifraga nivalis <0.1 0.2 5 non-vascular cover is low, and not always present Saxifraga oppositifolia 7 8.9 95 at sites. Common species include Dryas Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.1 0.4 7 octopetala, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Androsace Saxifraga rivularis <0.1 0.2 5 0.2 0.8 7 chamaejasme, and Minuartia arctica. Saxifraga tricuspidata Selaginella sibirica 0.1 0.8 5 The most similar ecotype is Alpine Alkaline Senecio ogotorukensis 0.4 0.9 21 Dryas Dwarf Shrub, except that it has higher Tofieldia coccinea <0.1 0.3 5 vegetation cover. Alpine Acidic Barrens is also Total Grass Cover 0.8 2.7 37 similar except for differences in bedrock type, soil chemistry, and plant assemblages.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 20

Table 6. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Calamagrostis purpurascens 0.5 1.5 16 Poa glauca 0.2 0.9 19 Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 0.1 0.3 14 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.8 1.8 53 Carex franklinii <0.1 0.2 2 Carex lachenalii <0.1 0.2 2 Carex nardina 0.5 1.8 23 Carex petricosa <0.1 0.3 2 Carex rupestris <0.1 0.2 12 Carex scirpoidea <0.1 0.2 16 Kobresia simpliciuscula <0.1 0.2 2 Total Nonvascular Cover 7.1 7.7 88 Total Moss Cover 1.4 2.3 56 Abietinella abietina <0.1 0.2 5 Soils are blocky or rubbly and typically lack a Ditrichum flexicaule <0.1 0.2 5 surface organic horizon (Table 7). Thaw depths Ditrichum sp. 0.6 1.4 19 often could not be determined in the rocky soils but Hypnum sp. 0.3 0.7 16 permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m 0.1 0.5 7 Racomitrium lanuginosum due to cold temperatures at the high elevations. Rhytidium rugosum <0.1 0.2 7 Schistidium sp. <0.1 0.2 5 Frost boils are rare, and loess caps are absent. Unknown moss 0.1 0.3 12 Surface fragments are common and abundant. Soil Total Lichen Cover 5.7 6.4 88 pH is alkaline to circumneutral and EC is low. The Acarospora sp. 0.1 0.4 7 soils are typically excessively to well drained. Alectoria ochroleuca 0.1 0.2 12 Depth to water table often could not be measured Alectoria sp. 0.1 0.3 7 but it is assumed to be at > 1.5 m depth given the Asahinea chrysantha <0.1 0.2 9 Cetraria sp. 1.1 2.1 42 well drained soils. Cetraria tilesii 0.1 0.4 21 Table 7. Soil characteristics for Alpine Cladonia sp. 0.1 0.5 23 Alkaline Barrens. Cornicularia sp. <0.1 0.2 7 Dactylina sp. 0.1 0.2 19 Property Mean SD n Diploschistes sp. 0.5 2.6 7 Elevation (m) 605.2 243.7 21 Evernia perfragilis <0.1 0.2 7 Slope (degrees) 22.9 10.8 19 0.3 0.7 35 Flavocetraria cucullata Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.0 1.4 2 0.7 1.8 33 Flavocetraria nivalis Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 4.0 1.4 2 Lecanora sp. 0.1 0.3 19 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Nephroma arcticum <0.1 0.2 5 Depth to Rocks (cm) 1.0 1 Ochrolechia frigida 0.1 0.5 5 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 98.1 3.4 10 Ochrolechia sp. 0.1 0.5 5 Frost Boil Cover (%) 2.2 1.9 4 Pannaria cf. <0.1 0.2 5 30.0 1 Pertusaria sp. 0.1 0.3 9 Thaw Depth (cm) 8.2 0.3 18 Psora sp. 0.1 0.3 12 Site pH at 10-cm depth Rhizocarpon sp. 0.1 0.3 7 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 111.7 42.3 18 Sphaerophorus sp. 0.1 0.5 5 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -176.5 57.5 20 Stereocaulon sp. <0.1 0.2 7 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Thamnolia sp. 1.2 2.6 49 Thamnolia subuliformis 0.1 0.6 2 The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic Thamnolia vermicularis 0.3 0.9 26 Gelorthents (poorly developed soils, permafrost 0.1 0.5 7 Toninia sp. below 1 m) and Typic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, Unknown crustose lichen 0.2 1 7 Unknown lichen 0.3 0.9 9 partially developed with permafrost below 1 m). Vulpicida tilesii 0.1 0.3 16 Less common subgroups include Typic Total Bare Ground 43.9 45.8 49 Cryorthents (poorly developed soils, lacking Bare Soil 43.4 45.3 49 permafrost) and Lithic Cryorthents (poorly Litter alone 0.5 1.1 40 developed, <50 cm to bedrock, permafrost *All data from ARCN. lacking).

21 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE ALKALINE DRYAS DWARF SHRUB Table 8. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub (n=160).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 98.1 36.6 100 Total Vascular Cover 78.5 29 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 42.5 17.1 100 Andromeda polifolia <0.1 0.2 4 Cassiope tetragona 2.4 7.4 31 Dryas integrifolia 3.3 12 9 Dryas octopetala 35.3 18.6 91 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 1.4 8.7 4 Rhododendron lapponicum 0.1 0.5 8 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0 0 1 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 6.1 10.7 72 Arctostaphylos rubra 2.4 9.1 18 Potentilla fruticosa 0.3 1.2 10 Salix arctica 0.3 1.1 13 Geomorphology: Salix reticulata 2.3 4.3 51 Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub is Salix rotundifolia 0.3 1.8 11 uncommon. It occurs on carbonate substrates on Vaccinium uliginosum 0.4 1.8 15 stable slopes and crests in the Purcell Mountains Total Forb Cover 9.3 5.6 100 Androsace chamaejasme 0.3 0.5 61 and Kiliovilik Range. Parent material consists of Anemone parviflora 0.4 0.9 32 weathered bedrock, hillside colluvium, talus, young Artemisia furcata <0.1 0.3 9 moraine, solifluction deposits and inactive alluvial Astragalus aboriginum 0.1 0.3 7 fan deposits. We did not collect any plot data in Astragalus umbellatus 0.1 0.3 16 SNWR for this ecotype, and the following data Boykinia richardsonii 0.1 0.5 5 reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was Braya humilis ssp. richardsonii <0.1 0.1 8 developed as part of the regional classification and Castilleja elegans 0.1 0.3 10 Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.2 0.4 37 was identified in SNWR through the spectral Epilobium latifolium 0.3 1.2 15 classification and mapping effort. Erigeron hyperboreus <0.1 0.1 10 Plant Association: Gentiana propinqua <0.1 0.1 20 Geum glaciale <0.1 0.3 6 Dryas octopetala–Saxifraga oppositifolia Hedysarum alpinum 1.1 2.3 29 Dryas integrifolia–Carex scirpoidea–Silene acaulis Hedysarum mackenzii 0.1 0.3 5 Minuartia arctica 0.1 0.5 12 Vegetation is dominated by dwarf shrubs, Minuartia obtusiloba <0.1 0.1 5 mainly Dryas species, and has a strong sub- Minuartia rossii <0.1 0.1 5 component of forbs and sedges (Table 8). Trees and Oxytropis borealis 0.4 1.4 9 shrubs taller than 20 cm are absent. Nonvascular Oxytropis campestris ssp. jordalii 0.1 0.4 4 species are always present in low quantities. This is Papaver macounii <0.1 0.1 4 a diverse ecotype. Common species in addition to Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 7 the floristic class components include Minuartia Pedicularis capitata <0.1 0.1 12 Pedicularis kanei 0.3 0.5 40 arctica, Polygonum viviparum, Dactylina arctica, Pedicularis sudetica <0.1 0.1 7 and Vulpicida tilesii. Phlox sibirica sibirica <0.1 0.2 7 The most similar ecotype is Alpine Alkaline Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.2 23 Barrens, except it has much higher vegetative cover. Potentilla biflora 0.1 0.4 7 It is also similar to Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Saussurea angustifolia <0.1 0.2 7 Shrub except for differences in bedrock type, higher Saxifraga oppositifolia 3.3 4.3 71 soil pH, and much higher plant diversity. Senecio lugens <0.1 0.1 4 Senecio ogotorukensis <0.1 0.2 11 Soils: Senecio resedifolius 0.1 0.2 22 Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by Silene acaulis 0.8 1.4 47 thin organic horizons (Table 9). Thaw depths often could not be determined in the rocky soils, but

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 22

Table 8. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Solidago multiradiata 0.1 0.4 5 Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.4 26 Tofieldia coccinea <0.1 0.2 9 Tofieldia pusilla 0.2 0.4 24 Zygadenus elegans 0.1 0.6 12 Total Grass Cover 3 8.1 36 Elymus innovatus 2.4 6.8 20 Festuca altaica 0.5 2.2 11 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 17.6 16.7 93 Carex franklinii 2.8 9 14 Carex glacialis 0.9 3.8 15 Carex misandra 0.3 1.3 15 Carex nardina 0.4 2.7 9 Carex rupestris 4.9 7 57 permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m Carex scirpoidea 4.6 5.4 66 due to cold temperatures at the high elevations. Kobresia simpliciuscula 3.3 12.2 10 Frost boils are uncommon, and surface fragments Total Nonvascular Cover 19.6 18.2 99 Total Moss Cover 5 8.3 83 are common and abundant. Loess caps are rare, Abietinella sp. 0.1 0.3 7 however when they occur they tend to be thick Cynodontium sp. 0.2 0.8 4 (>20 cm). Soil pH is alkaline to circumneutral and Dicranum sp. 0.3 2.2 8 EC is low. Soils are typically excessively to well Distichium sp. 0.1 0.3 7 drained. Depth to water table often could not be Ditrichum sp. 1.1 2.3 64 measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial 0.4 2.8 8 Hylocomium splendens depths given the well drained soils. Hypnum sp. 0.8 2.5 26 Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.2 1.5 5 Racomitrium sp. 0.4 1.6 11 Table 9. Soil characteristics for Alpine Rhytidium rugosum 0.6 2 23 Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub. Tomentypnum nitens 0.4 2.4 7 Property Mean SD n Tortella sp. <0.1 0.1 5 Elevation (m) 475.2 202.7 27 Unknown moss 0.2 1.3 7 17.8 10.3 25 Total Lichen Cover 15.6 15.5 98 Slope (degrees) Alectoria sp. 0.1 0.3 11 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.4 2.1 20 Asahinea sp. 0.1 0.5 6 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 4.0 2.7 20 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.3 2.6 7 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 18.0 17.0 2 Cetraria sp. 4.6 5.1 78 Depth to Rocks (cm) 8.2 10.9 19 Cetraria tilesii <0.1 0.2 6 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 32.1 24.4 11 Cladina arbuscula 0.5 1.8 26 Frost Boil Cover (%) 9.8 14.7 10 Cladina mitis 0.1 0.4 4 Thaw Depth (cm) 40.5 19.6 4 Cladonia sp. 0.8 1.9 35 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.8 0.4 27 Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.3 12 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 157.9 70.7 27 Dactylina sp. 0.5 1 46 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -162.5 58.5 22 Flavocetraria cucullata 2.9 4.8 67 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Flavocetraria nivalis 1.4 3.1 52 Lecanora sp. 0.1 0.3 12 The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic Masonhalea richardsonii 0.4 1.2 33 Ochrolechia frigida 0.2 1.6 4 Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, partially developed with Pertusaria sp. 0.2 1.3 7 permafrost below 1 m). Less common subgroups Stereocaulon sp. <0.1 0.1 5 include Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over Thamnolia sp. 1.2 2 51 permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Thamnolia vermicularis 0.4 1.7 13 Gelorthents (poorly developed soils, permafrost Unknown crustose lichen 0.1 0.4 4 below 1 m), Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil over Vulpicida tilesii <0.1 0.2 7 permafrost with cryoturbation), and Humic Total Bare Ground 7.5 17.3 20 Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, well drained, a Bare Soil 5.5 15 20 moderately thick organic-rich A horizon, Litter alone 2 5.3 19 permafrost below 1 m).

23 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE CASSIOPE DWARF SHRUB Table 10. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub (n=38). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 180.5 50 100 Total Vascular Cover 119.2 35.2 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 69.7 21.5 100 Cassiope tetragona 29.3 18.1 100 Dryas octopetala 36.1 20.1 89 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 3.4 11.2 9 Ledum decumbens <0.1 0.2 9 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.3 1 11 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 21.1 19.6 96 Arctostaphylos rubra 0.3 1.1 11 Potentilla fruticosa 0.2 1.2 13 Salix arctica 0.9 2.8 26 Salix glauca 0.1 0.7 13 4.4 13.1 24 Geomorphology: Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii Salix reticulata 8.9 8.6 87 Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub is distributed in Salix rotundifolia 1.4 3.2 28 small patches on north aspects and is not common. Vaccinium uliginosum 3.1 6.9 39 It occurs at higher elevations on upper and lower Total Forb Cover 21.6 13 100 slopes on hillside colluvium. It generally occurs on Androsace chamaejasme 0.1 0.2 24 0.1 0.2 15 north aspects and in late-lying snow beds, where Anemone narcissiflora Anemone parviflora 1.8 2.2 76 soils are generally colder and moister than other Astragalus umbellatus 0.6 1.2 48 alpine ecotypes. Slopes vary from gradual to steep. Boykinia richardsonii 9.3 10.3 67 We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for this Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.3 0.7 30 ecotype, and the following data reflect plots Dodecatheon frigidum 0.8 2 30 sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was developed Epilobium latifolium 0.6 1.5 30 Equisetum scirpoides 0.4 1.6 11 as part of the regional classification and was Gentiana propinqua 0.1 0.2 26 identified in SNWR through the spectral Geum glaciale 0.6 1.6 20 classification and mapping effort. Hedysarum alpinum 0.8 2.5 15 Lycopodium selago <0.1 0.1 22 Plant Association: Minuartia arctica 0.1 0.4 15 Cassiope tetragona–Dryas octopetala–Polygonum Papaver macounii <0.1 0.1 17 bistorta Parnassia palustris 0.1 0.4 26 This ecotype is dominated by dwarf shrubs, Pedicularis capitata 0.2 0.5 37 Pedicularis kanei 0.1 0.2 24 specifically Cassiope tetragona. Other common Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.2 20 dwarf shrubs include Dryas octopetala, Salix Polemonium acutiflorum 0.2 0.7 9 reticulata, and Vaccinium uliginosum (Table 10). Polygonum bistorta 0.2 0.7 17 Similar ecotypes include Alpine Ericaceous– Polygonum viviparum 0.2 0.4 33 Dryas Dwarf Shrub and Alpine Alkaline Dryas Pyrola grandiflora 0.2 0.6 15 Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.6 24 Dwarf Shrub. In these types the dominant species Saxifraga bronchialis 0.1 0.4 15 that defines the vegetation type is Dryas as Saxifraga hieracifolia 0.1 0.5 15 opposed to Cassiope. Also, site chemistry is more Saxifraga oppositifolia 1.2 2.4 41 acidic in Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.1 0.2 9 and more alkaline in Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Senecio resedifolius 0.1 0.4 15 Silene acaulis 1.2 1.8 54 Shrub. Solidago multiradiata <0.1 0.1 11 Soils: Thalictrum alpinum 0.2 0.6 17 Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by Tofieldia coccinea <0.1 0.1 13 Tofieldia pusilla <0.1 0.1 17 thin organic horizons (Table 11). Thaw depths often could not be determined in the rocky soils,

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 24

Table 10. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Grass Cover 3.1 4.2 63 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.2 1.2 9 Festuca altaica 2.6 4.2 48 Hierochloe alpina 0.1 0.5 13 Poa arctica 0.1 0.2 11 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.7 5.6 59 Carex bigelowii 0.3 1.1 11 Carex microchaeta 0.4 2.2 11 Carex misandra 0.8 3.8 17 Carex podocarpa 0.8 1.7 22 Carex rupestris 0.6 1.7 13 Carex scirpoidea 0.5 1.6 20 Total Nonvascular Cover 61.3 32.1 98 Total Moss Cover 34 24.4 96 Abietinella sp. 0.2 0.7 11 Blepharostoma sp. 0.1 0.5 15 but permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 Brachythecium sp. 1.3 3.1 22 m due to the cold temperatures at the high 0.1 0.4 9 Bryum sp. elevations. Frost boils are rare, however when Campylium sp. 1.8 4 20 Cinclidium sp. 0.2 0.9 9 present they tend to occur at high abundance. Dicranum sp. 3.2 4.6 57 Surface fragments are common and moderately Distichium sp. 0.1 0.4 11 abundant, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is Ditrichum sp. 0.8 1.2 43 circumneutral and EC is low. The soils are Drepanocladus sp. 0.8 2.7 13 typically somewhat excessively to well drained. Hylocomium splendens 12.3 17.3 72 Hypnum sp. 2.7 5.1 43 Depth to water table often could not be measured Pleurozium schreberi 0.8 1.6 22 but it is assumed to be substantial, given the well Racomitrium sp. 1.4 2.7 28 drained soils. Rhytidium rugosum 0.9 2.8 22 Sanionia sp. 1.4 3.9 13 Table 11. Soil characteristics for Alpine Timmia sp. 0.2 0.6 13 Cassiope Dwarf Shrub. Tomentypnum nitens 3.2 6.2 39 Total Lichen Cover 28 21.7 98 Property Mean SD n Alectoria sp. 0.1 0.5 11 Elevation (m) 713.6 250.4 12 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.4 1 17 Slope (degrees) 20.3 10.2 12 Cetraria sp. 6.5 7.5 63 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 5.4 3.6 10 Cladina arbuscula 3.8 6.8 57 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.4 3.6 10 Cladina rangiferina 0.6 1.8 22 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 4 8.2 37 Cladina stellaris Depth to Rocks (cm) 6.2 3.6 9 Cladonia sp. 1.1 2 65 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.8 11.0 10 Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.5 22 Frost Boil Cover (%) 10.5 13.4 2 Dactylina sp. 1 1.5 54 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Flavocetraria cucullata 4 5 78 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.8 0.6 11 Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 1.1 35 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 106.2 59.5 10 Lobaria sp. 0.2 0.9 9 Masonhalea richardsonii 1.1 3.4 43 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -200.0 0.0 12 0.3 0.7 26 Peltigera aphthosa aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.6 13 Pertusaria sp. 0.2 0.7 9 Stereocaulon sp. 0.3 0.8 22 Thamnolia sp. 0.3 0.9 37 The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic Thamnolia vermicularis 0.3 0.8 15 Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, partially developed with Unknown crustose lichen 1.3 3.7 15 permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Gelorthents Total Bare Ground 4.8 9.9 26 (poorly developed soils, permafrost below 1 m). Bare Soil 1.6 3.9 26 Litter alone 3.2 6.7 26

25 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE ERICACEOUS–DRYAS DWARF Table 12. Vegetation cover and frequency for SHRUB Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 165.0 44.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 101.6 26.4 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 32.0 14.3 100 Cassiope tetragona 1.0 1.4 40 Diapensia lapponica 0.4 0.9 20 Dryas octopetala 0.4 0.9 20 Empetrum nigrum 7.6 6.1 100 Ledum decumbens 6.0 2.7 100 Loiseleuria procumbens 1.6 1.1 80 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 15.0 14.0 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 41.4 16.1 100 Arctostaphylos alpina 12.4 15.9 100 Betula nana 14.8 14.2 100 Salix arctica 0.8 1.8 20 Salix glauca 0.6 0.9 40 Geomorphology: Salix phlebophylla 2.6 3.3 60 Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub occurs Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.8 3.5 40 on hillside colluvium and weathered bedrock Salix reticulata 0.4 0.9 20 above 200 m elevation in the Selawik Hills, Vaccinium uliginosum 7.6 6.6 100 Total Forb Cover 12.8 5.4 100 Western Hockley Hills, and Waring Mountains. Anemone drummondii 0.4 0.9 20 Macrotopography includes upper slopes and crests. Anemone narcissiflora 1.0 1.0 60 Slopes vary from gentle to steep and occur at all Antennaria friesiana 0.4 0.9 20 aspects. Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 0.8 1.3 40 Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.3 20 Plant Association: Lupinus arcticus 1.0 1.7 40 Betula nana–Vaccinium vitis-idaea–Dryas Pedicularis capitata 0.6 0.9 40 Pedicularis kanei 1.4 1.5 60 octopetala Pedicularis labradorica 1.4 1.3 60 Dwarf shrubs characterize this ecotype (Table Pedicularis sudetica ssp. pacifica 0.4 0.9 20 12), while trees and tall shrubs are absent. Mosses Petasites frigidus 1.6 1.8 60 and lichens are always present. Sedges, grasses and Polygonum bistorta 1.4 1.3 60 forbs are well represented but typically have low Pyrola grandiflora 0.8 1.1 40 Saxifraga hieracifolia 0.4 0.5 40 total cover. Common species include Betula nana, Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.4 0.5 40 Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Tofieldia coccinea 0.2 0.4 20 Vaccinium uliginosum, Anemone narcissiflora, Total Grass Cover 5.6 2.1 100 Hierochloe alpina, Carex bigelowii, Pohlia nutans, Arctagrostis latifolia 1.0 1.4 40 and Cladina rangiferina. Hierochloe alpina 3.2 0.8 100 Poa arctica 1.2 1.3 60 This ecotype is most similar to Alpine Acidic Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9.8 7.0 100 Dryas Dwarf Shrub and Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Carex bigelowii 7.2 6.4 100 Shrub, except for differences in site chemistry and Eriophorum callitrix 0.4 0.9 20 plant associations. Luzula arcuata unalaschensis 0.8 1.3 40 Luzula confusa 0.8 1.3 40 Luzula kjellmaniana 0.6 1.3 20 Total Nonvascular Cover 63.4 26.4 100 Total Moss Cover 31.6 18.8 100 Anastrophyllum minutum 0.4 0.5 40 Aulacomnium turgidum 2.0 1.2 80 Ceratodon purpureus 0.8 1.1 40 Dicranum acutifolium 1.6 1.7 60

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 26

Table 12. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Dicranum elongatum 2.2 2.0 60 Dicranum groenlandicum 0.4 0.9 20 Dicranum spadiceum 0.4 0.9 20 Hamatocaulis vernicosus 0.4 0.9 20 Hylocomium splendens 8.2 16.7 40 Hypnum plicatulum 0.8 1.1 40 Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 0.5 40 Pohlia nutans 1.6 0.9 100 Polytrichum hyperboreum 0.8 1.8 20 Polytrichum juniperinum 9.6 16.2 60 Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.4 20 Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.4 0.9 20 Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.4 0.9 20 Rhytidium rugosum 1.0 1.0 60 Total Lichen Cover 27.4 11.9 100 Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by Alectoria nigricans 0.4 0.9 20 thin organic horizons (Table 13). Permafrost is Arctoparmelia incurva 0.4 0.9 20 presumed to be present below 1 m due to the cold Asahinea chrysantha 1.0 0.7 80 annual temperatures. Frost boils are uncommon, Bryocaulon divergens 1.2 1.3 60 Bryoria nitidula 0.2 0.4 20 however when present they tend to occur at high Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 20 abundance. Loess caps are generally absent, and Cetraria laevigata 1.4 1.7 60 surface fragments are common and abundant. Soil Cladina arbuscula 1.6 1.1 80 pH is acidic. The soils are typically somewhat Cladina rangiferina 1.8 0.8 100 excessively to well drained. Depth to water table is Cladina stellaris 0.2 0.4 20 Cladina stygia 0.6 1.3 20 assumed to be substantial, given the well drained Cladonia amaurocraea 0.4 0.9 20 soils. Cladonia bellidiflora 0.4 0.9 20 Table 13. Soil characteristics for Alpine Cladonia borealis 1.0 1.4 40 Cladonia coccifera 0.8 1.1 40 Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub. Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.4 0.5 40 Property Mean SD n Cladonia macroceras 0.2 0.4 20 Elevation (m) 384.2 139.1 5 Cladonia macrophylla 0.4 0.9 20 Slope (degrees) 4.3 1.5 3 Cladonia pleurota 1.0 1.2 60 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.2 1.1 5 Cladonia singularis 0.2 0.4 20 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Cladonia sp. 0.8 0.8 60 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cladonia subfurcata 0.2 0.4 20 0 Cladonia sulphurina 0.6 1.3 20 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Cladonia uncialis 1.6 1.1 80 Surface Fragment Cover (%) Dactylina arctica 0.8 1.1 40 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Flavocetraria cucullata 2.0 1.2 80 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Flavocetraria nivalis 1.8 0.8 100 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.8 0.3 5 Melanelia stygia 0.4 0.9 20 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0 Ochrolechia frigida 0.2 0.4 20 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Peltigera aphthosa 0.4 0.5 40 a Peltigera britannica 0.2 0.4 20 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Peltigera conspersa 1.2 0.8 80 The following description is based on data Peltigera sp. 0.6 0.9 40 Pertusaria bryontha 0.8 1.8 20 collected in ARCN and used for the regional Psoroma hypnorum 0.2 0.4 20 classification. The dominant soils in this ecotype Sphaerophorus globosus 1.2 1.3 60 are Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, well drained, Stereocaulon paschale 0.8 0.8 60 moderately thin organic horizon, permafrost below Thamnolia vermicularis 2.4 0.5 100 1 m), Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil over Umbilicaria arctica 0.6 1.3 20 permafrost with cryoturbation), and Typic Total Bare Ground 16.4 35.6 60 Gelorthents (poorly developed soils, permafrost Bare Soil 16.4 35.6 60 below 1 m).

27 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE WET SEDGE MEADOW Table 14. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow (n=8).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 162.5 86.9 100 Total Vascular Cover 97.2 35.6 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 3.2 4.9 55 Cassiope tetragona 0.3 0.9 9 Dryas integrifolia 0.5 1.5 9 Dryas octopetala 1.3 2.3 36 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 0.7 2.4 9 Empetrum nigrum 0.1 0.3 9 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.4 1.2 9 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 11 14.1 73 Salix arctica 2.5 3.3 45 Salix fuscescens 2.7 7.5 18 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.7 2.4 18 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.4 4.5 27 Salix reticulata 2.4 7.5 18 Geomorphology: Salix rotundifolia 0.6 1.8 18 Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow is uncommon and Vaccinium uliginosum 0.5 1.5 18 occurs on gradual slopes of hillside colluvium. It is Total Forb Cover 19.6 14.8 100 Aconitum delphinifolium 0.4 0.9 27 found on concave surfaces and toe slopes where Anemone parviflora 0.4 1.2 9 water tends to collect and is often associated with Arnica lessingii 0.2 0.6 27 non-incised water tracks or seeps. We did not Caltha palustris 0.5 1 27 collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, and Cerastium beeringianum 0.1 0.3 18 Claytonia acutifolia ssp. the following data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. graminifolia 0.5 1.3 18 This ecotype was developed as part of the regional Claytonia sarmentosa 0.3 0.5 36 classification and was identified in SNWR through Claytonia scammaniana 0.3 0.9 9 the spectral classification and mapping effort. Dodecatheon frigidum 0.1 0.3 9 Equisetum arvense 8.3 14.7 36 Plant Association: Gentiana propinqua 0.1 0.3 9 Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.2 0.4 36 Eriophorum angustifolium–Pedicularis sudetica Melandrium apetalum <0.1 0.1 36 Sedges dominate this type, specifically Minuartia arctica <0.1 0.1 36 Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex bigelowii, and Papaver macounii 0.1 0.3 27 C. aquatilis (Table 14). Forb and deciduous shrub Pedicularis kanei 0.2 0.6 9 Pedicularis parviflora ssp. cover is also high. Mosses are common, but due to parviflora 0.5 1.5 9 wet surfaces, lichens are not. Common species Pedicularis sudetica 0.9 1.2 55 include a variety of dwarf willows, and the forbs Petasites frigidus 1.1 2.5 36 Pedicularis sudetica and Polygonum bistorta. Polemonium acutiflorum 0.5 1.2 27 Polygonum bistorta 0.4 0.8 45 Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow is relatively Polygonum viviparum 1 1.8 36 species-rich, but total diversity is not as high as Ranunculus eschscholtzii 0.1 0.3 9 other alpine ecotypes. Rumex arcticus 0.3 0.6 55 Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and Riverine Saxifraga cernua 0.1 0.3 27 Wet Sedge Meadow are similar in soil moisture, Saxifraga hirculus 0.5 0.7 55 Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.5 0.7 64 site chemistry and vegetation structure except Stellaria laeta 0.3 0.6 27 deciduous shrub cover is lower. Due to Thalictrum alpinum 0.2 0.4 27 physiographic and geomorphic differences, Alpine Valeriana capitata 1.1 2.4 45 Wet Sedge Meadow has rockier soils and a thinner Total Grass Cover 28 33.4 91 organic horizon. Alopecurus alpinus 1.4 4.5 9 Arctagrostis latifolia 2.7 3.7 64 Colpodium vahlianum 0.2 0.4 18 Festuca altaica 20 33.5 36

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 28

Table 14. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Hierochloe pauciflora 0.2 0.6 9 Poa arctica 1.1 1.7 45 Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 1.9 4.6 36 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 35.5 24 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.3 7.5 9 Carex atrofusca 0.8 1.7 27 Carex bigelowii 9.2 9.6 73 Carex canescens 0.5 1.5 9 Carex capillaris 0.5 0.9 36 Carex kelloggii 0.3 0.9 9 Carex membranacea 0.5 1.8 9 Carex misandra 1.1 2.2 27 Carex podocarpa 6.2 10.9 45 Carex saxatilis 0.5 1 18 Carex scirpoidea 0.7 1.7 36 Soils are gravelly, rubbly, blocky, or bouldery Eriophorum angustifolium 10.9 17.5 73 Eriophorum callitrix 0.6 1.5 36 and are overlain by thin to moderately thick surface Juncus biglumis 0.5 0.8 45 organic horizons (Table 15). Permafrost typically Kobresia myosuroides 0.1 0.3 9 occurred within 2 m of the soil surface. Frost boils Kobresia simpliciuscula 0.5 1.5 9 are rare, and surface fragments are common and Total Nonvascular Cover 65.2 56.7 100 abundant. Loess caps are absent. Soil pH is Total Moss Cover 57.7 48.8 100 Anastrophyllum sp. 0.2 0.6 9 alkaline to circumneutral and EC is generally low. Aulacomnium palustre 9.5 12.5 55 The soils are typically poorly drained, and feature a Brachythecium sp. 0.4 0.9 18 shallow water table. Bryum cryophilum 1.1 2.6 18 Calliergon sp. 0.9 3 9 Table 15. Soil characteristics for Alpine Wet Campylium sp. 0.7 1.7 18 Sedge Meadow. Cinclidium sp. 0.5 1.5 9 Property Mean SD n Dicranum sp. 1.1 1.8 45 Ditrichum sp. 0.3 0.9 9 Elevation (m) 604.1 83.3 8 Drepanocladus sp. 0.7 1.7 18 Slope (degrees) 6.8 6.0 8 Hylocomium splendens 14.8 23 55 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.9 4.9 8 Hypnum sp. 0.7 2.4 9 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 6.9 4.9 8 Mnium sp. 0.3 0.6 18 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 2.7 4.7 27 Pleurozium schreberi Depth to Rocks (cm) 8.3 6.2 6 0.2 0.6 9 Pohlia sp. Surface Fragment Cover (%) 14.0 15.7 8 Racomitrium sp. 0.4 0.8 18 Frost Boil Cover (%) 15.0 1 Rhytidium rugosum 0.5 1 18 Thaw Depth (cm) 78.0 38.0 4 Sanionia sp. 3.2 5.6 27 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.1 0.3 8 Tomentypnum nitens 3.6 8.9 36 138.8 107.9 8 Unknown moss 15.6 26.8 45 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Total Lichen Cover 7.8 16.4 73 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -9.0 5.6 8 Cetraria sp. 0.9 2.1 27 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladina arbuscula 2.9 5.1 27 Cladina rangiferina 0.6 1.5 27 Cladonia sp. 1.5 4.5 18 Dactylina sp. 0.7 2.1 27 The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic Lobaria sp. 0.5 1.5 18 Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost, Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.6 18 lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Aquiturbels (wet, Peltigera sp. 0.3 0.6 18 mineral soil over permafrost, with cryoturbation). Total Bare Ground 29.1 23.2 73 Bare Soil 5.2 5.2 73 A less common subgroup is Typic Gelaquepts (wet, Water 10.5 9.7 73 partially developed, permafrost below 1 m). Litter alone 13.4 14.7 73

29 Selawik Ecological Land Survey COASTAL BRACKISH SEDGE MARSH Table 16. Vegetation cover and frequency for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh (n=10). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 71.7 28.5 100 Total Vascular Cover 71.7 28.5 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.7 1.6 20 Salix alaxensis 0.2 0.6 10 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.3 0.7 20 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.2 0.4 20 Total Forb Cover 2.5 5.0 40 Caltha palustris 0.2 0.6 10 Cicuta virosa 0.2 0.6 10 Equisetum fluviatile 0.2 0.6 10 Iris setosa 0.1 0.3 10 Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. Geomorphology: exalbescens 0.1 0.3 10 Potentilla palustris 1.5 2.5 40 In SNWR this ecotype occurs on the Kobuk Ranunculus pallasii 0.2 0.6 10 River Delta on margins of tidal rivers and ponds, Total Grass Cover 0.3 0.9 10 and on delta abandoned overbank deposits. Calamagrostis canadensis 0.3 0.9 10 Elevations are at sea level or slightly raised. Soil Total Sedge & Rush Cover 68.2 26.2 100 electrical conductivity values are above Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.4 1.0 20 800µS.cm-1. This ecotype could not be mapped Carex lyngbyaei 64.7 25.7 100 Carex mackenziei 0.8 1.0 40 because it only occurred in small patches. Eriophorum angustifolium 1.1 1.4 40 Plant Association: Eriophorum russeolum 1.2 1.4 50 Carex lyngbaei Total Bare Ground 32.2 32.2 90 Water 32.2 32.2 90 Sedges characterize this ecotype, while forbs, grasses and low deciduous shrubs contribute a minor amount to the overall assemblage (Table 16). Trees, tall shrubs, mosses and lichens are absent. Soils: Vegetation is dominated by Carex lyngbyaei, Eriophorum russeolum, and Potentilla palustris.

Soils are loamy and typically feature a moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table 17). Permafrost occurs in the upper meter of the soil profile. Organic horizons, buried by ocean sands and silts during tidal floods, are sometimes

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 30

found in these soils. Soil pH is circumneutral and LACUSTRINE BARRENS site chemistry is brackish. The soils are very poorly drained, and the water table is very shallow to above ground. Surface water is always present.

Table 17. Soil characteristics for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh. Property Mean SD n Elevation (m) 1.3 0.6 3 Slope (degrees) 0 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 13.0 1 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 25.0 1 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 6.0 1 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Thaw Depth (cm) 68.6 18.0 9 Geomorphology: Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.2 0.8 9 Lacustrine Barrens is a transitional ecotype Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1850.0 1 that occurs either when a lake basin becomes Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 1.0 1 tapped and drained, or when lakes lose water or aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth completely dry up due to other factors. It occurs in lowlands along lake beaches, in draining organic fens, in both ice-rich and ice-poor thaw basin We documented the soil subgroup Typic centers, and on older moraine kettle lakes where Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost thawing of subsurface permafrost affects the water lacking cryoturbation) in this ecotype. table. Lacustrine Barrens are found at low elevations throughout SNWR, but were too small and spectrally indistinct to map. Plant Association: Eriophorum angustifolium–Epilobium palustre Early colonizing forbs and sedges are the characteristic life forms in Lacustrine Barrens (Table 18). Total live cover is variable but is typically <30%. Most species occur in trace amounts. A mix of aquatic and terrestrial species is common. Trees, shrubs and lichens occur infrequently, whereas mosses occur in trace amounts. Common species include Epilobium palustre, Eleocharis acicularis, and Arctagrostis latifolia. This ecotype is most similar to Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow, to which it sometimes transitions to in the successional sequence. The main differences are that Lacustrine Barrens has lower total cover, more ruderal species, and fewer species that are slower to establish.

31 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 18. Vegetation cover and frequency for Soils: Lacustrine Barrens (n=2).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 24.9 12.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 23.9 11.4 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 1.1 1.5 50 Salix alaxensis 0.1 0.1 50 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.0 1.4 50 Total Forb Cover 9.6 2.0 100 Artemisia tilesii 0.1 0.1 50 Aster sibiricus 0.1 0.1 50 Calla palustris 0.1 0.1 50 Caltha natans 0.6 0.6 100 Caltha palustris 0.1 0.1 50 Cicuta mackenzieana 0.1 0.1 50 Cicuta virosa 0.5 0.7 50 Epilobium angustifolium 0.1 0.1 50 Epilobium palustre 1.1 1.3 100 Soils are typically loamy and can have a thin Equisetum arvense 1.1 1.3 100 to thick surface organic horizon depending on Equisetum fluviatile 0.1 0.1 50 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 50 drainage history (Table 19). Permafrost can occur Hippuris vulgaris 1.1 1.3 100 within the upper meter of the soil profile. Soil pH Iris setosa 0.1 0.1 50 is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is moderate. Polygonum alaskanum 0.1 0.1 50 The soils are somewhat poorly to well drained, and Polygonum lapathifolium 0.5 0.7 50 the water table is moderately deep to deep. Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.1 50 Potentilla palustris 0.1 0.1 50 Ranunculus gmelini 1.1 1.3 100 Table 19. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Ranunculus hyperboreus 0.1 0.1 50 Barrens. Rorippa barbareaefolia 0.1 0.1 50 Property Mean SD n Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 1.0 1.4 50 18.0 7.1 2 Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.1 50 Elevation (m) Senecio congestus 1.5 2.1 50 Slope (degrees) 1.0 1 Sparganium sp. 0.5 0.7 50 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 37.0 1 Stellaria crassifolia 0.1 0.1 50 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 37.0 1 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.1 0.1 50 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Total Grass Cover 4.2 1.7 100 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.1 0.1 50 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Arctophila fulva 4.0 1.4 100 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Beckmannia erucaeformis 0.1 0.1 50 Thaw Depth (cm) 53.0 1 Calamagrostis canadensis 0.1 0.1 50 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.7 1 Deschampsia caespitosa 0.1 0.1 50 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 640.0 1 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9.1 12.6 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -21.0 1 Eleocharis acicularis 9.1 12.7 100 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.1 50 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Total Nonvascular Cover 1.0 1.4 50 Total Moss Cover 1.0 1.4 50 Brachythecium sp. 0.5 0.7 50 We documented Terric Fibristels (wet, thick Marchantia polymorpha 0.5 0.7 50 poorly decomposed organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm Total Bare Ground 50.0 70.7 50 mineral horizon within 1 m) in SNWR. Additional Bare Soil 47.5 67.2 50 Litter alone 2.5 3.5 50 common soil types (from ARCN data) include Oxyaquic Gelorthents (wet, saturated early in growing season, poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 32

LACUSTRINE BLUEJOINT MEADOW Table 20. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow (n=4).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 139.3 56.0 100 Total Vascular Cover 104.0 31.9 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0.3 0.5 50 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.2 0.5 25 Oxycoccus microcarpus <0.1 0.1 25 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 6.3 7.6 100 Betula nana 0.8 1.0 50 Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 0.2 0.5 25 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.3 2.5 75 Spiraea beauverdiana 4.0 7.3 50 Total Forb Cover 32.7 22.2 100 Aconitum delphinifolium <0.1 0.1 25 Angelica lucida <0.1 0.1 25 Artemisia tilesii <0.1 0.1 25 Geomorphology: Caltha palustris 0.3 0.5 50 These meadows occur on glaciolacustrine Cicuta mackenzieana 0.5 0.6 50 deposits and on drained-lake basins, including both Epilobium angustifolium 0.5 1.0 25 ice-poor thaw basin centers and margins. Surfaces Epilobium palustre 0.1 0.1 50 Equisetum arvense <0.1 0.1 25 are flat and non-patterned. These meadows occur Equisetum fluviatile <0.1 0.1 25 at low elevations in lowland areas. Lacustrine Galium boreale <0.1 0.1 25 Bluejoint Meadow was not mappable because it Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 75 occurred in small patches. Iris setosa 0.6 1.0 75 Lycopodium annotinum <0.1 0.1 25 Plant Association: Moehringia lateriflora <0.1 0.1 25 Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 25 Bluejoint grass (C. canadensis) grows Petasites frigidus 3.8 7.5 25 Petasites hyperboreus 0.5 1.0 25 profusely in this ecotype (Table 20). Forbs and Polemonium acutiflorum 0.6 1.0 75 sedges create a quasi-understory in the tall grass. Polygonum alaskanum <0.1 0.1 25 Mosses are typically present. Trees are absent, Polygonum pennsylvanicum 0.2 0.5 25 while shrubs and lichens occur infrequently, Potentilla palustris 13.8 13.7 100 Rorippa islandica ssp. always with low total cover. Common species fernaldiana 0.3 0.5 50 include Polemonium acutiflorum, Eriophorum Rubus arcticus 9.5 17.0 75 angustifolium and Aulacomnium palustre. Rubus chamaemorus 0.5 1.0 25 This ecotype is similar to Lacustrine Barrens Rumex arcticus <0.1 0.1 25 Senecio congestus <0.1 0.1 25 as described in the previous section. Riverine Stellaria sp. 1.2 2.5 25 Bluejoint Meadow is very similar and shares a Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica <0.1 0.1 25 floristic association, but it occurs on a different Valeriana capitata <0.1 0.1 25 terrain type with a different flooding and Wilhelmsia physodes <0.1 0.1 25 sedimentation regime. Upland Bluejoint Meadow Total Grass Cover 35.5 14.1 100 is only similar in the characteristic species, C. Arctophila fulva 3.8 7.5 25 Calamagrostis canadensis 31.2 13.8 100 canadensis. Poa arctica 0.5 1.0 25 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 29.3 27.2 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 18.0 31.4 75 Eriophorum angustifolium 7.5 8.7 50 Eriophorum russeolum 3.8 7.5 25 Luzula wahlenbergii ssp. wahlenbergii <0.1 0.1 25

33 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 20. Continued. Table 21. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow. Cover Freq Property Mean SD n Mean SD % 32.0 36.4 3 Total Nonvascular Cover 35.3 31.3 100 Elevation (m) Total Moss Cover 35.3 31.3 100 Slope (degrees) 2.5 0.7 2 Calliergon sp. 1.2 2.5 25 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.7 4.9 3 Cinclidium arcticum 1.2 2.5 25 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.7 4.9 3 Dicranum undulatum 5.0 10.0 25 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 44.0 1 Marchantia polymorpha 1.2 2.5 25 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Plagiomnium ellipticum 1.2 2.5 25 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Polytrichum commune 6.2 12.5 25 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Polytrichum longisetum 6.2 12.5 25 Thaw Depth (cm) 76.0 1 Sphagnum sp. 4.0 7.3 50 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.1 0.1 3 Sphenolobus minutus 3.8 7.5 25 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 223.3 274.3 3 Unknown liverwort <0.1 0.1 25 a -26.0 1 Unknown moss 5.0 7.1 50 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) Total Bare Ground 41.0 9.1 100 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Bare Soil <0.1 0.1 25 Water 7.2 11.9 75 Litter alone 33.8 12.5 100 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, saturated early in Soils: growing season, lacking permafrost) and Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and. Less common subgroups (documented in the regional classification) include Aquic Umbrorthels (wet, organic rich mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Umbrorthels (moist, organic rich mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation).

Soils are typically loamy with a moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table 21). Permafrost often occurs within the upper meter of the soil profile. Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to acidic, and EC is low. The soils are typically poorly to moderately well drained, and the water table occurs at shallow depths.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 34

LACUSTRINE BUCKBEAN FEN Table 22. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen (n=10).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 113.9 52.3 100 Total Vascular Cover 77.5 27.2 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 10 Chamaedaphne calyculata <0.1 <0.1 10 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.1 0.3 30 Alnus crispa 0.1 0.3 10 Salix ovalifolia <0.1 <0.1 10 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Forb Cover 61.7 34.2 100 Calla palustris 1.2 2.9 20 Callitriche verna 0.1 0.3 10 Caltha palustris <0.1 <0.1 30 Cicuta mackenzieana 3.3 3.6 80 Epilobium palustre <0.1 <0.1 10 Equisetum fluviatile 9.6 21.9 40 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.5 1.3 30 Geomorphology: Hippuris vulgaris 0.3 0.7 30 This productive ecotype occurs in fens (thick Iris setosa <0.1 <0.1 10 peat with groundwater input), margins of drained Lemna trisulca <0.1 <0.1 10 basins, shore fens and in shallow thaw lakes. It is Menyanthes trifoliata 34.5 27.8 100 Myriophyllum spicatum <0.1 <0.1 10 broadly distributed throughout lowland areas at Nuphar polysepalum 0.1 0.3 10 low elevations in SNWR. Water actively moves Pedicularis sudetica <0.1 <0.1 10 through these hydrologically connected Polemonium acutiflorum 0.1 0.3 10 ecosystems. This ecotype could not be mapped Potentilla palustris 10.0 12.8 90 separately due to the high reflectance of water. Ranunculus gmelini <0.1 <0.1 30 Ranunculus pallasii <0.1 <0.1 20 Plant Association: Rumex arcticus <0.1 <0.1 10 Menyanthes trifoliata–Potentilla palustris Sparganium hyperboreum 0.1 0.3 10 Buckbean (M. trifoliata) is the dominant Stellaria sp. <0.1 <0.1 10 Triglochin palustris 0.5 1.6 10 species in this ecotype (Table 22). It grows in dense Utricularia intermedia 0.2 0.6 10 mats, often floating over open water, which creates Utricularia vulgaris ssp. substrate for other species to establish on. macrorhiza 1.0 1.6 60 Total Grass Cover 1.4 1.9 60 Water-tolerant or aquatic species occur on these Arctophila fulva 0.1 0.3 40 mats or in shallow water at the margins, while Calamagrostis canadensis 1.2 1.7 50 more terrestrial species occur along the shoreline. Calamagrostis inexpansa <0.1 <0.1 20 Flowing water supplies minerals and nutrients that Total Sedge & Rush Cover 14.2 13.9 100 promote productivity and species diversity. Carex amblyorhynca 0.6 1.9 10 Common species include Potentilla palustris, Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.6 3.2 80 Carex canescens 1.0 2.2 30 Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Carex chordorrhiza 0.2 0.6 30 Sphagnum squarrosum. Trees and lichens are Carex kelloggii 0.2 0.6 10 absent. Carex limosa 0.2 0.6 10 Similar ecotypes to Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Carex lyngbyaei 0.2 0.6 10 include Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh and Lacustrine Carex magellanica 0.1 0.3 10 Carex rariflora 1.5 4.7 10 Marestail Marsh. The main differences that Carex rostrata 0.1 0.3 10 Lacustrine Buckbean Fen has abundant cover of M. Carex saxatilis 0.3 0.9 10 trifoliata and occurs at shallower water depths. Carex utriculata 0.4 1.0 20 Eriophorum angustifolium 4.6 5.8 80 Eriophorum gracile <0.1 <0.1 10 Eriophorum russeolum 2.0 3.4 50

35 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 22. Continued. Table 23. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen. Cover Freq Property Mean SD n Mean SD % Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.2 0.6 10 Elevation (m) 12.0 17.1 10 Total Nonvascular Cover 36.4 37.7 100 Slope (degrees) 0 Total Moss Cover 36.4 37.7 100 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 33.4 16.4 7 Calliergon giganteum 0.6 1.6 20 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 29.7 10.0 7 Calliergon sp. 2.1 4.2 30 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Drepanocladus sp. 1.0 2.1 20 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Limprichtia revolvens 1.7 4.7 20 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Scorpidium scorpioides 4.6 14.2 20 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.2 0.6 10 Thaw Depth (cm) 65.2 28.8 5 Sphagnum obtusum 0.5 1.6 10 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.1 0.7 10 Sphagnum sp. 2.0 4.8 20 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1097.0 2446.6 10 Sphagnum squarrosum 17.4 31.3 30 a Unknown moss 6.2 18.9 20 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) -1.4 23.3 8 Warnstorfia fluitans 0.1 0.3 10 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Total Bare Ground 51.7 34.9 100 Bare Soil 12.4 19.7 60 Water 27.8 35.2 100 The most common soil subgroups in this Litter alone 11.5 16.1 60 ecotype are Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed thick peat, permafrost in upper meter) and Hydric Cryofibrists Soils: (wet, poorly decomposed peat with a water layer below 60 cm, lacking permafrost). Less common subgroups include Fluvaquentic Cryofibrists (wet, poorly decomposed peat, with thin buried mineral horizons), and Typic Cryofibrists (wet, poorly decomposed peat, lacking permafrost).

Soils are poorly drained with thick accumulations of peat (Table 23). Permafrost typically occurs within 1m of the surface. Coarse fragments are absent in the active layer. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface fragments are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very poorly drained to flooded, and the water table occurs at shallow depths or above ground.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 36

LACUSTRINE HORSETAIL MARSH Table 24. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh (n=14).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 101.7 38.4 100 Total Vascular Cover 70.8 28.3 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 8 Betula papyrifera <0.1 <0.1 8 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.0 0.1 38 Betula nana <0.1 <0.1 8 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra <0.1 0.1 38 Total Forb Cover 58.6 27.3 100 Callitriche verna <0.1 <0.1 8 Caltha palustris 0.6 0.9 46 Chrysosplenium tetrandrum <0.1 <0.1 8 Cicuta mackenzieana 4.5 9.5 38 Epilobium sp. <0.1 <0.1 8 Equisetum fluviatile 41.9 20.9 100 Geomorphology: Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.2 0.6 15 Hippuris vulgaris 1.3 2.9 46 This ecotype occurs in water along the Lemna trisulca 0.1 0.3 15 margins of shallow isolated thaw lakes and in Menyanthes trifoliata 0.3 0.7 31 organic fens, and creates a highly visible swath of Myriophyllum spicatum 0.1 0.3 15 deep green color from a distance. It occurs in small Nuphar polysepalum 0.1 0.3 8 Parnassia palustris <0.1 <0.1 8 dense patches throughout SNWR. This ecotype Potamogeton alpinus ssp. could not be mapped separately due to the high tenuifolius 0.2 0.6 23 reflectance of water. Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Potamogeton gramineus 0.3 0.8 15 Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. occurs at low elevations where water depths are richardsonii 0.4 1.0 15 less than 1 m. Potamogeton zosterifolius 0.3 1.1 8 Plant Association: Potentilla palustris 3.2 4.8 69 Ranunculus gmelini 0.2 0.8 15 Equisetum fluviatile–Potentilla palustris Rubus arcticus <0.1 <0.1 8 Sparganium angustifolium 0.5 1.4 23 The horsetail E. fluviatile is the predominant Sparganium sp. 0.2 0.8 8 species in this ecotype, often appearing to grow in Utricularia intermedia 0.6 1.0 38 a monoculture. However, other forbs, sedges and Utricularia minor 0.6 2.2 8 mosses are prevalent, while grasses and low shrubs Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 2.9 5.7 46 are less common (Table 24). Common species Total Grass Cover 1.3 2.5 38 include Equisetum fluviatile, Potentilla palustris, Arctagrostis latifolia <0.1 <0.1 8 Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza, and Arctophila fulva 0.5 1.2 23 Calliergon sp. Calamagrostis canadensis 0.9 2.3 23 This ecotype has similar site conditions as Total Sedge & Rush Cover 10.8 19.2 85 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 5.5 16.5 31 Lacustrine Marestail Marsh and Lacustrine Carex canescens <0.1 <0.1 15 Pendent Grass Marsh, but is dominated by Carex chordorrhiza 0.2 0.8 8 Equisetum fluviatile. Carex rostrata 1.6 4.1 31 Carex sp. <0.1 <0.1 8 Carex utriculata 1.5 5.0 15 Eleocharis acicularis 0.3 0.9 15 Eriophorum angustifolium 1.3 3.3 15 Eriophorum russeolum 0.3 1.1 8 Luzula parviflora <0.1 <0.1 8 Total Nonvascular Cover 30.9 40.4 77 Total Moss Cover 30.9 40.4 77 Brachythecium oedipodium 0.1 0.3 8

37 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 24. Continued. LACUSTRINE MARESTAIL MARSH

Cover Freq Mean SD % Calliergon giganteum 5.4 13.1 15 Calliergon megalophyllum 0.3 1.1 8 Calliergon richardsonii 6.8 24.4 8 Calliergon sp. 2.0 3.8 46 Drepanocladus sp. 0.2 0.6 8 Hamatocaulis lapponicus 6.9 25.0 8 Limprichtia revolvens 0.6 2.2 8 Scorpidium scorpioides 1.1 2.4 31 Sphagnum squarrosum 0.1 0.3 8 Warnstorfia exannulata 7.5 15.2 31 Total Lichen Cover 0.0 0.0 8 Ricciocarpus natans <0.1 <0.1 8 Total Bare Ground 63.7 40.2 92 Bare Soil <0.1 <0.1 23 Water 60.5 40.9 92 Litter alone 3.1 4.8 54 Geomorphology: Lacustrine Marestail Marsh commonly occurs in shallow isolated or connected thaw lakes and in ice-poor thaw basin centers. It is found at low Soils: elevations throughout SNWR in water of < 1 m Flooded soils were not described. Water depth. This ecotype could not be mapped characteristics are listed in Table 25. separately due to the high reflectance of water. Plant Association: Table 25. Water characteristics for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh. Hippuris vulgaris–Utricularia vulgaris ssp. Property Mean SD n macrorhiza The common marestail, H. vulgaris, is the Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.2 0.5 12 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 113.3 98.6 9 most characteristic species of this ecotype, and grows partially submerged in the water (Table 26). Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 16.9 15.8 10 Emergent species are common in this ecotype, a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth including several species of pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and burreeds (Sparganium spp.). Additional common species include Equisetum fluviatile and Sphagnum spp. Many of the species that occur in this ecotype also occur in Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh, Lacustrine Horsestail Marsh and Lacustrine Buckbean Fen. Its primary distinguishing factor is the dominance of Hippuris vulgaris.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 38

Table 26. Vegetation cover and frequency for Soils: Lacustrine Marestail Marsh (n=9). Flooded soils were not described. Water Cover Freq characteristics are listed in Table 27. Mean SD % Table 27. Water characteristics for Lacustrine Total Live Cover 54.6 35.1 100 Marestail Marsh. Total Vascular Cover 52.6 36.0 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 11 Property Mean SD n Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra <0.1 <0.1 11 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.8 0.4 9 Total Forb Cover 51.8 36.3 100 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 67.8 34.2 9 Calla palustris 0.1 0.3 22 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 58.1 40.0 8 Callitriche hermaphroditica 1.1 3.3 22 Callitriche verna 0.8 2.3 22 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Caltha natans 2.2 6.7 22 Cicuta mackenzieana <0.1 0.1 44 Epilobium palustre <0.1 <0.1 11 Equisetum fluviatile 0.9 1.7 56 Equisetum palustre <0.1 <0.1 11 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 <0.1 11 Hippuris vulgaris 2.7 3.8 89 Lemna trisulca 0.6 1.7 33 Menyanthes trifoliata 0.1 0.3 22 Myriophyllum spicatum 1.2 3.3 33 Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens <0.1 <0.1 11 Nuphar polysepalum <0.1 <0.1 11 Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius 4.1 8.5 44 Potamogeton gramineus 0.9 1.8 33 Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. richardsonii 0.6 1.1 44 Potamogeton zosterifolius 2.1 3.5 33 Potentilla palustris 1.2 2.6 56 Ranunculus gmelini 0.7 2.0 22 Ranunculus hyperboreus <0.1 <0.1 11 Sparganium angustifolium 11.7 14.8 78 Sparganium hyperboreum <0.1 <0.1 11 Sparganium sp. 0.6 1.7 11 Utricularia minor 0.1 0.3 22 Utricularia sp. <0.1 <0.1 11 Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 19.9 20.2 78 Total Grass Cover 0.6 1.7 44 Arctophila fulva 0.6 1.7 22 Calamagrostis canadensis <0.1 <0.1 22 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.2 0.7 33 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.2 0.7 22 Eriophorum angustifolium <0.1 <0.1 11 Total Nonvascular Cover 1.9 4.9 44 Total Moss Cover 1.9 4.9 44 Scorpidium scorpioides 0.2 0.7 11 Sphagnum obtusum <0.1 <0.1 11 Sphagnum sp. <0.1 <0.1 11 Sphagnum squarrosum <0.1 <0.1 11 Warnstorfia exannulata 1.7 5.0 11 Warnstorfia fluitans <0.1 <0.1 11 Total Bare Ground 96.4 6.8 100 Bare Soil <0.1 <0.1 11 Water 96.2 6.9 100 Litter alone 0.2 0.3 78

39 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LACUSTRINE PENDENT GRASS MARSH Table 28. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 53.0 55.0 100 Total Vascular Cover 36.6 30.0 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 20 Salix sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Forb Cover 10.3 10.9 100 Calla palustris <0.1 0.1 40 Callitriche verna <0.1 <0.1 20 Caltha natans 0.6 1.3 40 Caltha palustris 0.2 0.4 40 Cardamine umbellata <0.1 <0.1 20 Chrysosplenium sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Cicuta mackenzieana <0.1 0.1 40 Epilobium palustre 1.0 1.4 40 Geomorphology: Epilobium sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Equisetum fluviatile 0.2 0.4 20 This ecotype is common in the shallow Equisetum palustre 0.2 0.4 20 margins of small to large lakes. This includes deep Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 1.6 3.6 40 isolated or connected thaw, moraine or kettle lakes, Hippuris vulgaris 1.0 2.2 40 ice-rich thaw basins, and on glaciolacustrine Iris setosa <0.1 <0.1 20 deposits. It occurs at low elevations. Water depths Lemna sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Polygonum lapathifolium 0.4 0.9 20 are typically around 0.5 m but can be deeper. Water Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. is always present in this ecotype, making it richardsonii 0.2 0.4 20 spectrally indistinct and therefore not mappable. Potentilla palustris 2.8 4.2 100 Ranunculus gmelini 1.0 2.2 20 Plant Association: Ranunculus hyperboreus <0.1 <0.1 20 Arctophila fulva–Hippuris vulgaris Ranunculus pallasii <0.1 <0.1 20 Emergent species such as pendent grass (A. Rorippa hispida 0.2 0.4 20 Rubus arcticus <0.1 <0.1 20 fulva) and common marestail (H. vulgaris) Rumex arcticus <0.1 <0.1 20 predominate (Table 28). Forbs, grasses and sedges Senecio congestus 0.2 0.4 40 are the dominant life forms. Shrubs and mosses are Silene sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 sometimes present with low cover. Trees and Sparganium sp. 0.2 0.4 40 lichens are absent. Common species include Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Grass Cover Potentilla palustris, Cicuta virosa, Galium trifidum 18.0 15.3 100 Arctophila fulva 15.6 13.4 100 ssp. trifidum, and Eriophorum angustifolium. Beckmannia erucaeformis 0.4 0.9 20 This ecotype is distinguishable from other Calamagrostis canadensis 2.0 4.5 20 lacustrine ecotypes by the prevalence of the grass Total Sedge & Rush Cover 8.2 10.4 80 A. fulva relative to the cover of forb species. Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.4 4.3 40 Carex lyngbyaei 2.0 4.5 20 Eleocharis acicularis 3.0 6.7 20 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 0.4 40 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.6 1.3 20 Juncus filiformis <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Nonvascular Cover 16.4 31.4 40 Total Moss Cover 16.4 31.4 40 Calliergon sp. 2.0 4.5 20 Conocephalum sp. 1.0 2.2 20 Drepanocladus aduncus 13.0 29.1 20 Unknown fungus 0.4 0.9 20 Total Bare Ground 48.8 43.2 80 Bare Soil 0.8 1.3 40 Water 30.0 44.1 80 Litter alone 18.0 29.7 60

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 40

Soils: LACUSTRINE WET SEDGE MEADOW

Soils were predominantly loam or peat-dominated with a thick surface organic layer. Geomorphology: Soils were typically flooded. Soil pH was This ecotype is commonly found on lacustrine circumneutral, and EC was moderate (Table 29). deposits, including lake shores and ice-poor Permafrost may or may not be present. centers and margins of drained-lake basins. It is also found in organic fens. Surfaces are flat, and water is commonly visible. It occurs at low Table 29. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh. elevations. This ecotype occurred in small patches and was mapped as Lowland Sedge Fen. Property Mean SD n Plant Association: Elevation (m) 79.2 73.9 5 Slope (degrees) 0 Carex aquatilis–Potentilla palustris Surface Organics Depth(cm) 23.0 29.7 2 Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow is Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 21.0 26.9 2 characterized by sedges and forbs, while shrubs, Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 grasses and mosses are present in lower quantities Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 (Table 30). Trees are absent, and lichens are 0 Surface Fragment Cover (%) uncommon. Common species include Salix Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Thaw Depth (cm) 79.5 36.1 2 planifolia ssp. pulchra, Eriophorum angustifolium, Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.5 0.6 5 Calamagrostis canadensis and Sphagnum Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 616.0 1022.8 5 squarrosum. Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -0.5 13.3 4 This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Sedge Fen, except it is strongly associated with aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth lake processes and the characteristic species, such as Carex aquatilis and Eriophorum angustifolium, The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are rapid colonizers. are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Cryohemists (wet, moderately decomposed organic matter, lacking permafrost), and Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).

41 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 30. Vegetation cover and frequency for Table 30. Continued. Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow (n=14). Cover Freq Mean SD % Cover Freq Carex utriculata 2.9 10.1 14 Mean SD % Eriophorum angustifolium 5.3 6.9 79 Total Live Cover 116.3 28.8 100 Eriophorum russeolum 0.9 1.4 36 Total Vascular Cover 101.9 25.8 100 Total Nonvascular Cover 14.4 25.0 57 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.1 4.0 14 Total Moss Cover 14.3 25.0 57 Andromeda polifolia 0.3 1.1 7 Bryum calophyllum 0.1 0.3 7 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.6 2.1 7 Calliergon cordifolium 1.9 5.1 14 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.3 0.8 14 Calliergon richardsonii 0.1 0.5 7 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.0 7.9 64 Calliergon sp. 1.2 4.0 14 Alnus crispa 0.1 0.5 7 Calliergon stramineum 0.4 0.9 14 Betula nana 0.7 2.1 21 Cratoneuron filicinum 0.1 0.3 7 Myrica gale 0.1 0.5 7 Limprichtia revolvens 0.1 0.3 7 Salix fuscescens 0.3 1.1 7 Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.4 0.9 14 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.9 1.7 29 Polytrichum sp. <0.1 <0.1 7 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.2 2.2 50 Sphagnum angustifolium 0.1 0.3 7 Vaccinium uliginosum 0.6 2.1 7 Sphagnum aongstroemii 1.3 4.8 7 Total Forb Cover 28.3 22.4 100 Sphagnum fimbriatum 0.1 0.3 7 Caltha palustris 0.7 1.1 43 Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.1 0.3 7 Cardamine pratensis ssp. angustifolia 0.2 0.6 14 Sphagnum magellanicum 0.6 2.1 7 Cardamine sp. <0.1 <0.1 7 Sphagnum obtusum 2.0 5.1 21 Cicuta mackenzieana 0.4 1.3 14 Sphagnum riparium 0.1 0.5 7 Cicuta virosa 1.3 2.3 36 Sphagnum squarrosum 5.3 18.1 21 Epilobium palustre 0.5 1.1 21 Sphagnum warnstorfii 0.1 0.5 7 Equisetum arvense 6.4 23.5 14 Warnstorfia exannulata 0.4 0.9 14 Equisetum fluviatile 2.9 5.0 57 Warnstorfia fluitans 0.1 0.5 7 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.8 1.3 36 Total Lichen Cover 0.1 0.3 7 Hippuris vulgaris 0.5 1.4 14 Ricciocarpus natans 0.1 0.3 7 Iris setosa 0.3 0.5 36 Total Bare Ground 29.6 30.6 86 Menyanthes trifoliata 0.1 0.5 14 Bare Soil <0.1 <0.1 7 Myriophyllum spicatum 0.2 0.8 7 Water 21.8 18.5 86 Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens 0.1 0.3 7 Litter alone 7.9 20.5 21 Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata 0.1 0.3 7 Potentilla palustris 12.2 9.7 93 Ranunculus gmelini 0.2 0.8 7 Ranunculus pallasii 0.1 0.3 7 Soils: Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.3 7 Saxifraga hirculus 0.1 0.3 7 Sparganium angustifolium 0.1 0.5 7 Utricularia intermedia 0.1 0.3 7 Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 0.9 2.1 21 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.1 0.3 7 Total Grass Cover 8.8 22.1 71 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.4 0.9 14 Arctophila fulva 0.2 0.8 7 Calamagrostis canadensis 7.8 22.3 64 Dupontia fischeri 0.1 0.5 7 Poa pratensis 0.3 0.8 14 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 59.7 22.8 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 48.4 26.5 100 Carex canescens 0.1 0.3 14 Carex lapponica 0.8 2.2 14 Carex lyngbyaei 0.1 0.3 7 Carex rostrata 1.3 4.8 7 Carex saxatilis 0.1 0.3 7

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 42

Soils are organic-rich loams and silt-loams LOWLAND ALDER TALL SHRUB with a moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table 31). Permafrost usually occurs within the upper meter of the soil profile. Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and the water table is typically slightly above or below the ground surface.

Table 31. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow. Property Mean SD n Elevation (m) 19.3 23.2 10 Slope (degrees) 2.5 0.7 2 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 45.5 34.6 2 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 30.5 13.4 2 Geomorphology: Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub occurs on delta Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 abandoned overbank deposits in SNWR. Surfaces Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 are flat. Site elevation is low. This ecotype Thaw Depth (cm) 75.3 25.2 7 represents a community in transition from dwarf Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.6 1.0 14 shrub or graminoid-dominated vegetation, and may Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 213.3 102.6 3 be expanding in response to a warming climate. We Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 8.0 19.8 4 only sampled one plot in this ecotype in SNWR. aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth The following description mostly uses data from plots sampled in ARCN to provide a more robust description. The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Plant Association: are Histic Cryaquepts (wet, moderate soil Alnus crispa–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra– development with thick surficial organic horizon, Hylocomium splendens lacking permafrost) and Typic Fibristels (wet, All life forms are represented in this stable poorly decomposed thick peat, permafrost in upper ecotype, although it is not particularly species rich 1 m). Soils identified in the regional classification (Table 32). Alder, A. crispa grows in mostly open also include Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil patches. Additional common species include over permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Vaccinium uliginosum, Equisetum arvense, Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost Calamagrostis canadensis, and Tomentypnum lacking cryoturbation). nitens. This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Willow Low Shrub in environmental factors but shrubs are typically of taller stature and alder is co-dominant with willow. It differs from Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub in physiography, dominant soil type, and the prevalence of S. planifolia ssp. pulchra instead of S. lanata ssp. richardsonii.

43 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 32. Vegetation cover and frequency for Table 32. Continued. Lowland Alder Tall Shrub (n=6). Cover Freq Cover Freq Mean SD % Mean SD % Polemonium acutiflorum <0.1 0.1 33 Total Live Cover 176.3 69.6 100 Potentilla palustris <0.1 <0.1 17 Total Vascular Cover 134.7 44.1 100 Pyrola secunda <0.1 <0.1 17 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 2.5 4 50 Ranunculus lapponicus <0.1 <0.1 17 Picea glauca 1.4 2.4 50 Rubus arcticus 0.3 0.8 33 Picea mariana 1.2 2.9 17 Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus 1 2 33 Total Evergreen Shrub Rubus arcticus ssp. stellatus 0.2 0.4 17 Cover 11 10.7 67 Rubus chamaemorus 6.2 14.1 33 Andromeda polifolia 2.7 6.1 33 Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.4 33 Cassiope tetragona 0.2 0.4 17 Saxifraga punctata <0.1 <0.1 17 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.7 4.1 33 Senecio atropurpureus <0.1 <0.1 17 Empetrum nigrum 1.9 4 50 Solidago multiradiata var. Ledum decumbens 2.5 4.2 33 multiradiata <0.1 <0.1 17 Ledum groenlandicum 0.7 1.6 17 Trientalis europaea ssp. Linnaea borealis 0.3 0.8 17 arctica <0.1 <0.1 17 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 1.8 33 Valeriana capitata 0.8 1.6 33 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.4 0.9 17 Viola sp. <0.1 <0.1 17 Betula hybrids <0.1 <0.1 17 Total Grass Cover 2.2 1.6 100 Betula papyrifera 0.3 0.8 17 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.7 1.2 33 Total Deciduous Shrub Calamagrostis canadensis 1.5 1.9 67 Cover 96.7 22.4 100 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 4.4 9.2 67 Alnus crispa 41.7 19.4 100 Carex bigelowii 0.5 1.2 17 Arctostaphylos rubra 3.5 6 50 Carex capillaris <0.1 <0.1 17 Betula glandulosa 10.8 22 33 Carex sp. <0.1 <0.1 17 Betula nana 4.7 10 33 Carex vaginata 0.5 1.2 33 Myrica gale 1.7 4.1 17 Eriophorum vaginatum 3.3 8.2 17 Potentilla fruticosa 0.3 0.8 33 Total Nonvascular Cover 41.6 34.2 100 Salix arbusculoides 0.3 0.8 17 Total Moss Cover 38.5 32.3 100 Salix glauca 0.8 2 33 Abietinella abietina 1.2 2.9 17 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 3 6 33 Aulacomnium palustre 1.3 2 50 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 8.7 13.2 67 Brachythecium erythrorrhizon 0.2 0.4 17 Salix reticulata 0.8 2 17 Brachythecium sp. 0.8 2 17 Salix sp. 0.2 0.4 17 Bryum sp. <0.1 <0.1 17 Spiraea beauverdiana 0.2 0.4 17 Campylium polygamum 0.1 0.2 17 Vaccinium uliginosum 20 16.4 67 Dicranum sp. 0.2 0.4 17 Total Forb Cover 17.4 13.8 100 Hylocomium splendens 20.8 28.2 67 Aconitum delphinifolium 0.1 0.1 50 Isopterygiopsis pulchella 0.1 0.2 17 Anemone parviflora 0.2 0.4 17 Pleurozium schreberi 2.5 4.2 33 Angelica lucida 0.2 0.4 17 Pohlia cruda 0.2 0.4 17 Artemisia tilesii 0.8 2 17 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus <0.1 <0.1 17 Cypripedium passerinum <0.1 <0.1 17 Rhytidium rugosum 2.5 6.1 17 Equisetum arvense 4.7 6.4 67 Sanionia uncinata <0.1 <0.1 17 Equisetum fluviatile 0.2 0.4 17 Sphagnum sp. 1 2 33 Equisetum pratense 1.3 3.3 17 Tomentypnum nitens 7.2 9.5 67 Equisetum variegatum <0.1 <0.1 17 Unknown moss 0.5 1.2 17 Erigeron elatus <0.1 <0.1 17 Total Lichen Cover 3.1 4.6 83 Galium boreale <0.1 <0.1 17 Cladina arbuscula 0.3 0.8 17 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 <0.1 17 Cladina rangiferina 0.3 0.8 17 Iris setosa 0.5 0.8 33 Cladina sp. 0.8 2 17 Lupinus arcticus <0.1 <0.1 17 Cladina stygia 0.3 0.8 17 Lycopodium annotinum <0.1 <0.1 17 Cladonia sp. <0.1 <0.1 17 Mertensia paniculata <0.1 <0.1 17 Flavocetraria cucullata 1.2 2 33 Moneses uniflora <0.1 <0.1 17 Unknown lichen <0.1 <0.1 17 Parnassia palustris <0.1 <0.1 17 Vulpicida sp. <0.1 <0.1 17 Pedicularis capitata <0.1 <0.1 17 Total Bare Ground 5.3 3.1 100 Petasites frigidus 0.5 0.5 50 Bare Soil 2.5 4.2 50 Litter alone 2.8 1.8 100

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 44

Soils: The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Typic Cryofluvents (poorly developed with buried organic horizons, lacking permafrost within 1 m) and Typic Cryorthents (poorly developed soils, lacking permafrost within 1 m). Additional soils identified in this ecotype for the regional classification include Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost with cryoturbation).

Soils are typically loamy with a thin to moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table 33). Permafrost and evidence of cryoturbation often occurs within the upper 1.5 m of the soil profile. Frost boils and surface fragments are absent, and loess caps are absent to thick. Soil pH is circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are poorly to moderately well drained, and the water table is typically shallow.

Table 33. Soil characteristics for Lowland Alder Tall Shrub.

Property Mean SD n Elevation (m) 151.8 106.9 6 Slope (degrees) 7.7 3.8 3 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 14.7 14.7 6 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 18.2 13.7 6 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Depth to Rocks (cm) 71.5 86.1 4 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Thaw Depth (cm) 62.8 25.7 4 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.2 0.4 5 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 94.0 53.2 5 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -36.8 24.7 4 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

45 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LOWLAND BIRCH–ERICACEOUS LOW Table 34. Vegetation cover and frequency for SHRUB Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub (n=18). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 163.7 50.0 100 Total Vascular Cover 101.7 42.7 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.2 11 Picea glauca 0.1 0.2 11 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 34.3 18.2 100 Andromeda polifolia 1.1 2.0 50 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.0 1.7 56 Empetrum nigrum 7.4 9.7 94 Ledum decumbens 14.3 13.0 100 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.5 1.0 22 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 10.0 10.5 83 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.5 6 Betula papyrifera 0.1 0.2 6 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 45.5 29.9 100 Geomorphology: Alnus crispa 6.0 4.9 78 This ecotype is abundant in SNWR, and Arctostaphylos alpina 0.5 0.9 50 usually occurs at <80 m elevation. It occurs on Betula nana 20.6 12.8 100 delta abandoned overbank deposits, bogs, lowland Salix fuscescens 0.4 1.3 11 loess, old moraines, and ice-rich thaw basin Salix glauca 0.1 0.3 11 margins. Surfaces are flat or on planar slopes. Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.2 0.7 17 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.2 7.0 56 High-centered polygons,ice-cored and Spiraea beauverdiana 1.2 2.9 22 mineral-cored mounds, and peat mounds create Vaccinium uliginosum 14.2 11.0 94 micro-topographic variability. Total Forb Cover 12.9 16.3 94 Boschniakia rossica 0.1 0.3 11 Plant Association: Drosera anglica 0.1 0.5 6 Betula nana–Ledum decumbens Drosera rotundifolia 0.1 0.2 11 Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.3 17 Low shrubs and mosses are the dominant life Pedicularis parviflora ssp. parviflora 0.1 0.2 6 forms (Table 34). Sedges, grasses and lichens are Petasites frigidus 0.1 0.5 11 usually present, while trees occur only Pinguicula villosa 0.2 0.4 28 infrequently. Common species include Empetrum Polygonum alaskanum 0.3 1.2 6 nigrum, Ledum decumbens, Betula nana, Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.2 6 Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 0.1 0.5 6 Eriophorum vaginatum, Aulacomnium turgidum, Rubus chamaemorus 11.6 16.7 72 and Flavocetraria cucullata. Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.2 6 This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Total Grass Cover 1.3 2.8 61 Birch–Willow Low Shrub except for the Arctagrostis latifolia 0.5 1.0 33 prevalence of ericaceous shrubs instead of willow Calamagrostis canadensis 0.6 1.7 44 Total Sedge & Rush Cover species. It is floristically similar to Upland 7.6 6.1 89 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.6 4.9 61 Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, although cover of Carex bigelowii 1.3 2.8 33 dwarf birch is higher in the uplands, and site and Carex rotundata 0.1 0.2 11 soil factors are dissimilar. Carex vaginata 0.5 1.7 17 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 1.2 28 Soils: Eriophorum vaginatum 2.7 2.8 83 Soils are typically loamy with moderately Total Nonvascular Cover 62.0 23.5 100 thick to thick surface organic horizons (Table 35). Total Moss Cover 48.4 23.0 100 Depth to permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Anastrophyllum minutum 0.2 0.5 11 Frost boils and surface fragments are absent. Loess Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.3 1.2 6 Aulacomnium palustre 2.3 5.2 28 is rare, which the exception of one site where a Aulacomnium turgidum 6.7 5.5 83 thick (>120 cm) accumulation of loess occurred.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 46

Table 34. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Barbilophozia binsteadii 0.3 0.8 17 Bryum sp. 0.3 1.2 6 Campylium stellatum 0.2 0.7 6 Cynodontium strumiferum 0.1 0.5 6 Dicranum acutifolium 0.3 0.8 11 Dicranum groenlandicum 0.4 1.3 11 Dicranum sp. 1.3 3.6 22 Dicranum spadiceum 0.3 0.8 11 Ditrichum flexicaule 0.3 1.2 6 Drepanocladus sp. 0.6 2.4 6 Hylocomium splendens 6.3 7.3 67 Mylia anomala 0.1 0.2 6 Pleurozium schreberi 11.2 12.9 83 Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils are Polytrichum commune 0.1 0.2 6 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.5 6 typically very poorly to somewhat poorly drained. Polytrichum sp. 0.6 1.6 11 Water table is typically shallow to moderately Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.5 11 deep. Psilopilum cavifolium 0.8 3.5 6 Ptilidium ciliare 0.3 0.8 17 Table 35. Soil characteristics for Lowland Rhytidium rugosum 2.3 4.6 28 Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub. Sphagnum balticum 0.6 1.9 11 Sphagnum fuscum 0.8 3.5 6 Property Mean SD n Sphagnum lenense 1.6 4.5 17 Elevation (m) 29.1 53.6 16 Sphagnum magellanicum 0.3 0.8 11 Slope (degrees) 8.3 14.6 6 Sphagnum rubellum 0.3 1.2 6 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 25.2 9.1 17 Sphagnum sp. 3.7 9.8 33 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 26.5 9.3 13 Sphagnum steerei 0.2 0.7 6 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 12.0 7.7 5 Sphagnum warnstorfii 0.1 0.5 6 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Thuidium recognitum 0.4 1.6 6 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Tomentypnum nitens 1.4 4.8 17 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Unknown moss 3.7 5.7 39 Thaw Depth (cm) 35.1 13.7 18 Total Lichen Cover 12.3 11.1 89 4.4 0.6 18 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.9 1.9 39 Site pH at 10-cm depth Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 1.4 5.9 6 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 127.5 82.8 12 Cetraria laevigata 1.4 2.7 28 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -33.0 3.6 3 Cladina arbuscula 0.7 2.1 11 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.7 6 Cladina mitis 1.0 1.7 33 Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica 0.3 1.0 11 Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.4 39 Dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Cladina sp. 0.4 1.2 22 Typic Hemistels (wet, moderately decomposed Cladina stygia 1.2 2.3 28 organic horizon >40 cm, permafrost present), Cladonia albonigra 0.2 0.5 11 Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over Cladonia amaurocraea 0.4 0.9 17 permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Fluventic Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 0.2 0.6 11 Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.3 0.8 11 Historthels (wet, organic rich soil with buried Cladonia sp. 0.4 0.8 44 organic horizons over permafrost, lacking Cladonia uncialis 0.2 0.5 11 cryoturbation). Less common subgroups include Flavocetraria cucullata 1.7 2.6 50 Terric Fibristels (wet, thick poorly decomposed Icmadophila ericetorum 0.2 0.6 11 organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm mineral horizon Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.1 0.3 11 Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.7 28 within 1 m) and Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.2 11 rich soil over permafrost with cryoturbation). Total Bare Ground 14.4 16.8 72 Bare Soil 2.9 11.8 39 Litter alone 11.6 11.1 72

47 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LOWLAND BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 36. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub (n=20). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 144.3 53.2 100 Total Vascular Cover 94 35.3 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 0.5 15 Picea glauca 0.2 0.5 15 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 8.6 8.5 95 Andromeda polifolia 0.5 1.2 20 Cassiope tetragona 0.5 1.3 25 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.1 0.2 5 Dryas integrifolia 0.8 3.3 10 Dryas octopetala 0.1 0.7 5 Empetrum nigrum 1.2 1.9 50 Ledum decumbens 3 3.8 75 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.5 3.9 55 Geomorphology: Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 59.1 24.2 100 This common ecotype is found on hillside Alnus crispa 0.4 1.2 15 colluvium, lowland loess, lowland retransported Arctostaphylos rubra 0.1 0.3 10 deposits, solifluction deposits, abandoned braided Betula nana 24.2 17 95 overbank deposits, older moraine, ice-poor and Potentilla fruticosa 0.3 1.2 10 ice-rich centers and ice-rich margins of thaw Salix barclayi 0.2 1.1 5 Salix glauca 0.8 3.4 5 basins, and in bogs. Surfaces are flat or either Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.6 2.2 10 concave or planar gradual slopes. Ice-cored, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 21.9 18.2 100 peat-cored or undifferentiated mounds are common Salix reticulata 0.8 2.4 20 micro-topographic features. This ecotype is stable Spiraea beauverdiana 0.1 0.4 15 and not prone to disturbance except for changes Vaccinium uliginosum 9.4 10.2 95 associated with thawing permafrost. We sampled Total Forb Cover 10.8 18.8 85 six plots in this ecotype during the aerial Aconitum delphinifolium 0.1 0.2 5 4.8 16.8 25 assessment. However, we did not collect any Equisetum arvense Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.3 15 ground plot data, therefore the following data Petasites frigidus 2.4 2.9 60 reflect plots sampled in ARCN. Polemonium acutiflorum 0.1 0.2 15 Plant Association: Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.4 10 Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.2 20 Betula nana–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra– Potentilla palustris 0.1 0.7 5 Eriophorum angustifolium Pyrola grandiflora 0.4 0.9 25 Low deciduous shrubs characterize this Rubus arcticus 0.3 1.2 10 ecotype (Table 36). Mosses and lichens are always Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus 0.1 0.2 10 1.5 4.5 35 present in small quantities. Forbs make up a minor Rubus chamaemorus Saussurea angustifolia 0.1 0.2 10 component. Common species include Vaccinium Saxifraga punctata 0.1 0.2 20 uliginosum, Petasites frigidus, Carex bigelowii, Valeriana capitata 0.1 0.2 20 Aulacomnium palustre, and Flavocetraria Total Grass Cover 2.2 3.3 85 cucullata. Arctagrostis latifolia 0.7 1.3 45 This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Calamagrostis canadensis 1.1 3.4 20 Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, although S. Poa arctica 0.1 0.3 50 Total Sedge & Rush Cover planifolia ssp. pulchra has higher cover than that 13.2 15.6 95 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.9 8.9 35 of ericaceous species, and to Lowland Willow Low Carex bigelowii 3.9 5.7 70 Shrub, except for the prevalence of dwarf birch. Carex chordorrhiza 0.1 0.4 5 Carex limosa 0.1 0.3 10 Carex membranacea 0.1 0.5 10 Carex saxatilis 0.2 1.1 5 Carex vaginata 0.1 0.2 10 Selawik Ecological Land Survey 48

Table 36. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Carex williamsii 0.1 0.7 5 Eriophorum angustifolium 3.1 5.2 50 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.1 0.7 5 Eriophorum vaginatum 2.3 4.3 50 Luzula parviflora 0.1 0.2 10 Total Nonvascular Cover 50.2 25.8 100 Total Moss Cover 46.5 26.7 100 Aulacomnium palustre 9.3 12.1 75 Aulacomnium turgidum 2 3.4 35 Bryum sp. 0.2 1.1 5 Campylium stellatum 0.1 0.4 10 Dicranum groenlandicum 0.2 1.1 5 Dicranum sp. 1.9 3.7 30 Drepanocladus revolvens 0.3 1.1 15 Drepanocladus sp. 0.6 2.2 15 Hylocomium splendens 12.5 18.7 65 Soils are typically loamy with moderately Mnium sp. 0.1 0.2 10 thick to thick surface organic horizons (Table 37). Paludella squarrosa 0.9 3.4 10 Depth to permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Pleurozium schreberi 0.6 1.5 35 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.9 2.4 20 Frost boils and surface fragments are rare. Loess is Polytrichum sp. 0.4 0.7 30 rare, however when loess did occur it was Polytrichum strictum 0.6 2.3 10 generally thick (>20 cm). Soil pH is circumneutral Ptilidium ciliare 0.2 0.7 10 to acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very Rhytidium rugosum 0.4 0.9 25 poorly to somewhat poorly drained. Water table Sanionia uncinata 0.3 0.8 15 was typically shallow to moderately deep. Sphagnum capillifolium 1.1 4.9 5 Sphagnum fuscum 1 3.5 10 Sphagnum lenense 0.5 2.2 5 Table 37. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sphagnum sp. 2.3 4.9 40 Birch–Willow Low Shrub. Sphagnum squarrosum 2.8 9.1 15 Property Mean SD n 1.2 5.6 5 Sphagnum warnstorfii Elevation (m) 401.8 381.6 20 0.3 1.1 10 Sphenolobus minutus Slope (degrees) 4.0 2.5 10 Tomentypnum nitens 4.8 8.1 50 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 16.3 8.5 20 Unknown moss 0.3 0.7 20 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 17.5 9.9 20 Total Lichen Cover 3.8 5.2 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 32.2 55.2 4 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.2 30 Depth to Rocks (cm) 122.8 83.7 8 Cladina arbuscula 0.4 1.1 40 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 1.0 NA 1 Cladina rangiferina 0.1 0.3 25 Frost Boil Cover (%) 3.4 2.8 3 Cladina sp. 0.1 0.3 20 Thaw Depth (cm) 40.6 29.0 18 Cladina stygia 0.3 1.1 20 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.6 20 Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.5 45 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 67.3 42.5 20 Cladonia subfurcata 0.2 0.7 10 a -23.5 22.8 17 Dactylina arctica 0.2 0.5 30 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) Flavocetraria cucullata 0.5 0.9 40 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.2 10 Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.3 15 Nephroma arcticum 0.3 1.1 10 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Nephroma expallidum 0.2 0.9 5 are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.4 40 permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Hemistels Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.2 25 (wet, moderately decomposed organic horizon 0.2 0.8 10 Unknown crustose lichen thicker than 40 cm, permafrost present), and Typic Total Bare Ground 9.3 7 100 Bare Soil 1.2 2.4 50 Aquiturbels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost Water 0.4 1.2 35 with cryoturbation). Litter alone 7.7 6.3 100 49 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LOWLAND BLACK SPRUCE FOREST Table 38. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Black Spruce Forest (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 204.3 62.3 100 Total Vascular Cover 112.4 41.0 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 28.8 13.6 100 Picea glauca 1.6 2.3 40 Picea mariana 27.2 13.5 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 23.0 18.4 100 Andromeda polifolia 0.8 1.1 40 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.2 1.8 40 Empetrum nigrum 14.2 15.6 100 Ledum decumbens 2.2 1.8 100 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.6 1.3 20 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 4.0 2.7 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 20 Betula papyrifera <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 21.3 16.7 100 Alnus crispa 7.0 15.6 40 Geomorphology: Betula glandulosa 1.4 3.1 20 This ecotype is common at elevations < 120 m Betula nana 1.4 1.3 60 on hillside colluvium, upland and lowland loess, Ribes triste 1.2 2.7 20 and retransported deposits. Surfaces topography Salix arbusculoides <0.1 <0.1 20 Salix glauca <0.1 <0.1 20 includes basins, flats, upper and lower slopes and Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.0 2.2 20 toe slopes. Common micro-topographic features Spiraea beauverdiana 0.2 0.4 20 include mineral-cored and undifferentiated Vaccinium uliginosum 9.0 5.5 100 hummocks. Total Forb Cover 35.6 19.4 100 Aconitum delphinifolium <0.1 <0.1 20 Plant Association: Drosera rotundifolia 0.2 0.4 20 Picea mariana–Ledum decumbens Equisetum arvense 3.4 6.5 40 Equisetum pratense 6.0 13.4 20 This fire-prone, late-successional ecotype is Equisetum scirpoides 0.6 1.3 20 dominated by black spruce (Table 38). The forest Equisetum sylvaticum 2.0 4.5 20 canopy is open and the understory shrub canopy Lycopodium annotinum <0.1 <0.1 20 includes tall, low and dwarf shrubs growing out of Lycopodium clavatum 0.2 0.4 20 a thick carpet of mosses and lichens. Forbs are Lycopodium complanatum 0.2 0.4 40 Mertensia paniculata <0.1 <0.1 20 always present while sedge and grass cover is Moneses uniflora <0.1 <0.1 20 variable. Common species include Empetrum Pedicularis labradorica <0.1 <0.1 20 nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium Petasites hyperboreus 6.2 13.3 40 uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex bigelowii, Pinguicula villosa 0.2 0.4 20 Hylocomium splendens, Cladina stygia, and Platanthera obtusata <0.1 <0.1 20 Potentilla palustris <0.1 <0.1 20 Peltigera aphthosa. Rubus arcticus 1.0 2.2 40 This is the only ecotype characterized by Rubus chamaemorus 15.4 20.6 60 black spruce trees. Upland White Spruce– Total Grass Cover 1.4 2.6 60 Ericaceous Forest has some similar species but Arctagrostis latifolia <0.1 <0.1 20 soils are rockier with less organic accumulation Calamagrostis canadensis 1.0 1.7 40 Calamagrostis inexpansa 0.4 0.9 20 and higher pH. Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.3 2.3 60 Carex bigelowii 2.0 2.1 60 Eriophorum angustifolium <0.1 <0.1 20 Eriophorum brachyantherum <0.1 <0.1 20 Eriophorum russeolum <0.1 <0.1 20

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 50

Table 38. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 0.4 20 Total Nonvascular Cover 91.9 31.6 100 Total Moss Cover 72.6 24.0 100 Aulacomnium palustre 1.2 2.2 40 Aulacomnium turgidum 4.0 8.9 20 Climacium dendroides 0.2 0.4 20 Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.4 20 Dicranum scoparium 0.2 0.4 20 Dicranum sp. 1.4 2.1 60 Hylocomium splendens 21.0 22.6 80 Hypnum lindbergii 0.2 0.4 20 Mylia anomala 0.4 0.9 20 Pleurozium schreberi 14.4 15.5 80 Pohlia nutans 1.0 1.7 40 Soils are typically loamy with moderately Polytrichum commune 1.2 1.8 40 thick to thick surface organic horizons (Table 39). Polytrichum strictum 5.6 12.5 40 Depth to permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Ptilidium ciliare 1.6 3.6 20 Frost boils and surface fragments are absent. Loess Sphagnum angustifolium 0.8 1.1 40 is uncommon. Soil pH is acidic and EC is low. The Sphagnum fuscum 3.6 8.0 20 soils are typically very poorly to somewhat poorly Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.6 1.3 20 Sphagnum magellanicum 0.6 1.3 20 drained, or well to moderately well drained. Water Sphagnum obtusum 7.6 17.0 20 table was typically moderately deep to deep. Sphagnum russowii 0.6 1.3 20 Sphagnum sp. 3.0 6.7 20 Table 39. Soil characteristics for Lowland Black Tayloria sp. 0.2 0.4 20 Spruce Forest. Tomentypnum nitens 3.0 6.7 20 Total Lichen Cover 16.9 19.3 100 Property Mean SD n Cetraria cf. islandica 0.4 0.9 40 Elevation (m) 56.0 79.0 4 Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 20 Slope (degrees) 7.5 7.1 4 Cetraria laevigata 2.4 3.6 40 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 18.2 15.8 5 Cladina arbuscula 2.0 3.5 40 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 7.0 5.6 3 Cladina ciliata 0.6 0.9 40 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 83.0 1 Cladina rangiferina 1.0 1.7 40 Depth to Rocks (cm) 1.0 1 Cladina stellaris <0.1 <0.1 20 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladina stygia 5.2 7.9 40 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladonia albonigra 0.2 0.4 20 Thaw Depth (cm) 47.2 25.8 5 Cladonia bacilliformis 0.2 0.4 20 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.3 0.6 5 Cladonia carneola 0.2 0.4 20 73.3 35.1 3 Cladonia chlorophaea 0.2 0.4 20 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Cladonia coniocraea 0.4 0.9 20 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -12.0 1 Cladonia crispata 0.8 1.8 20 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia gracilis 0.4 0.9 20 Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 2.2 3.5 40 Cladonia pleurota 1.4 3.1 20 Cladonia pyxidata 0.2 0.4 20 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Cladonia sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over Cladonia sulphurina 0.2 0.4 20 permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.4 20 Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost lacking Icmadophila ericetorum 0.2 0.4 20 cryoturbation). Additional soil subgroups Nephroma arcticum 0.2 0.4 40 documented in the regional classification include Peltigera aphthosa 0.6 0.9 80 Peltigera scabrosa 0.4 0.5 40 Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over Total Bare Ground 6.5 12.1 60 permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Bare Soil 5.6 12.5 60 Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with Water <0.1 <0.1 20 cryoturbation). Litter alone 0.8 1.3 40

51 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LOWLAND ERICACEOUS SHRUB BOG Table 40. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog (n=43).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 162.6 52.1 100 Total Vascular Cover 73.4 45.1 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 2 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 27.5 25.5 100 Andromeda polifolia 11.2 8.4 95 Chamaedaphne calyculata 3.7 6.7 60 Empetrum nigrum 2.5 5.6 56 Ledum decumbens 6.2 12.6 74 Oxycoccus microcarpus 1.8 1.8 84 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.2 4.7 47 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 2 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 14.4 23.2 93 Alnus crispa 2.0 5.4 30 Geomorphology: Betula nana 5.5 8.5 88 Salix fuscescens 1.5 4.7 26 This common ecotype occurs in bogs. Flats, Vaccinium uliginosum 5.1 9.5 77 drained basins, and thermokarst basins are the Total Forb Cover 5.1 6.7 88 common types of macrotopography in this ecotype. Drosera anglica 1.0 3.0 30 Ground patterns, where present, include low and Drosera rotundifolia 0.9 1.1 72 high-centered polygons, disjunct polygon rims, and Pedicularis kanei 0.1 0.4 21 Pedicularis langsdorffii ssp. arctica 0.2 0.5 19 peat, ice and mineral-cored mounds. Pedicularis parviflora ssp. parviflora 0.1 0.2 23 Plant Association: Pedicularis parviflora ssp. pennellii 0.1 0.4 9 Andromeda polifolia–Sphagnum sp. Pinguicula villosa 0.1 0.3 19 Potentilla palustris 0.3 1.5 12 These wet ombrotrophic bog communities Rubus chamaemorus 2.1 5.9 44 are characterized by shrubs, sedges and mosses Spiranthes romanzoffiana 0.1 0.3 19 (Table 40). Lichens are infrequently present on Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.5 14 Total Grass Cover raised micro-sites. Common species include 0.1 0.6 7 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 26.3 16.3 100 Oxycoccus microcarpus, Betula nana, Carex Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 4.1 7.2 65 aquatilis, C. rotundata, Eriophorum russeolum, Carex bigelowii 0.2 0.9 9 Aulacomnium turgidum, and a mix of Carex canescens 0.1 0.5 5 Sphagnum species, including S. balticum and Carex capillaris 0.1 0.6 7 S. steerei. Carex chordorrhiza 1.2 3.4 16 Carex limosa 0.4 1.6 7 This ecotype is similar to Lowland Carex rariflora 2.0 6.6 21 Sedge–Willow Fen, except it lacks Sphagnum Carex rotundata 6.6 9.9 60 mosses, has more abundant willow, and occurs in Carex utriculata 0.1 0.8 5 linear, hydrologically connected landforms. Carex williamsii 0.1 0.6 7 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.9 21 Soils: Eriophorum russeolum 7.5 8.8 74 Soils are poorly drained with moderately thick Eriophorum vaginatum 1.6 2.9 49 to thick accumulations of peat (Table 41). Trichophorum caespitosum 1.3 3.2 23 Total Nonvascular Cover Permafrost is present within 1 m depth. Coarse 89.2 23.2 100 Total Moss Cover 83.0 22.6 100 fragments are rarely encountered in the active Anastrophyllum minutum 0.2 0.6 9 layer. Frost boils and surface fragments are Aulacomnium palustre 1.4 3.0 23 absent. Loess caps are uncommon, however when Aulacomnium turgidum 2.1 3.5 49 they occur they tend to be thick (>20 cm). Soil Barbilophozia binsteadii 0.2 0.7 9 pH is acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically Dicranum acutifolium 0.1 0.3 5 Dicranum elongatum 0.1 0.4 5

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 52

Table 40. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.1 14 Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.7 7 Gymnocolea inflata 0.3 0.8 14 Hylocomium splendens 0.1 0.5 7 Kiaeria glacialis 0.1 0.5 5 Limprichtia revolvens 0.2 1.0 5 Mylia anomala 0.2 0.6 9 Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 1.7 9 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.5 1.5 12 Polytrichum sp. 0.6 2.6 9 Polytrichum strictum 0.7 1.5 33 Ptilidium ciliare 0.1 0.4 7 Scorpidium scorpioides 0.1 0.6 5 Sphagnum angustifolium 0.9 5.4 5 Sphagnum balticum 5.9 16.0 28 very poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and the Sphagnum compactum 5.0 13.8 23 water table occurs at shallow depths or above Sphagnum fuscum 2.5 7.7 12 ground. Sphagnum jensnii 1.5 7.3 7 Sphagnum kenaiense 5.6 18.2 9 Table 41. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sphagnum lenense 4.4 11.0 21 Ericaceous Shrub Bog. Sphagnum magellanicum 2.7 7.6 23 Sphagnum riparium 1.7 10.0 5 Property Mean SD n Sphagnum sp. 28.8 36.6 47 Elevation (m) 33.4 53.8 39 Sphagnum squarrosum 0.7 3.9 5 Slope (degrees) 1.7 1.2 3 Sphagnum steerei 10.7 20.5 28 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 40.6 11.8 39 Sphagnum tenellum 0.4 2.7 5 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 38.5 3.2 32 Warnstorfia fluitans 2.3 11.1 5 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 20.0 1 Total Lichen Cover 5.4 9.3 70 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Cetraria andrejevii 0.2 0.7 7 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.3 12 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cetraria laevigata 0.8 2.9 16 48.0 17.5 43 Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.6 9 Thaw Depth (cm) Cladina ciliata 0.3 0.9 14 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.6 0.6 43 Cladina mitis <0.1 0.2 7 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 48.4 25.8 32 Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica 0.2 0.7 7 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -11.8 9.3 34 Cladina rangiferina 0.2 0.9 12 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladina sp. 0.6 2.3 21 Cladina stygia 0.6 1.6 16 Cladonia albonigra 0.1 0.4 7 Cladonia amaurocraea 0.2 0.7 9 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Cladonia borealis 0.1 0.3 5 are Sphagnic Fibristels (wet, Sphagnum-rich, Cladonia carneola 0.1 0.6 5 poorly decomposed thick peat, permafrost in upper Cladonia cyanipes 0.1 0.3 5 meter), Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed Cladonia deformis 0.1 0.4 5 Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.1 0.6 7 thick peat, permafrost in upper meter), Sphagnic Cladonia pleurota 0.1 0.5 9 Cryofibrists (wet, Sphagnum-rich, poorly Cladonia sp. 0.3 0.8 35 decomposed peat, lacking permafrost), and Typic Cladonia uncialis 0.1 0.5 9 Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost Flavocetraria cucullata 1.0 1.6 53 lacking cryoturbation). Less common soil Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.5 7 Icmadophila ericetorum 0.1 0.4 12 subgroups include Terric Fibristels (wet, thick Unknown crustose lichen 0.1 0.3 9 poorly decomposed organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm Total Bare Ground 18.6 16.7 74 mineral horizon within 1 m) and Typic Hemistels Bare Soil 2.6 8.3 42 (wet, moderately decomposed organic horizon Water 2.9 7.4 44 thicker than 40 cm, permafrost present). Litter alone 13.1 15.2 63

53 Selawik Ecological Land Survey LOWLAND LAKE Table 42. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Lake (n=7).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 39.2 31.0 100 Total Vascular Cover 37.2 31.3 100 Total Forb Cover 36.3 32.1 100 Callitriche hermaphroditica <0.1 <0.1 29 Equisetum fluviatile <0.1 <0.1 14 Hippuris vulgaris 0.6 1.1 29 Lemna trisulca 0.1 0.4 14 Myriophyllum spicatum 9.4 22.4 57 Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens 0.1 0.4 14 Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius 1.2 2.0 57 Potamogeton filiformis 1.4 3.8 14 Potamogeton gramineus 2.9 7.6 14 Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. richardsonii 6.7 13.0 57 Potamogeton sp. <0.1 <0.1 14 Geomorphology: Potamogeton zosterifolius 3.6 9.4 14 Potentilla palustris 1.3 3.0 43 Lowland Lake comprises the vast majority of Ranunculus gmelini <0.1 <0.1 14 lakes in SNWR. This ecotype includes shallow and Sparganium angustifolium 2.4 5.6 43 deep isolated moraine or kettle lakes, deep Utricularia intermedia 0.4 1.1 14 connected moraine or kettle lakes, shallow and Utricularia minor 0.2 0.4 29 Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 5.9 15.1 29 deep isolated thaw lakes, and shallow isolated dune Total Grass Cover 0.9 2.3 14 lakes. Arctophila fulva 0.9 2.3 14 Plant Association: Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.0 0.0 14 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis <0.1 <0.1 14 Water–Potamogeton spp. Total Nonvascular Cover 2.0 3.6 29 Submerged aquatic species characterize Total Moss Cover 2.0 3.6 29 Lowland Lake (Table 42). Water usually covers at Sphagnum obtusum 1.0 2.6 14 Warnstorfia exannulata 1.0 1.9 29 least 96% of the total lake surface. Sedges, grasses, Total Bare Ground 99.9 0.4 100 forbs and mosses can occur at the shoreline. Water 99.9 0.4 100 Multiple pondweed species including Potamogeton Litter alone 0.1 0.1 57 alpinus, Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. richardsonii, and Potamogeton zosterifolius are common. Lowland Lake is similar to Lacustrine Marestail Marsh, except it encompasses the entire Soils: lake instead of the margin and has deeper water Flooded soils were not described. Water and few emergent aquatic species. It is also similar characteristics are listed in Table 43. to Alpine Lake, except it is more common, occurs at lower elevations, and has higher biological Table 43. Water characteristics for Lowland productivity. Lake. Property Mean SD n Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.5 1.0 5 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 238.0 221.0 5 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 87.2 63.5 5 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 54

LOWLAND SEDGE FEN Table 44. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge Fen (n=21).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 113.4 53.1 100 Total Vascular Cover 59.0 26.6 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.7 1.6 80 Andromeda polifolia 1.1 1.0 70 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.4 1.6 15 Ledum decumbens 0.1 0.2 10 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.1 0.4 15 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 1.5 1.8 70 Alnus crispa <0.1 <0.1 5 Betula nana 0.4 0.9 40 Myrica gale 0.6 0.9 30 Salix fuscescens 0.3 0.8 20 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii <0.1 <0.1 5 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra <0.1 <0.1 10 Geomorphology: Salix sp. 0.1 0.4 5 Lowland Sedge Fen occurs throughout SNWR Spiraea beauverdiana <0.1 <0.1 5 Vaccinium uliginosum <0.1 <0.1 10 on flat terrain. Geomorphology includes ice-poor Total Forb Cover 11.3 21.7 100 thaw basin margins, and organic bogs and fens. Cicuta mackenzieana 0.8 2.7 10 Peat mounds are found occasionally in bogs and Drosera anglica 0.7 1.3 30 fens, but surface forms are mostly non-patterned, Drosera rotundifolia 0.1 0.3 15 especially on ice-poor soils. Epilobium palustre <0.1 <0.1 5 Equisetum fluviatile 2.1 8.9 10 Plant Association: Menyanthes trifoliata 1.8 4.9 20 Carex chordorrhiza–Carex aquatilis Pedicularis langsdorffii ssp. arctica <0.1 <0.1 5 Pedicularis parviflora ssp. parviflora <0.1 <0.1 15 Lowland Sedge Fen is characterized by Pedicularis parviflora ssp. pennellii 0.3 0.8 15 sedges, mosses and forbs (Table 44). Trees and Pedicularis sp. 0.1 0.2 5 lichens are absent. Common species include Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.4 15 Andromeda polifolia, Carex aquatilis, C. Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata 0.2 0.5 15 rotundata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum Pedicularis sudetica ssp. pacifica 0.1 0.5 10 Pinguicula vulgaris 0.1 0.2 10 russeolum, and Scorpidium scorpioides. Potentilla palustris 2.6 10.0 25 This ecotype is very similar to Lowland Ranunculus pallasii <0.1 <0.1 5 Sedge–Willow Fen, except water levels are higher, Sparganium angustifolium <0.1 <0.1 5 Carex rotundata and C. chordorrhiza are more Triglochin maritimum <0.1 <0.1 5 common, and it has fewer shrubs. These two Utricularia intermedia 1.4 2.1 45 Utricularia minor 0.6 1.2 20 ecotypes are spectrally similar and were mapped Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 0.3 1.1 20 together. Lowland Sedge Fen is also comparable to Total Grass Cover 0.0 0.0 10 Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow except for Arctophila fulva <0.1 <0.1 5 physiographic and species differences. Calamagrostis canadensis <0.1 <0.1 5 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 44.6 19.6 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 6.5 15.2 60 Carex bigelowii <0.1 <0.1 5 Carex capillaris 0.5 2.2 5 Carex chordorrhiza 12.3 12.4 95 Carex holostoma 0.4 0.9 25 Carex lapponica 0.1 0.7 5 Carex limosa 3.4 9.3 20 Carex livida 1.0 2.1 25 Carex magellanica 0.4 1.8 5 Carex membranacea 0.2 1.1 5

55 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 44. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Carex rariflora 0.7 1.8 20 Carex rostrata 1.1 3.4 10 Carex rotundata 8.3 7.7 80 Carex saxatilis <0.1 <0.1 5 Carex utriculata 0.5 2.2 5 Carex vaginata <0.1 <0.1 5 Eriophorum angustifolium 3.4 3.3 70 Eriophorum russeolum 4.2 4.0 90 Eriophorum vaginatum <0.1 <0.1 5 Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus <0.1 <0.1 5 Juncus stygius <0.1 <0.1 5 Juncus triglumis 0.1 0.4 10 Trichophorum caespitosum 1.4 2.5 35 Total Nonvascular Cover 54.4 35.8 100 Total Moss Cover 58.4 33.1 100 acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very Aneura pinguis 0.1 0.4 15 poorly to poorly drained, and the water table Aulacomnium palustre 0.2 0.6 10 occurs at shallow depths or above ground. Aulacomnium turgidum 0.3 0.6 25 Calliergon sp. 0.2 1.1 5 Table 45. Soil characteristics for Lowland Calliergon stramineum 0.1 0.2 5 Sedge Fen. Campylium stellatum 0.8 2.0 20 Cinclidium latifolium 0.1 0.2 5 Property Mean SD n Cinclidium stygium 0.1 0.4 15 Elevation (m) 12.6 13.5 19 Cladopodiella fluitans 0.3 0.9 10 Slope (degrees) 0 Drepanocladus sp. 0.2 1.1 5 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 42.4 9.0 7 Gymnocolea inflata 0.1 0.2 5 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 37.3 6.0 7 Limprichtia cossoni 1.9 8.5 5 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 10.0 7.1 2 Limprichtia revolvens 3.6 15.2 15 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Polytrichum commune 0.1 0.2 5 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Polytrichum longisetum 0.1 0.2 5 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Polytrichum strictum <0.1 <0.1 5 Thaw Depth (cm) 49.5 9.7 18 Scorpidium scorpioides 21.8 32.9 45 5.0 0.6 20 Sphagnum compactum 0.2 0.9 10 Site pH at 10-cm depth 81.1 62.7 9 Sphagnum fuscum 0.3 1.3 5 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Sphagnum obtusum 8.9 27.4 10 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -3.4 4.9 9 Sphagnum orientale 4.0 15.2 25 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Sphagnum rubellum 0.3 1.0 10 Sphagnum sp. 9.2 24.1 20 Sphagnum squarrosum 5.2 16.7 20 Unknown moss 0.2 1.1 5 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Warnstorfia exannulata 0.1 0.2 5 are Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed thick Total Bare Ground 33.7 33.1 80 peat, permafrost in upper meter) and Fluvaquentic Bare Soil 1.3 5.6 10 Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed organic Water 21.9 29.4 75 Litter alone 10.5 15.1 45 horizon thicker than 40 cm interbedded with buried mineral horizons, permafrost within 1 m). Less Soils: common subgroups include Typic Historthels (wet, Soils are poorly drained with moderately thick organic rich soil over permafrost lacking to thick accumulations of peat (Table 45). cryoturbation), Terric Fibristels (wet, thick poorly Permafrost is often present within 1 m depth. decomposed organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm mineral Coarse fragments are rarely encountered in the horizon within 1 m) and Terric Hemistels (wet, active layer. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface thick moderately decomposed organic horizon, fragments are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to with ≥ 30cm mineral horizon within 1 m).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 56

LOWLAND SEDGE–WILLOW FEN Table 46. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen (n=22).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 92.9 40.2 100 Total Vascular Cover 50.4 21.2 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 1.1 10 Picea glauca 0.2 1.1 5 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.1 2.3 48 Andromeda polifolia 0.3 0.9 29 Empetrum nigrum 0.1 0.3 19 Ledum decumbens 0.5 1.2 33 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.1 0.3 14 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.1 0.7 5 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0 0 5 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 11.3 13.2 90 Alnus crispa <0.1 0.2 5 Betula glandulosa 0.2 1.1 5 Geomorphology: Betula nana 2.1 2.9 52 Myrica gale 0.2 1.1 10 Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen occurs on Salix fuscescens 1.3 3.3 48 abandoned meander overbank deposits, abandoned Salix glauca 0.2 1.1 10 braided fine channel deposits, abandoned alluvial Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 4.1 5.1 62 fan deposits, older moraine, channel fens, organic Salix reticulata 0.4 1.2 19 fens and shore fens. Surfaces are flat and are Salix scouleriana 1 4.4 10 Vaccinium uliginosum 1.7 3.5 43 frequently non-patterned, although micro- Total Forb Cover 3.3 4 95 topographic features include strang, mineral-cored Caltha palustris 0.5 1.5 14 hummocks, peat mounds, and low-centered Chrysosplenium wrightii <0.1 0.2 5 polygons. We only sampled 1 plot in this ecotype Epilobium palustre <0.1 <0.1 14 in SNWR. Therefore, the following description is Erigeron elatus <0.1 <0.1 10 0.6 1.8 14 based on data collected in ARCN and used for the Menyanthes trifoliata Parnassia palustris <0.1 <0.1 10 regional classification. Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.3 19 Plant Association: Petasites frigidus 0.2 0.7 19 Potentilla palustris 1.5 2.5 52 Eriophorum angustifolium–Carex aquatilis–Salix Ranunculus pallasii <0.1 0.2 5 planifolia ssp. pulchra Rubus arcticus 0.1 0.7 5 This ecotype is sedge-dominated with a Rumex arcticus <0.1 0.2 5 subcomponent of deciduous shrubs (Table 46). All Valeriana capitata <0.1 <0.1 10 Total Grass Cover 0.9 1.8 48 life forms may be present, although trees are Arctagrostis latifolia 0.1 0.4 10 uncommon. Common species include Betula nana, Calamagrostis canadensis 0.7 1.6 24 Potentilla palustris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Hierochloe pauciflora 0.1 0.5 10 Aulacomnium palustre, and Paludella squarrosa. Total Sedge & Rush Cover 33.4 17.7 100 This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 18.8 17.6 100 Sedge Fen except it is drier and has higher shrub Carex bigelowii 0.1 0.2 10 cover, particularly Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra. It Carex canescens <0.1 <0.1 14 Carex capillaris <0.1 <0.1 10 is also comparable to Lacustrine Wet Sedge Carex limosa 0.2 0.6 24 Meadow except for physiographic and species Carex membranacea 0.4 0.9 24 differences. Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen was not Carex rariflora 0.1 0.7 10 spectrally distinct and was mapped as Lowland Carex rotundata 0.4 1.1 19 Sedge Fen. Carex saxatilis 1 3 14 Carex vaginata <0.1 <0.1 10 Soils: Eriophorum angustifolium 11 13.2 76 Soils are poorly drained with moderately thick Eriophorum russeolum 0.9 1.4 38 to thick accumulations of peat (Table 47). Permafrost is often present within 1 m depth.

57 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 46. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.2 1.1 5 Eriophorum sp. <0.1 0.2 5 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 0.7 19 Luzula arcuata <0.1 0.2 5 Luzula sp. <0.1 0.2 5 Total Nonvascular Cover 42.5 31.7 86 Total Moss Cover 42.2 31.4 86 Aulacomnium acuminatum <0.1 0.2 5 Aulacomnium palustre 4.6 5.6 62 Aulacomnium turgidum 0.6 1.3 33 Calliergon giganteum 1 4.4 5 Calliergon sp. 2.2 7.6 29 Coarse fragments are rarely encountered in the 0.5 2.2 14 Calliergon stramineum active layer. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface Campylium stellatum 0.6 1.3 24 Cinclidium subrotundum <0.1 0.2 5 fragments are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to Dicranum sp. 0.1 0.5 10 acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very Drepanocladus revolvens 0.9 1.9 19 poorly to poorly drained, and water table occurs at Drepanocladus sp. 0.4 1.4 10 shallow depths or above ground. Hylocomium splendens 0.9 3.3 24 Limprichtia revolvens 0.1 0.4 5 Loeskypnum badium <0.1 0.2 5 Table 47. Soil characteristics for Lowland Meesia triquetra <0.1 0.2 5 Sedge–Willow Fen. Mnium sp. 0.3 1.1 10 Property Mean SD n Paludella squarrosa 2.8 7.7 19 Plagiomnium sp. 0.1 0.4 5 Elevation (m) 393.6 350.2 21 Pohlia nutans 0.5 2.2 5 Slope (degrees) 2.0 1.4 7 Pohlia sp. 0.2 1.1 5 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 38.0 26.5 20 Polytrichum jensenii 0.5 2.2 5 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 31.1 11.0 20 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.5 10 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Rhizomnium sp. 0.2 1.1 5 Depth to Rocks (cm) 173.1 71.1 7 Rhytidium rugosum 0.2 1.1 5 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Sanionia uncinata 0.1 0.4 14 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Scorpidium scorpioides 0.2 0.7 14 Thaw Depth (cm) 41.7 18.0 16 Sphagnum balticum 1 4.4 5 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.0 0.6 20 0.6 2 10 Sphagnum capillifolium Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 163.5 188.9 20 Sphagnum imbricatum 1 4.4 5 a -0.6 7.8 19 Sphagnum lenense 2.4 7.7 10 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) Sphagnum obtusum 1.2 3.8 10 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Sphagnum sp. 3.7 11.7 29 Sphagnum squarrosum 4.6 11.5 24 Sphagnum subsecundum 0.1 0.7 5 The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype is Sphagnum teres 0.5 2.2 5 Terric Fibristels (wet, thick poorly decomposed Sphagnum warnstorfii 2.6 6.8 19 organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm mineral horizon Tomentypnum nitens 3.2 8.4 33 within 1 m). Additional soil subgroups Unknown moss 1.4 3.1 24 Warnstorfia exannulata 1.1 3.6 10 documented in the regional classification include Warnstorfia fluitans 1.2 4.4 10 Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed thick Warnstorfia sarmentosa 0.4 1.7 5 peat, permafrost in upper meter), Typic Aquorthels Total Lichen Cover 0.3 1.1 24 (wet, mineral soil over permafrost lacking Cladina arbuscula 0.2 0.9 14 cryoturbation), and Typic Cryofibrists (wet, poorly Cladonia sp. 0.1 0.2 14 decomposed peat, lacking permafrost). A less Total Bare Ground 47 28 100 common soil subgroup is Typic Hemistels (wet, Bare Soil 1 2.5 33 Water 21 26.5 95 moderately decomposed organic horizon thicker Litter alone 25 23.1 95 than 40 cm, permafrost present).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 58

LOWLAND WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 48. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Willow Low Shrub (n=11).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 179.2 54.4 100 Total Vascular Cover 138.0 33.3 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 1.4 4.5 9 Picea glauca 1.4 4.5 9 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 2.2 3.8 55 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.1 2.4 45 Empetrum nigrum <0.1 <0.1 9 Ledum decumbens 0.2 0.6 9 Ledum groenlandicum 0.5 1.5 9 Oxycoccus microcarpus <0.1 <0.1 9 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.5 1.5 9 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.2 0.4 18 Betula papyrifera 0.2 0.4 18 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover Geomorphology: 83.1 26.2 100 Alnus crispa 4.1 8.2 45 This willow-dominated lowland ecotype Arctostaphylos alpina 0.1 0.3 9 occurs on older moraine, upland loess, ice-rich Betula glandulosa 2.6 7.5 18 thaw basins, glaciolacustrine deposits, and Betula nana 4.8 7.7 55 abandoned meander overbank deposits. The Betula occidentalis 0.2 0.6 9 surface is usually flat or a gentle concave slope. It Salix alaxensis 0.9 2.0 18 Salix arbusculoides 4.2 9.1 27 occurs throughout SNWR at <100 m elevation. Salix bebbiana 7.0 15.0 27 Salix brachycarpa ssp. Plant Association: niphoclada 3.2 10.6 9 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Valeriana capitata Salix fuscescens 0.3 0.6 18 Deciduous shrubs, forbs, and grasses Salix glauca 1.4 3.2 18 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 46.0 26.3 100 characterize this ecotype (Table 48). Mosses often Spiraea beauverdiana 0.3 0.5 36 create a carpet in the understory. All life forms may Vaccinium uliginosum 8.1 13.0 55 be present to some degree. Common species Total Forb Cover 28.9 19.9 100 include, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra, Equisetum Aconitum delphinifolium 0.5 1.5 9 arvense, Rubus arcticus, Calamagrostis Artemisia tilesii 0.2 0.6 9 Cicuta virosa 0.2 0.4 18 canadensis, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Epilobium angustifolium 1.5 2.5 36 Brachythecium sp. Epilobium palustre 0.2 0.6 9 This ecotype is similar to Lowland Birch– Equisetum arvense 3.4 5.3 45 Willow Low Shrub except for the absence of dwarf Equisetum fluviatile 1.3 3.0 27 birch. It is different from Riverine Willow Low Equisetum sylvaticum 0.5 1.5 9 Galium boreale <0.1 <0.1 9 Shrub in physiographic characters and Salix Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.3 0.6 45 planifolia ssp. pulchra is prevalent instead of Iris setosa <0.1 <0.1 27 S. lanata ssp. richardsonii. Lycopodium annotinum <0.1 <0.1 9 Mertensia paniculata <0.1 <0.1 9 Petasites frigidus 4.2 6.9 45 Petasites hyperboreus 0.2 0.6 9 Polemonium acutiflorum 0.4 0.7 45 Potentilla palustris 5.9 9.5 64 Ranunculus gmelini 0.2 0.4 18 Ranunculus hyperboreus <0.1 <0.1 9 Rubus arcticus 3.4 6.2 82 Rubus chamaemorus 6.2 19.5 36 Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.3 18

59 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 48. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Saxifraga cernua <0.1 <0.1 9 Senecio congestus <0.1 <0.1 9 Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica <0.1 <0.1 9 Valeriana capitata 0.5 1.5 9 Total Grass Cover 14.6 17.8 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.3 0.9 9 Arctophila fulva 0.5 1.0 18 Calamagrostis canadensis 13.3 17.7 91 Festuca altaica 0.2 0.6 9 Poa alpigena 0.1 0.3 9 Poa arctica 0.3 0.6 18 Poa sp. 0.1 0.3 9 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7.6 7.7 91 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 1.1 1.7 36 Carex bigelowii 1.0 1.7 36 Carex canescens 0.3 0.6 27 Soils are typically loamy with moderately Eleocharis acicularis 0.2 0.6 9 thick surface organic horizons (Table 49). Depth to Eriophorum angustifolium 3.8 6.4 55 permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Loess caps, Eriophorum russeolum 0.1 0.3 18 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.4 0.8 18 frost boils and surface fragments are absent. Soil Eriophorum vaginatum 0.3 0.9 9 pH is circumneutral to acidic and EC is low. The Luzula wahlenbergii ssp. soils are typically very poorly to somewhat poorly wahlenbergii 0.5 1.5 9 Total Nonvascular Cover 41.2 32.4 91 drained. The water table is typically shallow. Total Moss Cover 40.3 32.2 91 Aulacomnium acuminatum 2.4 4.6 36 Table 49. Soil characteristics for Lowland Aulacomnium palustre 1.4 2.3 36 Willow Low Shrub. Brachythecium sp. 8.4 12.8 45 Property Mean SD n Calliergon cordifolium <0.1 <0.1 9 Climacium dendroides 1.8 6.0 9 Elevation (m) 39.8 32.7 10 Drepanocladus sp. 5.5 8.5 36 Slope (degrees) 1.2 0.5 4 Hylocomium splendens 5.6 11.1 27 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 18.1 13.5 9 Marchantia polymorpha 0.3 0.6 18 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 20.9 10.0 9 Mnium sp. 0.2 0.6 9 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Plagiomnium ellipticum 1.2 3.9 18 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Pleurozium schreberi 1.4 4.5 9 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Polytrichum sp. 1.7 3.2 45 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Pseudobryum cinclidioides <0.1 <0.1 9 Thaw Depth (cm) 80.0 31.2 7 Rhytidium rugosum <0.1 <0.1 9 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.5 0.6 10 Sanionia uncinata 0.3 0.9 9 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 147.8 109.4 9 Sphagnum sp. 1.6 3.1 36 a Sphagnum squarrosum 4.1 9.2 36 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) -21.8 25.7 6 Tomentypnum nitens 4.1 6.3 36 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Unknown moss 0.5 1.5 9 Total Lichen Cover 0.5 0.7 45 Bryum weigelii 0.4 0.8 18 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Cladonia sp. <0.1 <0.1 9 are Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 27 Peltigera sp. 0.3 0.6 18 permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Total Bare Ground 19.1 33.1 82 Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost lacking Bare Soil 0.3 0.6 45 cryoturbation). Less common subgroups include Water 7.5 24.1 36 Histic Cryaquepts (wet, moderate soil development Litter alone 11.4 11.9 82 with thick surficial organic horizon, lacking permafrost) and Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 60

RIVERINE ALDER TALL SHRUB Table 50. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Alder Tall Shrub (n=15). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 171.8 24.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 149.2 29.2 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.9 2.2 27 Picea glauca 0.9 2.2 20 Picea mariana 0.1 0.3 7 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4.3 6.0 53 Andromeda polifolia 0.1 0.4 13 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.7 1.5 20 Empetrum nigrum 0.5 1.2 13 Ledum decumbens 0.8 1.3 33 Linnaea borealis 0.7 1.4 27 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.5 2.4 40 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.5 1.4 13 Geomorphology: Betula papyrifera 0.5 1.4 13 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 77.5 21.7 100 This ecotype comprises closed and open alder Alnus crispa 53.3 29.9 100 stands on younger riverine surfaces and is common Arctostaphylos rubra 0.3 1.0 7 in SNWR. It occurs on upper delta, braided and Betula nana 0.4 0.9 20 meander active and inactive overbank deposits. Potentilla fruticosa 0.2 0.6 13 Surface forms include interfluves, terraces, flat Ribes triste 0.9 1.5 40 Rosa acicularis 0.9 2.2 27 banks, and point bars. Salix alaxensis 2.5 9.0 20 Plant Association: Salix arbusculoides 0.3 1.0 7 Alnus crispa–Rubus arcticus Salix bebbiana 0.3 1.3 7 Salix glauca 1.1 2.2 27 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub consists of open to Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 2.9 6.6 33 closed stands of A. crispa with an understory of Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 7.1 17.7 60 forbs, grasses and mosses (Table 50). Tall willows Spiraea beauverdiana 3.1 4.9 53 Vaccinium uliginosum 4.3 7.2 40 occasionally are co-dominant with alder. Trees Total Forb Cover 46.1 18.7 100 sometimes occur as seedling in the understory, and Aconitum delphinifolium 0.6 0.8 60 cover of lichens and grasses is variable. Common Anemone parviflora 0.1 0.5 7 species include Rubus arcticus, Aconitum Anemone richardsonii 0.7 2.1 27 delphinifolium, Equisetum arvense, Calamagrostis Artemisia tilesii 1.1 2.6 40 Boschniakia rossica 0.4 0.7 27 canadensis, and Sanionia uncinata. Cardamine pratensis ssp. This ecotype is similar to Lowland Alder Tall angustifolia 0.1 0.3 7 Shrub and Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub, Delphinium brachycentrum 0.1 0.5 7 although it is strongly affected by riverine Equisetum arvense 16.9 14.6 80 Equisetum pratense 0.1 0.5 7 processes, and has different characteristic species Equisetum sylvaticum 2.5 9.8 7 in the understory, such as Rubus arcticus. Galium boreale 0.4 0.9 20 Soils: Iris setosa 0.3 0.7 20 Mertensia paniculata 0.5 0.8 33 Soils are loamy with a thin overlying organic Moehringia lateriflora 0.6 1.1 40 horizon (Table 51). Permafrost is often found Moneses uniflora 0.1 0.3 7 within the upper 1 m of soil. Frost boils, loess caps, Petasites frigidus 2.5 4.2 47 and surface fragments are absent. Organic Petasites hyperboreus 2.7 10.3 13 horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts Polemonium acutiflorum 0.7 1.0 40 Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.5 7 and sands, often occur in these soils. Soil pH is Potentilla palustris 1.1 2.1 47 acidic to circumneutral and EC is low. The soils are Pyrola grandiflora 0.1 0.3 7 typically moderately well to somewhat poorly Ranunculus lapponicus 0.1 0.5 13 drained. Depth to water table often could not be Rubus arcticus 10.3 8.2 100

61 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 50. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Rubus chamaemorus 1.5 2.8 33 Senecio atropurpureus ssp. frigidus 0.2 0.8 7 Senecio lugens 0.1 0.5 7 Stellaria longipes 0.1 0.3 7 Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.3 7 Trientalis europaea 0.3 0.9 13 Valeriana capitata 1.2 1.5 60 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.3 0.8 20 Total Grass Cover 18.5 15.7 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 3.5 9.8 33 Calamagrostis canadensis 14.3 16.5 87 Festuca altaica 0.3 1.0 7 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 1.2 2.8 27 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.3 1.0 7 Carex bigelowii 0.5 1.1 27 measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate throughout Carex membranacea 0.2 0.8 7 the year within the upper 2 m of soil. Carex vaginata 0.2 0.8 7 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.3 7 Total Nonvascular Cover 22.6 18.5 93 Table 51. Soil characteristics for Riverine Alder Total Moss Cover 21.6 18.0 93 Tall Shrub. Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.2 0.8 7 Property Mean SD n Aulacomnium palustre 0.7 2.1 13 Blepharostoma trichophyllum 0.1 0.5 7 Elevation (m) 8.5 5.0 15 Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre 0.3 0.8 13 Slope (degrees) 9.3 13.1 6 Calliergon cordifolium 0.3 0.7 13 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 7.2 5.4 13 Calliergon richardsonii 0.2 0.8 7 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.3 3.9 7 Campylium stellatum 0.1 0.5 13 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 35.0 1 Ceratodon purpureus 0.3 0.7 20 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Climacium dendroides 1.7 3.9 40 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Conocephalum conicum 0.2 0.6 13 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Dicranum scoparium 0.2 0.8 13 Thaw Depth (cm) 56.2 14.0 10 Diplophyllum taxifolium 0.1 0.3 7 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.9 14 Drepanocladus aduncus 0.7 2.2 13 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 340.0 519.3 7 Hylocomium splendens 3.8 9.9 27 a Leptobryum pyriforme 0.1 0.3 7 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) -51.7 17.2 3 Pellia sp. 0.2 0.6 13 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.3 1.0 7 Plagiomnium medium 0.2 0.8 7 Pleurozium schreberi 0.1 0.3 7 Dominant soil subgroups include Typic Pohlia nutans 0.5 1.1 27 Haplocryepts (non-acidic, partially developed, Polytrichastrum alpinum 0.6 1.3 20 lacking permafrost) and and Oxyaquic Polytrichum commune 0.3 0.6 20 Cryofluvents (wet, saturated early in growing Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.3 7 Rhizomnium magnifolium 1.3 5.2 7 season, poorly developed with thin buried Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 0.7 2.1 13 horizons, lacking permafrost). Additional soil Sanionia orthothecioides 0.3 1.0 7 subgroups documented in the regional Sanionia uncinata 0.8 1.2 40 classification include Fluvaquentic Haplorthels Tomentypnum nitens 0.7 1.4 20 (wet, mineral soil with buried organic horizons, Unknown moss 4.5 11.6 33 permafrost within 1 m) and Fluventic Haplorthels Total Lichen Cover 0.8 1.3 47 (moist, mineral soil with buried organic horizons, Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.6 33 Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 20 permafrost within 1 m). Total Bare Ground 21.5 35.2 53 Water 5.3 20.7 7 Litter alone 16.1 31.4 47

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 62

RIVERINE BARRENS Table 52. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Barrens (n=4). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 45.7 38.3 100 Total Vascular Cover 45.7 38.3 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.7 1.1 100 Salix alaxensis 3 1.7 100 Salix arbusculoides 0.7 1.1 67 Salix interior 1 1.7 33 Total Forb Cover 30.6 34.5 100 Artemisia tilesii 0.4 0.6 67 Aster junciformis <0.1 0.1 33 Aster sibiricus <0.1 0.1 33 Braya humilis <0.1 0.1 33 Callitriche verna <0.1 0.1 33 Caltha natans 0.1 0.1 67 Chrysanthemum bipinnatum <0.1 0.1 33 Cicuta mackenzieana <0.1 0.1 33 Geomorphology: Descurainia sophioides <0.1 0.1 33 Riverine Barrens occurs on river bars that are Epilobium palustre <0.1 0.1 33 frequently flooded and scoured. Geomorphology is Equisetum arvense 11.7 7.6 100 depositional including both delta and meander Equisetum fluviatile 13.4 23.1 67 active channel deposits. Surface forms include Equisetum variegatum <0.1 0.1 33 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 0.1 33 point bars and interfluves on nearly flat surfaces at Hippuris vulgaris 0.1 0.1 67 low elevations in SNWR. Limosella aquatica <0.1 0.1 33 Plant Association: Myriophyllum spicatum <0.1 0.1 33 Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Salix alaxensis–Epilobium latifolium Polygonum aviculare <0.1 0.1 33 Polygonum caurianum 0.1 0.1 67 Vegetation is sparse, with primarily ruderal Polygonum lapathifolium <0.1 0.1 33 species and early colonizers present (Table 52). Polygonum persicaria <0.1 0.1 33 Mature trees, mosses, and lichens are mostly Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.1 67 absent due to frequent disturbance. Common Ranunculus gmelini 0.1 0.1 67 species include Salix alaxensis, Equisetum Ranunculus hyperboreus <0.1 0.1 33 Ranunculus reptans <0.1 0.1 33 arvense, Rorippa islandica, Eriophorum Ranunculus trichophyllus 0.1 0.1 67 russeolum, and Juncus alpinus. Rorippa barbareaefolia 0.1 0.1 67 This ecotype is similar to Riverine Dryas Rorippa hispida 0.3 0.6 33 Dwarf Shrub and Riverine Moist Willow Tall Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 0.7 0.6 67 Shrub, except it occurs primarily on active deposits Senecio congestus 0.1 <0.1 100 where there is more frequent disturbance. Sparganium sp. 0.1 0.1 67 Stellaria crassifolia 2.7 4.6 100 Stellaria sp. <0.1 0.1 33 Triglochin palustris 0.1 0.1 67 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.1 <0.1 100 Total Grass Cover 7.4 3.4 100 Agrostis alaskana <0.1 0.1 33 Agrostis scabra 0.1 0.1 67 Alopecurus aequalis 0.4 0.6 67 Arctagrostis latifolia <0.1 0.1 33 Arctophila fulva 3 2.6 100 Beckmannia erucaeformis 1 1 67 Deschampsia caespitosa 2.7 0.6 100 Glyceria maxima 0.1 0.1 67 Hordeum jubatum <0.1 0.1 33

63 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 52. Continued. such cases it was assumed that the water table occurs within the upper meter of soil for at least the Cover Freq first few weeks of the growing season. Mean SD % Poa glauca <0.1 0.1 33 Puccinellia borealis <0.1 0.1 33 Table 53. Soil characteristics for Riverine Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.1 1.5 100 Barrens. Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis <0.1 0.1 33 Property Mean SD n Carex chordorrhiza <0.1 0.1 33 10.0 2.0 3 Carex rostrata 0.3 0.6 33 Elevation (m) Eleocharis acicularis 1.3 0.6 100 Slope (degrees) 2.3 0.6 3 Eleocharis palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 0 Eriophorum russeolum 0.1 <0.1 100 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 2.3 1.2 3 Juncus alpinus 0.7 0.5 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Juncus arcticus 0.1 0.1 67 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Juncus bufonius 0.4 0.6 67 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus 0.1 0.1 67 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Total Nonvascular Cover 0 0.1 33 Thaw Depth (cm) 135.0 1 Total Moss Cover 0 0.1 33 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.0 0.4 3 Unknown liverwort <0.1 0.1 33 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 333.3 173.9 3 Total Bare Ground 85.7 25.8 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -34.7 17.9 3 Bare Soil 78 33 100 Water 1.7 2.9 67 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Litter alone 6 8.7 100

Soils: The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost) and Typic Gelaquents (wet, poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m). Additional soil subgroups documented in the regional classification include Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, saturated early in growing season, lacking permafrost) and Oxyaquic Gelorthents (wet, saturated early in growing season, poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m).

Soils are typically gravelly or sandy and lack a surface organic horizon (Table 53). Depth to permafrost it is assumed to be greater than 1 m depth or absent due to well drained soils and the proximity to flowing water. Frost boils and loess caps are absent. Surface fragments are common and abundant. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline and EC is low. The soils are excessively to moderately well drained. Depth to water table was difficult to determine in some cases, however in

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 64

RIVERINE BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 54. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub (n=12).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 163.4 33.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 126.4 25.3 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.3 0.7 22 Picea glauca 0.3 0.7 22 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.4 1.6 67 Ledum decumbens 0.7 0.9 56 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.7 1.7 33 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 98 26.7 100 Alnus crispa 0.1 0.3 11 Arctostaphylos rubra 0.6 1.7 11 Betula glandulosa 1.1 3.3 11 Betula nana 23.3 25.9 89 Potentilla fruticosa 1.4 1.8 56 Rosa acicularis 0.1 0.3 11 Salix alaxensis 7.2 19.9 22 Geomorphology: Salix arbusculoides 4.7 13.3 22 The low shrub communities that comprise this Salix barclayi 0.9 1.8 22 ecotype grow in linear bands that segregate stands Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 1.1 3.3 11 of spruce forest along meandering rivers in SNWR. Salix glauca 3.7 6.9 44 Salix hastata 0.3 0.7 22 It occurs on meander inactive overbank deposits Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 8.9 23.2 22 and meander fine inactive channel deposits at <60 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 28.6 27.5 100 m elevation. Surface forms include interfluves, Salix reticulata 0.1 0.3 11 bars and flat banks. We did not collect any ground Spiraea beauverdiana 1.1 3.3 11 plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, and the Vaccinium uliginosum 14.8 19 100 Total Forb Cover 12.5 8.4 100 following data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. Aconitum delphinifolium <0.1 <0.1 11 This ecotype was developed as part of the regional Anemone parviflora <0.1 <0.1 11 classification and was identified in SNWR through Anemone sp. <0.1 <0.1 11 the spectral classification and mapping effort. Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica <0.1 <0.1 11 Artemisia tilesii 0.2 0.7 11 Plant Association: Astragalus alpinus <0.1 <0.1 11 Betula nana–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Pyrola Cardamine pratensis ssp. angustifolia <0.1 <0.1 11 grandiflora Castilleja caudata <0.1 <0.1 11 The low, deciduous shrub canopy is typically Equisetum arvense 0.9 1.4 33 closed (>75%) in this ecotype. Forbs and grasses Galium boreale 0.2 0.7 22 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 <0.1 11 characterize the understory, while the presence of Iris setosa 0.6 1.7 11 trees, evergreen shrubs, sedges and nonvascular Lupinus arcticus <0.1 <0.1 11 species is variable (Table 54). Common species Moehringia lateriflora <0.1 <0.1 11 include Vaccinium uliginosum, Petasites frigidus, Myosotis alpestris ssp. asiatica <0.1 <0.1 11 Valeriana capitata, and Hylocomium splendens. Pedicularis capitata <0.1 <0.1 22 Petasites frigidus 4.4 6.7 67 This ecotype is similar to Lowland Polemonium acutiflorum 0.3 0.4 67 Birch-Willow Low Shrub except soils are Polygonum bistorta 0.3 1 11 predominantly loamy and haven’t had time to Potentilla palustris 1.1 3.3 11 develop thick organic horizons. Pyrola grandiflora 1.1 1.1 67 Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus 0.7 1.7 22 Soils: Rubus chamaemorus 1.4 3 22 Soils are loamy with a thin organic horizon Saussurea angustifolia 0.3 0.7 22 above the mineral soil surface (Table 55). Saxifraga punctata <0.1 <0.1 11 Permafrost is often found in the upper meter of the Sedum rosea ssp. integrifolium <0.1 <0.1 11 Stellaria sp. <0.1 0.1 33

65 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 54. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Valeriana capitata 0.7 0.7 78 Wilhelmsia physodes <0.1 <0.1 11 Total Grass Cover 10 5.6 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 1.8 3.3 44 Calamagrostis canadensis 6.1 7.4 56 Calamagrostis sp. 0.3 1 11 Festuca altaica 0.7 1.1 33 Festuca rubra 0.2 0.4 22 Poa arctica 0.9 1.6 44 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 4.2 8.2 56 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.1 0.3 11 Carex bigelowii 1.4 3.2 44 Carex canescens 0.2 0.7 11 Carex saxatilis 0.6 1.7 11 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.8 1.7 22 soil profile. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface 1.1 3.3 11 Eriophorum vaginatum fragments are absent. Organic horizons, buried Luzula sp. <0.1 <0.1 11 Total Nonvascular Cover 36.9 33.5 89 during flooding by riverine silts and sands, were Total Moss Cover 35.5 32 89 commonly found in these soils. Soil pH is Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.7 5 11 circumneutral to acidic, and EC is low. The soils Aulacomnium palustre 2.8 6.5 56 are typically moderately well to somewhat poorly Aulacomnium turgidum 0.8 1.3 44 drained, and the water table is shallow to Brachythecium sp. 0.4 1 22 moderately deep. Calliergon giganteum 0.2 0.7 11 Climacium dendroides 1.2 3.3 22 Table 55. Soil characteristics for Riverine Dicranum groenlandicum <0.1 0.1 11 Birch–Willow Low Shrub. Dicranum sp. 0.7 1.1 33 Hylocomium splendens 13.3 21.7 56 Property Mean SD n Hypnum sp. 0.1 0.3 11 Elevation (m) 31.0 27.6 9 Marchantia polymorpha <0.1 <0.1 11 Slope (degrees) 0 Mnium sp. 0.1 0.3 11 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.1 1.4 9 Pleurozium schreberi 2.2 6.7 11 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.3 1.2 9 0.4 1 22 Polytrichum juniperinum Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Racomitrium lanuginosum <0.1 <0.1 11 Depth to Rocks (cm) 144.0 86.8 6 Rhytidium rugosum 0.1 0.3 11 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Sanionia uncinata 1.3 3.3 44 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Sphagnum balticum <0.1 0.1 11 Thaw Depth (cm) 50.2 43.5 5 Sphagnum imbricatum <0.1 0.1 11 5.8 0.3 9 Sphagnum sp. 2.8 8.3 11 Site pH at 10-cm depth 55.6 25.5 9 Sphagnum squarrosum 0.1 0.3 11 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Sphagnum subsecundum <0.1 0.1 11 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -68.2 33.1 5 Sphagnum warnstorfii <0.1 0.1 11 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Tomentypnum nitens 7 16.3 44 Total Lichen Cover 1.4 1.8 56 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.3 11 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Cladina rangiferina 0.1 0.3 22 are Fluvaquentic Haplorthels (wet, saturated within 0.1 0.3 11 Cladina stygia 75 cm, mineral soil with buried organic horizons, Parmelia sp. 0.1 0.3 11 Peltigera aphthosa 0.8 1.7 22 permafrost within 1 m) and Fluvaquentic Peltigera canina <0.1 0.1 11 Aquorthels (wet, saturated within 50 cm, mineral Peltigera didactyla var. extenuata <0.1 0.1 11 soil with thin buried horizons, permafrost within 1 Peltigera leucophlebia <0.1 0.1 11 m). Less common soil types include Typic Total Bare Ground 3.7 3.2 89 Dystrogelepts (acidic, well drained, moderately Bare Soil 0.1 0.3 22 thin organic horizon, permafrost below 1 m) and 3.6 3.1 89 Litter alone Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 66

RIVERINE BLUEJOINT MEADOW Table 56. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow (n=3).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 162.8 37.1 100 Total Vascular Cover 137.6 31.1 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 2.3 4.0 33 Picea glauca 2.3 4.0 33 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 19.2 16.6 100 Alnus crispa <0.1 0.1 33 Arctostaphylos rubra <0.1 0.1 33 Betula nana 0.3 0.6 33 Potentilla fruticosa 0.3 0.6 33 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 10.0 17.3 33 Salix monticola <0.1 0.1 33 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 6.7 11.5 100 Spiraea beauverdiana 0.3 0.6 33 SNWR_T04_15_83_2007.jpg Vaccinium uliginosum 1.3 2.3 33 Total Forb Cover 46.1 16.3 100 Geomorphology: Aconitum delphinifolium <0.1 0.1 33 This ecotype occurs at low elevations on delta Anemone richardsonii 1.7 2.9 33 inactive overbank deposits, meandering abandoned Angelica lucida 1.7 2.9 33 overbank deposits, and meander inactive overbank Artemisia tilesii 0.3 0.6 33 Caltha palustris <0.1 0.1 33 deposits. Surface forms include channels, levees Cicuta mackenzieana <0.1 0.1 33 and flats. The ground is usually non-patterned. Cornus suecica 2.7 4.6 33 Plant Association: Epilobium angustifolium 5.0 8.7 33 Equisetum arvense 8.4 14.4 67 Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris Equisetum fluviatile <0.1 0.1 33 33 Riverine Bluejoint Meadow is dominated by Equisetum pratense 1.7 2.9 Equisetum sylvaticum 6.7 11.5 33 grasses, deciduous shrubs, and forbs (Table 56). Erigeron acris 0.3 0.6 33 Cover of trees, sedges, and lichens is variable. Galium boreale 1.0 1.7 33 Common species include Salix planifolia ssp. Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 0.1 33 pulchra, Equisetum arvense, Iris setosa, Rubus Iris setosa 1.0 1.0 67 arcticus, and Valeriana capitata. Mertensia paniculata 0.3 0.6 33 Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Riverine Bluejoint Meadow is most similar to Petasites hyperboreus 2.7 4.6 33 Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow. It shares a dominant Polemonium acutiflorum 1.0 1.7 33 species with Upland Bluejoint Meadow but soils Potentilla palustris 5.0 6.2 67 are much wetter. Due to its low abundance, Ranunculus hyperboreus <0.1 0.1 33 Riverine Bluejoint Meadow was not mapped. Rubus arcticus 3.3 1.5 100 Rumex arcticus <0.1 0.1 33 Stellaria sp. <0.1 0.1 33 Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica <0.1 0.1 33 Valeriana capitata 2.4 4.0 67 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.7 1.1 67 Total Grass Cover 66.7 18.9 100 Calamagrostis canadensis 66.7 18.9 100 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.4 5.8 33 Carex amblyorhynca <0.1 0.1 33 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 1.7 2.9 33 Carex saxatilis 1.7 2.9 33 Total Nonvascular Cover 25.1 27.8 67 Total Moss Cover 25.0 27.8 67 Calliergon giganteum 16.7 28.9 33 Polytrichum commune 5.3 9.2 33

67 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 56. Continued. Table 57. Soil characteristics for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow. Cover Freq Property Mean SD n Mean SD % Unknown moss 3.0 2.6 67 Elevation (m) 23.5 19.1 2 Total Lichen Cover 0.1 0.2 33 Slope (degrees) 0 Cladonia sp. <0.1 0.1 33 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 8.7 7.2 3 Peltigera aphthosa <0.1 0.1 33 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.7 5.7 3 Peltigera canina <0.1 0.1 33 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 104.0 89.1 2 Peltigera sp. <0.1 0.1 33 Depth to Rocks (cm) 167.0 1 Total Bare Ground 34.0 13.9 100 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Bare Soil 0.7 1.2 33 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Water 3.3 5.8 33 Thaw Depth (cm) 48.0 1 100 Litter alone 30.0 18.0 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.1 3 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 556.7 842.9 3 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -16.0 1 Soils: aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Cryofluvents (poorly developed with buried organic horizons, lacking permafrost), and Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).

Soils are loamy with a thin surface organic horizon (Table 57). Permafrost is at variable depths, and sometimes is absent. Frost boils and surface fragments are absent. The presence of loess caps is variable. Coarse fragments are absent in the upper meter of the active layer. Subsurface organic horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts and sands, are commonly found in these soils. Soil pH is acidic to circumneutral, and EC is variable. The soils are moderately well drained, and the water table is deep to very deep.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 68

RIVERINE DRYAS DWARF SHRUB Table 58. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub (n=9).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 128.6 68.9 100 Total Vascular Cover 66.6 20 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.3 0.5 43 Picea glauca 0.3 0.5 43 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 26 18.6 100 Dryas drummondii 7.1 15 29 Dryas integrifolia 16.9 20.3 71 Empetrum nigrum 0.4 1.1 29 Juniperus communis 1.4 3.8 14 Rhododendron lapponicum 0.1 0.4 14 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.7 1.9 29 Populus balsamifera 0.7 1.9 29 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 17.9 14.4 100 Arctostaphylos alpina 0.6 1.5 14 1.2 2 Geomorphology: Arctostaphylos rubra 43 Potentilla fruticosa 0.4 0.7 86 Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub occurs on Salix alaxensis 1.9 2 71 stabilized braided and meander abandoned and Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 8.9 10.8 100 inactive deposits of both coarse and fine materials, Salix glauca 2.4 5.6 43 and to a lesser extent on active braided overbank Salix hastata 0.6 1.5 14 and channel deposits. Surfaces are primarily flat Shepherdia canadensis 1 1.9 57 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 1.7 29 banks, terraces and interfluves at lower elevations Total Forb Cover 14.4 14.3 100 along the Kobuk River. We did not collect any plot Androsace chamaejasme <0.1 0.1 43 data in SNWR for this ecotype, and the following Artemisia borealis 0.3 0.5 29 data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype Artemisia furcata 0.3 0.8 14 was developed as part of the regional classification Aster sibiricus 0.6 1.1 71 Aster yukonensis 0.2 0.4 29 and was identified in SNWR through the spectral Astragalus aboriginum 0.2 0.4 43 classification and mapping effort. Astragalus alpinus 0.3 0.5 29 Plant Associations: Astragalus eucosmus ssp. sealei 0.3 0.8 29 Braya humilis 0.3 0.8 14 Dryas integrifolia–Salix brachycarpa ssp. Castilleja caudata 0.1 0.4 14 niphoclada Cnidium cnidiifolium 0.7 1.9 29 Epilobium latifolium 0.7 0.9 71 Dryas drummondii–Oxytropis campestris Galium boreale 0.1 0.4 14 Evergreen shrubs characterize this ecotype Gentiana propinqua 0.7 1.9 29 (Table 58) while deciduous low shrubs and forbs Hedysarum alpinum 0.5 1.1 43 Hedysarum mackenzii 0.1 0.4 14 contribute to the secondary component. Trees Lupinus arcticus 1.7 2.6 43 species are present as seedlings in this Minuartia arctica 0.2 0.4 29 early-successional ecotype, as are a few Oxytropis borealis 0.3 0.8 14 nonvascular species. Common species include Oxytropis campestris ssp. jordalii 0.7 1.5 29 Salix alaxensis, Lupinus arcticus, Calamagrostis Oxytropis campestris ssp. varians 2.1 5.7 14 Papaver lapponicum 0.1 0.4 14 purpurascens, and Rhytidium rugosum. Parnassia palustris 0.3 0.8 29 This ecotype is similar to Riverine Barrens, Potentilla hookeriana 0.1 0.4 14 although it is more stable and with much greater Potentilla uniflora 0.3 0.8 29 vegetative cover. It differs from Alpine Dryas Saxifraga flagellaris 0.2 0.4 29 Dwarf Shrub in physiography. Selaginella sibirica 0.9 2.3 14 Senecio lugens 0.4 0.8 43 Senecio ogotorukensis 0.3 0.5 29

69 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 58. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Solidago multiradiata 0.3 0.8 29 Zygadenus elegans 0.2 0.4 57 Total Grass Cover 4.7 5.8 100 Bromus pumpellianus 0.2 0.4 43 Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.6 1.5 14 Bromus pumpellianus var. pumpellianus 0.4 0.8 29 Calamagrostis lapponica 0.1 0.4 14 Calamagrostis purpurascens 1.3 2.2 43 Elymus innovatus 0.3 0.5 29 Festuca altaica 0.9 1.9 43 Festuca rubra 0.1 0.4 14 Poa glauca 0.2 0.4 57 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.6 3.4 71 Carex concinna 0.7 1.9 29 Carex krausei 0.4 1.1 29 Soils are typically gravelly or bouldery and Carex scirpoidea 1 1.7 43 Kobresia myosuroides 0.3 0.7 43 often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 59). Total Nonvascular Cover 62 52.7 100 Depth to permafrost is difficult to determine in the Total Moss Cover 41.3 35.4 100 rocky soils, however if permafrost does occur it is Abietinella abietina 10.4 24.2 29 assumed to be greater than 1 m given the well Brachythecium salebrosum 0.3 0.8 14 drained soils. Frost boils and loess caps are absent. 1.7 3.1 Dicranum sp. 29 Surface fragments are present at low to moderate Distichium inclinatum 1.1 3 14 Ditrichum flexicaule 0.3 0.8 14 abundance. Soil pH is alkaline, and EC is low. The Hylocomium splendens 0.7 1.9 14 soils are typically excessively to well drained, and Polytrichum sp. 0.6 1.1 29 depth to water table is typically greater than 1 m. Racomitrium lanuginosum 7 14.7 43 Rhytidium rugosum 7.9 14.4 57 Sanionia uncinata 0.3 0.8 14 Table 59. Soil characteristics for Riverine Dryas Tortella fragilis 1 2.6 14 Dwarf Shrub. Unknown moss 10 19.1 29 Property Mean SD n Total Lichen Cover 20.7 34.1 86 Elevation (m) 206.3 137.3 7 Alectoria ochroleuca 0.1 0.4 14 2.0 0.0 2 Asahinea chrysantha 0.4 1.1 29 Slope (degrees) Bryoria sp. 0.1 0.4 14 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.0 0.0 2 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.4 14 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 2.2 1.4 3 Cetrariella delisei 0.1 0.4 14 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cladonia pocillum 0.3 0.8 14 Depth to Rocks (cm) 2.3 1.2 3 Cladonia pyxidata 0.1 0.4 14 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 11.8 13.4 6 Cladonia sp. 2.4 3.7 43 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladonia symphycarpia 1.6 3 29 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Flavocetraria cucullata 0.7 1.2 43 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.9 0.3 7 Flavocetraria nivalis 0.3 0.8 29 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 80.0 82.2 6 Hypogymnia sp. 0.4 1.1 14 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -167.9 55.4 7 Masonhalea richardsonii 0.3 0.5 29 Parmelia sp. 0.4 1.1 14 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 43 Pertusaria sp. 0.7 1.9 29 Sphaerophorus sp. 0.4 1.1 14 Dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Stereocaulon sp. 0.7 1.2 43 include Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, occasionally Thamnolia sp. 1.6 2.8 29 lacking permafrost) and Typic Gelorthents (poorly Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.4 14 developed with permafrost below 1 m). Unknown lichen 9.3 18.8 29 Total Bare Ground 36.5 29.4 100 Bare Soil 26.2 29.6 100 Litter alone 10.3 7.5 100

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 70

RIVERINE FORB MARSH Table 60. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Forb Marsh (n=3).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 101.6 20.1 100 Total Vascular Cover 94.6 13.8 100 Total Forb Cover 89.8 17.4 100 Calla palustris 0.4 0.6 67 Caltha palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Cicuta mackenzieana 2.0 2.0 67 Epilobium palustre <0.1 0.1 33 Equisetum fluviatile 45.0 35.0 100 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 0.1 33 Hippuris vulgaris 5.0 8.7 33 Lemna minor <0.1 0.1 33 Menyanthes trifoliata 1.3 2.3 33 Myriophyllum spicatum 8.4 14.4 67 Geomorphology: Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius <0.1 0.1 33 Riverine Forb Marsh occurs in channels, Potamogeton zosterifolius 6.7 11.5 67 swales or flood basins on inactive channel deposits Potentilla palustris 12.7 8.7 100 or on the margins of shallow riverine lakes. It is Ranunculus gmelini <0.1 0.1 33 found infrequently at low elevations along large Ranunculus pallasii 1.4 2.3 67 rivers. Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana <0.1 0.1 33 Sparganium angustifolium 4.0 6.9 33 Plant Association: Stellaria crassifolia <0.1 0.1 33 Eleocharis acicularis–Equisetum fluviatile Utricularia intermedia <0.1 0.1 33 Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 2.7 2.5 67 Forbs dominate this ecotype, in particular Total Grass Cover 0.1 0.1 33 horsetail (Table 60). Sedges and water-tolerant Calamagrostis canadensis <0.1 0.1 33 mosses are always present, while trees, shrubs and Poa alpigena <0.1 0.1 33 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 4.7 3.5 100 lichens are absent. Common species include Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 1.3 2.3 33 Equisetum fluviatile, Caltha palustris, Cicuta Carex rostrata 2.7 4.6 33 mackenzieana, Potentilla palustris, Eriophorum Eriophorum angustifolium 0.7 0.6 67 angustifolium, and Calliergon giganteum. Eriophorum russeolum <0.1 0.1 33 This ecotype is similar to Riverine Wet Sedge Total Nonvascular Cover 7.0 7.0 100 Total Moss Cover 7.0 7.0 100 Meadow which occurs on similar terrain, but is Calliergon giganteum 5.7 8.1 67 drier and is dominated by sedges. Lacustrine Calliergon sp. 0.7 1.2 33 Horsetail Marsh has some similar plant species but Drepanocladus sp. 0.7 1.2 33 ecological processes, physical structure and Total Bare Ground 77.4 38.5 100 community associations are unrelated. Riverine Bare Soil 1.0 1.7 33 Water 71.3 48.8 100 Forb Marsh was not mappable because it occurs in Litter alone 5.1 8.6 100 small, isolated patches.

71 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Soils: RIVERINE MOIST WILLOW TALL SHRUB

SNWR_T03_11_69_2007.jpg SNWR_T03_10_66_2007.jpg Soils are typically loamy or sandy and lack a Geomorphology: surface organic horizon (Table 61). Thaw depths These tall willow communities occur on could not be determined as the depth to permafrost, floodplains, including delta active and inactive if present, was always greater than the maximum overbank deposits and meander active and inactive depth sampled (1.3 meters). Frost boils, surface overbank deposits. This ecotype is subject to fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is frequent flooding. circumneutral to alkaline and EC is low to moderate. The soils are typically very poorly Plant Association: drained or flooded. The water table occurs at Salix alaxensis–Aster sibiricus shallow depths or above ground. This early-successional community is Table 61. Soil characteristics for Riverine Forb characterized by tall felt-leaf willow (S. alaxensis). Marsh. Forbs are the prevalent understory life form, Property Mean SD n although all other life forms except lichens can be present in small quantities. The amount of Elevation (m) 14.0 3.0 3 Slope (degrees) 0 understory cover is variable (Table 62). Common Surface Organics Depth(cm) 8.0 1 species include Alnus crispa, Artemisia tilesii, Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.5 3.5 2 Equisetum arvense, and Calamagrostis canadensis. Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 This ecotype varies in species assemblages Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 from two willow dominated riverine ecotypes: Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Riverine Wet Tall Willow Shrub and Riverine Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Willow Low Shrub. In particular, Salix alaxensis is Thaw Depth (cm) 115.0 1 the dominant willow species. It has drier soils and Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.4 0.7 3 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 276.7 349.6 3 a higher disturbance rate than Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub and higher canopy than Riverine Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 24.7 35.4 3 Willow Low Shrub. aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Typic Gelaquents (wet, poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 72

Table 62. Vegetation cover and frequency for Table 62. Continued. Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub (n=18). Cover Freq Mean SD % Cover Freq Platanthera obtusata 0.1 0.3 11 Mean SD % Polemonium acutiflorum 0.4 0.8 28 Total Live Cover 175.5 24.6 100 Polygonum alaskanum <0.1 <0.1 6 Total Vascular Cover 167.3 22.9 100 Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.2 11 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.2 6 Potentilla norvegica <0.1 <0.1 6 Picea glauca 0.1 0.2 6 Potentilla palustris 0.1 0.2 11 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.2 0.5 11 Pyrola grandiflora 0.3 0.8 17 Populus balsamifera 0.2 0.5 11 Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana <0.1 <0.1 6 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 70.2 16.6 100 Rubus arcticus 4.7 7.0 67 Alnus crispa 12.6 23.2 61 Senecio atropurpureus <0.1 <0.1 6 Arctostaphylos rubra 0.1 0.3 11 Senecio congestus <0.1 <0.1 6 Rosa acicularis 1.1 2.1 33 Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata <0.1 <0.1 6 Salix alaxensis 48.9 28.5 94 Trientalis europaea 0.1 0.2 6 Salix arbusculoides 3.0 8.8 50 Valeriana capitata 0.5 0.9 39 Salix hastata 0.2 0.4 22 Wilhelmsia physodes 1.2 1.4 67 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 3.3 12.9 11 Zygadenus elegans 0.2 0.6 11 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.2 0.7 22 Total Grass Cover 8.5 7.3 100 Shepherdia canadensis 0.1 0.2 6 Agropyron macrourum 0.6 1.1 28 Vaccinium uliginosum 0.1 0.2 6 Arctagrostis latifolia 3.1 5.2 56 Viburnum edule 0.7 1.2 28 Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.7 1.2 33 Total Forb Cover 88.4 20.6 100 Calamagrostis canadensis 2.8 5.7 72 Aconitum delphinifolium 0.3 0.7 33 Deschampsia caespitosa 0.1 0.2 6 Adoxa moschatellina 0.1 0.5 6 Elymus alaskanus 0.2 0.7 6 Anemone richardsonii 1.2 1.9 56 Festuca richardsonii <0.1 <0.1 11 Artemisia tilesii 6.0 10.1 100 Festuca rubra 0.3 0.8 17 Aster junciformis <0.1 <0.1 6 Hierochloe alpina 0.2 0.5 11 Aster sibiricus 3.6 4.5 94 Poa alpigena 0.1 0.2 22 Boschniakia rossica 0.1 0.2 6 Poa pratensis 0.5 0.9 33 Cardamine sp. <0.1 <0.1 6 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.0 0.1 17 Castilleja caudata 0.5 0.9 28 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis <0.1 <0.1 11 Chrysanthemum bipinnatum 1.0 1.8 33 Carex utriculata <0.1 <0.1 6 Cypripedium passerinum 0.1 0.2 6 Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus <0.1 <0.1 6 Descurainia sophioides 0.1 0.2 6 Total Nonvascular Cover 8.2 15.8 61 Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.0 39 Total Moss Cover 8.2 15.8 61 Epilobium palustre <0.1 <0.1 6 Amblystegium serpens 0.1 0.5 6 Equisetum arvense 60.2 26.5 100 Brachythecium populeum 0.4 1.9 6 Equisetum fluviatile 0.1 0.2 6 Brachythecium sp. 0.3 0.7 22 Equisetum palustre 0.2 0.7 6 Climacium dendroides 2.3 6.4 17 Equisetum pratense 0.4 1.9 6 Conocephalum conicum 0.2 0.7 6 Equisetum scirpoides 0.1 0.2 6 Distichium capillaceum 0.1 0.3 11 Equisetum variegatum 0.8 3.5 6 Drepanocladus aduncus 0.1 0.5 6 Galium boreale 2.6 4.5 61 Drepanocladus sp. 1.2 4.7 11 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum <0.1 <0.1 6 Hypnum bambergeri 0.3 0.8 17 Gentiana propinqua 0.2 0.5 11 Marchantia polymorpha 0.1 0.2 6 Hedysarum alpinum 0.3 0.8 17 Pellia sp. 0.1 0.2 6 Iris setosa <0.1 <0.1 6 Plagiochila porelloides 0.1 0.2 6 Lathyrus palustris 0.3 0.7 17 Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.3 1.0 17 Listera borealis 0.1 0.2 6 Plagiomnium medium 0.1 0.3 11 Melandrium taimyrense <0.1 <0.1 6 Pohlia nutans 0.2 0.7 6 Mertensia paniculata 1.0 1.4 56 Sanionia uncinata 0.7 1.6 17 Moehringia lateriflora 0.5 1.0 22 Timmia austriaca 0.2 0.5 11 Parnassia palustris 0.4 0.9 44 Unknown liverwort <0.1 <0.1 6 Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.5 17 Unknown moss 1.4 4.1 11 Pedicularis sudetica ssp. pacifica 0.1 0.2 6 Total Bare Ground 4.9 10.9 39 Bare Soil 2.8 9.4 22 Litter alone 2.1 3.8 39

73 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Soils: The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, saturated early in growing season, lacking permafrost), Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost), and Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m). Uncommon soil types include Typic Cryopsamments (sandy, low coarse fragment content, well drained, lacking permafrost) and Typic Cryofluvents (poorly developed with buried organic horizons, lacking permafrost).

Soils are typically gravelly, sandy, or loamy and often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 63). Depth to permafrost is typically within 1 m of the surface. Frost boils were absent and loess caps are rare. Surface fragments are uncommon, however, when they occur they tend to be abundant. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low. The soils are typically somewhat excessively to well drained, and depth to water table was typically within 1 m. Table 63. Soil characteristics for Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub. Property Mean SD n Elevation (m) 13.1 6.0 18 Slope (degrees) 3.0 0.0 2 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.7 3.0 6 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.1 3.3 7 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 42.0 1 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Thaw Depth (cm) 81.4 22.8 7 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.4 0.4 18 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 125.7 37.8 7 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -83.5 23.1 4 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 74

RIVERINE PENDENT GRASS MARSH Table 64. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh (n=2).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 96.2 2.5 100 Total Vascular Cover 96.2 2.5 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.1 5.5 100 Salix alaxensis 4.0 5.6 100 Salix arbusculoides 0.1 0.1 50 Total Forb Cover 9.2 10.4 100 Allium schoenoprasum 0.1 0.1 50 Artemisia tilesii 0.1 0.1 50 Braya humilis 0.1 0.1 50 Callitriche verna 0.1 0.1 50 Caltha natans 0.1 0.1 50 Cicuta mackenzieana 0.1 0.1 50 Epilobium palustre 0.1 <0.1 100 Geomorphology: Equisetum arvense 3.5 4.9 100 Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh occurs at low Equisetum fluviatile 4.0 5.7 50 Hippuris vulgaris 0.1 0.1 50 elevations on both active and inactive meander fine Limosella aquatica 0.1 0.1 50 channel deposits. Surfaces consist of point bars and Polygonum lapathifolium 0.1 0.1 50 are non-patterned. This ecotype occurs in small Potamogeton sp. 0.1 0.1 50 patches and was not mappable. Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.1 50 Ranunculus gmelini 0.1 0.1 50 Plant Association: Ranunculus reptans 0.1 0.1 50 Arctophila fulva–Eleocharis acicularis–Caltha Ranunculus trichophyllus 0.1 0.1 50 palustris Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 0.1 0.1 50 Senecio congestus 0.1 <0.1 100 Pendent grass, A. fulva, is the dominant Stellaria crassifolia 0.6 0.6 100 species in this ecotype (Table 64). Trees, evergreen Wilhelmsia physodes 0.1 <0.1 100 shrubs and nonvascular species are absent. Total Grass Cover 76.3 7.3 100 Agrostis scabra 0.1 0.1 50 Common species include Salix alaxensis, Alopecurus aequalis 0.1 0.1 50 Equisetum arvense, Stellaria crassifolia, Arctophila fulva 72.5 10.6 100 Deschampsia caespitosa and Carex aquatilis. Bare Beckmannia erucaeformis 0.6 0.6 100 ground and litter are always present. Deschampsia caespitosa 1.1 1.3 100 This ecotype is similar to Lacustrine Pendent Glyceria maxima 2.0 2.8 50 Hierochloe odorata 0.1 0.1 50 Grass Marsh in species composition, but it occurs Hordeum jubatum 0.1 0.1 50 along rivers and not in lake basins. Poa alpigena 0.1 0.1 50 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 6.7 4.9 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 5.5 6.4 100 Eleocharis acicularis 1.0 1.4 50 Eriophorum russeolum 0.1 0.1 50 Juncus alpinus 0.1 0.1 50 Juncus bufonius 0.1 0.1 50 Total Bare Ground 47.5 6.4 100 Bare Soil 40.0 <0.1 100 Water 5.0 7.1 50 Litter alone 2.5 0.7 100

75 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Soils: RIVERINE POPLAR FOREST

Soils are organic-rich loams and sands that Geomorphology: often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 65). These early to mid-successional poplar stands Buried organic horizons are common. Permafrost occur on braided active and inactive overbank and rock fragments are absent in the upper meter of deposits and meander active and inactive overbank the soil profile. Frost boils, surface fragments, and deposits. Surfaces consist of levees, interfluves, loess caps are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral, and flat banks and point bars. EC is low to moderate. Soils are typically poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and the water table is Plant Association: typically slightly above or below the ground Populus balsamifera–Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis surface. The rapid rate of succession that this ecotype Table 65. Soil characteristics for Riverine experiences is reflected in its plant association, Pendent Grass Marsh. which contains a dominant species from the first Property Mean SD n three stages of the floodplain successional sequence (willow dominated, then poplar Elevation (m) 9.0 0.0 2 Slope (degrees) 3.0 1 dominated, then spruce dominated stands). Surface Organics Depth(cm) 0 Populus balsamifera is the dominant species while Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.0 4.2 2 forbs and deciduous shrubs characterize the Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 understory (Table 66). Picea glauca occurs as Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 seedlings in the understory. Additional common Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 species include Rosa acicularis, Equisetum 0 Frost Boil Cover (%) arvense, Galium boreale, Hedysarum alpinum, and Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Calamagrostis canadensis. Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.6 0.4 2 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 630.0 70.7 2 Riverine Poplar Forest is most similar to Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -16.5 10.6 2 Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest which it transitions to as spruce grow into mature trees. aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype is Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 76

Table 66. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Poplar Forest (n=2). Bare ground data not available.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 136.5 58.7 100 Total Vascular Cover 134.0 60.8 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 4.0 0.0 100 Picea glauca 4.0 <0.1 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 28.0 14.1 100 Populus balsamifera 28.0 14.1 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 47.5 53.0 100 Rosa acicularis 34.5 47.4 100 Salix alaxensis 4.5 4.9 100 Salix arbusculoides 0.5 0.7 50 Viburnum edule 8.0 <0.1 100 Total Forb Cover 46.0 7.1 100 excessively to moderately well drained. Depth to Anemone richardsonii 0.5 0.7 50 water table often could not be measured, but is Artemisia tilesii 2.0 <0.1 100 assumed to fluctuate throughout the year within the Aster sibiricus 5.5 3.5 100 upper 2 m of the soil profile given the proximity to Astragalus alpinus 3.0 <0.1 100 river water. Castilleja caudata 1.0 1.4 50 Cypripedium passerinum 1.0 1.4 50 Epilobium angustifolium 1.5 2.1 50 Table 67. Soil characteristics for Riverine Equisetum arvense 18.0 <0.1 100 Poplar Forest. Galium boreale 4.0 <0.1 100 Hedysarum alpinum 5.0 4.2 100 Property Mean SD n Mertensia paniculata 0.5 0.7 50 Elevation (m) 9.0 1.4 2 Moehringia lateriflora 0.5 0.7 50 Slope (degrees) 0 Moneses uniflora 1.5 0.7 100 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.0 0.0 2 Platanthera obtusata 1.0 1.4 50 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Pyrola grandiflora 0.5 0.7 50 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Wilhelmsia physodes 0.5 0.7 50 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Total Grass Cover 8.5 0.7 100 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Agropyron macrourum 1.0 1.4 50 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 1.0 <0.1 100 Thaw Depth (cm) 97.0 11.3 2 Calamagrostis canadensis 5.0 4.2 100 6.8 0.4 2 Poa pratensis 1.5 2.1 50 Site pH at 10-cm depth 0 Total Nonvascular Cover 2.5 2.1 100 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Total Moss Cover 2.5 2.1 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Campylium polygamum 0.5 0.7 50 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Ceratodon purpureus 0.5 0.7 50 Eurhynchium pulchellum 0.5 0.7 50 Timmia austriaca 1.0 <0.1 100 We did not collect soil stratigraphy data for this ecotype in SNWR. The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype that we documented in Soils: the regional classification are Typic Gelorthents Soils are typically sandy or loamy with a thin, (poorly developed with permafrost below 1 m) and often scattered surface organic horizon (Table 67). Typic Cryorthents (poorly developed soils, lacking Depth to permafrost is about 1 m given the well permafrost). drained soils and proximity of flowing water. Frost boils and loess caps are absent. Surface fragments are rare. Organic horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts and sands, sometimes occur in these soils. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low. Soils are typically somewhat

77 Selawik Ecological Land Survey RIVERINE WATER Table 68. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Water (n=2).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 31.4 41.2 100 Total Vascular Cover 24.9 32 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.1 0 100 Alnus tenuifolia 0.1 0.1 50 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.1 0.1 50 Total Forb Cover 24.6 32.2 100 Caltha palustris 0.1 0.1 50 Cardamine pratensis ssp. angustifolia 0.1 0.1 50 Equisetum fluviatile 0.6 0.6 100 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 50 Hippuris vulgaris 2.5 3.5 100 Menyanthes trifoliata 0.1 0.1 50 Myriophyllum verticillatum 5 7.1 50 Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius 6 8.5 50 Potamogeton praelongus 0.1 0.1 50 Potamogeton zosterifolius 5 7.1 50 Geomorphology: Potentilla palustris 0.1 <0.1 100 Riverine Water occurs throughout SNWR and Ranunculus trichophyllus var. hispidulus 0.1 0.1 50 includes upper and lower perennial non-glacial Sparganium minimum 1.5 2.1 50 rivers, mountain headwater streams, lowland Sparganium sp. 0.1 0.1 50 Utricularia intermedia 1 1.4 50 headwater streams and shallow oxbow lakes that Utricularia minor 0.1 0.1 50 have been isolated from actively flowing rivers Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 2.5 3.5 100 through depositional processes. River channels are Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.1 0.1 50 both braided and meandering. Elevations vary Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.1 0.1 50 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.1 0.1 50 from sea level to >500 m in headwater streams. Total Nonvascular Cover 6.5 9.2 50 This ecotype includes both rivers and riverine Total Moss Cover 6.5 9.2 50 lakes. We only sampled rivers in SNWR, and we Scorpidium scorpioides 2.5 3.5 50 did not develop a plant association for these plots. Unknown moss 4 5.7 50 Total Bare Ground 101.1 1.3 100 The following vegetation description is based on Bare Soil 0.1 0.1 50 data collected at plots in riverine lakes in ARCN, Water 97.5 3.5 100 while the water characteristic data is based on plots Litter alone 3.5 4.9 100 sampled in SNWR. Plant Association: Soils: Potamogeton spp.–Utricularia vulgaris ssp. Flooded soils were not described. Water macrorhiza characteristics are listed in Table 69. In riverine lakes, aquatic vegetation grows on shallow bottoms and near the margins (Table 68). Table 69. Water characteristics for Riverine Water. Multiple species of pondweeds, Potamogeton spp., are common. Sedges and grasses sometimes occur Property Mean SD n on shallow water near the margins of Riverine Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.9 0.2 2 Lake. Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 160.0 70.7 2 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 60.0 14.1 2 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 78

RIVERINE WET SEDGE MEADOW Table 70. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow (n=2).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 169.8 61.4 100 Total Vascular Cover 123.8 0.8 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.1 0.1 50 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.1 0.1 50 Total Forb Cover 33.7 13.5 100 Caltha palustris 2.5 3.5 100 Equisetum fluviatile 6.0 2.8 100 Iris setosa 0.1 0.1 50 Potentilla palustris 25.0 14.1 100 Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.1 50 Total Grass Cover 10.0 14.1 50 Calamagrostis canadensis 10.0 14.1 50 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 80.0 0.1 100 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 35.0 28.3 100 Geomorphology: Carex rostrata 10.0 14.1 50 Eriophorum angustifolium 35.0 42.4 100 Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow occurs in Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.1 0.1 50 inactive or abandoned channels that were initially Total Nonvascular Cover 46.0 62.2 100 shallow or have infilled. These include meander Total Moss Cover 46.0 62.2 100 fine abandoned channel deposits and meander Calliergon giganteum 20.0 28.3 50 inactive overbank deposits along rivers. Calliergon sp. 2.5 3.5 50 Unknown moss 1.0 1.4 50 Macrotopography includes channels, swales, and Warnstorfia exannulata 22.5 31.8 50 flats margins. Total Bare Ground 23.1 4.2 100 Plant Association: Water 0.6 0.6 100 Litter alone 22.5 3.5 100 Carex aquatilis–Eriophorum angustifolium Sedges are the dominant life form in Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow, with forbs and mosses comprising a lesser component (Table 70). Cover Soils: of deciduous shrubs and grasses is variable. Trees and lichens are absent. Common species include Equisetum fluviatile, Potentilla palustris, Carex aquatilis, C. rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Warnstorfia exannulata. This ecotype is similar to Riverine Forb Marsh, which has deeper water and is forb instead of sedge-dominated. Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow could not be mapped because it occurred in small patches.

Soils are typically loamy with a thin to moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table 71). Thaw depths were at least 70 cm but were frequently deeper than the maximum depth sampled (1.3 meters). Organic horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts and sands,

79 Selawik Ecological Land Survey commonly occur in these soils. Frost boils, surface RIVERINE WET WILLOW TALL SHRUB fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral to acidic, and EC is generally low, except along coastal rivers where it may be moderately high. The soils are typically very poorly to moderately well drained, and the water table occurs at shallow depths or above ground.

Table 71. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow.g Property Mean SD n Elevation (m) 11.0 4.2 2 Slope (degrees) 0 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 19.0 17.0 2 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 19.0 17.0 2 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Geomorphology: Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 This ecotype occurs along drainages and Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 channels on meander fine inactive channel Thaw Depth (cm) 70.0 1 deposits, meander inactive overbank deposits, and Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.4 0.6 2 lowland headwater overbank deposits. It is usually Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1035.0 1166.7 2 found on flat surfaces at low elevations. Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -17.0 1.4 2 Plant Association: aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Potentilla palustris Tall (>1.5 m) deciduous shrubs, mainly S. The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype planifolia ssp. pulchra, dominate this ecotype with are Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, a major component of low shrubs, forbs, grasses, lacking permafrost) and Typic Aquiturbels (wet, mosses and, to a lesser degree, sedges (Table 72). mineral soil over permafrost with cryoturbation). This ecotype contains a mix of species that grow Additional soil subgroups documented in the in water-logged soils with those that grow on regional classification include Typic Gelaquents raised micro-sites. Common species include Alnus (wet, poorly developed with permafrost below 1 crispa, Equisetum fluviatile, Calamagrostis m) and Oxyaquic Cryofluvents (wet, saturated canadensis, Carex aquatilis, and Rhizomnium sp.. early in growing season, poorly developed with This ecotype is similar to Riverine Moist Tall thin buried horizons, lacking permafrost). Willow Shrub and Riverine Willow Low Shrub except that Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra is the dominant willow species, instead of S. alaxensis or S. lanata ssp. richardsonii. It also has higher soil moisture and a lower disturbance rate than Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub as well as a different distribution than Riverine Willow Low Shrub. Due to spectral similarities, this ecotype was mapped with Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 80

Table 72. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub (n=3). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 176.7 22.5 100 Total Vascular Cover 158.0 16.2 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 71.7 11.5 100 Alnus crispa 3.4 5.7 67 Salix alaxensis 3.3 5.8 33 Salix arbusculoides 1.7 2.9 33 Salix barclayi 6.7 11.5 33 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 55.0 10.0 100 Vaccinium uliginosum 1.7 2.9 33 Total Forb Cover 40.9 21.3 100 Anemone richardsonii <0.1 0.1 33 Angelica lucida <0.1 0.1 33 horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts Caltha palustris 0.3 0.6 33 and sands, are frequently found in these soils. Soil Cardamine sp. <0.1 0.1 33 pH is acidic to circumneutral, and EC is low. The Cicuta mackenzieana 0.3 0.6 33 soils are typically moderately well to very poorly Equisetum arvense 20.0 34.6 33 Equisetum fluviatile 5.0 5.0 100 drained, and the water table is shallow to Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 67 moderately deep. Potentilla palustris 13.3 12.6 67 Rubus arcticus 1.7 1.5 67 Table 73. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica <0.1 0.1 33 Willow Tall Shrub. Valeriana capitata <0.1 0.1 33 Property Mean SD n Total Grass Cover 36.7 7.6 100 Calamagrostis canadensis 36.7 7.6 100 Elevation (m) 21.3 16.3 3 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 8.7 14.1 100 Slope (degrees) 1.0 1 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.0 2.6 100 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.0 1 Eriophorum angustifolium 6.7 11.5 33 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.0 2.8 2 Total Nonvascular Cover 18.7 8.1 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Total Moss Cover 18.7 8.1 100 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Brachythecium sp. 5.0 8.7 33 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Hypnum sp. 1.7 2.9 33 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Plagiomnium sp. 0.3 0.6 33 Thaw Depth (cm) 57.0 1 Rhizomnium sp. 2.0 2.6 67 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.2 3 Sanionia uncinata 1.7 2.9 33 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 690.0 1125.9 3 Sphagnum squarrosum 1.7 2.9 33 a Unknown liverwort <0.1 0.1 33 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) -37.7 48.2 3 Unknown moss 6.3 7.8 67 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Total Bare Ground 14.3 15.5 100 Bare Soil 1.0 1.0 67 The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype is Water 3.3 5.8 33 Fluvaquentic Aquorthels (wet, saturated within 50 Litter alone 10.0 9.2 100 cm, mineral soil with thin buried horizons, permafrost within 1 m), Fluvaquentic Cryofibrists (wet, poorly decomposed peat, with thin buried Soils: mineral horizons), and Oxyaquic Cryofluvents Soils are loamy with a thin organic horizon (wet, saturated early in growing season, poorly above the mineral soil surface (Table 73). developed with thin buried horizons, lacking Permafrost is occasionally found in the upper permafrost). meter of the soil profile, and is generally assumed to be at >1 m depth given the well drained soils and proximity to flowing water. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface fragments are absent. Organic

81 Selawik Ecological Land Survey RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–ALDER Table 74. Vegetation cover and frequency for FOREST Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest (n=11).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 193.0 40.4 100 Total Vascular Cover 122.0 21.5 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 29.5 16.7 100 Picea glauca 28.6 17.6 100 Picea mariana 0.9 2.4 18 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 23.8 14.0 100 Empetrum nigrum 7.4 8.5 64 Ledum decumbens 4.2 5.4 73 Linnaea borealis 4.7 2.8 91 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.4 5.9 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 1.1 1.6 36 Betula papyrifera 0.7 1.6 18 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 34.0 14.3 100 Alnus crispa 11.1 10.2 100 Geomorphology: Arctostaphylos rubra 2.0 3.1 45 This ecotype consists of mature white spruce Betula nana 1.7 3.2 27 stands with alder characterizing the understory, a Ribes triste 0.6 1.1 27 legacy from an earlier successional stage. It occurs Rosa acicularis 3.2 5.1 73 on inactive and abandoned meander overbank Salix glauca 1.9 3.4 36 deposits. It is widespread in riverine corridors in Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.4 0.9 18 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.5 1.7 55 SNWR. Spiraea beauverdiana 0.6 0.8 45 Plant Association: Vaccinium uliginosum 9.6 11.4 82 Viburnum edule 0.7 1.3 27 Picea glauca–Alnus crispa–Calamagrostis Total Forb Cover 25.4 18.3 100 canadensis Aconitum delphinifolium 0.3 0.6 18 All life forms are represented in Riverine Anemone richardsonii 0.2 0.6 18 Artemisia tilesii 0.5 0.8 27 White Spruce–Alder Forest (Table 74). Evergreen Aster sibiricus 0.3 0.6 18 trees and tall deciduous shrubs are co-dominant. Boschniakia rossica 1.0 1.1 55 Moss cover is typically high. Common species Epilobium angustifolium 1.2 1.2 55 include Linnaea borealis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Equisetum arvense 9.4 18.8 73 Alnus crispa, Rosa acicularis, Equisetum arvense, Galium boreale 0.4 0.8 27 Hedysarum alpinum 0.3 0.6 18 Calamagrostis canadensis, Hylocomium Lycopodium annotinum 1.3 2.4 45 splendens, Sanionia uncinata, and Cladina stygia. Lycopodium complanatum 0.3 0.6 18 This ecotype is most similar to Riverine Mertensia paniculata 1.1 1.6 36 White Spruce–Willow Forest, except spruce trees Moehringia lateriflora 0.2 0.6 18 are co-dominant with Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii Petasites frigidus 0.6 1.2 27 Platanthera obtusata 0.5 0.8 36 instead of Alnus crispa. Due to spectral Polemonium acutiflorum 0.3 0.5 27 similarities, it was mapped as Riverine White Pyrola grandiflora 1.0 1.5 36 Spruce–Willow Forest. Pyrola secunda 0.6 1.1 27 Rubus arcticus 1.3 1.5 55 Soils: Rubus chamaemorus 0.8 2.4 18 Soils are typically loamy, or sandy with a thin Saussurea angustifolia 0.4 0.8 27 surface organic horizon (Table 75). Permafrost is Solidago multiradiata 0.3 0.6 18 often found in the upper meter of the soil profile. Valeriana capitata 0.8 1.1 45 Total Grass Cover Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are 6.1 2.9 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 1.0 1.8 27 absent. Organic horizons, buried during flooding Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.5 1.2 18 by riverine silts and sands, often occur in these Calamagrostis canadensis 2.8 2.0 91

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 82

Table 74. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Festuca rubra 0.7 1.3 27 Poa pratensis 0.7 1.3 27 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.1 1.9 73 Carex bigelowii 0.6 1.0 36 Carex vaginata 0.9 1.4 45 Total Nonvascular Cover 70.9 29.9 100 Total Moss Cover 49.5 28.8 100 Aulacomnium palustre 7.5 20.1 73 Aulacomnium turgidum 0.5 1.0 18 Brachythecium albicans 0.5 1.2 18 Ceratodon purpureus 1.1 1.4 45 Climacium dendroides 0.7 1.6 27 Dicranum acutifolium 0.5 1.3 18 Dicranum scoparium 0.7 1.3 27 Dicranum undulatum 0.8 1.5 27 soils. Soil pH is acidic to circumneutral, and EC is Eurhynchium pulchellum 0.6 1.2 27 low. The soils are well drained to moderately well Hylocomium splendens 18.8 21.1 91 drained. Depth to water table often could not be Hypnum holmenii 0.3 0.6 18 measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate throughout Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.2 0.4 18 the year within the upper 2 m of the soil profile Pleurozium schreberi 2.6 6.2 27 Pohlia nutans 0.8 1.0 45 given the proximity of river water. Polytrichum juniperinum 0.5 1.2 18 Polytrichum strictum 0.3 0.6 18 Table 75. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Ptilidium ciliare 1.1 1.2 55 Spruce–Alder Forest. Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.4 0.8 18 Property Mean SD n Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.5 2.5 45 Elevation (m) 27.3 25.6 11 Rhytidium rugosum 1.4 2.4 45 Slope (degrees) 9.7 6.8 3 Sanionia uncinata 3.5 4.6 91 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.0 6.0 10 Tomentypnum nitens 0.9 1.3 36 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.0 1 Total Lichen Cover 17.1 11.4 100 0 Cetraria laevigata 1.3 1.8 36 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cladina arbuscula 0.7 1.3 27 Depth to Rocks (cm) Cladina rangiferina 1.1 1.3 45 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladina stellaris 1.0 1.7 27 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladina stygia 1.7 1.8 55 Thaw Depth (cm) 59.9 13.8 8 Cladonia albonigra 1.2 2.5 27 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.4 0.9 11 Cladonia carneola 0.4 0.8 18 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 60.0 1 Cladonia chlorophaea 0.4 0.7 27 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -74.0 1 Cladonia cornuta 1.1 1.3 45 a Cladonia furcata 1.0 1.5 36 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata 0.5 1.0 18 Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 1.0 1.3 45 The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 1.0 1.3 45 identified in SNWR is Typic Haplorthels (mineral Cladonia scabriuscula 0.6 0.9 36 Cladonia sp. 0.6 1.0 36 soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation). Cladonia uncialis 0.5 1.2 18 Additional soil subgroups documented in the Cladonia wainioi 0.5 0.8 27 regional classification include Typic Gelifluvents Flavocetraria cucullata 0.9 1.4 45 (poorly developed with buried organic horizons, Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 27 permafrost below 1 m) and Fluventic Historthels Peltigera concinna 0.4 0.9 18 (wet, organic rich soil with buried organic horizons Peltigera conspersa 0.5 1.0 18 Peltigera rufescens 0.5 0.9 27 over permafrost, lacking cryoturbation). Peltigera sp. 1.1 1.2 55 Stereocaulon paschale 0.8 1.5 27 Total Bare Ground 9.5 21.1 27 Water 9.1 21.3 18

83 Selawik Ecological Land Survey RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–POPLAR Table 76. Vegetation cover and frequency for FOREST Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest (n=11). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 170.3 47.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 119.6 50 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 22.8 10.7 100 Picea glauca 22.8 10.7 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 3.5 5.6 45 Dryas integrifolia 0.1 0.3 9 Dryas octopetala <0.1 <0.1 18 Empetrum nigrum 1.2 2.4 27 Juniperus communis 1.6 4.5 18 Linnaea borealis 0.2 0.4 27 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.4 0.9 18 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 19 9.6 100 Populus balsamifera 19 9.6 100 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 37.9 16.2 100 Geomorphology: Alnus crispa 16 21 55 This is a mid-successional ecotype that occurs Arctostaphylos rubra 4.1 7.2 82 along rivers. It occurs on braided and meander Potentilla fruticosa 0.2 0.6 36 inactive overbank deposits and braided coarse Rosa acicularis 0.3 0.9 45 Salix alaxensis 5.8 2.8 100 inactive channel deposits at low elevations. We did Salix arbusculoides 1.1 2.5 36 not collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, Salix brachycarpa ssp. and the following data reflect plots sampled in niphoclada 0.7 2.4 9 Salix glauca 3.3 9 27 ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of the Salix hastata 0.5 1.5 9 regional classification and was identified in SNWR Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.4 1.2 18 through the spectral classification and mapping Salix monticola 0.9 2 18 effort. Shepherdia canadensis 4.2 5.2 82 Vaccinium uliginosum 0.4 0.9 27 Plant Association: Total Forb Cover 34.3 37.5 100 Populus balsamifera–Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis Anemone parviflora 0.1 0.3 64 Anemone richardsonii 0.9 3 18 A mix of evergreen and deciduous trees Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 0.3 0.9 18 characterizes this ecotype (Table 76). Deciduous Artemisia tilesii <0.1 0.1 45 shrubs, forbs and mosses are prevalent in the Aster sibiricus 0.4 0.9 55 understory. Common species include Shepherdia Boschniakia rossica <0.1 <0.1 27 canadensis, Moneses uniflora, Pyrola secunda, Castilleja caudata <0.1 <0.1 18 Cypripedium passerinum 0.6 1.5 27 Hylocomium splendens, and Sanionia uncinata. Epilobium angustifolium <0.1 <0.1 18 Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest is most Equisetum arvense 10.9 24.3 45 similar to Riverine Poplar Forest except it is an Equisetum pratense 10.9 27.7 18 older successional stage and spruce trees are Equisetum scirpoides <0.1 <0.1 27 co-dominant. Equisetum variegatum 0.5 1.5 36 Galium boreale 0.1 0.3 18 Soils: Gentiana propinqua <0.1 0.1 36 Soils are typically loamy or sandy with a thin Hedysarum alpinum 4.3 6.3 55 surface organic horizon (Table 77). Depth to Hedysarum mackenzii <0.1 <0.1 27 Listera borealis <0.1 0.1 36 permafrost is difficult to determine; however, if Lupinus arcticus 0.6 1.2 27 permafrost does occur it is assumed to be greater Mertensia paniculata 0.6 1.5 27 than 1 m given the well drained soils and proximity Moneses uniflora 0.4 0.7 64 to flowing water. Frost boils and surface fragments Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 36 are rare, and loess caps are absent. Organic Platanthera obtusata 0.1 0.1 64

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 84

Table 76. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Polygonum viviparum <0.1 <0.1 27 Pyrola asarifolia 0.6 0.9 73 Pyrola grandiflora <0.1 <0.1 18 Pyrola secunda 0.6 1.2 82 Rubus arcticus 1.9 4.5 36 Senecio lugens <0.1 <0.1 18 Solidago multiradiata 0.1 0.3 9 Valeriana capitata <0.1 <0.1 18 Zygadenus elegans <0.1 <0.1 27 Total Grass Cover 1.8 2.6 91 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.4 0.9 18 Bromus sp. 0.8 1.8 36 Calamagrostis canadensis 0.2 0.4 45 Calamagrostis purpurascens <0.1 <0.1 27 Festuca altaica 0.1 0.3 27 horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts Festuca richardsonii 0.1 0.3 18 and sands, sometimes occur in these soils. Soil Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.2 0.4 55 pH is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low. Carex concinna 0.2 0.4 55 Total Nonvascular Cover 50.7 22.3 100 The soils are typically somewhat excessively to Total Moss Cover 44.7 21.4 100 moderately well drained. Depth to water table Abietinella abietina 0.4 0.9 27 often could not be measured but it is assumed to Brachythecium sp. 0.1 0.3 9 fluctuate throughout the year within the upper 2 m Ceratodon purpureus 0.5 1.5 18 of the soil profile. Dicranum sp. 0.3 0.6 36 Hylocomium splendens 28.1 21.1 91 Table 77. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Hypnum lindbergii 0.3 0.9 9 Spruce–Poplar Forest. Pleurozium schreberi 1.8 4.6 27 Polytrichum sp. 0.1 0.3 9 Property Mean SD n Polytrichum strictum <0.1 <0.1 18 Elevation (m) 232.6 178.2 11 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 0.9 2 18 Slope (degrees) 24.0 1 Rhytidium rugosum 2.1 6.9 9 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.5 2.3 10 Sanionia uncinata 9 10.7 82 6.4 2.8 10 Tomentypnum nitens 0.6 1.6 18 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Unknown fungus <0.1 <0.1 18 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) Unknown moss 0.5 1.5 9 Depth to Rocks (cm) 97.6 87.2 8 Total Lichen Cover 6 14.5 91 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 8.0 9.9 2 Bryoria sp. <0.1 <0.1 18 Frost Boil Cover (%) 1.0 1 Cetraria pinastri <0.1 <0.1 18 Thaw Depth (cm) 96.0 1 Cladina sp. 0.1 0.3 18 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.5 0.6 10 Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.6 55 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 87.0 39.2 10 Cladonia symphycarpia 0.5 1.5 9 a Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) -160.0 22.4 5 Dactylina ramulosa 0.2 0.6 9 a Flavocetraria nivalis 0.4 0.9 18 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Hypogymnia physodes <0.1 <0.1 18 Hypogymnia sp. <0.1 <0.1 18 Leptogium sp. <0.1 <0.1 18 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Nephroma sp. 0.3 0.9 9 are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with Parmelia sp. <0.1 <0.1 18 Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.5 55 permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Cryorthents Peltigera canina 0.4 1.2 27 (poorly developed soils, lacking permafrost). Peltigera leucophlebia 0.2 0.6 9 Peltigera rufescens 0.3 0.9 18 Stereocaulon alpinum 3.1 9 18 Vulpicida pinastri <0.1 <0.1 18 Total Bare Ground 8.7 8.7 91 Bare Soil 1.2 3 45 Litter alone 7.5 7.8 91

85 Selawik Ecological Land Survey RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–WILLOW Table 78. Vegetation cover and frequency for FOREST Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest (n=4) Bare ground data not available. Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 203.8 40.5 100 Total Vascular Cover 171.0 45.2 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 40.5 32.0 100 Picea glauca 40.5 32.0 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 5.0 3.6 100 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.8 1.5 25 Empetrum nigrum 0.5 1.0 25 Ledum decumbens 0.5 1.0 25 Linnaea borealis 2.0 1.6 75 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 1.5 50 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 41.8 8.1 100 Alnus crispa 14.5 7.0 100 Arctostaphylos rubra 5.0 3.8 75 Betula nana 0.5 1.0 25 Geomorphology: Potentilla fruticosa 1.8 1.3 75 Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest occurs Ribes triste 0.5 1.0 25 on braided and meander inactive overbank Rosa acicularis 2.2 1.7 75 deposits, and meander fine inactive channel Salix arbusculoides 0.8 1.5 25 Salix glauca 1.8 1.7 75 deposits. Surface forms include interfluves, flat Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 6.8 2.5 100 banks or channels. Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.0 1.8 75 Plant Association: Vaccinium uliginosum 5.2 8.6 50 Viburnum edule 0.8 1.5 25 Picea glauca–Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii– Total Forb Cover 69.5 33.7 100 Moneses uniflora Aconitum delphinifolium 1.2 1.0 75 Anemone parviflora 1.8 0.5 100 Spruce trees in these mature forests have open Anemone richardsonii 2.0 1.8 75 canopies, and the understory consists of mixed low Artemisia tilesii 1.5 1.3 75 and tall shrubs and forbs growing out of a thick Aster sibiricus 1.2 1.5 50 carpet of feather mosses (Table 78). All life forms Boschniakia rossica 1.5 1.0 75 can be present. Common species include Linnaea Cardamine hyperborea 0.8 0.5 75 Cerastium beeringianum 0.2 0.5 25 borealis, Alnus crispa, Anemone parviflora, Cypripedium passerinum 0.5 0.6 50 Mertensia paniculata, Moneses uniflora, Senecio Delphinium brachycentrum 0.5 0.6 50 lugens, and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. Dodecatheon frigidum 0.8 1.0 50 This ecotype is most similar to Riverine Equisetum arvense 23.5 30.6 75 White Spruce–Alder Shrub although Salix lanata Equisetum scirpoides 0.5 0.6 50 Equisetum variegatum 1.0 1.2 50 ssp. richardsonii is more prevalent than Alnus Galium boreale 3.5 3.3 75 crispa. Gentiana propinqua 0.8 1.0 50 Soils: Hedysarum alpinum 1.8 1.7 75 Iris setosa 1.0 1.2 50 Soils are typically loamy or sandy with a thin Listera borealis 1.0 0.8 75 surface organic horizon (Table 79). Depth to Mertensia paniculata 4.2 2.9 100 permafrost is usually within 1 m of the surface. Moneses uniflora 2.0 1.2 100 Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are Pedicularis langsdorffii 0.2 0.5 25 absent. Organic horizons, buried during flooding Pedicularis verticillata 0.2 0.5 25 Petasites frigidus 0.8 1.0 50 by riverine silts and sands, often occur in these Platanthera obtusata 1.2 1.0 75 soils. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC Polemonium acutiflorum 0.5 0.6 50 is low. The soils are typically well to moderately Polygonum viviparum 1.2 1.3 75 well drained. Depth to water table often could not

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 86

Table 78. Continued. Cover Freq Mean SD % Pyrola grandiflora 2.0 1.8 75 Rubus arcticus 1.5 1.3 75 Saussurea angustifolia 1.2 1.5 50 Saxifraga hirculus 0.2 0.5 25 Selaginella selaginoides 0.5 1.0 25 Senecio atropurpureus ssp. frigidus 0.5 1.0 25 Senecio lugens 2.0 1.2 100 Solidago multiradiata 1.2 1.0 75 Stellaria longipes 0.2 0.5 25 Thalictrum sparsiflorum 0.2 0.5 25 Valeriana capitata 2.0 1.4 75 Wilhelmsia physodes 1.2 1.0 75 Zygadenus elegans 1.0 1.4 50 Total Grass Cover 10.2 5.6 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 2.8 0.5 100 Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 2.8 3.8 50 Calamagrostis canadensis 1.2 1.5 50 Elymus alaskanus 0.5 1.0 25 Festuca altaica 1.5 1.3 75 be measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate Poa glauca 0.5 1.0 25 throughout the year within the upper 2 m of the soil Poa pratensis 0.5 1.0 25 profile given the proximity of river water. Total Sedge & Rush Cover 4.0 3.7 75 Carex bigelowii 1.0 1.2 50 Carex capitata 0.5 1.0 25 Table 79. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Carex membranacea 0.5 1.0 25 Spruce–Willow Forest. Carex vaginata 1.8 1.3 75 Property Mean SD n Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 0.5 25 Elevation (m) 10.0 5.4 4 Total Nonvascular Cover 32.8 14.7 100 Slope (degrees) 0 Total Moss Cover 32.2 13.6 100 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.3 9.5 3 Abietinella abietina 0.5 1.0 25 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0 Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.0 2.0 25 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Brachythecium turgidum 0.5 1.0 25 0 Bryum sp. 0.2 0.5 25 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Campylium polygamum 1.2 1.5 50 Surface Fragment Cover (%) Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.0 25 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Climacium dendroides 1.5 1.9 50 Thaw Depth (cm) 69.2 18.4 4 Distichium capillaceum 1.2 1.3 75 Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.8 0.6 4 Entodon concinnus 0.8 1.0 50 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0 Hylocomium splendens 7.0 8.1 75 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Hypnum bambergeri 1.2 1.9 50 a Hypnum lindbergii 0.8 1.0 50 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Mnium thomsonii 1.0 1.2 50 Pellia sp. 0.5 1.0 25 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Plagiochila porelloides 0.8 1.0 50 are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with Plagiomnium ellipticum 1.2 1.5 50 permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Gelifluvents Pohlia nutans 1.0 1.2 50 (poorly developed with buried organic horizons, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 3.8 2.9 100 permafrost below 1 m). Sanionia uncinata 0.8 1.5 25 Sphagnum russowii 0.5 1.0 25 Sphagnum warnstorfii 0.2 0.5 25 Thuidium recognitum 1.5 1.0 75 Timmia austriaca 1.2 1.3 75 Tomentypnum nitens 2.8 3.8 50 Tortella fragilis 0.2 0.5 25 Total Lichen Cover 1.8 2.9 50 Cladonia sp. 0.5 1.0 25 Peltigera sp. 0.5 1.0 25

87 Selawik Ecological Land Survey RIVERINE WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 80. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Willow Low Shrub (n=16).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 194.4 53 100 Total Vascular Cover 127.7 38.6 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.4 1.3 14 Picea glauca 0.4 1.3 14 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 13.7 15.9 64 Cassiope tetragona 0.1 0.3 14 Dryas integrifolia 12.3 14.6 57 Empetrum nigrum 0.7 2.7 14 Ledum decumbens 0.2 0.8 14 Rhododendron lapponicum 0.3 0.8 36 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 82.5 39.8 100 Arctostaphylos rubra 8 15.8 71 Betula nana 0.6 1.3 36 Geomorphology: Potentilla fruticosa 2.6 4 71 Salix alaxensis 10.4 18.3 64 This ecotype occurs along rivers on braided Salix arbusculoides 0.9 1.8 29 active channel deposits, braided and meander Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 5.2 7.7 50 active and inactive overbank deposits, meander Salix glauca 5.9 9.1 64 inactive channel deposits, old alluvial fans and Salix hastata 1.2 4 29 moderately steep headwater floodplains and Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 31.5 28.8 93 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 4 9.8 36 channel deposits. Surface forms include Salix reticulata 7.9 12.1 71 interfluves, flat banks, terraces and drainage-ways. Shepherdia canadensis 0.1 0.5 14 We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for this Vaccinium uliginosum 4.1 7 64 ecotype, therefore the following data reflect plots Total Forb Cover 17.7 10 100 sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was developed as Anemone parviflora 1.2 1.6 79 Arnica lessingii 0.1 0.5 14 part of the regional classification and was Aster sibiricus 0.2 0.6 50 identified in SNWR through the spectral Astragalus alpinus 0.1 0.4 21 classification and mapping effort. Astragalus umbellatus 0.2 0.6 29 Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. arcticum 0.2 0.5 21 Plant Association: Dodecatheon frigidum 0.4 1.3 14 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii–Salix reticulata Epilobium latifolium 0.8 2.7 29 2.7 4.7 50 This ecotype is characterized by open Equisetum arvense Equisetum variegatum 3.1 5.3 57 canopied, low (<1.5 m) willow with a Galium boreale 0.2 0.6 36 subcomponent of dwarf shrubs, forbs and mosses Gentiana propinqua <0.1 0.1 43 (Table 80). Presence of graminoids and evergreen Hedysarum alpinum 0.9 1.2 57 trees is variable. Common species include S. lanata Lupinus arcticus 1.4 2.1 43 0.6 2.1 7 ssp. richardsonii, S. reticulata, S. glauca, Anemone Oxytropis viscida Parnassia kotzebuei 0.1 0.3 36 parviflora, Festuca altaica, Carex capillaris, Parnassia palustris 0.2 0.8 29 Aulacomnium palustre, Hylocomium splendens and Pedicularis verticillata 0.1 0.3 21 Flavocetraria cucullata. Polemonium acutiflorum 0.4 1.3 29 This ecotype differs from other riverine Polygonum viviparum 0.2 0.6 43 willow ecotypes in characteristic species, i.e. Salix Pyrola grandiflora 0.1 0.4 14 Rubus arcticus 0.7 2.7 7 lanata ssp. richardsonii is the dominant willow Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus 0.4 1.3 7 instead of S. alaxensis and S. planifolia ssp. Senecio lugens 0.4 0.7 50 pulchra; and shrub heights are lower. Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata 0.1 0.3 21 Tofieldia pusilla 0.2 0.4 36 Valeriana capitata 0.8 2.4 36

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 88

Table 80. Continued. Soils: Cover Freq Mean SD % Zygadenus elegans 0.2 0.5 29 Total Grass Cover 4.4 4.4 86 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.3 1.1 29 Bromus pumpellianus 0.5 1.4 14 Calamagrostis purpurascens 0.4 0.9 21 Festuca altaica 2.3 2.5 71 Festuca richardsonii 0.4 1.3 14 Festuca rubra 0.1 0.4 21 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9 9 93 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.5 1.3 43 Carex bigelowii 1.4 3.3 21 Carex capillaris 0.6 1.5 57 Carex capitata 0.2 0.6 21 Carex krausei 0.1 0.3 14 Soils are typically gravelly, loamy, or sandy Carex membranacea 3.3 5.9 50 with a thin surface organic horizon (Table 81). Carex scirpoidea 1.1 2.7 29 Depth to permafrost is difficult to determine in the Carex vaginata 0.1 0.5 14 rocky soils; however, if permafrost does occur it is 0.3 0.8 14 Eriophorum angustifolium assumed to be greater than 1 m given the well Kobresia myosuroides 0.4 1.3 7 Kobresia simpliciuscula 0.7 2.7 7 drained soils. Frost boils and loess caps are absent, Total Nonvascular Cover 66.7 61.2 93 and surface fragments are rare. Soil pH is Total Moss Cover 64.9 59.2 93 circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low to Abietinella abietina 0.9 2.7 21 moderate. The soils are typically excessively to 0.7 2.7 7 Aulacomnium acuminatum well drained. Depth to water table often could not Aulacomnium palustre 3.3 5.3 57 Aulacomnium turgidum 0.2 0.8 7 be measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate Brachythecium sp. 1.1 4 7 throughout the year within the upper 2 m of the soil Bryum sp. 0.4 1.3 7 profile given its proximity to river water. Calliergon sp. 0.2 0.8 7 Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.6 14 Table 81. Soil characteristics for Riverine Catoscopium nigritum 0.2 0.8 7 Willow Low Shrub. Ceratodon purpureus 0.7 2.7 7 Climacium dendroides 0.1 0.5 14 Property Mean SD n Distichium capillaceum 0.2 0.8 7 Elevation (m) 240.3 206.7 14 Ditrichum flexicaule 0.4 1.3 7 Slope (degrees) 3.3 1.5 3 Drepanocladus sp. 1.8 5.4 14 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.1 1.5 13 Hamatocaulis vernicosus 0.2 0.8 7 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 4.0 2.3 14 5.9 8.4 43 Hylocomium splendens Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Hypnum bambergeri 2.3 5.3 21 Depth to Rocks (cm) 24.8 17.4 10 Hypnum lindbergii 0.4 1.3 7 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 9.7 13.3 3 Hypnum pratense 1.4 5.3 7 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Rhytidium rugosum 2.9 7.5 21 Thaw Depth (cm) 51.5 4.9 2 Sanionia uncinata 2.7 6.9 21 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.4 0.4 14 Tomentypnum nitens 14.1 17.2 71 273.8 283.3 13 Tortella sp. 0.7 2.7 7 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Unknown moss 23.1 35.7 50 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -80.5 67.3 10 Total Lichen Cover 1.8 3.5 57 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.4 36 Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.6 36 Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.4 14 The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Stereocaulon sp. 0.2 0.4 29 are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with Unknown lichen 0.7 1.7 21 permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Eutrogelepts Total Bare Ground 8 7.7 100 (non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost Bare Soil 2 3.5 71 below 1 m). Water 0.3 1.1 21 Litter alone 5.8 5.8 100

89 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND ALDER–WILLOW TALL SHRUB Table 82. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 173.5 28.5 100 Total Vascular Cover 133.9 20.7 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.4 0.5 40 Picea glauca 0.4 0.5 40 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4.6 4.7 80 Dryas integrifolia <0.1 <0.1 20 Empetrum nigrum 1.2 1.6 60 Ledum decumbens 1.6 2.3 40 Linnaea borealis 0.2 0.4 20 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.6 2.3 40 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.6 1.4 20 Betula papyrifera 0.6 1.3 20 Populus balsamifera <0.1 <0.1 20 Populus tremuloides <0.1 <0.1 20 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 78.4 22.0 100 Geomorphology: Alnus crispa 35.6 16.3 100 This ecotype occurs on hillside colluvium, Arctostaphylos alpina 0.2 0.4 20 older moraine, and upland loess. It is found Betula glandulosa 1.2 2.7 20 throughout SNWR on steep to moderately steep, Betula nana 3.0 6.7 20 upper and lower concave and convex slopes at up Rosa acicularis 0.2 0.4 20 Salix alaxensis 0.4 0.9 20 to 300 m elevation. At some sites, gelifluction Salix arbusculoides 2.0 4.5 20 lobes and undifferentiated mounds create Salix bebbiana 0.4 0.9 20 micro-topographic variation. Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 5.6 10.9 40 Salix glauca 2.0 4.5 40 Plant Associations: Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 1.0 2.2 20 Alnus crispa–Calamagrostis canadensis Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 6.8 8.3 80 Alnus crispa–Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii Salix reticulata 7.0 15.7 20 Spiraea beauverdiana 2.0 3.9 40 These tall shrub communities have open Vaccinium uliginosum 11.0 17.4 60 (>25%) to closed (>75%) canopies with an Total Forb Cover 35.3 8.1 100 understory of low and dwarf shrubs, forbs, grasses Boschniakia rossica <0.1 <0.1 20 Dodecatheon pulchellum 0.8 1.8 20 and mosses (Table 82). Lichen, sedge and tree Epilobium angustifolium 3.6 4.6 60 cover is more variable. There are two distinct Equisetum arvense 26.2 11.1 100 community types for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Galium boreale 0.2 0.4 20 Shrub. The first has bluejoint grass, C. canadensis Goodyera repens var. ophioides <0.1 <0.1 20 as an understory dominant, while the second has a Mertensia paniculata <0.1 <0.1 20 stronger willow subcomponent, particularly S. Moehringia lateriflora 0.2 0.4 20 Petasites frigidus 2.4 4.3 40 lanata ssp. richardsonii. Common species include Polemonium acutiflorum 0.2 0.4 20 S. planifolia ssp. pulchra, Empetrum nigrum, Polygonum bistorta <0.1 <0.1 20 Vaccinium uliginosum, Equisetum arvense, and Rubus arcticus 0.2 0.4 20 Epilobium angustifolium. Rubus chamaemorus <0.1 <0.1 20 Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub is similar to Saussurea angustifolia 1.4 2.2 40 Saxifraga cernua <0.1 <0.1 20 Upland Birch Forest in site factors, although it is a Stellaria sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 shrub community, not a forest. It is similar to Total Grass Cover 14.2 13.4 80 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub in the dominance of A. Agrostis scabra <0.1 <0.1 20 crispa, but physiographic characters are unrelated. Arctagrostis latifolia 2.0 3.1 40 Calamagrostis canadensis 10.8 14.8 60 Calamagrostis inexpansa 1.2 2.7 20

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 90

Table 82. Continued. Soils are typically loamy or rubbly, with a thin to moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table Cover Freq 83). Thaw depths are often less than one meter. Mean SD % Frost boils and surface fragments are absent, and Poa alpigena 0.2 0.4 20 Poa arctica <0.1 <0.1 20 loess caps are uncommon. However, when loess Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.2 0.4 60 caps occur they tend to be thick. Soil pH is acidic Carex bigelowii <0.1 <0.1 20 to circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 0.4 20 typically well drained to moderately well drained. Luzula multiflora <0.1 <0.1 20 Depth to water table often could not be measured, Total Nonvascular Cover 39.5 39.0 100 Total Moss Cover 39.4 38.9 100 and it was assumed in such instances to be at Aulacomnium turgidum 2.0 4.5 20 substantial depths given the well drained soils. Brachythecium sp. 2.0 4.5 20 Dicranum majus 0.2 0.4 20 Table 83. Soil characteristics for Upland Drepanocladus sp. 3.0 6.7 20 Alder–Willow Tall Shrub. Hylocomium splendens 9.0 20.1 20 Pleurozium schreberi 5.6 10.9 40 Property Mean SD n Polytrichum piliferum <0.1 <0.1 20 Elevation (m) 86.2 98.9 5 Polytrichum sp. 13.0 26.4 40 Slope (degrees) 12.2 13.3 4 Ptilium crista-castrensis 1.0 2.2 20 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.0 6.0 5 Sphagnum sp. 1.4 3.1 20 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.4 5.8 5 Unknown moss 2.2 2.2 60 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 28.5 14.8 2 Total Lichen Cover 0.1 0.2 40 Depth to Rocks (cm) 8.0 1 Cladonia gracilis <0.1 <0.1 20 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladonia sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Icmadophila ericetorum <0.1 <0.1 20 Thaw Depth (cm) 43.7 17.6 3 Peltigera aphthosa <0.1 <0.1 20 5.7 0.8 4 Peltigera sp. <0.1 <0.1 20 Site pH at 10-cm depth 120.0 63.2 4 Total Bare Ground 11.0 8.5 100 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Bare Soil 2.8 4.7 60 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Litter alone 8.2 10.1 80 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

Dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype Soils: include Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with cryoturbation), and Typic Cryorthents (poorly developed soils, lacking permafrost). Additional soil subgroups identified in the regional classification include Typic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost below 1 m), Typic Dystrocryepts (acidic, partially developed, lacking permafrost), and Typic Humicryepts (moist, acidic, organic-rich, partially developed, lacking permafrost).

91 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND BIRCH FOREST Table 84. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch Forest (n=3).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 169.1 38.3 100 Total Vascular Cover 108.2 26.9 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 1.4 0.6 100 Picea glauca 1.3 0.6 100 Picea mariana <0.1 0.1 33 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 30.7 29.0 100 Empetrum nigrum 5.0 5.0 67 Ledum decumbens 5.0 5.0 67 Linnaea borealis 5.0 8.7 33 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 15.7 14.0 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 46.7 10.4 100 Betula hybrids <0.1 0.1 33 Betula papyrifera 45.0 10.0 100 Populus tremuloides 1.7 2.9 67 Geomorphology: Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 22.4 13.9 100 The distribution of Upland Birch Forest is Alnus crispa 0.1 0.1 67 limited to localized, fragmented patches in SNWR. Betula glandulosa 1.0 1.7 33 It occurs on slopes comprised of older moraine and Betula nana 5.0 8.7 33 Betula occidentalis 3.3 5.8 33 kame deposits. Ribes triste <0.1 0.1 33 Plant Association: Rosa acicularis 1.0 1.7 33 Salix bebbiana 1.0 1.0 67 Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Ledum Salix glauca 0.3 0.6 33 decumbens Salix hastata 0.7 1.2 33 Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Vaccinium Spiraea beauverdiana 1.3 1.2 67 vitis-idaea Vaccinium uliginosum 8.7 7.1 100 Total Forb Cover 4.8 6.5 100 Open to closed stands of birch (Betula Arnica frigida 0.3 0.6 33 papyrifera) dominate this ecotype, and all life Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 0.3 0.6 33 forms except sedges are typically present (Table Artemisia tilesii <0.1 0.1 33 84). Common species include Ledum decumbens, Epilobium angustifolium 1.4 2.3 67 Equisetum arvense 1.3 2.3 33 Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Epilobium Equisetum pratense 0.3 0.6 33 angustifolium, and Cladina rangiferina. Erigeron acris <0.1 0.1 33 Upland Birch Forest is comparable to Upland Lycopodium complanatum <0.1 0.1 33 Spruce–Birch Forest, with which it shares a plant Mertensia paniculata 0.3 0.6 33 association. The primary difference is this ecotype Parnassia palustris <0.1 0.1 33 Rubus arcticus 0.7 1.2 33 is strictly birch-dominated, while the other is Total Grass Cover 2.1 2.0 100 co-dominated by birch and white spruce. Calamagrostis canadensis 0.7 1.1 67 Calamagrostis inexpansa 1.4 2.3 67 Festuca altaica <0.1 0.1 33 Hierochloe alpina <0.1 0.1 33 Total Nonvascular Cover 60.9 30.1 100 Total Moss Cover 49.7 36.5 100 Aulacomnium palustre 0.3 0.6 33 Dicranum sp. 0.3 0.6 33 Polytrichum commune 30.0 52.0 33 Polytrichum sp. 11.7 20.2 33 Polytrichum strictum 2.7 4.6 33 Sanionia uncinata 2.3 4.0 33 Tomentypnum nitens 0.7 1.2 33 Unknown moss 1.7 2.9 33

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 92

Table 84. Continued. Table 85. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch Forest. Cover Freq Property Mean SD n Mean SD % 86.0 60.6 3 Total Lichen Cover 11.2 13.9 100 Elevation (m) Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.1 67 Slope (degrees) 20.0 11.3 2 Cladina sp. 4.0 6.9 33 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 2.7 2.9 3 Cladina stygia 0.7 1.2 33 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 2.7 2.9 3 Cladonia sp. 2.3 2.3 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 11.0 8.5 2 Flavocetraria cucullata 0.7 1.1 67 Depth to Rocks (cm) 15.0 5.7 2 Nephroma arcticum <0.1 0.1 33 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Peltigera aphthosa <0.1 0.1 33 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Peltigera sp. <0.1 0.1 33 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Stereocaulon sp. 3.4 5.7 67 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.9 0.6 2 Total Bare Ground 14.3 5.9 100 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 30.0 28.3 2 Bare Soil 2.0 1.0 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Litter alone 12.3 6.8 100 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth

Soils: A common soil type is Typic Cryorthents (poorly developed soils, lacking permafrost). A less common soil type is Typic Dystrocryepts (acidic, partially developed, lacking permafrost).

Soils are typically gravelly or loamy and feature a thin surface organic horizon (Table 85). Thaw depths often could not be determined in the rocky soils, but permafrost is presumed to be absent or to occur below a depth of 2 m. Frost boils and surface fragments are absent. Loess caps are uncommon. Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils are well drained. Depth to water table often could not be measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial depths given the well drained soils.

93 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND BIRCH–ERICACEOUS LOW Table 86. Vegetation cover and frequency for SHRUB Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub (n=18).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 166.9 53.3 100 Total Vascular Cover 118.1 41.6 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 1.1 2.0 44 Picea glauca 0.9 1.8 44 Picea mariana 0.2 0.5 11 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 44.0 23.5 100 Dryas integrifolia 0.4 1.2 11 Empetrum nigrum 7.0 10.3 72 Ledum decumbens 21.6 12.6 100 Linnaea borealis 0.2 0.9 6 Loiseleuria procumbens 0.3 1.0 22 Rhododendron lapponicum 0.1 0.2 6 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 14.4 11.7 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.8 1.9 33 Betula papyrifera 0.4 1.6 17 Geomorphology: Populus tremuloides 0.4 1.0 28 This low shrub-dominated ecotype is common Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 47.7 24.8 100 throughout SNWR in upland areas up to Alnus crispa 1.2 2.7 33 approximately 400 meters. It occurs on hillside Arctostaphylos alpina 2.0 4.3 33 colluvium, older moraine, solifluction deposits, Arctostaphylos rubra 1.7 7.1 6 Betula nana 20.2 13.2 94 upland loess, and eolian inactive sand deposits. Salix glauca 2.6 5.2 50 Plant Association: Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.3 0.8 11 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.6 1.4 39 Betula nana–Ledum decumbens Spiraea beauverdiana 0.2 0.4 22 Both dwarf and low shrubs characterize this Vaccinium uliginosum 18.8 18.2 94 ecotype (Table 86). Mosses and lichens are well Total Forb Cover 11.2 18.2 83 represented, and sedges, grasses, forbs and trees Anemone narcissiflora 0.1 0.5 6 Artemisia arctica 0.1 0.2 6 are present with low cover. Ericaceous shrubs and Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.7 17 dwarf birch, (B. nana) are abundant. Common Equisetum arvense 0.3 1.2 17 species include Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. Equisetum sylvaticum 7.2 17.3 17 uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, Carex bigelowii, Gentiana glauca 0.1 0.2 6 Flavocetraria cucullata, and Aulacomnium Huperzia haleakalae 0.1 0.2 6 Lycopodium annotinum 0.2 0.7 6 turgidum. Minuartia macrocarpa 0.1 0.2 6 This ecotype is most similar to Upland Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.5 28 Birch–Willow Low Shrub, except ericaceous Petasites frigidus 0.9 2.6 17 species have higher total cover than willow Petasites hyperboreus 0.1 0.5 6 species. Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub Polemonium acutiflorum 0.1 0.2 6 Polygonum alaskanum 0.1 0.2 6 has similar species, but has wetter, loamy, Polygonum bistorta 0.2 0.6 11 organic-rich soils. Pyrola minor 0.1 0.2 6 Soils: Rubus chamaemorus 0.8 1.2 44 Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.7 11 Soils are loamy, and feature a thin to Total Grass Cover 2.5 3.7 72 moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table Arctagrostis latifolia 1.4 3.3 28 87). Permafrost typically occurred in the upper Calamagrostis canadensis 0.3 0.7 28 meter of the soil profile. Cryoturbation is common. Calamagrostis inexpansa 0.6 1.4 28 Surface fragments are absent. Frost boils are rare, Total Sedge & Rush Cover 10.9 10.0 89 Carex bigelowii 6.7 5.5 78 and loess caps are uncommon. However, when Carex misandra 0.1 0.2 6 loess occurs it tends to be thick. Soil pH is acidic

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 94

Table 86. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Carex podocarpa 0.1 0.2 6 Eriophorum vaginatum 3.1 8.9 44 Total Nonvascular Cover 48.9 23.7 100 Total Moss Cover 39.4 22.7 100 Anastrophyllum minutum 0.1 0.2 6 Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.4 3.1 33 Aulacomnium palustre 1.4 3.1 33 Aulacomnium turgidum 1.8 2.6 56 Bryum sp. 1.2 3.8 11 Calypogeia muelleriana 0.1 0.2 6 Cephalozia bicuspidata 0.1 0.2 6 Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.7 6 Dicranum elongatum 0.2 0.7 17 Dicranum sp. 1.1 3.7 11 Hylocomium splendens 4.9 8.7 33 Kiaeria glacialis 0.1 0.5 11 Pleurozium schreberi 1.7 3.9 28 Polytrichum commune 14.2 26.2 28 to circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are Polytrichum juniperinum 0.8 1.5 33 typically well drained to somewhat poorly Polytrichum piliferum 0.6 2.4 6 Polytrichum sp. 1.5 3.7 28 drained. Polytrichum strictum 1.9 4.5 28 Ptilidium ciliare 0.4 1.0 22 Table 87. Soil characteristics for Upland Sphagnum compactum 0.2 0.5 11 Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub. Sphagnum fuscum 0.1 0.2 6 Property Mean SD n Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.1 0.5 6 Sphagnum sp. 2.6 6.1 33 Elevation (m) 87.5 95.6 14 Sphenolobus minutus 0.1 0.5 11 Slope (degrees) 4.8 5.4 14 Thuidium recognitum 0.1 0.2 6 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.4 5.5 17 Thuidium sp. 0.3 1.2 6 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.7 5.6 15 Tomentypnum nitens 0.6 2.4 6 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 101.8 49.3 6 Unknown moss 1.7 3.1 39 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Total Lichen Cover 9.1 9.2 94 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.2 11 Frost Boil Cover (%) 1.7 2.8 3 Cetraria laevigata 0.6 1.9 11 Thaw Depth (cm) 61.3 36.6 14 Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.2 11 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.0 0.6 15 Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.9 6 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 53.1 41.5 13 Cladina mitis 0.7 1.4 33 a Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.6 39 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) 0 Cladina sp. 1.1 3.7 22 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladina stygia 0.3 1.0 11 Cladonia ecmocyna 0.1 0.3 11 Cladonia gracilis 0.2 0.7 6 Common soil types include Typic Haplorthels Cladonia sp. 1.3 3.6 50 Flavocetraria cucullata 1.3 1.8 56 (mineral soil over permafrost lacking Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.3 17 cryoturbation) and Typic Haploturbels (mineral Nephroma arcticum 0.1 0.3 22 soil over permafrost with cryoturbation). A less Peltigera aphthosa 0.6 2.4 17 common subgroup is Typic Cryorthents (poorly Peltigera canina 0.2 0.7 11 developed soils, lacking permafrost). Peltigera scabrosa 0.2 0.7 11 Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.2 28 Stereocaulon sp. 0.1 0.5 11 Unknown crustose lichen 0.5 1.3 17 Total Bare Ground 11.8 8.5 89 Bare Soil 3.7 5.3 78 Litter alone 8.2 9.9 61

95 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 88. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub (n=27).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 169.8 61.6 100 Total Vascular Cover 115.1 46.4 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 1 20 Picea glauca 0.2 1 20 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 17.6 12.9 92 Andromeda polifolia 0.4 1.3 20 Cassiope tetragona 1.8 3 60 Dryas integrifolia 0.3 1.1 8 Dryas octopetala 2 5.2 24 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 2.8 9.3 12 Empetrum nigrum 1.9 2.6 60 Ledum decumbens 3 5.5 60 Linnaea borealis 1.4 6 8 Geomorphology: Loiseleuria procumbens 0.5 1.2 20 Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub is a Vaccinium vitis-idaea 3.5 3.4 84 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover widespread ecotype that is abundant on older 68 25.9 96 0.6 2.1 12 moraine, hillside colluvium, solifluction deposits, Alnus crispa Arctostaphylos alpina 0.2 1 12 upland loess, upland retransported deposits, and Arctostaphylos rubra 0.8 4 8 abandoned alluvial fan deposits. Surfaces are Betula glandulosa 5.4 18.7 16 typically sloped. We did not collect any ground plot Betula nana 11.8 16.3 72 data in SNWR for this ecotype, therefore the Salix arctica 0.8 2.4 12 following data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This Salix chamissonis 0.8 3 16 ecotype was developed as part of the regional Salix glauca 5.9 9.3 52 classification and was identified in SNWR through Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 1.2 3.5 16 the spectral classification and mapping effort. Salix phlebophylla 0.2 0.7 16 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 26.1 24.7 88 Plant Association: Salix reticulata 3.4 5.2 52 Betula nana–Vaccinium vitis-idaea–Dryas Spiraea beauverdiana 0.8 2.2 36 octopetala Vaccinium uliginosum 9.6 10.1 88 Total Forb Cover 17 21.3 100 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Betula nana– Aconitum delphinifolium 0.1 0.2 16 Polygonum bistorta Anemone narcissiflora 0.6 1.3 40 This ecotype has two plant associations, and Anemone parviflora 0.6 3 12 both contain a mix of low birch and willow shrub Arnica lessingii 0.6 1.5 24 communities (Table 88). The first is dominated by Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 1.6 3.1 36 B. nana with a reduced willow component, and the Astragalus umbellatus <0.1 0.2 12 second is dominated by S. planifolia ssp. pulchra Dodecatheon frigidum 0.6 1.2 24 7.6 17.8 36 with a reduced dwarf birch component. Upland Equisetum arvense Lupinus arcticus 0.2 1 16 Birch–Willow Low Shrub has variable cover of Lycopodium annotinum 0.2 0.7 8 most life forms. Common species include Salix Pedicularis capitata 0.2 0.3 44 glauca, Vaccinium uliginosum, Polygonum Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.2 20 bistorta, Petasites frigidus, Carex bigelowii, Petasites frigidus 1.4 2.3 60 Hylocomium splendens, and Flavocetraria Polemonium acutiflorum 0.5 1.2 36 cucullata. Polygonum bistorta 0.4 0.7 64 This ecotype is most similar to Upland Birch– Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.2 28 Ericaceous Low Shrub as previously discussed. It is Pyrola asarifolia 0.1 0.3 24 also comparable to Lowland Birch–Willow Low Pyrola grandiflora 0.1 0.3 20 0.4 1.4 16 Shrub, although the vegetation community is Rubus chamaemorus Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.5 48 different because soils are drier and rockier with Sedum rosea ssp. integrifolium 0.1 0.4 8 less organic matter.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 96

Table 88. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Valeriana capitata 0.4 0.9 24 Total Grass Cover 4.9 5.1 92 Arctagrostis latifolia 2.4 2.5 72 Festuca altaica 1.8 3.8 32 Hierochloe alpina 0.1 0.4 16 Poa arctica 0.4 0.6 56 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7.4 8.3 92 Carex bigelowii 4.3 5 72 Carex membranacea 0.4 1.3 8 Carex microchaeta 0.6 3 8 Carex podocarpa 1.4 3.3 24 Carex scirpoidea 0.1 0.4 8 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 1 8 Soils are loamy, blocky, or gravelly, with a thin Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 1 8 Total Nonvascular Cover 54.7 27 96 surface organic horizon (Table 89). Thaw depths Total Moss Cover 47 25.4 96 often could not be determined in the rocky soils, but Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.7 2.2 12 permafrost is presumed to be present within the Aulacomnium palustre 1.9 3.4 44 upper 2 m of the soil profile. Cryoturbation is rare. Aulacomnium turgidum 1.6 3.4 40 Frost boils are uncommon, and surface fragments Brachythecium sp. 0.3 1.1 8 and loess caps are rare. Soil pH is acidic to circum- Dicranum elongatum 0.6 1.6 16 neutral, and EC is low. The soils are typically well Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.2 24 drained to moderately well drained, or somewhat Hylocomium splendens 14.2 16.3 60 poorly drained. Depth to water table ranged from Loeskypnum badium 0.4 1.5 8 shallow to moderately deep; however, the rocky 1.3 3 24 Pleurozium schreberi soils made it difficult to measure. Polytrichum sp. 4 9.9 40 Polytrichum strictum 0.4 1.1 20 1 2.2 20 Table 89. Soil characteristics for Upland Rhytidium rugosum Birch–Willow Low Shrub. Sanionia uncinata 1.2 5.1 12 Sphagnum sp. 3.4 10.6 28 Property Mean SD n Thuidium recognitum 2.4 7.1 12 Elevation (m) 504.8 261.9 25 Thuidium sp. 0.8 3.1 12 Slope (degrees) 8.2 6.0 25 Tomentypnum nitens 3.7 7.2 36 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 8.2 5.5 24 Unknown moss 1.5 6 16 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 8.5 6.3 24 Total Lichen Cover 7.7 8.6 88 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 21.5 30.4 4 0.5 0.9 40 Cetraria cf. islandica Depth to Rocks (cm) 19.1 15.7 20 Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 16 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.4 27.3 8 Cladina arbuscula 0.4 1.1 24 Frost Boil Cover (%) 6.5 13.6 10 Cladina mitis 0.4 1.1 20 Thaw Depth (cm) 58.0 13.1 7 Cladina rangiferina 0.7 1.7 24 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.6 1.0 24 Cladina sp. 0.8 2.8 12 62.5 54.1 24 Cladonia sp. 0.5 0.8 52 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.3 20 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -84.9 70.5 10 0.8 1.1 56 Flavocetraria cucullata aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Flavocetraria nivalis 0.2 0.5 16 Lobaria sp. 0.1 0.2 20 At well drained sites, the dominant soil 0.2 0.5 36 Masonhalea richardsonii subgroups are Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, well Nephroma arcticum 0.4 0.8 28 Peltigera aphthosa 0.4 0.6 56 drained, moderately thin organic horizon, Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.1 0.4 12 permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Haplorthels Stereocaulon sp. 0.4 1.1 24 (mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryotur- Thamnolia vermicularis 0.3 0.5 32 bation). At poorly drained sites, dominant soil Unknown crustose lichen 0.4 1.2 16 subgroups include Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil Total Bare Ground 8.8 11.2 92 over permafrost with cryoturbation) and Typic Bare Soil 3.7 11 68 Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost Litter alone 5.1 4.2 88 lacking cryoturbation).

97 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND BLUEJOINT MEADOW Table 90. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Bluejoint Meadow (n=4).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 137.1 34.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 119.8 38 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0 0.1 25 Vaccinium vitis-idaea <0.1 0.1 25 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 15.1 12.3 100 Rosa acicularis 1.2 2.5 25 Rubus idaeus 2.5 5 25 Salix chamissonis 2.5 5 25 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.5 2.9 75 Salix reticulata 1.2 2.5 25 Sorbus scopulina <0.1 0.1 25 Spiraea beauverdiana 1.3 2.5 50 Viburnum edule 3.8 7.5 25 Total Forb Cover 45.5 27.3 100 Geomorphology: Aconitum delphinifolium 3.5 3.7 75 <0.1 0.1 25 Upland Bluejoint Meadow primarily occurs Adoxa moschatellina Anemone narcissiflora <0.1 0.1 25 after fire and is uncommon in SNWR. It occurs on Anemone parviflora 3.8 7.5 50 upper slopes comprised of hillside colluvium or Anemone richardsonii 0.8 1.5 50 loess. Due to its low abundance, this ecotype was Arabis drummondii <0.1 0.1 25 not mapped. We only sampled one plot in this Arabis lyrata kamchatica <0.1 0.1 25 0.2 0.5 25 ecotype in SNWR. The following description Arnica lessingii Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 5 7.1 50 mostly uses data from plots sampled in ARCN to Artemisia tilesii 0.8 1.5 50 provide a more robust description of this ecotype. Astragalus alpinus <0.1 0.1 25 <0.1 0.1 25 Plant Association: Botrychium minganense Campanula lasiocarpa <0.1 0.1 25 Calamagrostis canadensis–Polemonium Cardamine pratensis ssp. acutiflorum angustifolia 0.2 0.5 25 Cardamine umbellata <0.1 0.1 25 Upland Bluejoint Meadow is primarily Castilleja elegans <0.1 0.1 25 grass-dominated although forbs can be Cerastium beeringianum var. grandiflorum 0.2 0.5 25 co-dominant at some sites (Table 90). Trees and Chrysosplenium tetrandrum 0.2 0.5 25 tall shrubs are rare, but all other life forms are well Claytonia sarmentosa <0.1 0.1 25 represented. Total nonvascular cover is often low. Cryptogramma sitchensis <0.1 0.1 25 Common species include Aconitum delphinifolium, Cystopteris fragilis <0.1 0.1 25 Equisetum sylvaticum, Petasites frigidus, and Dodecatheon frigidum 1.5 2.4 50 <0.1 0.1 25 Carex podocarpa. Dryopteris fragrans Epilobium angustifolium 6.2 12.5 25 Upland Bluejoint Meadow is similar to Epilobium latifolium 0.2 0.5 25 Riverine Bluejoint Meadow and Lacustrine Equisetum arvense 5 7.1 50 Bluejoint Meadow in species composition, Equisetum pratense 1 2 25 although physiographic factors are unrelated. Galium boreale 0.8 1.5 25 Gentiana glauca <0.1 0.1 25 Soils: Heracleum lanatum <0.1 0.1 25 Soils are loamy, blocky, or rubbly, with a thin Mertensia paniculata <0.1 0.1 25 surface organic horizon and a thick, dense root mat Moehringia lateriflora <0.1 0.1 25 <0.1 0.1 25 (Table 91). Thaw depths often could not be Myosotis alpestris ssp. asiatica Parnassia kotzebuei <0.1 0.1 25 determined in the rocky soils, but permafrost is Petasites frigidus 6.3 7.5 75 presumed to be absent or to occur below a depth of Polemonium acutiflorum 1.8 2.2 100 1 m. Frost boils and loess caps are absent, and surface fragments are rare. Soil pH is acidic to

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 98

Table 90. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Ranunculus nivalis <0.1 0.1 25 Rumex acetosa alpestris 0.8 1.5 25 Rumex arcticus 0.6 1 50 Saxifraga hieracifolia <0.1 0.1 25 Saxifraga punctata 1.2 2.5 25 Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.1 0.1 50 Senecio lugens 0.2 0.5 25 Solidago multiradiata 0.5 1 50 Stellaria calycantha isophylla <0.1 0.1 25 Stellaria edwardsii <0.1 0.1 25 Valeriana capitata 3 4.8 50 Veratrum album oxysepalum <0.1 0.1 25 Viola epipsila ssp. repens 0.8 1 50 Viola selkirkii <0.1 0.1 25 Wilhelmsia physodes <0.1 0.1 25 circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are well Woodsia ilvensis <0.1 0.1 25 drained to moderately well drained. Depth to water Woodsia sp. <0.1 0.1 25 table often could not be measured. Zygadenus elegans <0.1 0.1 25 Total Grass Cover 41.6 28.1 100 Agropyron pauciflorum Table 91. Soil characteristics for Upland pauciflorum 0.8 1.5 25 Bluejoint Meadow. Arctagrostis latifolia 2.5 5 50 Property Mean SD n Calamagrostis canadensis 36.2 29.8 100 Elevation (m) 367.0 223.1 4 Festuca altaica 0.8 1 50 18.8 15.2 4 Poa alpigena 0.2 0.5 25 Slope (degrees) Poa alpina <0.1 0.1 25 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 7.5 3.3 4 Poa arctica 0.1 0.1 50 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 7.5 3.3 4 Poa sp. <0.1 0.1 25 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Schizachne purpurascens 1 2 25 Depth to Rocks (cm) 56.8 95.5 4 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 17.6 10.5 100 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 2.0 1.4 2 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 3.8 7.5 25 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Carex bigelowii 0.2 0.5 25 Thaw Depth (cm) 30.0 1 Carex lachenalii 0.5 1 25 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.4 0.9 4 Carex podocarpa 11.3 13.1 75 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 137.5 79.7 4 Carex praticola 0.5 1 25 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -123.0 93.5 3 Carex stylosa <0.1 0.1 25 Eriophorum angustifolium 1.2 2.5 25 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Luzula multiflora <0.1 0.1 25 Total Nonvascular Cover 17.4 29.5 75 Total Moss Cover 17.1 29 75 The dominant soil subgroup is Typic Brachythecium reflexum <0.1 0.1 25 Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with 7.5 15 25 Bryum pseudotriquetrum cryoturbation). Additional soil subgroups Campylium stellatum 2.5 5 25 Plagiomnium sp. <0.1 0.1 25 identified in the regional classification include Sanionia uncinata 2.5 5 25 Typic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, partially developed Tomentypnum nitens 2 4 25 with permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Unknown fungus <0.1 0.1 25 Dystrogelepts (acidic, partially developed, Unknown liverwort 2.5 5 25 Total Lichen Cover 0.3 0.5 50 permafrost below 1 m). Peltigera aphthosa <0.1 0.1 25 Peltigera canina 0.2 0.5 25 Total Bare Ground 10.8 11.5 100 Bare Soil 3.8 7.5 75 Water 0.3 0.5 50 Litter alone 6.8 5.3 100

99 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND DWARF BIRCH–TUSSOCK Table 92. Vegetation cover and frequency for SHRUB Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub (n=63).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 163.9 60.2 100 Total Vascular Cover 114.1 48.7 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.4 11 Picea glauca 0.1 0.4 8 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 43.4 25.2 100 Andromeda polifolia 1.8 4.5 27 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.1 4.0 25 Empetrum nigrum 5.4 7.6 71 Ledum decumbens 17.8 11.8 98 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.5 1.6 29 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 16.7 12.4 94 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.1 2 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 34.4 31.9 100 Geomorphology: Alnus crispa 3.3 7.6 30 Arctostaphylos alpina 1.6 4.5 30 Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub is the Betula nana 15.9 15.7 100 most abundant ecotype in SNWR. It is found on Salix fuscescens 0.1 0.5 8 moderate to gentle slopes at low elevations. It Salix glauca 0.8 2.7 14 occurs on loess, older moraine, abandoned delta Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.9 2.3 32 deposits, ice-rich centers and margins of thaw Spiraea beauverdiana 0.1 0.6 8 Vaccinium uliginosum 11.4 11.9 92 basins, drained basins, and bogs. Total Forb Cover 8.7 11.5 97 Plant Association: Drosera rotundifolia 0.1 0.3 13 Pedicularis labradorica <0.1 0.1 10 Betula nana–Eriophorum vaginatum Petasites frigidus 0.3 1.5 10 Eriophorum vaginatum–Drosera rotundifolia Pinguicula villosa <0.1 0.1 11 Polemonium acutiflorum 0.2 0.6 10 Vegetation in this type is dominated by the Rubus chamaemorus 7.6 11.7 83 tussock forming sedge Eriophorum vaginatum and Saussurea angustifolia 0.1 0.4 5 the dwarf shrub Betula nana (Table 92). It is the Tofieldia pusilla <0.1 0.1 5 primary ecotype used by caribou for winter lichen Total Grass Cover 0.9 2.6 30 grazing, and lichen cover is higher in this ecotype Arctagrostis latifolia 0.4 1.3 19 Calamagrostis canadensis 0.5 2.3 11 than in other similar ones. Other common species Total Sedge & Rush Cover 26.5 18.6 100 include Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.2 1.0 8 V. uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex Carex bigelowii 3.8 4.8 63 bigelowii, and Flavocetraria cucullata. Sphagnum Carex limosa 0.1 0.6 5 mosses are also abundant and diverse. Carex rariflora 0.1 0.3 6 This ecotype is very similar to Upland Moist Carex rotundata 1.1 5.1 13 Carex vaginata 0.1 0.4 6 Birch–Ericaceous Shrub, Lowland Moist Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.7 22 Birch–Ericaceous Shrub and Lowland Wet Dwarf Eriophorum russeolum 0.3 1.2 14 Birch–Ericaceous Shrub but differs in the Eriophorum vaginatum 20.1 18.1 100 prevalence (≥25% cover) of tussocks and lower Total Nonvascular Cover 49.8 23.2 100 Total Moss Cover cover of ericaceous shrubs. 38.0 23.8 100 Anastrophyllum minutum 0.1 0.4 5 Soils: Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.2 0.9 10 Soils are typically organic-rich loams and Aulacomnium palustre 1.0 2.9 25 silt-loams and feature a moderately thick to thick Aulacomnium turgidum 1.3 2.3 41 Barbilophozia binsteadii 0.2 0.6 8 surface organic horizon (Table 93). Depth to Calypogeia sp. 0.1 0.4 6 permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Cryoturbation Dicranum elongatum 0.4 1.4 13 was common in the upper meter of the soil profile,

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 100

Table 92. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Dicranum groenlandicum 0.2 0.8 6 Dicranum sp. 1.1 1.8 37 Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.7 10 Ditrichum flexicaule <0.1 0.3 5 Hylocomium splendens 2.1 6.6 24 Mylia anomala 0.1 0.5 6 Pleurozium schreberi 2.7 5.2 44 Pohlia nutans 0.1 0.3 5 Polytrichum commune 0.1 0.5 5 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.6 6 Polytrichum sp. 0.8 2.4 17 Polytrichum strictum 0.5 1.8 19 Ptilidium ciliare 0.1 0.3 5 and buried discontinuous organic layers sometimes Sphagnum angustifolium 0.9 4.6 8 Sphagnum balticum 1.9 5.5 14 occur as the result of cryoturbation of surface Sphagnum fuscum 1.3 4.7 14 organics. Frost boils and loess caps are rare, and Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.4 2.4 6 surface fragments are absent. Soil pH is acidic, and Sphagnum lenense 1.0 3.7 14 EC is low. The soils are typically very poorly to Sphagnum magellanicum 0.7 5.1 5 somewhat poorly drained, and water table is Sphagnum sp. 15.5 21.0 59 Sphagnum squarrosum 0.3 1.6 5 shallow. Tomentypnum nitens 0.5 2.3 8 Table 93. Soil characteristics for Upland Dwarf Unknown moss 0.9 2.4 21 Birch–Tussock Shrub. Warnstorfia exannulata 0.1 0.4 6 Total Lichen Cover 10.6 9.0 98 Property Mean SD n Cetraria cf. islandica 0.5 1.1 30 Elevation (m) 75.1 146.8 58 Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.1 0.5 8 Slope (degrees) 3.9 5.5 26 Cetraria laevigata 0.3 0.8 16 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 26.1 10.8 55 Cladina arbuscula 0.5 1.5 14 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 28.1 11.1 47 Cladina ciliata 0.5 2.5 6 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 17.6 7.0 5 Cladina mitis 1.2 3.0 35 Depth to Rocks (cm) 41.0 1 Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica 0.3 1.1 6 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladina rangiferina 1.3 2.5 41 Frost Boil Cover (%) 2.0 1 Cladina sp. 0.6 1.6 25 38.6 13.5 56 Cladina stygia 0.4 1.1 16 Thaw Depth (cm) Cladonia albonigra 0.1 0.4 8 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.3 0.7 59 Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.1 0.5 5 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 73.7 40.7 46 Cladonia pleurota 0.1 0.6 5 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -19.8 12.1 20 Cladonia sp. 0.4 0.7 41 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia subfurcata 0.1 0.5 5 Cladonia sulphurina 0.1 0.4 8 Cladonia uncialis 0.2 1.1 6 Common soil types include Typic Historthels Flavocetraria cucullata 2.5 2.9 84 (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost lacking Flavocetraria nivalis 0.2 0.5 14 cryoturbation), Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic Icmadophila ericetorum 0.1 0.3 24 Nephroma arcticum 0.3 2.0 6 rich soil over permafrost with cryoturbation), and Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 19 Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed thick Peltigera canina <0.1 0.2 6 peat, permafrost in upper meter). Less common Peltigera sp. <0.1 0.2 5 soils types are Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.5 10 permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Unknown crustose lichen 0.3 1.0 11 Unknown lichen 0.3 1.2 8 Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with Total Bare Ground 16.7 13.7 84 cryoturbation). Bare Soil 2.5 6.0 54 Water 0.4 2.5 13 Litter alone 13.7 14.0 63

101 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND SANDY BARRENS Table 94. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sandy Barrens (n=13).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 16.4 17.1 92 Total Vascular Cover 13.5 11.7 92 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0 0 8 Picea glauca <0.1 <0.1 8 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 3.1 11.1 8 Populus balsamifera 3.1 11.1 8 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0 0.1 15 Salix alaxensis <0.1 <0.1 15 Salix glauca <0.1 <0.1 8 Total Forb Cover 5.5 5.1 92 Androsace chamaejasme <0.1 <0.1 15 Anemone drummondii <0.1 <0.1 23 Arabis lyrata ssp. kamchatica 0.1 0.3 15 Artemisia borealis 0.7 1 46 Artemisia furcata 0.4 0.6 46 Geomorphology: Aster sibiricus 0.4 0.9 38 Upland Sandy Barrens encompasses the active Astragalus aboriginum 0.1 0.3 46 portions of the Little Kobuk Sand Dunes and Astragalus alpinus 0.2 0.6 15 Braya humilis <0.1 <0.1 15 isolated smaller exposed dunes in the Waring Mts. Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. region in SNWR. These eolian active sand dunes arcticum 0.3 0.8 46 occur under approximately 100 m elevation. We Chrysanthemum bipinnatum 0.2 0.6 15 did not collect ground data for this ecotype in Cnidium cnidiifolium 0.4 1.1 62 <0.1 0.1 38 SNWR, therefore the following data reflect ground Dianthus repens Draba cinerea <0.1 <0.1 8 plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was Epilobium latifolium <0.1 <0.1 8 developed as part of the regional classification and Erigeron elatus 0.1 0.3 8 was identified in SNWR through the aerial surveys Eritrichium splendens 0.1 0.3 54 and spectral classification and mapping effort. Lesquerella arctica <0.1 <0.1 31 Lupinus kuschei 0.2 0.5 38 Plant Association: Minuartia arctica 0.2 0.4 23 Calamagrostis purpurascens–Oxytropis kobukensis Minuartia elegans 0.2 0.4 54 Oxytropis borealis <0.1 <0.1 15 The unique flora of the Kobuk Sand Dunes Oxytropis campestris ssp. jordalii 0.1 0.3 8 has been well documented (Parker 1996). All life Oxytropis kobukensis 0.4 0.5 69 forms can be present in trace quantities (Table 94). Parrya nudicaulis <0.1 <0.1 23 Parrya nudicaulis ssp. interior <0.1 <0.1 8 Forbs and grasses are the most common. We Plantago canescens 0.3 0.7 31 documented two rare species in this ecotype, Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida 0.1 0.3 8 Oxytropis kobukensis and Lupinus kuschei. Senecio ogotorukensis 0.3 0.6 69 Common species include Eritrichium splendens, Silene acaulis <0.1 <0.1 15 Minuartia elegans, Senecio ogotorukensis, Bromus Zygadenus elegans 0.5 1 38 Total Grass Cover 4.3 4 92 pumpellianus var. arcticus, and Calamagrostis Bromus pumpellianus 0.2 0.8 8 purpurascens. Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.8 1.5 62 This ecotype is unique. It is somewhat similar Calamagrostis purpurascens 2.8 4.2 69 to Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland, which Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis 0.4 1 23 occurs adjacent to it on more stabilized dunes. Festuca richardsonii <0.1 0.1 38 Festuca rubra 0.1 0.3 8 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.6 1.2 31 Carex filifolia 0.5 1.1 23 Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa 0.2 0.6 8 Total Nonvascular Cover 2.8 10 38 Total Moss Cover 1.4 5 31

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 102

Table 94. Continued. Table 95. Soil characteristics for Upland Sandy Barrens. Cover Freq Mean SD % Property Mean SD n Dicranum sp. 0.2 0.6 8 Elevation (m) 81.2 13.0 13 Racomitrium canescens 1.2 4.2 8 Slope (degrees) 4.8 3.2 9 Tortella inclinata <0.1 <0.1 15 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 0 Unknown moss 0.1 0.3 15 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 1.0 1 Total Lichen Cover 1.4 5 31 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cetraria aculeata 0.1 0.3 23 Depth to Rocks (cm) 200.0 0.0 12 Evernia perfragilis <0.1 <0.1 15 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.3 8 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 1.2 4.2 8 Stereocaulon paschale Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Stereocaulon sp. <0.1 <0.1 15 Site pH at 10-cm depth 8.4 0.7 12 Thamnolia sp. <0.1 <0.1 8 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 32.5 12.9 12 Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.3 8 Total Bare Ground 89.6 16.9 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -200.0 0.0 12 Bare Soil 87.1 20.1 100 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Litter alone 2.6 4.1 85

Soils: This ecotype included one soil subgroup, Typic Cryopsamments (sandy, low coarse fragment content, well drained, lacking permafrost).

Soils are sandy and lack a surface organic horizon (Table 95). Thaw depths could not be determined as the depth to permafrost, if present, was always greater than the maximum depth sampled (1.3 m). Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are absent. Thin organic horizons, buried by wind blown sands, occurred occasionally. Soil pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are excessively drained. Depth to water table often could not be measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial depths given the excessively drained soils.

103 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND SEDGE–DRYAS MEADOW Table 96. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow (n=38).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 141.1 49.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 92.8 22.2 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 29.4 22.4 100 Andromeda polifolia 0.5 1.2 32 Cassiope tetragona 0.7 1.3 41 Dryas integrifolia 23.6 22 68 Dryas octopetala 2.9 7.6 27 Rhododendron lapponicum 1.5 2.7 45 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 17.2 7.1 100 Arctostaphylos rubra 2.2 2.8 68 Potentilla fruticosa 0.7 1.5 36 Salix alaxensis 0.1 0.2 14 Salix arctica 3.5 3.6 73 0.4 1.3 9 Geomorphology: Salix glauca Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.9 1.6 59 These upland meadows are associated with Salix reticulata 6.8 6.6 77 carbonate-rich bedrock. Surface geomorphology Salix rotundifolia 1.2 3 18 consists of hillside colluvium, older moraine, and Shepherdia canadensis 0.1 0.5 18 upland retransported deposits. Surfaces are sloped Vaccinium uliginosum 1.3 1.5 50 Total Forb Cover and feature mineral-cored hummocks, stripes, and 18.5 13.6 100 Androsace chamaejasme 0.4 1.1 50 gelifluction lobes. We did not collect any plot data Anemone parviflora 0.3 0.9 36 in SNWR for this ecotype, and the following data Astragalus umbellatus 0.2 0.3 41 reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was Castilleja elegans 0.2 0.5 23 developed as part of the regional classification and Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.6 1.1 64 was identified in SNWR through the spectral Epilobium latifolium 0.3 0.6 23 Equisetum arvense 7 13.1 41 classification and mapping effort. Equisetum palustre 1.1 3.8 9 Plant Association: Equisetum scirpoides 0.1 0.2 14 Equisetum variegatum 0.2 0.5 18 Dryas integrifolia–Carex bigelowii–Equisetum Gentiana propinqua 0.1 0.2 14 arvense Hedysarum alpinum 0.5 1.2 32 Dryas integrifolia–Carex Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.1 0.2 45 0.1 0.2 32 scirpoidea–Rhododendron lapponicum Minuartia arctica Minuartia rossii 0.1 0.3 14 Dwarf shrubs, sedges, forbs and mosses are Oxytropis borealis 0.7 1.9 23 prevalent in Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow Papaver macounii 0.1 0.5 14 (Table 96). We identified two distinct plant Parnassia palustris 0.1 0.2 32 0.1 0.3 32 associations in this ecotype. Common species Pedicularis capitata Pinguicula vulgaris 0.1 0.2 36 include Salix reticulata, Chrysanthemum Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.2 14 integrifolium, Polygonum viviparum, Thalictrum Polygonum viviparum 0.5 0.6 82 alpinum, Carex atrofusca, Rhytidium rugosum, and Potentilla biflora 0.2 0.4 32 Flavocetraria cucullata. Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.3 32 0.3 0.4 50 This ecotype is similar to Alpine Alkaline Saxifraga hirculus Saxifraga oppositifolia 1.9 4.4 41 Dryas Dwarf Shrub, except soils are moist to wet Senecio atropurpureus 0.1 0.2 32 instead of dry, and sites occur at slightly lower Silene acaulis 0.6 1 45 elevations and have higher cover of sedges. Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.1 55 Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.3 50 Total Grass Cover 0.9 1.3 68 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.5 0.8 41

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 104

Table 96. Continued. Soils:

Cover Freq Mean SD % Festuca altaica 0.2 0.7 18 Poa arctica 0.1 0.2 14 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 26.8 19 100 Carex atrofusca 8.1 13.8 64 Carex bigelowii 3.5 5.5 45 Carex capillaris 0.2 0.5 27 Carex krausei 1 1.9 27 Carex membranacea 3 6.6 41 Carex misandra 3.6 8.8 55 Carex rotundata 0.4 1.2 18 Carex scirpoidea 2.4 2.2 77 Eriophorum angustifolium 1.4 2.9 27 Eriophorum callitrix 0.4 1.5 14 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.2 14 Juncus biglumis 0.2 0.4 32 Soils are loamy to rubbly, with a thin to Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus 0.1 0.4 27 moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table Juncus triglumis 0.2 0.9 18 97). Permafrost often occurs in the upper meter of Total Nonvascular Cover 48.3 36.1 100 Total Moss Cover 42 35.4 100 the soil profile. Frost boils and sorted ground are Andreaeobryum sp. 0.9 2.9 9 common. Surface fragments and loess caps are Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.6 4.7 14 rare. Buried discontinuous organic layers Aulacomnium palustre 0.2 0.7 18 sometimes occur as the result of cryoturbation. Soil Campylium sp. 0.9 2.5 14 pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is low. The Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.5 14 soils are somewhat poorly drained, and Catoscopium sp. 1.3 2.9 18 Cinclidium sp. 0.7 1.8 14 occasionally well drained. The water table is Dicranum sp. 1.2 2.1 27 shallow to moderately deep. Distichium capillaceum 0.1 0.3 14 Ditrichum flexicaule 0.1 0.3 14 Table 97. Soil characteristics for Upland Drepanocladus sp. 0.7 1.7 18 Sedge–Dryas Meadow. Hylocomium splendens 4.5 7.9 36 Property Mean SD n Hypnum bambergeri 0.9 2.5 14 Elevation (m) 296.9 182.8 16 Hypnum sp. 1 2.4 18 Slope (degrees) 7.5 5.6 16 Pohlia sp. 2 3.6 32 6.9 4.8 16 Ptilidium ciliare 0.6 1.5 18 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 7.0 4.9 16 Rhytidium rugosum 3.6 5.4 50 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) Sanionia sp. 0.6 2 9 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 10.0 NA 1 Tomentypnum nitens 12.9 17.9 55 Depth to Rocks (cm) 34.8 64.7 16 Unknown moss 4.1 16 23 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 4.7 4.7 3 Total Lichen Cover 6.5 8.1 82 Frost Boil Cover (%) 4.5 4.3 11 Asahinea chrysantha 0.4 1.1 27 Thaw Depth (cm) 70.8 20.6 9 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.5 23 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.6 0.3 16 Cetraria tilesii 0.1 0.3 14 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 313.1 133.5 16 Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.5 27 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -35.5 34.2 15 Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.2 14 a Flavocetraria cucullata 1.8 2.5 68 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 0.7 32 Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.5 18 Dominant soil subgroups include Typic 0.8 1.7 27 Pertusaria sp. Aquiturbels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost Thamnolia vermicularis 1.1 1.8 36 Unknown lichen 0.5 2.2 9 with cryoturbation), Ruptic-histic Aquiturbels Vulpicida tilesii 0.1 0.2 14 (wet, highly cryoturbated surface organics and Total Bare Ground 11 9.3 73 mineral soil above permafrost), and Typic Bare Soil 2.6 3.6 73 Gelaquepts (wet, partially developed, permafrost Water 0.6 1 45 below 1 m). Litter alone 7.9 6.8 73

105 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND SPRUCE–BIRCH FOREST Table 98. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Spruce–Birch Forest (n=5).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 176.2 31.1 100 Total Vascular Cover 117.9 36.2 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 19.6 12.1 100 Picea glauca 18.8 11.9 100 Picea mariana 0.8 1.8 20 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 18.8 12.1 100 Dryas octopetala 0.6 1.3 20 Empetrum nigrum 6.6 7.0 100 Ledum decumbens 1.4 2.2 40 Linnaea borealis 2.8 3.3 60 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.4 7.4 100 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 24.8 12.1 100 Betula hybrids <0.1 <0.1 20 Betula papyrifera 24.8 12.1 100 Geomorphology: Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 22.3 13.5 100 These mixed forests are uncommon and occur Alnus crispa 10.4 9.9 80 on hillside colluvium and loess within the boreal Arctostaphylos alpina 0.8 1.8 20 forest zone in SNWR. Slope gradient is high to Rosa acicularis 5.4 7.8 60 moderately high, and it usually occurs on south or Salix glauca 0.6 1.3 20 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra <0.1 <0.1 20 west-facing aspects. Salix scouleriana 0.8 1.8 40 Plant Association: Spiraea beauverdiana 0.2 0.4 40 Vaccinium uliginosum 4.0 6.2 80 Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Vaccinium Total Forb Cover 25.3 22.5 100 vitis-idaea Anemone narcissiflora 0.4 0.9 20 White spruce and birch trees are co-dominant Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 0.4 0.9 20 in open to closed stands in this ecotype, and all life Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. arcticum 0.2 0.4 20 Campanula lasiocarpa 0.2 0.4 20 forms except sedges are typically present (Table Castilleja caudata 0.4 0.9 20 98). Common species include Alnus crispa, Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 0.9 40 Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnaea borealis, Equisetum arvense 4.6 8.6 80 Equisetum pratense, Hylocomium splendens, Equisetum pratense 13.2 16.0 80 Cladina rangiferina, and Peltigera aphthosa. Equisetum scirpoides 0.4 0.9 40 Equisetum sylvaticum 0.6 1.3 20 Upland Spruce–Birch Forest is comparable to Lycopodium annotinum <0.1 <0.1 20 Upland Birch Forest, as previously discussed. It is Mertensia paniculata 1.4 1.9 40 somewhat similar to Upland White Spruce– Minuartia arctica 0.4 0.9 20 Ericaceous Forest and Upland White Spruce– Pedicularis labradorica 0.4 0.9 20 Willow Forest in that white spruce is a dominant Petasites frigidus 0.2 0.4 20 Petasites hyperboreus 1.0 2.2 40 species but differs in site factors and cover of Potentilla uniflora 0.2 0.4 20 birch trees. Silene repens 0.2 0.4 20 Soils: Smelowskia calycina var. porsildii 0.4 0.9 20 Total Grass Cover 6.6 3.9 100 Soils are typically loamy, blocky, or rubbly Arctagrostis latifolia 2.0 3.5 40 and feature a thin to moderately thick surface Calamagrostis canadensis 3.2 4.4 40 organic horizon (Table 99). Thaw depths often Festuca altaica 0.2 0.4 20 could not be determined in the rocky soils, but in Festuca brachyphylla 0.4 0.9 20 most cases permafrost is presumed to be absent or Hierochloe alpina 0.4 0.9 20 Poa glauca 0.2 0.4 20 to occur below a depth of 2 m. Frost boils and Poa pratensis 0.2 0.4 40 surface fragments are absent. Loess caps are rare. Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.4 0.5 40 However, when loess does occur it tends to be Carex bigelowii 0.2 0.4 20 thick. Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 106

Table 98. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Luzula multiflora 0.2 0.4 20 Total Nonvascular Cover 58.3 23.7 100 Total Moss Cover 37.0 19.9 100 Abietinella abietina 0.2 0.4 20 Ceratodon purpureus 0.2 0.4 20 Cynodontium strumiferum 0.6 0.9 40 Dicranum elongatum 0.4 0.9 20 Dicranum fragilifolium 0.2 0.4 20 Dicranum sp. 1.2 1.6 40 Dicranum spadiceum 0.6 1.3 20 Dicranum undulatum 1.2 1.1 60 Herzogiella striatella 0.4 0.9 20 Hylocomium splendens 23.4 21.5 80 are well drained to moderately well drained. Depth Hypnum plicatulum 0.4 0.5 40 Pleurozium schreberi 1.0 2.2 20 to water table often could not be measured, but it is Pohlia nutans 0.4 0.5 40 assumed to be at substantial depths given the well Polytrichum commune 0.4 0.9 20 drained soils. Polytrichum juniperinum 0.6 1.3 20 Polytrichum piliferum 0.6 0.9 40 Table 99. Soil characteristics for Upland Polytrichum sp. 0.4 0.9 20 Spruce–Birch Forest. Ptilidium ciliare 0.8 1.1 60 Property Mean SD n Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.6 1.3 20 123.8 101.9 5 Rhytidium rugosum 1.8 3.5 40 Elevation (m) Sanionia uncinata 0.4 0.9 20 Slope (degrees) 16.8 8.3 5 Tritomaria exsectiformis 0.2 0.4 20 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.2 3.6 5 Unknown moss 1.0 2.2 20 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 11.0 5.7 2 Total Lichen Cover 18.5 29.2 100 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 128.0 1 Cetraria laevigata 0.4 0.9 20 Depth to Rocks (cm) 0 Cladina arbuscula 1.6 3.6 20 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.1 60 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladina stellaris <0.1 <0.1 20 Thaw Depth (cm) 89.5 54.4 2 Cladonia cenotea 0.6 0.9 40 Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.3 0.2 5 Cladonia furcata 0.4 0.9 20 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 55.0 7.1 2 Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata 0.4 0.9 20 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -51.0 1 Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 1.0 1.0 60 Cladonia multiformis 0.4 0.9 20 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia ochrochlora 0.6 1.3 20 Cladonia phyllophora 0.2 0.4 20 Cladonia pyxidata 0.4 0.9 20 A common soil subgroup is Typic Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.4 40 Dystrocryepts (acidic, partially developed, lacking Cladonia subsubulata 0.4 0.9 20 permafrost). A less common soil subgroup is Cladonia sulphurina 1.0 1.4 40 Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost Cladonia uncialis 1.6 3.6 20 lacking cryoturbation). Cladonia wainioi 0.6 1.3 20 Flavocetraria cucullata 0.4 0.9 20 Flavocetraria nivalis 0.4 0.9 20 Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 40 Peltigera britannica 0.2 0.4 20 Peltigera conspersa 0.8 1.1 40 Peltigera sp. 0.4 0.9 20 Stereocaulon paschale 7.6 17.0 20 Thamnolia vermicularis 0.6 1.3 20 Total Bare Ground 4.8 6.1 60 Bare Soil 3.0 6.7 40 Litter alone 1.8 2.5 40

107 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–ERICACEOUS Table 100. Vegetation cover and frequency for FOREST Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest (n=13).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 197.5 69.7 100 Total Vascular Cover 141.1 50.3 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 26.3 16.5 100 Picea glauca 26.2 16.6 100 Picea mariana 0.2 0.6 8 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 18.7 17.3 92 Andromeda polifolia 0.3 0.8 15 Dryas integrifolia 0.2 0.6 8 Empetrum nigrum 7.5 10.1 69 Ledum decumbens 2.4 3.6 54 Linnaea borealis 1.2 1.6 38 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.2 8.8 85 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 1.5 3.6 23 Betula papyrifera 1.3 3.2 23 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 62.2 37.3 100 Geomorphology: Alnus crispa 16.6 17.5 85 Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest is Arctostaphylos alpina 0.8 2.8 8 common throughout SNWR in places forming the Arctostaphylos rubra 2.5 4.8 31 circumpolar treeline. Slope gradient is typically Betula glandulosa 1.9 6.9 8 Betula nana 6.4 11.4 62 low to moderately steep. It is found on hillside Ribes triste 0.9 2.3 15 colluvium, upland loess, and older moraine Salix bebbiana 0.7 1.5 23 upwards to nearly 300 m elevation. Salix glauca 3.2 6.4 31 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.5 1.5 15 Plant Association: Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 7.2 12.1 69 Picea glauca–Ledum decumbens Salix reticulata 0.8 2.8 8 Spiraea beauverdiana 2.7 3.3 62 Picea glauca–Vaccinium vitis-idaea Vaccinium uliginosum 18.1 16.9 92 White spruce (P. gl a uc a) predominates and Total Forb Cover 23.4 18.9 100 occurs in open stands (Table 100). The understory Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.0 46 is dominated by evergreen shrubs but also contains Equisetum arvense 5.8 7.2 69 Equisetum pratense 3.8 13.9 8 a mixture of deciduous low and tall shrubs, forbs, Equisetum sylvaticum 6.1 11.7 31 and nonvascular species, with more variable cover Lycopodium annotinum 1.5 2.9 46 of graminoids. Common species include Empetrum Moneses uniflora 0.2 0.6 8 nigrum, Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum, Pedicularis capitata 0.1 0.3 15 Lycopodium annotinum, Hylocomium splendens, Petasites frigidus 0.7 0.9 46 Polygonum alaskanum 0.2 0.6 8 Pleurozium schreberi, and Cladina rangiferina. Polygonum bistorta 0.4 0.8 23 This ecotype is similar to Upland White Polygonum viviparum 0.2 0.4 15 Spruce–Willow Forest, except that low and dwarf Rubus arcticus 1.8 2.3 54 ericaceous shrubs are more prevalent than willow Rubus chamaemorus 0.3 0.6 23 species, it is more acidic, and has lower species Saussurea angustifolia 0.3 0.9 23 Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.2 0.6 8 diversity. Trientalis europaea 0.4 1.0 15 Soils: Total Grass Cover 5.0 2.8 100 Soils are loamy, blocky, or rubbly, with a thin Arctagrostis latifolia 1.7 2.7 46 Calamagrostis canadensis 1.8 2.5 54 to moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table Festuca altaica 1.0 1.6 38 101). Depth to permafrost was often less then one Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.9 5.3 62 meter. Frost boils are absent, and surface fragments Carex bigelowii 2.8 5.0 54 are absent. Loess caps are uncommon, and Carex scirpoidea 0.2 0.6 8 moderately thick to thick. Soil pH is acidic to

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 108

Table 100. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Carex vaginata 0.6 1.3 23 Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 0.6 8 Luzula parviflora 0.2 0.6 8 Total Nonvascular Cover 56.4 28.6 100 Total Moss Cover 42.4 22.7 100 Aulacomnium acuminatum 2.0 4.4 31 Aulacomnium palustre 3.2 5.3 54 Aulacomnium turgidum 1.0 1.9 31 Brachythecium sp. 0.4 1.4 8 Bryum sp. 0.2 0.8 8 Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.6 15 Dicranum majus 0.2 0.6 8 Dicranum scoparium 1.2 2.4 31 Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.4 8 Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum 0.2 0.6 8 Hylocomium splendens 17.0 15.5 92 Hypnum holmenii 0.2 0.6 8 Hypnum plicatulum 0.3 0.9 15 circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are well to Pleurozium schreberi 6.1 6.9 69 Pohlia nutans 0.4 0.8 23 moderately well drained. Depth to water table Polytrichum commune 2.4 4.9 46 often could not be measured, and it is assumed to Polytrichum sp. 2.3 4.4 23 be at substantial depth. Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.8 8 Ptilidium ciliare 0.6 1.0 38 Table 101. Soil characteristics for Upland White Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.7 1.4 31 Spruce–Ericaceous Forest. Sanionia orthothecioides 0.2 0.6 8 Property Mean SD n Sanionia uncinata 0.4 0.8 23 Elevation (m) 151.9 80.1 13 Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.3 0.9 15 Slope (degrees) 8.2 7.2 12 Sphagnum russowii 0.2 0.6 8 10.2 6.6 13 Tomentypnum nitens 1.5 3.2 23 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.6 5.7 7 Total Lichen Cover 12.6 9.6 100 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.6 8 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 66.0 22.6 2 Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis 0.5 0.9 31 Depth to Rocks (cm) 82.0 38.2 2 Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.5 1.0 23 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 Cladina arbuscula 0.2 0.6 15 Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.6 15 Thaw Depth (cm) 62.9 22.4 7 Cladina rangiferina 1.6 3.7 23 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.1 1.3 13 Cladina sp. 2.6 4.6 31 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 231.4 213.3 7 Cladina stellaris 0.2 0.6 8 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a 0 Cladina stygia 0.5 0.9 31 a Cladonia amaurocraea 0.2 0.6 8 Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladonia coniocraea 0.2 0.6 8 Cladonia cornuta 0.2 0.6 15 A common soil subgroup is Typic Haplorthels Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 0.2 0.8 8 Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 1.1 1.4 46 (mineral soil over permafrost lacking Cladonia sp. 1.1 1.4 69 cryoturbation). Less common soil subgroups Cladonia sulphurina 0.4 0.8 23 include Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil Flavocetraria cucullata 1.2 1.9 38 over permafrost with cryoturbation) and Typic Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 1.9 8 Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with Nephroma arcticum 0.3 0.6 23 Peltigera aphthosa 0.5 0.8 38 cryoturbation). Peltigera sp. 0.4 0.8 38 Unknown crustose lichen 0.4 1.4 8 Total Bare Ground 9.0 11.6 54 Bare Soil 1.7 4.2 54 Litter alone 7.3 11.3 46

109 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–LICHEN Table 102. Vegetation cover and frequency for WOODLAND Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland (n=4).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 122.6 6 100 Total Vascular Cover 45.7 27.4 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 20 10 100 Picea glauca 20 10 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 8 8.7 100 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1.3 0.6 100 Empetrum nigrum 6 7.8 100 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.7 1.1 67 Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.1 67 Populus balsamifera <0.1 0.1 33 Populus tremuloides <0.1 0.1 33 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 14.2 16.3 100 Betula nana 5 8.6 67 Betula occidentalis 0.7 1.2 33 Geomorphology: Salix bebbiana <0.1 0.1 33 This ecotype occurs on eolian inactive sand Salix monticola <0.1 0.1 33 Salix sp. <0.1 0.1 33 dunes in the Waring Mountains. These dunes are Vaccinium uliginosum 8.4 7.6 100 stable enough for a thick cover of lichens to Total Forb Cover 2.7 2.3 100 develop. Surface forms include slopes, shoulders Armeria maritima <0.1 0.1 33 and crests. We only collected aerial data for this Arnica frigida <0.1 0.1 33 ecotype in SNWR, and the following data reflect Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 0.7 1.2 33 Artemisia furcata <0.1 0.1 33 ground plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was Astragalus aboriginum <0.1 0.1 33 developed as part of the regional classification and Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. was identified in SNWR through the aerial surveys arcticum <0.1 0.1 33 Cnidium cnidiifolium <0.1 0.1 33 and spectral classification and mapping efforts. Dianthus repens <0.1 0.1 33 Plant Association: Epilobium angustifolium <0.1 0.1 33 Erigeron elatus <0.1 0.1 33 Picea glauca–Cladina stellaris Geocaulon lividum 1.3 1.5 67 Lichens and white spruce are co-dominant in Lupinus arcticus <0.1 0.1 33 this ecotype (Table 102). Spruce trees have Lupinus kuschei <0.1 0.1 33 <0.1 0.1 33 10–24% cover. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs, Minuartia sp. Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.1 67 grasses and forbs are always present in low Pulsatilla patens multifida <0.1 0.1 33 quantities. Sedges are absent. Common species Rumex acetosa ssp. acetosa <0.1 0.1 33 include Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Selaginella sibirica <0.1 0.1 33 Solidago multiradiata, Cladina rangiferina, C. Senecio ogotorukensis <0.1 0.1 33 Solidago multiradiata var. stellaris, Flavocetraria nivalis and Stereocaulon multiradiata 0.1 <0.1 100 sp. Total Grass Cover 0.8 0.4 100 This ecotype is unique from other forested Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus <0.1 0.1 33 ecotypes in SNWR due to the high ground cover of Calamagrostis purpurascens <0.1 0.1 33 Festuca altaica 0.7 0.6 67 lichens. Festuca saximontana <0.1 0.1 33 Total Nonvascular Cover 76.8 21.5 100 Total Moss Cover 9.1 9.9 100 Abietinella abietina <0.1 0.1 33 Dicranum sp. 0.3 0.6 33 Pleurozium schreberi 1.7 2.9 67 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.3 0.6 33 Polytrichum piliferum 1.7 2.9 33 Racomitrium lanuginosum 5 8.7 33

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 110

Table 102. Continued. Table 103. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland. Cover Freq Mean SD % Property Mean SD n Rhytidium rugosum <0.1 0.1 33 Elevation (m) 77.0 4.9 4 Total Lichen Cover 67.7 14.3 100 Slope (degrees) 8.0 2.8 2 Cetraria cf. islandica 0.3 0.6 33 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 1.7 1.2 3 Cladina arbuscula 3.3 5.8 33 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 1.7 1.2 3 Cladina mitis 3.3 5.8 33 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0 Cladina rangiferina 5 5 67 Depth to Rocks (cm) 200.0 1 0.7 1.2 33 Cladina sp. Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0 28.3 20.2 100 Cladina stellaris Frost Boil Cover (%) 0 Cladonia amaurocraea 3.3 5.8 33 Thaw Depth (cm) 0 Cladonia sp. 3 1.7 100 Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.4 0.1 4 Flavocetraria nivalis 2.3 1.5 100 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 20.0 17.3 3 Peltigera aphthosa 1 1 67 Peltigera canina 0.4 0.6 67 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -200.0 1 <0.1 0.1 33 Peltigera sp. aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Stereocaulon paschale 15 26 33 Stereocaulon sp. 1.3 1.2 67 Thamnolia sp. 0.3 0.6 33 Total Bare Ground 1.7 0.6 100 The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype is Bare Soil <0.1 0.1 33 Typic Cryopsamments (sandy, low coarse fragment Litter alone 1.7 0.6 100 content, well drained, lacking permafrost). A less common subgroup is Typic Dystrocryepts (acidic, partially developed, lacking permafrost). Soils:

Soils are sandy and typically feature a thin discontinuous surface organic horizon (Table 103). Thaw depths could not be determined as the depth to permafrost, if present, was always greater than the maximum depth sampled (1.3 meters). Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils are typically excessively to somewhat excessively well drained. Depth to water table often could not be measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial depths given the well drained soils.

111 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–WILLOW Table 104. Vegetation cover and frequency for FOREST Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest (n=19). Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 176.9 59.7 100 Total Vascular Cover 132.2 41.1 100 Total Evergreen Tree Cover 26.2 15.5 100 Picea glauca 24.1 11.9 100 Picea mariana 2.1 8.5 12 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 17.2 12.3 100 Andromeda polifolia 1.1 2.6 59 Cassiope tetragona 1 1.8 41 Dryas integrifolia 2.5 6.4 41 Dryas octopetala 5.4 9.1 41 Empetrum nigrum 3.2 4.9 65 Juniperus communis 0.6 1.1 35 Ledum decumbens 0.3 0.7 18 Ledum groenlandicum 0.5 1.4 12 Linnaea borealis 0.7 1.6 24 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1 2.6 29 Geomorphology: Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0 0 6 This ecotype is common in the Waring Mts., Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 53.5 28 100 Kiliovilik Range, Purcell Mts. and the Selawik Alnus crispa 8.4 11.2 59 Hills. Surfaces are sloped, and this ecotype occurs Arctostaphylos rubra 4.4 6.2 88 at elevations up to 550 m. It is found on hillside Betula glandulosa 0.4 1.2 18 colluvium, older moraine, retransported deposits Betula nana 4.3 11.9 47 and abandoned alluvial fan deposits. We only Potentilla fruticosa 4.9 4.9 82 Salix alaxensis 1.4 3.9 29 sampled one plot in this ecotype in SNWR. The Salix arctica 1.4 2.8 24 following description also uses data from plots Salix glauca 4.2 5.4 59 sampled in ARCN to provide a more robust Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 5.6 5.1 76 description of this ecotype. Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.7 2.4 24 Salix reticulata 8.6 9.4 76 Plant Association: Vaccinium uliginosum 8.1 9.6 76 Picea glauca–Salix reticulata–Carex scirpoidea Total Forb Cover 26.3 14.9 100 Vegetation is dominated by white spruce and Anemone parviflora 1.4 2 71 deciduous shrubs. White spruce stands vary from Aster sibiricus 1.3 2.5 41 Boykinia richardsonii 1.6 6.1 12 woodlands to open canopies (10–74% cover). Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.4 0.9 29 Cover of evergreen shrubs, forbs and mosses can Cypripedium passerinum 0.2 0.5 24 be high (Table 104). Sedges are usually present in Cystopteris montana 0.2 0.7 12 low amounts. Common species include Dodecatheon frigidum 0.4 0.6 35 Arctostaphylos rubra, Potentilla fruticosa, Salix Dodecatheon pulchellum 0.5 1.3 18 reticulata, S. lanata ssp. richardsonii, Vaccinium Equisetum arvense 7.6 12.7 59 uliginosum, Anemone parviflora, Carex Equisetum scirpoides 0.3 0.6 41 Equisetum variegatum 0.1 0.2 18 scirpoidea, Hylocomium splendens, and Peltigera Gentiana propinqua 0.2 0.4 29 aphthosa. Hedysarum alpinum 1.4 2 47 This ecotype is similar to Upland White Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.4 0.7 47 Spruce–Ericaceous Forest except willow is the Lycopodium annotinum 0.3 0.8 12 dominant understory species instead of ericaceous Mertensia paniculata 0.8 1.4 35 shrubs. Minuartia arctica 0.2 0.6 18 Moneses uniflora 0.1 0.5 35 Soils: Parnassia palustris 0.1 0.3 24 Soils are typically rubbly, blocky, or loamy Parrya nudicaulis 0.1 0.2 18 and feature a thin to moderately thick surface Pedicularis capitata 0.2 0.6 24 organic horizon (Table 105). Thaw depths often

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 112

Table 104. Continued. Cover Freq Mean SD % Pedicularis labradorica 0.2 0.5 24 Pedicularis langsdorffii 0.1 0.3 24 Pinguicula vulgaris 0.1 0.2 18 Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.2 18 Polygonum viviparum 0.3 0.5 47 Rubus arcticus 0.4 1.2 18 Saussurea angustifolia 1.2 1.7 65 Saxifraga bronchialis 0.1 0.2 18 Senecio atropurpureus 0.1 0.3 18 Silene acaulis 0.4 0.6 47 Solidago multiradiata 0.4 1 29 Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata 0.2 0.5 18 Thalictrum alpinum 0.3 0.8 47 0.2 0.4 29 Tofieldia coccinea could not be determined in the rocky soils, but Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.2 24 Zygadenus elegans 0.6 0.9 41 permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m. Total Grass Cover 3 2.6 94 Frost boils, loess caps, and surface fragments are Arctagrostis latifolia 0.2 0.4 35 rare. Soil pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is Calamagrostis canadensis 0.1 0.3 24 low. The soils are typically moderately well to well Festuca altaica 2.4 2.5 65 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 5.9 4.7 100 drained. Depth to water table often could not be Carex bigelowii 0.4 1.3 18 measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial Carex capillaris 0.1 0.3 24 depths given the well drained soils. Carex membranacea 0.5 1.1 35 Carex scirpoidea 4 4.4 71 Table 105. Soil characteristics for Upland White Kobresia myosuroides 0.2 0.5 12 Spruce–Willow Forest. Total Nonvascular Cover 44.7 29.3 100 Property Mean SD n Total Moss Cover 39.9 29.9 100 237.5 121.4 17 Aulacomnium palustre 1.3 3.8 18 Elevation (m) Brachythecium salebrosum 0.7 2.1 12 Slope (degrees) 10.3 7.7 17 Dicranum sp. 0.9 1.8 29 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.2 6.7 17 Drepanocladus sp. 0.8 1.7 24 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.5 6.8 17 Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum 0.3 1 12 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 13.0 NA 1 Hylocomium splendens 23.2 25.4 71 Depth to Rocks (cm) 16.1 11.5 15 Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 1.2 12 Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.3 10.4 3 Ptilidium ciliare 0.1 0.3 18 Frost Boil Cover (%) 6.5 5.7 4 Rhytidium rugosum 3.5 7.7 24 Thaw Depth (cm) 107.0 60.8 2 Sanionia uncinata 1.9 3 47 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.0 0.8 16 Tomentypnum nitens 3.8 6.5 41 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 118.8 39.8 16 Unknown moss 0.4 0.9 18 a -152.3 45.4 11 Total Lichen Cover 4.8 5.4 100 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) Cetraria cf. islandica 0.3 0.7 18 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Cladina arbuscula 0.3 0.8 18 Cladina mitis 0.4 1.3 24 We identified the soil subgroup Typic 0.2 0.7 12 Cladina rangiferina Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost Cladina stygia 0.2 0.8 12 Cladonia sp. 0.5 1 65 with cryoturbation) in SNWR. Additional soil Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.7 18 subgroups in this ecotype identified in the regional Flavocetraria nivalis 0.4 1 12 classification include Typic Eutrogelepts Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 47 (non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost 0.1 0.3 24 Peltigera sp. below 1 m), Humic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, well Unknown crustose lichen 1 2.6 18 Vulpicida sp. 0.4 0.9 18 drained, a moderately thick organic-rich A horizon, Total Bare Ground 9.3 12 94 permafrost below 1 m), and Typic Haplorthels Bare Soil 1.9 4.3 53 (mineral soil over permafrost lacking Litter alone 7.4 8.2 94 cryoturbation).

113 Selawik Ecological Land Survey UPLAND WILLOW LOW SHRUB Table 106. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Willow Low Shrub (n=13).

Cover Freq Mean SD % Total Live Cover 217.3 74.8 100 Total Vascular Cover 152.1 45.8 100 Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 13.2 12.3 77 Andromeda polifolia 0.9 1.9 31 Cassiope tetragona 0.3 0.4 54 Dryas integrifolia 5.2 7.9 46 Dryas octopetala 0.4 1.4 8 Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 5.4 11.1 23 Empetrum nigrum 0.3 0.8 31 Ledum decumbens 0.4 1 31 Rhododendron lapponicum 0.2 0.6 31 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.1 0.3 23 Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 76.6 22.6 100 Geomorphology: Arctostaphylos alpina 0.7 1.7 15 Upland Willow Low Shrub occurs on gentle Arctostaphylos rubra 2.5 5.6 46 2.1 6.9 23 to moderate slopes on colluvium and alluvial fan Betula glandulosa Betula nana 0.9 1.5 46 deposits. This type is found throughout SNWR at Potentilla fruticosa 1.4 2.3 38 elevations above 150 m and often is associated Salix alaxensis 1.4 4.2 23 with alkaline soil parent material. We did not Salix glauca 4.4 8.6 46 collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, Salix hastata 5.8 20.8 15 therefore the following data reflect plots sampled Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 29.5 18.7 92 Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.7 5.9 38 in ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of Salix reticulata 21.2 16.6 92 the regional classification and was identified in Shepherdia canadensis 0.3 0.9 15 SNWR through the spectral classification and Vaccinium uliginosum 3.8 4.8 85 mapping effort. Total Forb Cover 49.1 31.5 100 Aconitum delphinifolium 0.2 0.6 15 Plant Association: Anemone parviflora 3 5.1 62 0.8 2.2 31 Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii–Equisetum arvense Anemone richardsonii Arnica lessingii 0.1 0.3 15 Vegetation is dominated by low willows Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 0.3 0.9 15 (0.2–1.5 m tall), with an open to closed canopy Aster sibiricus 0.8 1.6 38 (Table 106). The canopy is dominated by Salix Boykinia richardsonii 0.5 1.4 15 lanata ssp. richardsonii, but often includes S. Dodecatheon frigidum 1.1 2 54 glauca and S. planifolia ssp. pulchra. Forbs are Epilobium angustifolium 0.2 0.8 8 Equisetum arvense 30.8 31.1 92 prevalent, specifically Equisetum arvense and Equisetum scirpoides 0.1 0.3 23 Valeriana capitata. Other common species include Equisetum variegatum 0.1 0.3 31 Dryas spp., Vaccinium uliginosum, S. reticulata, Hedysarum alpinum 1.8 3.3 38 and Festuca altaica. The mosses Tomentypnum Mertensia paniculata 0.5 1.9 8 nitens and Hylocomium splendens are also Myosotis alpestris ssp. asiatica 0.5 1.1 15 Pedicularis capitata <0.1 0.1 46 common. This ecotype has high species diversity. Petasites frigidus 1.2 2.8 31 Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub is similar to Petasites hyperboreus 0.4 1 15 this ecotype, except dwarf birch is co-dominant Polemonium acutiflorum 2.6 8.2 62 and S. planifolia ssp. pulchra is usually the Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.3 23 dominant willow. Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.3 38 Rubus chamaemorus 0.2 0.8 8 Soils: Saussurea angustifolia 0.1 0.3 31 Soils are loamy, with a moderately thick Saxifraga punctata 0.2 0.4 15 surface organic horizon (Table 107). Permafrost Senecio lugens 0.2 0.5 38 often occurs in the upper meter of the soil profile.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 114

Table 106. Continued.

Cover Freq Mean SD % Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata 0.1 0.3 23 Thalictrum alpinum 0.2 0.6 31 Valeriana capitata 1.6 2.7 92 Zygadenus elegans 0.3 0.8 38 Total Grass Cover 6.3 9.7 100 Arctagrostis latifolia 0.6 1.1 38 Festuca altaica 5 9.3 77 Poa alpina 0.1 0.3 31 Poa arctica 0.1 0.3 31 Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 0.1 0.3 54 Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7 7.5 85 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.8 2.8 8 Carex atrofusca 0.1 0.3 15 Carex bigelowii 3.6 5.8 62 Carex membranacea 0.4 0.8 23 Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are 0.7 1.7 15 Carex podocarpa rare. Buried discontinuous organic layers Carex scirpoidea 0.6 1 46 Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.9 15 sometimes occur as the result of cryoturbation. Soil Eriophorum brachyantherum 0.3 1.1 8 pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is low. The Total Nonvascular Cover 65.2 48.4 100 soils are somewhat poorly to well drained. The Total Moss Cover 63.1 48.2 100 water table is shallow to moderately deep. Abietinella abietina 0.2 0.6 8 Aulacomnium palustre 3.7 7.4 31 0.8 2.8 8 Table 107. Soil characteristics for Upland Willow Brachythecium coruscum Low Shrub. Bryum pseudotriquetrum 0.8 2.8 8 Bryum sp. 0.1 0.3 15 Property Mean SD n 0.9 1.3 38 Dicranum sp. Elevation (m) 363.7 174.1 13 Distichium capillaceum 0.2 0.8 8 Slope (degrees) 10.2 7.3 13 Drepanocladus sp. 2.3 5.6 15 Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.5 6.3 13 Hylocomium splendens 14.4 21 69 Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 12.2 6.9 13 Hypnum sp. 0.4 1.4 8 Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 13.0 NA 1 Mnium sp. 0.8 1.9 15 Depth to Rocks (cm) 85.2 81.2 10 Pleurozium schreberi 0.7 1.7 15 1.0 NA 1 Polytrichum juniperinum 0.2 0.8 15 Surface Fragment Cover (%) Ptilidium ciliare 0.8 1.9 15 Frost Boil Cover (%) 1.0 0.0 2 Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.2 0.6 8 Thaw Depth (cm) 67.0 33.7 7 Rhytidium rugosum 0.5 1.7 8 Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.0 0.6 13 Sanionia uncinata 1.2 2.2 23 Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 214.6 168.0 13 Syntrichia norvegica 0.2 0.6 8 Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd)a -63.2 53.0 12 Thuidium recognitum 0.6 2.2 8 aMeasurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth Tomentypnum nitens 12.8 13.6 92 Tortula norvegica 0.2 0.8 15 Unknown moss 21.2 30.1 46 Dominant soil subgroups include Typic Total Lichen Cover 2.1 3.3 77 Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.6 15 lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Eutrogelepts Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.3 15 (non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost 0.3 0.6 46 Cladonia sp. below 1 m). Uncommon subgroups include Aquic Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.5 31 Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.6 38 Eutrogelepts (wet, non-acidic, mineral soil, Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.3 23 permafrost below 1 m), Typic Historthels (wet, Stereocaulon sp. 0.2 0.8 8 organic rich soil over permafrost lacking Unknown lichen 0.2 0.6 15 cryoturbation), and Typic Haploturbels (mineral Total Bare Ground 6.3 5.4 100 soil over permafrost with cryoturbation). Bare Soil 1 1.9 69 Water 0.2 0.6 15 Litter alone 5.2 4.8 100

115 Selawik Ecological Land Survey ALPINE LAKE species include Honckenya peploides, Lathyrus Geomorphology: maritimus and Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis. Alpine Lake occurs in mountain cirques and This ecotype is not similar to any other in depressions in bedrock or glacial moraine. This ecotypes. ecotype is found in mountainous regions Soils: throughout our study area and includes shallow On beaches, soils are sandy, excessively (<1.5 m) to deep (≥1.5 m) lakes, usually above 400 drained and lack a surface organic horizon. On m elevation. active tidal flats, loamy soils and proximity to sea We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for level impede drainage, resulting in wet soils with Alpine Lake, which comprises 1 ha of the map poor drainage. Organic horizons, buried by ocean outside the Refuge boundary in the 10-mile buffer sands and silts during tidal floods, are commonly zone. The following data are from the regional found in these soils. At all sites, permafrost occurs classification. at or near a depth of 1 m below the soil surface. Floristic classes were not developed for lake Frost boils, loess caps, and surface fragments are ecotypes since vegetation is lacking or sparse. absent. Coarse fragments are absent in the active Vegetation only occurs in shallow lakes or margins layer. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline, site in this ecotype. The only vascular species we chemistry is brackish or saline and EC is high. encountered was Ranunculus hyperboreus, but The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype additional species such as pondweeds are Oxyaquic Cryopsamments (wet, saturated early (Potamogeton spp.) probably occur in Alpine in growing season, sandy, low coarse fragment Lake. content, lacking permafrost), Typic This ecotype is most similar to Lowland Lake Cryopsamments (sandy, low coarse fragment but is less productive, has fewer plant species, and content, well drained, lacking permafrost), and is much less prevalent across the landscape. Fluvaquentic Aquorthels (wet, saturated within 50 cm, mineral soil with thin buried horizons, COASTAL BARRENS permafrost within 1 m). Geomorphology: Coastal Barrens is uncommon in SNWR and COASTAL BRACKISH SEDGE–GRASS comprises salt affected active marine beaches, MEADOW active eolian coastal sand deposits, and active tidal Geomorphology: flats along ocean waters. The surface is frequently This ecotype occurs on flat areas on active scoured by wave action and storm surges. and inactive tidal flats, particularly around deltas, We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for in limited distribution along the coast. Elevations this ecotype. This ecotype was developed as part of are at sea level or slightly raised. Soil electrical the regional classification and was identified in conductivity values are above 800µS.cm-1. SNWR through the spectral classification and We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for mapping effort. this ecotype. This ecotype was developed as part of Plant Association: the regional classification and was identified in SNWR through the spectral classification and Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis–Lathyrus maritimus mapping effort. Carex ramenskii–Puccinellia phryganodes Plant Association: High disturbance maintains the barren nature Carex ramenskii– Dupontia fischeri of this ecotype, and vegetation is sparse to non-existent. Plant species occur in trace Carex ramenskii–Puccinellia phryganodes quantities. Trees, evergreen shrubs and lichens are Grasses and sedges characterize this ecotype, absent. The species present in this ecotype are while forbs and low deciduous shrubs contribute a early colonizers tolerant of inundation by seawater minor amount to the overall assemblage. Trees, tall and frequent scouring by wind and sand. Common shrubs, mosses and lichens are absent. The first plant association is related to brackish sites.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 116

Common species on these sites include Carex SNOW/GLACIERS ramenskii, Dupontia fischeri, and Calamagrostis We mapped 2 ha of this ecotype in the deschampsioides on lower, wetter micro-sites, and Kiliovilik Range near the refuge boundary. This Salix ovalifolia and Deschampsia caespitosa on ecotype represents late-thawing seasonal snowpack drier micro-sites. The second plant association is that is present on the Landsat Imagery. SNWR related to saline sites. Common species on these does not contain any glaciers or permanent sites include Carex ramenskii, Puccinellia snowfields. phryganodes, Chrysanthemum arcticum and Carex subspathacea. RARE ECOTYPES Soils: We identified 3 ecotypes that are rare in Soils are loamy and typically feature a SNWR. These include Lacustrine Willow Shrub, moderately thick surface organic horizon. Upland Spruce–Aspen Forest, and Upland Willow Permafrost occurs in the upper meter of the soil Tall Shrub. profile. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface Lacustrine Willow Shrub occurs on the fragments are absent. Coarse fragments are absent margins of lakes on lacustrine deposits, older in the active layer. Organic horizons, buried by moraine near kettle basins, and on ice-poor ocean sands and silts during tidal floods, are margins of drained-lake basins. Common species sometimes found in these soils. Soil pH is include S. planifolia ssp. pulchra, Betula nana, circumneutral, site chemistry is brackish and EC is Carex aquatilis, and Aulacomnium palustre. Soils high. The soils are very poorly drained, and the are typically loamy with a thin to moderately thick water table is very shallow to above ground. surface organic horizon. Permafrost occurs within The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype the upper meter of the soil profile. Soil pH is are Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over circumneutral to acidic, and EC is low. Soil permafrost and lacking cryoturbation) and subgroups documented in this ecotype include Fluvaquentic Aquorthels (wet, saturated within 50 Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over cm, mineral soil with thin buried horizons, permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic permafrost within 1 m). Umbrorthels (moist, organic rich mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation). COASTAL WATER Upland Spruce–Aspen Forest occurs in small Geomorphology: patches on older moraine in SNWR. Common Coastal Water includes the nearshore waters species include Picea glauca, Populus tremuloides, of the Chukchi Sea, Kotzebue Sound, and Hotham Vaccinium uliginosum, Betula glandulosa, Festuca Inlet. It also includes the brackish watering altaica, and Stereocaulon sp. Soils are loamy to comprising estuarine waters and lakes on the coast gravelly and are well-drained. Soil pH is that are influenced by both fresh and nearshore circumneutral, and EC is low. Soil subgroups water, such as Selawik Lake. Brackish waters are documented in this ecotype include Typic flooded periodically with saltwater during high Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with tides or storm surges, subsequently resulting in cryoturbation), and Typic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, fluctuations in salinity levels. Some lakes have partially developed with permafrost below 1 m). distinct outlets or have been tapped and partially Upland Willow Tall Shrub is found on upland drained through erosional processes. Shallow lakes and lowland loess deposits. Dominant plant species (<1.5m) freeze to the bottom during winter. include Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii, Equisetum We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for arvense, Petasites frigidus, and Valeriana capitata. this ecotype. This ecotype was developed as part of Soils are loamy, and pH is circumneutral, and EC is the regional classification and was identified in low. A soil subgroup documented in this ecotype is SNWR through the spectral classification and Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost mapping effort. lacking cryoturbation).

117 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 108. Key to ecotypes for Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.1,2

1a. Permanent waterbody (water typically 10 cm deep).……………………………………………………….……………………… 2 2a. Waterbody with < 10% cover of emergent vegetation………………………………………………………………………….. 3 3a. Waterbody occurs near the coast and is affected by the ocean…………………………………………………………… .. 4 4a. Waterbody is an ocean……………………………………………………………………….. Coastal Nearshore Water 4b. Waterbody is an estuarine lake or pond……………………………………………………….. Coastal Brackish Water 3b. Waterbody occurs inland and is not affected by the ocean………………………………………………………………. 5 5a. Waterbody is a perennial river (flowing water) or a lake formed from a perennial river……………… Riverine Water 5b. Waterbody is a lake or pond………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 6a. Lake is at low elevations in valley bottoms and flatlands …………………………………………..Lowland Lake 6b. Lake is at high elevations in the mountains……………………………………………………………Alpine Lake 2b. Waterbody with 10% cover of emergent vegetation………………………………………………………………………….. 7 7a. Waterbody occurs in a river channel and Equisetum fluviatile is the dominant species……..…………Riverine Forb Marsh 7b. Waterbody occurs in a river channel and Arctophila fulva is the dominant species………....Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh 7c. Waterbody occurs in a lake basin………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8 8a. Vegetation has higher cover of graminoids than forbs …………………………….…Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh 8b. Vegetation is predominately forbs…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 9a. Vegetation occurs on floating mats and the dominant forb is Menyanthes trifoliata…..Lacustrine Buckbean Fen 9b. Vegetation does not occur on floating mats and Menyanthes trifoliata is not the dominant forb……………… 10 10a. The dominant species is marestail, Hippurus vulgaris………………………….. Lacustrine Marestail Marsh 10b. The dominant species is horsetail, Equisetum fluviatile………………………….Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh 1b. Not a permanent waterbody………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 11a. Site is proximal to the ocean, electrical conductivity (EC) is 800 μs/cm, and is affected by ocean processes including tidal fluctuations, storm surges, and wind-borne salt water……………………………………………………… 12 12a. Vegetation cover <30% ………………………………………………………………………………...... Coastal Barrens 12b. Vegetation cover 30%, grasses and sedges are codominant..…………………...Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow 12c. Vegetation cover 30%, the sedge Carex lyngbyaei is dominant………………..………... Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh 11b. Site occurs inland, electrical conductivity is < 800 μs/cm, and is not affected by the ocean.……………………………….. 13 13a. Barren or partially vegetated where total vascular plant cover <30%…………………………………………………………….. 14 14a. Site is on an active floodplain…………………………………………………………………………………. Riverine Barrens 14b. Site is on other terrain…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 15a. Site located in drained lake basin or margin of a waterbody……………………………………………Lacustrine Barrens 15b. Site not adjacent to a waterbody or lake basin…………………………………………………………………………… 16 16a. Site is an active sand dune………………………………………………………………………Upland Sandy Barrens 16b. Site is in mountains at higher elevations than the vegetated zone………………………………………………...... 17 17a. Site chemistry is acidic………………………………………………………………...... Alpine Acidic Barrens 17b. Site chemistry is alkaline …………………………………..………………………...... Alpine Alkaline Barrens 13b. Vegetation cover (vascular species only) 30% …………………………………………………………………………………..18 18a. Tree canopy is < 10% cover……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 19a. Shrub cover is < 25% and vegetation is primarily graminoid-dominated.………………………………………………….. 20 20a. Cover of grasses, particularly bluejoint, Calamagrostis spp., is > cover of sedges……………………………………… 21 21a. Soils are wet and site occurs in a lake basin……………………………………………Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow 21b. Soils are wet to moist and site occurs on an inactive floodplain…………………………Riverine Bluejoint Meadow 21c. Soils are moist and site occurs on a hillside………………………………………………..Upland Bluejoint Meadow 20b. Cover of sedges is greater than cover of grasses…………………………………………………………………………. 22 22a. Tussock cover is 25%…………………………………………………………. Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub 22b. Tussock cover is < 25%……………………………………………………………………………………………...23 23a. Soils are moist and Dryas spp. have 1–24% cover………………………………. Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow 23b. Soils are wet and Dryas spp. mostly absent…………………………………………………………………….. 24

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 118

Table 108. Continued.

24a. Site is located on a floodplain and soils are predominantly loamy…………… Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow 24b. Site is not located on a floodplain…………………………………………………………………………. 25 25a Site is located in a lake basin, soils are loamy to organic, Potentilla palustris (syn: Comarum palustris) typically present……………………………. Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow 25b Site is not located in a lake basin………………………………………………………………………. 26 26a. Soils are rocky, site is in the mountains..……………………………… Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow 26b. Soils are peaty to organic-rich, site in lowland areas…………………………………………….. 27 27a. Diamond-leaved willow, S. planifolia ssp. pulchra (syn: S. pulchra) is present………………………………………………………… Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen 27b. S. pulchra usually absent or in trace quantities, total shrub cover is <5%……………………………………………………………….. Lowland Sedge Fen 19b. Shrub cover is 25%……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 28a. Shrub height < 0.20 m………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29 29a. Dryas spp. are dominant and have higher cover than other shrub species………………………………………….. 30 30a. Site occurs on river floodplains…………………………………………………….. Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub 30b. Site occurs at higher elevations, not on floodplains…………………………………………………………….. 31 31a. Sedges are co-dominant and Dryas cover is near 25%………………………Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow 31b. Sedges are not co-dominant and Dryas cover is typically higher………………………………………….. 32 32a. Soils are acidic, Hierochloe alpina usually present………………… Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub 32b. Soils are alkaline, Hierochloe alpina usually absent……………… Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub 29b. Ericaceous species are dominant and have higher cover than Dryas spp…………………………………………… 33 33a. Bell Heather, Cassiope tetragona is the most common ericaceous shrub………… Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 33b. C. tetragona is not the most common ericaceous shrub………………..…AlpineEricaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub 28b. Shrub height 0.20m…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 34a. Shrub height < 1.5 m……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 35a. Tussocks (formed by Eriophorum vaginatum) have 25% cover………….. Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub 35b. Tussocks have <25% cover…………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 36a. Site is on a riverine floodplain…………………………………………………………………………… 37 37a. Dwarf birch, Betula nana is co-dominant with Salix pulchra…….. .Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub 37b. B. nana is absent or has low cover, and the dominant species is Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii (syn: S. richardsonii)…………………………Riverine Willow Low Shrub 36b. Sites are in lowland, lacustrine or upland areas……………………………………………………………. 38 38a. Site occurs on hillsides in upland areas; soils are rocky or loamy, infrequently organic-rich...…....…39 39a. Willow comprises 75% of total shrub cover……………………..……..Upland Willow Low Shrub 39b. Willow comprises <25% of total shrub cover………………………………………………...... 40 40a. Dwarf birch and willows are co-dominant, and willow cover is > ericaceous shrub cover……………………………...... Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub 40b. Dwarf birch and ericaceous species are co-dominant, and willow cover is < ericaceous shrub cover……………..………...Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub 38b. Site is on flats or in lowland areas, soils are organic to peaty…………………………………….…...41 41a. Willow comprises 75% of total shrub cover…………………………Lowland Willow Low Shrub 41b. Willow comprises <25% of total shrub cover………………………………………………..……42 42a. Dwarf birch and willows are co-dominant, and willow cover is > ericaceous shrub cover.…………………………. ….….Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub 42b. Ericaceous species cover is > willow cover……………………………………………..…….43 43a. Dwarf birch cover is typically < 15%, site is wet…….…….Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 43b. Dwarf birch cover is typically 15%, site is moist to wet …………………………………………………………Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub 34b. Shrub height 1.5 m………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 44a. Site is on hillslopes in upland areas……………………………………………. Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub 44b. Site is located on low, gentle slopes and flats in lowland areas………………………. Lowland Alder Tall Shrub

119 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 108. Continued. 44c. Site is located on riverine floodplains…………………………………………………………………………... 45 45a. Vegetation is predominantly alder………………………………………………... Riverine Alder Tall Shrub 45b. Vegetation is predominantly willow……………………………………………………………………….. 46 46a. Felt-Leaf willow, Salix alaxensis is the dominant species……………Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub 46b. Diamond leaf willow, S. pulchra is the dominant species……………. Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub 18b. Tree canopy is 10% cover………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 47a. Needleleaf trees comprise 75% of total tree cover………………………………………………………………………….. 48 48a. Site occurs in lowland areas and black spruce, Picea mariana is the dominant tree species...... …………………………………………………………………. Lowland Black Spruce Forest 48b. Site occurs in other areas and white spruce, P. glauca is the dominant tree…………………………………………….. 49 49a. Site occurs on a floodplain………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50 50a. The dominant understory species is Alnus crispa and site chemistry is circumacidic……………………………………………………………... Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest 50b. The dominant understory species is Salix richardsonii and site chemistry is circumalkaline…………………………………………………………. Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest 49b. Site occurs in upland areas, not on floodplains ………………………………………………………………….. 51 51a. Site occurs on hill slopes and mountainsides, usually on rocky or loamy soils………………………………… 52 52a. Ericaceous species are dominant in the understory and site chemistry is circumacidic……………………………………………………. Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest 52b. Willow species are dominant in the understory and site chemistry is circumalkaline……………………………………………………….Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest 51b. Site occurs on stabilized sand dunes…………………………………… Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland 47b. Needleleaf trees comprise <75% of total tree cover………………………………………………………………………….. 53 53a. Deciduous tree species comprise 75% of total tree cover………………………………………………………………54 54a. Site occurs on a floodplain and the dominant tree species is Populus balsamifera…………… Riverine Poplar Forest 54b. Site occurs on hill slopes and the dominant tree species is Betula papyrifera (syn: B. neoalaskana)…………………………………………………………………………….. Upland Birch Forest 53b. Deciduous tree species comprise <75% total tree cover………………………………………………………………… 54 55a. Site occurs on a floodplain and Picea glauca and Populus balsamifera are co-dominant………………………………………………………………… Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest 55b. Site occurs on hill slopes and Picea glauca and Betula papyrifera (syn: B. neoalaskana) are co-dominant………………………………………………………………………….. Upland Spruce–Birch Forest

1. Shrub cover cutpoints represent general guidelines and classification should also rely on dominant indicator species and landscape position. 2. Rare ecotypes were not included in mapping, analysis or this key. These include Lacustrine Willow Shrub, Upland Spruce–Aspen Forest, and Upland Willow Tall Shrub.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 120

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ECOLOGICAL used to determine the rules for modeling and COMPONENTS restricting the distribution of map classes differentiated by spectral characteristics “from the LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS top down” (see Methods, Spectral Classification Hierarchical Organization of Ecological Development). Third, knowing the ecological Components relationships, we can recode the ecotype map and We developed hierarchical relationships derive maps of other ecological characteristics, among ecological components for SNWR and such as a soils map or pH map (see Results, adjacent parklands by successively grouping field Classification and Description of Soil Landscapes). data observations by physiography, soil texture, The contingency table analysis also can be geomorphology, slope position, surface form, used to evaluate how well these general drainage, soil chemistry, vegetation structure, and relationships conform to the data set, and how floristic class. Frequently, geomorphic units with reliably they can be used to extrapolate trends similar textures or genesis were grouped (e.g., across the landscape. During development of the loamy and organic were grouped for some relationships, 13% of the observations were lowlands) to reduce the number of classes. excluded from the table because of inconsistencies Ecotypes were then derived from these tabular among physiography, texture, geomorphology, associations to differentiate sets of associated drainage, soil chemistry, and vegetation. We characteristics. excluded these points because our primary goal Analyzing the cross-tabulation of the plot data was to identify the most distinct and consistent revealed consistent associations among soil trends, not necessarily to include every plot. We texture, geomorphic units that denote depositional believe that there is an upper limit to our ability to environments, slope position, surface forms related describe landscape patterns; there will always be a to ice aggradation and active-layer processes, proportion (in this case 13%) of sites that do not hydrology, and vegetation structure (Table 109). conform to the overall relationships among factors. The hierarchical organization of the ecological These sites may be: (1) transitional ecotones; (2) components reveals how tightly or loosely the sites where vegetation and soils have been affected components are linked. For example, some by historical factors (e.g., changes in water levels, physiographic settings included several disturbances) in ways that are not readily geomorphic units with similar soil textures. explainable based on current environmental Similarly, a given vegetation type could occur on conditions; or (3) rare and thus not mappable. several geomorphic units, depending on surface ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS form characteristics and hydrology. In contrast, some geomorphic units (e.g., tidal flats) were Single-factor Comparisons by Ecotype associated only with a few distinct vegetation Six environmental parameters (surface types. organic-horizon thickness, rock depth, thaw depth, Results from this analysis were used in depth to groundwater, pH, and electrical several ways. First, they were used to evaluate how conductivity) were charted for comparison among ecosystems respond to the evolving landscape ecotypes. We excluded ecotypes with insufficient comprising a wide variety of geomorphic processes data. associated with alpine, upland, lowland, lacustrine, The thickness of the surface organic horizon riverine, and coastal areas (see section on Factors showed large differences among ecotypes (Figure Affecting Landscape Evolution). Identifying the 4). Ecotypes where surface organic accumulations changing patterns in geomorphic units and were absent ranged from areas with severe climate vegetation, along with analysis of changes in soil and soil conditions, such as Alpine Acidic Barrens, properties, helps identify processes (e.g., to areas with frequent sediment deposition, such as acidification, sedimentation) that affect the Riverine Barrens and Riverine Moist Willow Tall changing patterns. Second, the hierarchical Shrub. The thickest surface organic accumulations relationships developed “from the ground up” were were found in Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and

121 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Alpine Alkaline DryasAlpine Alkaline Dwarf Shrub Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub Alpine Alkaline Barrens Alpine Alkaline Alpine Acidic Barrens Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dwarf Alpine Cassiope Shrub Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Alpine Acidic Dryas Shrub Alpine Alkaline Barrens Alpine Alkaline DryasAlpine Alkaline Dwarf Shrub Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub Hierochloe Hierochloe Dryas integrifolia– Carex scirpoidea– acaulis Silene nana– Betula Vaccinium vitis-idaea– Dryas octopetala Salix arctica– Minuartia arctica Lichen– alpina Dryas octopetala– Vaccinium uliginosum–Festuca altaica Cassiope tetragona– Dryas octopetala– Boykinia richardsonii Dryas octopetala– Hierochloe alpina Dryas octopetala– Saxifraga oppositifolia Dryas octopetala– Saxifraga oppositifolia nana– Betula Loiseleuria procumbens ildlife Refuge, Refuge, 2002–2008. ildlife Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Dwarf Dryas–Lichen Shrub Tundra, Dryas Dwarf Dwarf Tundra, Dryas–Sedge Shrub Tundra Dryas Shrub Tundra, Dwarf Dwarf Shrub Tundra, Ericaceous Shrub Tundra, Crowberry Dwarf Shrub Tundra, Cassiope Dwarf Open Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Barrens (<5% veg.),–Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Shrub Tundra, Cassiope Dwarf Dryas Shrub Tundra Dwarf Tundra, Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra, Dryas Dwarf Dwarf Tundra, Dryas–Sedge Shrub Tundra Well Well Excessive to Somewhat Excessive Excessive to Somewhat Excessive Somewhat Excessive to Well Somewhat Excessive to Well the the Selawik National W Selawik National the Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Rubbly Rubbly Rubbly Rubbly Chemistry Soil–Water Alkaline Blocky– Alkaline Circumneutral Blocky– Shrub Dwarf Dryas–Lichen Geomorphic Units Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction Solifluction Hillside Colluvium, Moraine, Deposit, Younger Carbonate Sedimentary Solifluction Hillside Colluvium, Sedimentary, Deposit, Carbonate Noncarbonate Sedimentary, Noncarbonate Metamorphic Weathered Bedrock, Talus, Bedrock, Weathered Solifluction Hillside Colluvium, Moraine, Deposit, Older Noncarbonate Metamorphic, Noncarbonate Sedimentary, Mafic Intrusive Felsic Intrusive, graphy Physio– Alpine Weathered Bedrock, Talus, Bedrock, Alpine Weathered Acidic Blocky– to Excessive Talus, Bedrock, Weathered Circumacidic Blocky– Table 109.Table Landscape relationships for ecotypes in

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 122

Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow Alpine Wet Sedge Barrens Upland Sandy Low Shrub Upland Willow Upland White Spruce– Upland White Woodland Lichen Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow Spruce– Upland White Willow Forest Upland Dwarf Birch– Tussock Shrub Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow Upland Dwarf Birch– Tussock Shrub ssp. Eriophorum angustifolium– Pedicularis sudetica Calamagrostis purpurascens– Oxytropis kobukensis Salix lanata richardsonii– Equisetum arvense Picea glauca–Cladina Picea glauca–Cladina stellaris Dryas integrifolia– Carex bigelowii– Equisetum arvense Picea glauca–Salix reticulata nana– Betula Eriophorum vaginatum Dryas integrifolia– Carex scirpoidea– Rhododendron lapponicum E. vaginatum–Drosera rotundifolia Wet Sedge Tundra, Mixed Herbs Mixed Wet Sedge Tundra, Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Shrub, Open Willow Open Tall Tall Closed Low Willow Shrub, Low Willow Shrub, Closed Willow Shrub Open White Spruce Forest, White White Spruce Forest, Open White Spruce Woodland Meadow, Moist Sedge–Dryas Dryas–Sedge Dwarf Shrub Spruce Forest, Open White Woodland White Spruce Forest Open Mixed–Shrub Tussock Open Mixed–Shrub Tundra, Open Tundra, Tussock Mixed–Shrub Tussock Tundra Bog Somewhat Poor to Somewhat Excessive Somewhat Poor Somewhat Excessive Moderately to Well Somewhat Poor to Well Moderately Well Moderately Poor Well to Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Rubbly– Loamy– Organic Rubbly– Loamy Rubbly– Loamy Organic–Peat Chemistry Soil–Water Circumneutral Blocky– to Excessive Acidic Sandy

Geomorphic Units Deposit, Noncarbonate Deposit, Noncarbonate Metamorphic, Noncarbonate Felsic Intrusive, Sedimentary, Ultramafic Mafic Intrusive, Intrusive Dune Inactive Sand Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction Solifluction Hillside Colluvium, Deposit, Deposit, Retransported Older Carbonate Sedimentary, Fan Moraine, Alluvial Abandoned Deposit Colluvium, Bogs, Hillside Lowland Loess, Ice–Rich Thaw Abandoned Basin, Meander Alluvial , Old Overbank Deposit Moraine Terrace, Older graphy Physio– Solifluction Hillside Colluvium, Upland Active Sand Dune Eolian Lake Deep Isolated Alkaline Sandy Active Sand Dune, Eolian Eolian Circumalkaline Water Excessive to Flooded Water Alkaline Water Blocky– Lake Alpine Circumalkaline Blocky– Acidic Loamy– to Well Table 109.Table Continued.

123 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Forest Upland Spruce–Aspen Upland Spruce–Aspen Upland Spruce–Birch Upland Spruce–Birch Forest Spruce– Upland White Forest Ericaceous Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub Tall Upland Willow Shrub Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub Upland Birch– Shrub Low Ericaceous Forest Upland Birch Upland Bluejoint Meadow Lowland Birch– Shrub Low Ericaceous Lowland Birch– Shrub Low Ericaceous ssp. sp. Betula papyrifera–Picea papyrifera–Picea Betula vitis- glauca–Vaccinium idaea Picea glauca–Ledum decumbens Alnus crispa– Calamagrostis canadensis Salix bebbiana–Salix glauca planifolia Salix Betula nana–Ledum Betula decumbens papyrifera–Picea Betula vitis- glauca–Vaccinium idaea Andromeda polifolia– Sphagnum Ledum decumbens– Vaccinium vitis-idaea– lichen Foliose/fruticose pulchra–Betula nana– Polygonum bistorta Populus tremuloides–Picea Populus tremuloides–Picea glauca–Salix glauca Calamagrostis canadensis– Polemonium acutiflorum Closed Low Birch Shrub, Closed Closed Low Birch Low Birch–Willow Shrub, Open Birch–Willow Shrub, Shrub, Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Open Low Willow Spruce–Birch Woodland Spruce–Birch Woodland White Spruce Forest Aspen Forest Open Quaking Shrub Meadow Tall Alder Shrub, Open Open Low Alder–Willow Shrub, Alder–Willow Shrub Willow Closed Low Birch Shrub, Closed Closed Low Birch Shrub, Ericaceous Low Birch Open Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub Birch Open Forest, Closed Birch Forest Ericaceous Closed Low Birch Birch– Shrub, Open Shrub Shrub Ericaceous Somewhat Poor Well to to Well Somewhat Poor Somewhat Excessive to Moderately Well Moderately to Well Somewhat Poor Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Rubbly Rubbly– Sandy– Loamy Organic Chemistry Soil–Water Acidic Blocky–

Geomorphic Units Loess, Eolian Inactive Sand Sand Inactive Loess, Eolian Abandoned Fan Dune, Alluvial Moraine, Deposit, Older Noncarbonate Sedimentary, Schist, Mafic Intrusive Solifluction Deposit, Hillside Hillside Deposit, Solifluction Colluvium, Lowland Loess, Ice– Older Thaw Basin, Rich Abandoned Moraine, Meander Braided Overbank Deposit, Abandoned Overbank Deposit, Delta Abandoned Overbank Deposit graphy Physio– Upland Colluvium, Hillside Aspen–Spruce, Circumacidic Blocky– Loamy– Quaking Open Lowland Acidic Forest, Open Spruce–Birch Forest, Spruce Open White Bluejoint– Meadow, Bluejoint Shrub, Open Alder Closed Tall to Well Low Open Willow, Open Tall Table 109.Table Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 124

Lowland Sedge–Willow Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen Lowland Black Spruce Lowland Black Forest Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Barrens Lacustrine Bluejoint Lacustrine Meadow Lowland Willow Low Shrub Fen Lowland Sedge Shrub Willow Lacustrine Lowland Alder Tall Shrub Lowland Alder ssp. ssp. pulchra sp. ssp. ssp. ssp. Picea mariana–Ledum Picea mariana–Ledum decumbens planifolia Salix nana–Salix Betula planifolia pulchra–Eriophorum angustifolium Andromeda polifolia– Sphagnum Eriophorum angustifolium– palustre Epilobium Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris planifolia Salix Carex aquatilis–Salix Carex aquatilis–Salix planifolia pulchra–Valeriana capitata pulchra– Hylocomium Carex chordorrhiza– Carex aquatilis pulchra–Potentilla palustris splendens Alnus crispa– Salix Alnus crispa– Salix planifolia Spruce Woodland, Dwarf Open Spruce Woodland, Spruce Scrub Forest Black Low Open Willow, Open Tall Willow, Tall Closed Willow, Closed Low Willow Low Birch–Willow Shrub, Open Birch–Willow Shrub, Shrub Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Ericaceous Shrub Bog, Open Low Shrub Bog, Wet Low Open Birch Sedge–Moss Bog Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Bluejoint– Meadow, Bluejoint Herb Meadow Open Low Willow, Closed Open Birch– Willow, Low Willow Shrub Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow, Lowland Sedge Wet Sedge–Moss Bog Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow, Lowland Sedge Wet Sedge Tundra Moderately Poor Well to Very Poor to Well Somewhat Poor to Well Somewhat Poor Somewhat Poor to Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Organic Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy–Peat Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy–Peat Chemistry Soil–Water Acidic Peat–Organic Poor to Acidic Peat–Organic Poor Circumalkaline Blocky– Subarctic Wet Sedge Tundra, Geomorphic Units Overbank Deposit, Ice-rich and and Ice-rich Overbank Deposit, Drained Basin, Older Ice-poor Moraine Deposit, Older Glaciolacustrine Moraine Organic Fen, Meander Organic Fen, Abandoned Overbank Deposit , Basin, Ice–Poor Ice–rich Drained Older Moraine Drained Basin, graphy Physio– Acidic Circumacidic Loamy– Abandoned Bogs, Meander Black Forest, Spruce Open Black Lacustrine Ice–Poor Drained Basin, Circumacidic Peat–Organic Poor Very Alder–Willow Open Tall Wet Sedge–Moss Bog, Subarctic Shrub, Closed Closed Low Birch Circumacidic Loamy Moderately Circumneutral Blocky– Table 109.Table Continued.

125 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Lacustrine Wet Sedge Wet Lacustrine Meadow Fen Buckbean Lacustrine Grass Pendent Lacustrine Marsh Marsh Horsetail Lacustrine Lowland Lake Riverine DryasDwarf Shrub Barrens Riverine Willow Tall Moist Riverine Shrub Lacustrine Marestail Marsh Lacustrine Marestail Riverine DryasDwarf Shrub ssp. –Potamogeton –Potamogeton macrorhiza Carex aquatilis– palustris Potentilla trifoliata– Menyanthes palustris Potentilla fulva– Arctophila Hippuris vulgaris Equisetum fluviatile– palustris Potentilla Water sp. Dryas drummondii– Oxytropis campestris Salix alaxensis– latifolium Epilobium Salix alaxensis–Aster sibiricus Hippuris vulgaris– Utricularia vulgaris ssp. Dryas integrifolia– Salix brachycarpa niphoclada Pondweed Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog Lowland Meadow, Subarctic Sedge Wet Meadow Fresh Pondweed, Burreed Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow, Lowland Sedge Subarctic Lowland Sedge Bog Meadow Fresh Grass Marsh, Common Marestail Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Dryas– Low Open Dwarf Shrub, Lichen Willow Shrub Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated), (5–30% Vegetated Elymus, Seral Herbs Closed Tall Willow Shrub, Open Shrub Willow Tall Very Poor Very Poor Subarctic Wet Sedge Tundra, Flooded to Very Poor Excessive to Somewhat Excessive Excessive to Well Somewhat Excessive to Well Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Organic Loamy Gravelly– Sandy Gravelly– Sandy Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy Chemistry Soil–Water Circumacidic Loamy– Circumacidic Circumneutral Sandy– Circumalkaline Water Flooded Fresh Buttercup, Water, Aquatic

Geomorphic Units Basin, Ice–Rich Thaw Basin, Thaw Basin, Basin, Ice–Rich Older Moraine Moraine or Shallow Isolated Drained Kettle Lake, Ice–poor Basin, Older Moraine Shallow Isolated Lake, Deep or Kettle Lake, Deep Moraine or Kettle or Moraine Connected Dune L. Lake, Shallow Isolated Shallow Isolated Thaw Lake, Lake, Thaw Shallow Isolated Moraine or Shallow Isolated Lake Kettle Active or Meander Braided or Channel Deposit, Braided Overbank Meaner Active Deposit, Moderately Steep Floodplain Headwater graphy Physio– Thaw Ice–Poor Organic Fen, Lake, Thaw Shallow Isolated Blocky– Thaw Isolated Shallow Deep or Alkaline Riverine Peat–Organic Flooded to Circumneutral Water Flooded Common Marestail, Pondlily, Circumalkaline Blocky– Blocky– Table 109.Table Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 126

Riverine Poplar Forest Poplar Riverine Low Willow Riverine Shrub Spruce– White Riverine Willow Forest Birch–Willow Riverine Low Shrub Tall Shrub Alder Riverine Meadow Bluejoint Riverine Wet Sedge Riverine Meadow Riverine White Spruce– White Riverine Alder Forest Riverine White Spruce– White Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine Wet Willow Tall Tall Willow Wet Riverine Shrub ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. Populus balsamifera– Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis Salix lanata richardsonii–Salix reticulata Picea glauca–Salix lanata richardsonii–Salix arbusculoides nana–Salix Betula planifolia pulchra–Pyrola grandiflora Alnus crispa–Rubus arcticus Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris planifolia Salix Carex aquatilis– Eriophorum angustifolium Picea glauca–Alnus Picea glauca–Alnus crispa–Artemisia tilesii Populus balsamifera– Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis pulchra–Potentilla palustris Open Tall Willow Shrub, Open Willow Open Tall Moist Low Willow Shrub, Meadow Sedge–Dryas Closed Low Birch–Willow Low Birch Shrub, Shrub, Closed Closed Low Birch–Ericaceous Shrub Bluejoint– Meadow, Bluejoint Herb Meadow Closed Poplar Forest, Open Forest, Open Closed Poplar Poplar Forest White Spruce Forest, Open White Spruce Woodland Tall Closed Shrub, Tall Alder Alder–Willow Shrub Closed Shrub, Tall Willow Tall Birch–Willow Shrub Wet Meadow Lowland Sedge Open White Spruce Forest, White White Spruce Forest, Open White Spruce Woodland Forest, Mixed Spruce–Poplar Spruce–Poplar Forest, Mixed Woodland Somewhat Poor to Well Somewhat Poor Poor Well to Somewhat Excessive to Moderately Well to Well Moderately Well Well to to Well Moderately Well Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy Gravelly– Sandy– Loamy Chemistry Soil–Water Blocky– Circumacidic Spruce–Poplar Open Mixed Geomorphic Units Braided Active Overbank Active Braided Active Deposit, Meander Braided Overbank Deposit, Deposit, Inactive Overbank Overbank Meander Inactive Deposit Overbank Meander Inactive Inactive Deposit, Braided Meander Overbank Deposit, Deposit, Inactive Channel Moderately Steep Headwater Headwater Lowland Floodplain, Floodplain graphy Physio– Circumalkaline Blocky– Circumalkaline Blocky– to Well Loamy Moderately Moderately Shrub, Open Alder Closed Tall Shrub, Open Willow Closed Tall Subarctic Wet Sedge Tundra, Table 109.Table Continued.

127 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Riverine Water Riverine Coastal Barrens Coastal Barrens Sedge– Coastal Brackish Grass Meadow Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Riverine Pendent Grass Pendent Riverine Marsh ssp. – sp. Potamogeton Potamogeton Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza Elymus arenarius mollis–Lathyrus maritimus Carex ramenskii– Puccinellia phryganodes Carex ramenskii– Dupontia fischeri Carex lyngbyaei Arctophila fulva– Arctophila acicularis– Eleocharis Caltha palustris Halophytic Sedge Wet Meadow, Halophytic Sedge brackish, Halophytic Sedge Marsh Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Barrens (<5% veg.), Partially Vegetated) (5–30% Vegetated Wet Halophytic Sedge–Grass Meadow, brackish to Flooded Poor Poor Moderately Poor Well to Soil Texture Drainage (Level IV) Vegetation Types Floristic Class Ecotype Sandy Excessive to to Sandy Excessive to Sandy Excessive Loamy– Organic Chemistry Soil–Water Circumalkaline Water Flooded Fresh Pondweed Fresh Circumalkaline Water Flooded Water Water Saline– Water Riverine Brackish Saline– Brackish Water Marine Brackish Water Flooded Water Water Coastal Geomorphic Units Braided Inactive Channel Inactive Braided Inactive Deposit, Meander Channel Deposit, River, Perennial and Upper Stream Mountain Headwater Deposit Active Coastal Sand Abandoned Overbank Deposit Shallow Brackish or Connected Lake Tidal Lake, graphy Physio– Perennial Lower Lake, Riverine Shallow Isolated Non–glacial Coastal Eolian Beach, Marine Active Delta Flat, Tidal Active Gut, Isolated Tidal Tidal River, Poor Nearshore Water Fresh Grass Marsh Very Brackish Sandy– Saline Water Flooded Marine Water Water Coastal Water Table 109.Table Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 128

Surface Organic Depth Rock Depth Thaw Depth Alpine Acidic Barrens u u Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub u Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub u u Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub Upland Birch Forest u Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub u Upland Bluejoint Meadow u Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub Upland Spruce–Birch Forest u Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest Lowland Alder Tall Shrub u u Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub u Lowland Black Spruce Forest Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog u Lowland Lake u u u Lowland Sedge Fen u Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen u Lowland Willow Low Shrub u Lacustrine Barrens u u Lacustrine Bluejoint M eadow v Lacustrine Buckbean Fen u Lacustrine Horsetail M arsh u Lacustrine M arestail M arsh u u Lacustrine Pendent Grass M arsh Lacustrine Wet Sedge M eadow u River u u u Riverine Alder Tall Shrub u Riverine Barrens u Riverine Bluejoint Meadow Riverine Forb Marsh u Riverine M oist Willow Tall Shrub u Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh u u Riverine Poplar Forest u Riverine Wet Sedge M eadow u Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub u Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest u Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest u Coastal Brackish Sedge M arsh u

0 204060800 50 100 150 200 050100150 Depth (cm) Depth (cm) Depth (cm)

Figure 4. Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments) and depth of thaw for ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

Lowland Sedge Fen, indicating long-term rocky sites, particularly on south-facing slopes, is paludification and reduced frequency or absence of unknown. Values generally were shallowest for sedimentation events. lowland and lacustrine ecotypes and for gently Depth to rocks (soils with >15% rocks) was sloping upland areas with Upland Dwarf shallowest on alpine ridges and crests (e.g., Alpine Birch–Tussock Shrub. Deepest thaw depths were Acidic Barrens) and rocky hillsides (Upland found in riverine areas with well-drained sandy Alder–Willow Tall Shrub) and deepest in lowland soils and early- to mid-successional vegetation and coastal areas with fine-grained deposits (e.g., (e.g., Riverine Barrens, Riverine Poplar Forest). Coastal Barrens, Lacustrine Buckbean Fen) Depth to water above (+) or below (–) the (Figure 4). Measurement of depth to rocks was surface also varied widely among ecotypes, but absent for most ecotypes because of the thickness relatively little within ecotypes (Figure 5). Mean of fine-grained surficial deposits and prevalence of water depths were above the soil surface for 6 permafrost which limited probing depth. ecotypes, and were highest for Lacustrine Thaw depths varied four-fold among ecotypes Marestail Marsh and Lowland Lake. Ecotypes with (Figure 4). While permafrost was found at all sites the deepest recordable water tables found in with fine-grained soils, the permafrost status of riverine areas (e.g., Riverine Moist Willow Tall

129 Selawik Ecological Land Survey pH EC Water Depth Alpine Acidic Barrens u u Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub u Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub u u Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub u Upland Birch Forest u Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub u Upland Bluejoint Meadow u Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub Upland Spruce–Birch Forest Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous u Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest u Lowland Alder Tall Shrub u Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub Lowland Black Spruce Forest Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Lowland Lake Lowland Sedge Fen Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen Lowland Willow Low Shrub Lacustrine Barrens Lacustrine Bluejoint M eadow Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Lacustrine Horsetail M arsh Lacustrine Marestail Marsh Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh Lacustrine Wet Sedge M eadow River Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Riverine Barrens Riverine Bluejoint Meadow Riverine Forb Marsh Riverine M oist Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh Riverine Poplar Forest u u Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest u u Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh

4567890 500 1000 1500 2000 -150 -50 50 150 pH EC (µS / c m) Depth (cm)

Figure 5. Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

Shrub) with sandy or rocky soils. Values ≥ 1 m with frequent mineral sedimentation (e.g., Riverine represent minimum, estimated depths. Barrens, Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub). Site pH values ranged from 3.2–8.7 among Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements ecotypes (Figure 5). Ecotypes with the lowest indicated that most ecotypes were non-saline (most acidic) pH values occurred in (Figure 5). High mean EC values (>800 µS/cm), late-successional upland ecotypes (Upland Dwarf indicating brackish or slightly brackish to saline Birch–Tussock Shrub, Upland Spruce–Birch conditions, were limited to coastal areas (e.g., Forest), and in lowland ecotypes (e.g., Lowland Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh) and riverine and Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, Lowland Black lacustrine areas on the Kobuk River Delta (e.g., Spruce Forest). These ecotypes are late Lacustrine Buckbean Fen, Riverine Wet Sedge successional, where carbonates have been leached Meadow). EC values were low (<200 µS/cm) in from soils over long periods. Ecotypes with the nearly all other ecotypes. Variability was low highest pH values tended to occur in alkaline within non-saline ecotypes, and high within saline upland areas (Upland White Spruce–Willow ecotypes. Forest), relatively young lacustrine environments, and in riverine early successional environments

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 130

Single-factor Comparisons by Plant Species typically occur on sandy to loamy soils in early To determine how the environmental successional ecotypes, or in the case of B. parameters measured influence the distribution of papyrifera, on sandy or rocky, well-drained sites. individual plant and cryptogam species, we Species generally found on sites with shallow thaw calculated the mean value of each parameter for 99 depths included Sphagnum fuscum, Myrica gale, common species that occur in lowland, lacustrine, Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, and and riverine ecotypes (Figures 6–9) and for 98 Cladina rangiferina. These species are common species that occur in upland and alpine characteristic of late successional sites where soils ecotypes. In order to exclude locations with are acidic, ice-rich, and highly organic. atypical conditions for that species, only sites Depth to water above (+) or below (–) the where a species had >1% cover were included in surface varied widely both among and within the calculations. species (Figures 7 and 9). Species associated with Thickness of the surface organic horizon (an the deepest surface water were Sparganium indication of frequency of sedimentation) was angustifolium, Potamogeton gramineus, and highly variable both among and within species in Myriophyllum spicatum, a not so surprising result, field plots (Figures 6 and 8). Species typically given that these species are aquatic. Species that found on sites with thin organic horizons at the occurred mostly on sites where water was near the surface (indicating frequent sedimentation), surface included Carex aquatilis, Caltha natans, included Chrysanthemum bipinnatum, Drosera anglica, Eriophorum angustifolium, Stereocaulon paschale, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex rostrata, Salix fuscescens, and Sphagnum and Agropyron macrourum. These species obtusum. Species associated with the greatest typically occur mainly in early successional depths to groundwater included Chrysanthemum ecotypes subject to frequent fluvial or eolian bipinnatum, Linnaea borealis, Rhytidium rugosum, deposition. Species characteristic of sites with Minuartia arctica, Dryas octopetala, and Rosa thick surface organic accumulations included acicularis. Many species occurred on sites with a Carex utriculata, Myrica gale, Salix fuscescens, wide range of water depths, indicating that most Trichophorum caespitosum, and Sphagnum tundra plants can tolerate a wide range of moisture obtusum. These species typically occurred on wet conditions. Depth to groundwater was highly soils subjected to little or no disturbance. variable both spatially and temporally, contributing Depth to rocks also was highly variable to high standard deviations both within and among among and within many species (Figures 6 and 8). species. Species commonly associated with rocks near the The pH of groundwater or soil (when surface include Minuartia arctica, Potentilla groundwater was not present) was circumneutral uniflora, Salix phlebophylla, Cladina stellaris, and (5.6–7.3) for most species and highly variable Alectoria ochroleuca. Species commonly found on within species (Figures 7 and 9). Species thick silt or organic deposits include Hippuris associated with strongly acidic sites included vulgaris, Potentilla egedii, Rumex arcticus, Rubus Ledum decumbens, Picea mariana, Drosera chamaemorus, and Sphagnum fuscum. anglica, Cladina arbuscula, and Sphagnum Measurement of depth to rocks was absent for most magellanicum. Species associated with alkaline ecotypes because of the thickness of fine-grained (>7.3) soils included Chrysanthemum bipinnatum, surficial deposits and prevalence of permafrost Potamogeton richardsonii, Salix reticulata, and which limited probing depth. Dryas integrifolia. However, most species Thaw depths varied up to four-fold among occurred on sites with a wide range of pH values, species (Figures 6 and 8). Species associated with indicating broad ecological tolerances to pH the greatest thaw depths included Betula conditions. papyrifera, Eleocharis acicularis, and EC values were low for most species, Chrysanthemum bipinnatum. These species indicating non-saline conditions (Figures 7 and 9). Species associated with saline conditions (mean

131 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Surface Organic Depth Rock Depth Thaw Depth Carex rotundata Sphagnum balticum Sp hagnum angust ifolium u Eriophorum russeolum u Sphagnum fuscum u Cladina portentosa ssp. M ylia anomala u Sphagnum sp. Barbilophozia binsteadii Eriophorum vaginatum Sphagnum lenense Calypogeia sp. u Rubus chamaemorus Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis u Dicranum groenlandicum u Cetraria islandica ssp. Betula nana Ledum decumbens Flavocetraria cucullata Pleurozium schreberi u Cladina ciliata u Dicranum spadiceum Dicranum scoparium u Vaccinium vitis-idaea Aulacomnium turgidum Empetrum nigrum Cladonia sulphurina Vaccinium uliginosum Tomentypnum nitens Carex bigelowii Cladonia amaurocraea Alnus crispa Ochrolechia frigida Sphagnum compactum u Carex sp. u Cladina rangiferina Carex vaginata u Sphagnum girgensohnii u Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii Arctostaphylos rubra Unknown crustose lichen Salix reticulata Hylocomium splendens Bryum sp. Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata u Cladonia subfurcata u Dryas integrifolia Cladonia gracilis ssp. u Cladonia borealis Lycopodium annotinum Cladonia coccifera u Cladonia ecmocyna u Unknown lichen u Cladonia pleurota Sphenolobus minutus u Alectoria ochroleuca u Carex scirpoidea Hypnum plicatulum u u Nephroma arcticum u Cetraria islandica ssp. u Picea glauca Festuca altaica Linnaea borealis Rubus arcticus Dicranum undulatum u u Equisetum pratense Dicranum acutifolium u Rosa acicularis Artemisia furcata u u Draba palanderiana u u Festuca lenensis u u Ceratodon purpureus u Calamagrostis inexpansa Arctoparmelia separata u u Arenaria chamissonis u u Dianthus repens u u Potentilla uniflora u u Carex glacialis u u Anemone drummondii u u Cynodontium strumiferum u u Peltigera conspersa u u Bryoria nitidula u u Cetraria nigricans u u Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata u u Eritrichium splendens u u Equisetum sylvaticum u Lupinus arcticus u u Oxytropis nigrescens u Selaginella sibirica u u Luzula confusa u u Stereocaulon sp. Anemone narcissiflora u u Parmelia omphalodes Stereocaulon paschale Loiseleuria procumbens Salix rotundifolia Carex podocarpa Salix phlebophylla

0 10203040500501001500 50 100 150 Depth (cm) Depth (cm) Depth (cm)

Figure 6. Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments) and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 132

pH EC Water Depth Carex rotundata Sphagnum balticum Sphagnum angustifolium Eriophorum russeolum Sphagnum fuscum Cladina portentosa ssp. u M ylia anomala u u Sphagnum sp. Barbilophozia binsteadii u Eriophorum vaginatum Sphagnum lenense Calypogeia sp. u u Rubus chamaemorus Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis Dicranum groenlandicum Cetraria islandica ssp. Betula nana Ledum decumbens Flavocetraria cucullata Pleurozium schreberi Cladina ciliata u Dicranum spadiceum u Dicranum scoparium u Vaccinium vitis-idaea Aulacomnium turgidum Empetrum nigrum Cladonia sulphurina u Vaccinium uliginosum Tomentypnum nitens Carex bigelowii Cladonia amaurocraea u Alnus crispa Ochrolechia frigida Sphagnum compactum Carex sp. u Cladina rangiferina Carex vaginat a Sphagnum girgensohnii u u Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii u Arctostaphylos rubra u Unknown crustose lichen Salix reticulata u Hylocomium splendens Bryum sp. Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata u u Cladonia subfurcata u Dryas integrifolia u Cladonia gracilis ssp. u Cladonia borealis u Lycopodium annotinum u Cladonia coccifera Cladonia ecmocyna u Unknown lichen Cladonia pleurota u Sphenolobus minutus u Alectoria ochroleuca Carex scirpoidea u Hypnum plicatulum u u Nephroma arcticum Cetraria islandica ssp. u u Picea glauca Festuca altaica u Linnaea borealis Rubus arcticus u Dicranum undulatum u u Equisetum pratense Dicranum acutifolium u Rosa acicularis Artemisia furcata u u Draba palanderiana u u Festuca lenensis u u Ceratodon purpureus u Calamagrostis inexpansa u Arctoparmelia separata u u Arenaria chamissonis u u Dianthus repens u u Potentilla uniflora u u Carex glacialis Anemone drummondii u u Cynodontium strumiferum u u Peltigera conspersa u u Bryoria nitidula u u u Cetraria nigricans u u Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata u u Eritrichium splendens u Equisetum sylvaticum u Lupinus arcticus u u Oxytropis nigrescens u Selaginella sibirica u u Luzula confusa u u Stereocaulon sp. u Anemone narcissiflora u u Parmelia omphalodes Stereocaulon paschale Loiseleuria procumbens Salix rotundifolia Carex podocarpa Salix phlebophylla

345670 100 200 300 400 500 -100 -50 0 50 pH EC (µS / c m) Depth (cm)

Figure 7. Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

133 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Surface Organic Depth Rock Depth Thaw Depth M yrica gale u Carex utriculata u Sphagnum obtusum u Sphagnum compactum u Drosera anglica u Trichophorum caespitosum u Carex limosa u Sparganium angustifolium u Sp hagnum magellanicum u Gymnocolea inflata u Scorpidium scorpioides u Sphagnum fuscum u Carex canescens u Sphagnum steerei u Sphagnum balticum u Carex rariflora u Sphagnum lenense u Eriophorum russeolum u Salix fuscescens u Cladina sp. u Polytrichum strictum Eriophorum angustifolium u Cladina ciliata u Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis Carex lyngbyaei u Barbilophozia binsteadii u Calla palustris u Betula nana Cladonia amaurocraea u Cladonia uncialis u Ledum decumbens Cetraria laevigata u Dicranum acutifolium u Limprichtia revolvens u Cladina mitis u Sphagnum squarrosum u Vaccinium uliginosum Calliergon sp. u Cetraria cf. islandica u Cladina rangiferina u Cladina stygia u Polytrichum sp. u Warnstorfia exannulata u Dicranum sp. Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius u Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata u Cladina arbuscula Potamogeton gramineus u u Cladonia albonigra u Potentilla palustris Rhytidium rugosum u Calliergon giganteum u Polytrichum juniperinum u Carex vaginat a u Cladonia pleurota Drepanocladus sp. u Dicranum scoparium u Alnus crispa Carex rostrata u Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra Betula papyrifera u Myriophyllum spicatum u Tomentypnum nitens u Aulacomnium acuminatum u Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata u Picea mariana Boschniakia rossica u Calamagrostis canadensis Polytrichum commune Festuca rubra u Caltha natans u Campylium stellatum u Climacium dendroides u Salix glauca u Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus u Festuca altaica u Petasites frigidus u Petasites hyperboreus u Arctostaphylos rubra Linnaea borealis u Epilobium angustifolium Viburnum edule u Plagiomnium ellipticum u u Rosa acicularis u Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus u Ribes triste u Potamogeton zosterifolius u Salix arbusculoides Hedysarum alpinum u M archantia polymorpha u Ceratodon purpureus u Brachythecium sp. u Eleocharis acicularis u Anemone richardsonii Deschampsia caespitosa u Agropyron macrourum u Potamogeton richardsonii Chrysanthemum bipinnatum u Cicuta virosa

0 204060801000 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 Depth (cm) Depth (cm) Depth (cm)

Figure 8. Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments) and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 134

pH EC Water Depth M yrica gale Carex utriculata Sphagnum obtusum Sphagnum compactum Drosera anglica Trichophorum caespitosum Carex limosa Sparganium angustifolium Sphagnum magellanicum Gymnocolea inflata u ±2327 Scorpidium scorpioides Sphagnum fuscum Carex canescens Sphagnum steerei Sphagnum balticum Carex rariflora ±2338 Sphagnum lenense Eriophorum russeolum ±1098 Salix fuscescens Cladina sp. Polytrichum strictum Eriophorum angustifolium ±1227 Cladina ciliata u ±1021 Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis Carex lyngbyaei Barbilophozia binsteadii u Calla palustris Betula nana ±780 Cladonia amaurocraea u Cladonia uncialis u Ledum decumbens Cetraria laevigata u Dicranum acutifolium u Limprichtia revolvens Cladina mitis Sphagnum squarrosum Vaccinium uliginosum Calliergon sp. Cetraria cf. islandica Cladina rangiferina Cladina stygia Polytrichum sp. Warnstorfia exannulata Dicranum sp. Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata u Cladina arbuscula Potamogeton gramineus Cladonia albonigra u Potentilla palustris ±1079 Rhytidium rugosum Calliergon giganteum Polytrichum juniperinum Carex vaginata Cladonia pleurota Drepanocladus sp. ±2059 Dicranum scoparium Alnus crispa Carex rostrata Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra ±1154 Betula papyrifera M yriophyllum spicatum Tomentypnum nitens Aulacomnium acuminatum Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata u Picea mariana Boschniakia rossica u Calamagrostis canadensis Polytrichum commune Festuca rubra u u Caltha natans ±759 Campylium stellatum Climacium dendroides Salix glauca Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus u u Festuca altaica u Petasites frigidus Petasites hyperboreus Arctostaphylos rubra Linnaea borealis Epilobium angustifolium Viburnum edule u u Plagiomnium ellipticum Rosa acicularis u Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus u u Ribes triste Potamogeton zosterifolius Salix arbusculoides Hedysarum alpinum u u M archantia polymorpha Ceratodon purpureus u u Brachythecium sp. Eleocharis acicularis Anemone richardsonii Deschampsia caespitosa Agropyron macrourum u u Potamogeton richardsonii Chrysanthemum bipinnatum Cicuta virosa

4567890 200 400 600 800 1000 -150 -50 50 150 pH EC (µS / c m) Depth (cm)

Figure 9. Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.

135 Selawik Ecological Land Survey EC >16,000 µS/cm) included Carex lyngbyaei. have very similar species composition and which Species associated with minerotrophic (EC ones have distinct species assemblages. 400–800 µS/cm) fen environments included Caltha Alpine ecotypes had numerous ecotypes with natans, Potentilla palutris, Carex rariflora, good separation in species assemblages. There was Scorpidium scorpioides, and Drepanocladus sp. little overlap in species composition, or “species Their high standard deviations indicate they space”, among alkaline, mafic, and acidic barren tolerate a broad range of salinity conditions. ecotypes (Figure 10a). In contrast, there was substantial overlap in species assemblages among VEGETATION COMPOSITION Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Alpine Species Summary Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub, and Alpine Based on the regional classification, there Cassiope Dwarf Shrub. were 57 ecotypes, consisting of 101 AVC Upland ecotypes had few very distinct classes vegetation classes at the plot level and 40 plant and many classes had substantial overlap among associations (Table 110). The highest species ecotypes (Figure 10b). Distinct ecotypes included richness occurred in alpine physiographies and on Upland Sandy Barrens on the Kobuk Dunes, and the oldest riverine landscapes. The total species Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow on alkaline count was, however, influenced by the number of bedrock. In contrast, upland forest types had a high plots sampled per ecotype, and we did not control degree of overlap in species composition. for this. The least species rich ecotypes were those Lowland ecotypes showed numerous ecotypes where the AVC vegetation class was aquatic or with distinct species composition (Figure 11a). where the physiography was coastal. In general, Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog had little similarity ecotypes where the landscape was young and to Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen and Lowland disturbance events occurred more frequently (such Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub. The greatest as active floodplain riverine or coastal ecotypes), similarity occurred between Lowland Black Spruce were less species rich, and ecotypes with old Forest and Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub. landscapes that were less frequently disturbed Lacustrine ecotypes also were fairly distinct (alpine) were more species rich. Species counts (Figure 11b). The highest similarity occurred should be considered a point for comparison between Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and among ecotypes rather than an absolute number, Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow, and between due to our sampling methods and the fact that we Lacustrine Marestail Marsh and Lowland Lake. probably overlooked species. This is especially Riverine ecotypes were diverse because of true for aquatic ecotypes since we were not differences in fluvial regime, climate (mountain vs. equipped to sample lakes thoroughly. lowland), and successional stage. The most distinct ecotypes include Riverine Barrens, Riverine Dryas Ordination of Vegetation Dwarf Shrub, Riverine White Spruce–Alder In addition to the single-factor comparisons, Forest, and Riverine Forb Marsh (Figure 12a). non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) High similarity occurred between Riverine Poplar (Shepard 1962a,b; Kruskal 1964a,b) was used to Forest and Riverine Moist Tall Willow Shrub and separate plots by species composition. The between late-successional spruce forest ecotypes. combined effects of physiography and various Coastal ecotypes had a few ecotypes with environmental variables were assessed by distinct separation in species assemblages (Figure superimposing the ecotype class for each plot on 12b). There was little overlap among any of the the ordination. Because of the large number of ecotypes. The highest similarity occurred between species, ecotypes, and differing environmental Coastal Saline Sedge–Grass Meadow and Coastal gradients, the ordinations were done separately for Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow. each physiographic grouping (Figures 10–12). On the ordinations, the central cluster of each ecotype Sorted Tables was circled and outliers were occasionally Sorted vegetation tables (Tables 111–116) excluded to better differentiate highly central were constructed using data collected by ABR and tendencies. The ordinations reveal which ecotypes by Stephen Talbot within SNWR to provide a more

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 136

Table 110. Crosswalk of abbreviated ecotypes with original ecotypes, floristic classes and Viereck level IV vegetation classes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Alpine Acidic Barrens Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Lichen–Hierochloe alpina Barren Barrens Alpine Herbs Partially Vegetated Alpine Acidic Dryas Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas octopetala– Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dwarf Shrub Dryas Dwarf Shrub Hierochloe alpina Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub Tundra Alpine Alkaline Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas octopetala– Barren Barrens Barrens Saxifraga oppositifolia Partially Vegetated Salix arctica–Minuartia Barren arctica Partially Vegetated Alpine Alkaline Dryas Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas integrifolia–Carex Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dwarf Shrub Dryas Dwarf Shrub scirpoidea–Silene acaulis Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Sedge Dwarf ShrubTundra Dryas octopetala– Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Saxifraga oppositifolia Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Sedge Dwarf Shrub Tundra Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Alpine Rocky Moist Cassiope tetragona– Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Tundra Shrub Circumneutral Cassiope Dryas octopetala– Dwarf Shrub Polygonum bistorta Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Open Low Willow Willow Dwarf Shrub Tundra Alpine Ericaceous– Alpine Rocky Moist Betula nana–Loiseleuria Crowberry Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas Dwarf Shrub Circumacidic Ericaceous– procumbens Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub– Lichen Tundra Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub

137 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Betula nana–Vaccinium Closed Low Shrub Birch– vitis-idaea–Dryas Ericaceous Shrub octopetala Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub– Lichen Tundra Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Vaccinium Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas octopetala– Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Tundra Vaccinium uliginosum– Festuca altaica Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Sedge Dwarf ShrubTundra Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Willow Alpine Wet Sedge Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Eriophorum Mixed Herbs Meadow Wet Sedge Meadow angustifolium–Pedicularis sudetica Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra Wet Sedge–Willow Tundra Upland Alder–Willow Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Alnus crispa– Closed Tall Alder Tall Shrub Circumacidic Alder–Willow Calamagrostis canadensis Tall Shrub Closed Tall Alder–Willow Open Low Alder Open Tall Alder Open Tall Alder–Willow Alnus crispa–Salix lanata Open Low Alder–Willow ssp. richardsonii Upland Birch Forest Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Betula papyrifera–Picea Open Paper Birch Circumacidic Birch Forest glauca–Vaccinium vitis- idaea Paper Birch Woodland Betula papyrifera–Picea Open Paper Birch glauca–Ledum decumbens Upland Birch– Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Betula nana–Ledum Bearberry Dwarf Shrub Tundra Ericaceous Low Shrub Acidic Birch–Ericaceous Low decumbens Shrub Closed Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 138

Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Open Tall Scrub, post burn or disturbance Vaccinium Dwarf Shrub Tundra Upland Birch–Willow Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Betula nana–Vaccinium Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Low Shrub Circumacidic Birch–Willow vitis-idaea–Dryas Low Shrub octopetala Salix planifolia ssp. Closed Low Ericaceous Shrub pulchra–Betula nana– Polygonum bistorta Closed Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Closed Low Willow Closed Tall Shrub Birch Closed Tall Shrub Birch– Willow Closed Tall Willow Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Open Low Willow Open Tall Shrub Birch–Willow Upland Bluejoint Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Calamagrostis Bluejoint Meadow Meadow Circumacidic Bluejoint canadensis–Polemonium Meadow acutiflorum Bluejoint–Herb Bluejoint–Shrub Upland Dwarf Birch– Upland Organic–rich Moist Betula nana–Eriophorum Closed Low Shrub Birch– Tussock Shrub Acidic Dwarf Birch–Tussock vaginatum Ericaceous Shrub Shrub Open Low Alder Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge Tussock Bog Meadow Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge Tussock Tundra Eriophorum vaginatum– Closed Low Shrub Birch– Drosera rotundifolia Ericaceous Shrub Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub– Lichen Tundra Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Bog Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch- Ericaceous Shrub

139 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Open Low Shrub Birch- Ericaceous Shrub Bog Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge Tussock Tundra Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Moss Bog Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Shrub Wet Meadow Upland Sandy Barrens Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Calamagrostis Barren Barrens purpurascens–Oxytropis kobukensis Bluejoint–Herb Open Dwarf Balsam Poplar Partially Vegetated Upland Sedge–Dryas Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Dryas integrifolia–Carex Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra Meadow Alkaline Sedge–Dryas bigelowii–Equisetum Meadow arvense Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra Dryas integrifolia–Carex Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra scirpoidea–Rhododendron lapponicum Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dryas–Sedge Dwarf ShrubTundra Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra Upland Spruce–Birch Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Betula papyrifera–Picea Closed Spruce–Paper Birch Forest Circumacidic Spruce–Birch glauca–Vaccinium vitis- Forest idaea Open Spruce–Paper Birch Spruce–Paper Birch Woodland Upland White Spruce– Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Picea glauca–Ledum Open White Spruce Forest Ericaceous Forest Circumacidic White Spruce– decumbens Ericaceous Forest White Spruce Woodland Picea glauca– Vaccinium Closed White Spruce Forest vitis-idaea Open White Spruce Forest White Spruce Woodland Upland White Spruce– Upland Sandy Dry Acidic Picea glauca–Cladina Open White Spruce Forest Lichen Woodland White Spruce–Lichen stellaris Woodland White Spruce Woodland Upland White Spruce– Upland Rocky–loamy Moist Picea glauca–Salix Dwarf White Spruce Woodland Willow Forest Circumalkaline White reticulata–Carex Spruce–Willow Forest scirpoidea Open White Spruce Forest White Spruce Woodland

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 140

Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Upland Willow Low Upland Loamy Moist Salix lanata ssp. Closed Low Willow Shrub Circumalkaline Willow Low richardsonii–Equisetum Shrub arvense Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Open Low Willow Open Tall Willow Lacustrine Barrens Lacustrine Wet Eriophorum Barren Circumalkaline Barrens angustifolium–Epilobium palustre Bluejoint–Herb Mixed Herbs Moist Forb Meadow Partially Vegetated Lacustrine Bluejoint Lacustrine Loamy Wet Calamagrostis Bluejoint Meadow Meadow Circumacidic Bluejoint canadensis–Potentilla Meadow palustris Bluejoint–Herb Fresh Sedge Marsh Bluejoint-Shrub

Lacustrine Buckbean Lacustrine Circumacidic Menyanthes trifoliata– Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog Fen Buckbean Fen Potentilla palustris Meadow Subartic Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Herb Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Graminoid– Herb Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Moss Bog Meadow Lacustrine Horsetail Lacustrine Circumneutral Equisetum fluviatile– Aquatic Fresh Herb Marsh Horsetail Marsh Potentilla palustris Emergent Horsetail Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog Meadow Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow Tundra Lacustrine Marestail Lacustrine Circumneutral Hippuris vulgaris– Common Marestail Marsh Marestail Marsh Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza Fresh Pondweed Fresh Water Aquatic Fresh Herb Burreed Fresh Pondweed Fresh Herb Marsh Lacustrine Pendent Lacustrine Circumneutral Arctophila fulva–Hippuris Subarctic Lowland Graminoid– Grass Marsh Pendent Grass Marsh vulgaris Herb Wet Meadow

141 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Fresh Grass Marsh Fresh Water Subarctic Lowland Grass Wet Meadow Wet Sedge–Grass Meadow Tundra Lacustrine Wet Sedge Lacustrine Organic–rich Wet Carex aquatilis–Potentilla Bluejoint Meadow Meadow Circumacidic Sedge Meadow palustris Fresh Sedge Marsh Halophytic Sedge Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Shrub Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss Bog Meadow Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow Tundra Lowland Alder Tall Lowland Organic–rich Wet Alnus crispa–Salix Closed Tall Alder Shrub Circumacidic Alder Tall planifolia ssp. pulchra– Shrub Hylocomium splendens Open Low Alder Open Tall Alder–Willow Open Tall Alder Lowland Birch– Lowland Organic–rich Wet Betula nana–Ledum Closed Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Low Shrub Acidic Birch–Ericaceous Low decumbens Ericaceous Shrub Shrub Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Closed Low Shrub Birch– Willow Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub– Lichen Tundra Open Low Scrub, post burn or disturbance Subartic Lowland Sedge–Shrub Wet Meadow Lowland Birch–Willow Lowland Organic–rich Wet Betula nana–Salix Closed Low Shrub Birch– Low Shrub Circumacidic Birch–Willow planifolia ssp. pulchra– Willow Low Shrub Eriophorum angustifolium Closed Low Willow Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Open Low Willow Lowland Black Spruce Lowland Organic–rich Wet Picea mariana–Ledum Black Spruce Woodland Forest Acidic Black Spruce Forest decumbens Black Spruce–White Spruce Woodland Open Black Spruce Forest

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 142

Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Open Dwarf Black Spruce Lowland Ericaceous Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Andromeda polifolia– Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Shrub Bog Shrub Bog Sphagnum sp. Bog Closed Low Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Bog Subarctic Lowland Sedge Bog Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss Bog Meadow Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra Closed Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Open Low Alder Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Lowland Lake Lowland Lake Water–Potamogeton sp. Burreed Fresh Water Fresh Pondweed Lowland Sedge Fen Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Carex chordorrhiza– Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog Fen Carex aquatilis Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss Bog Meadow Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra Lowland Sedge– Lowland Circumacidic Eriophorum Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow Willow Fen Sedge–Willow Fen angustifolium–Carex Tundra aquatilis–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra Wet Sedge–Willow Tundra Lowland Willow Low Lowland Organic–rich Wet Salix planifolia ssp. Closed Low Willow Shrub Circumacidic Willow Low pulchra–Valeriana Shrub capitata Bluejoint-Shrub Closed Low Shrub Birch- Willow Closed Low Willow Closed Tall Willow Open Tall Alder-Willow Open Low Willow Open Tall Willow Riverine Alder Tall Riverine Loamy Moist Alnus crispa–Rubus Closed Tall Alder Shrub Circumacidic Alder Tall arcticus Shrub Closed Tall Alder–Willow Open Tall Alder Open Low Alder

143 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Open Tall Alder-Willow Open Tall Shrub Swamp Riverine Barrens Riverine Gravelly Moist Salix alaxensis–Epilobium Barren Circumalkaline Barrens latifolium Subarctic Lowland Herb Wet Meadow Riverine Birch–Willow Riverine Loamy Moist Betula nana–Salix Closed Low Shrub Birch Low Shrub Circumacidic Birch–Willow planifolia ssp. pulchra– Low Shrub Pyrola grandiflora Closed Low Shrub Birch– Ericaceous Shrub Closed Low Shrub Birch– Willow Closed Low Willow Closed Tall Willow Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow Riverine Bluejoint Riverine Loamy Wet Calamagrostis Bluejoint Meadow Meadow Circumacidic Bluejoint canadensis–Potentilla Meadow palustris Bluejoint–Herb Open Low Willow Riverine Dryas Dwarf Riverine Gravelly Dry Dryas drummondii– Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Shrub Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub Oxytropis campestris Dryas integrifolia–Salix Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra Moist Sedge–Willow Tundra Open Low Willow Riverine Forb Marsh Riverine Circumneutral Eleocharis acicularis– Emergent Horsetail Aquatic Forb Marsh Equisetum fluviatile Fresh Pondweed Riverine Moist Willow Riverine Gravelly–loamy Salix alaxensis–Aster Closed Tall Alder–Willow Tall Shrub Moist Circumalkaline Willow sibiricus Tall Shrub Closed Tall Willow Open Low Willow Open Tall Willow Closed Low Willow Open Tall Alder-Willow Riverine Pendent Grass Riverine Circumneutral Arctophila fulva– Fresh Grass Marsh Marsh Pendent Grass Marsh Eleocharis acicularis– Caltha palustris Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine Gravelly–loamy Populus balsamifera– Balsam Poplar Woodland Moist Circumalkaline Poplar Picea glauca–Salix Forest alaxensis Open Balsam Poplar Forest Riverine Water River Water Fresh Water

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 144

Table 110. Continued.

Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class Fresh Pondweed Riverine Circumalkaline Lake Potamogeton sp.– Aquatic Fresh Herb Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza Emergent Horsetail Fresh Herb Marsh Riverine Wet Sedge Riverine Loamy Wet Carex aquatilis– Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow Circumacidic Wet Sedge Eriophorum angustifolium Meadow Meadow Fresh Sedge Marsh Riverine Wet Willow Riverine Loamy Wet Salix planifolia ssp. Closed Tall Willow Tall Shrub Circumacidic Willow Tall pulchra–Potentilla Shrub palustris Open Tall Alder–Willow Open Tall Willow Riverine White Riverine Gravelly–loamy Picea glauca–Alnus Open White Spruce Forest Spruce–Alder Forest Moist Circumacidic White crispa–Calamagrostis Spruce–Alder Forest canadensis White Spruce Woodland Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch- Ericaceous Shrub Closed White Spruce Black Spruce–White Spruce Woodland Riverine White Riverine Gravelly–loamy Populus balsamifera– Open Spruce–Balsam Poplar Spruce–Poplar Forest Moist Circumalkaline White Picea glauca–Salix Forest Spruce–Poplar Forest alaxensis Open White Spruce Forest Spruce–Balsam Poplar Woodland Riverine White Riverine Gravelly–loamy Picea glauca–Salix lanata Closed White Spruce Forest Spruce–Willow Forest Moist Circumalkaline White ssp. richardsonii–Moneses Spruce–Willow Forest uniflora Open White Spruce Forest White Spruce Woodland Riverine Willow Low Riverine Gravelly–loamy Salix lanata ssp. Closed Low Willow Shrub Moist Circumalkaline Willow richardsonii–Salix Low Shrub reticulata Closed Tall Willow Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub Tundra Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra Open Low Willow Open Tall Willow Coastal Brackish Sedge Coastal Organic-rich Wet Carex lyngbyaei Halophytic Sedge Marsh Marsh Brackish Sedge Marsh Halophytic Sedge Wet Meadow, brackish

145 Selawik Ecological Land Survey 0.5 Alpine Alkaline Dryas Alpine Lake A. Dwarf Shrub Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Alpine Wet Sedge 0.3 Meadow

Alpine Alkaline Barrens Alpine Acidic Barrens

0.1 Alpine Acidic Dryas Dw arf Shrub

Alpine Alkaline -0.1 Barrens

Alpine Alkaline Alpine Dry as Dw arf Shrub Alpine Wet Mafic Barrens Sedge Meado w -0.3 Alpine Mafic Barrens

Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Alpine Acidic Barrens Dwarf Shrub Alpine -0.5 Ericaceous–Dryas Dw arf Shrub

Alpine Acidic Dryas Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Dw arf Shrub

-0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest Upland Willow Low Shrub Upland B. Upland Spruce–Birch Forest Upland Dw arf Birch–Tussock 0.4 Bluejoint Meadow Shrub Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest Upland Mafic Barrens

Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub Upland Spiraea Low Shrub

0.2 Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Upland Spirea Low Shrub Shrub Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow Upland Willow Upland Alder–Willow Tall Low Shrub Shrub 0 Upland Birch Forest Upland Alder–Willow Upland Birch–Willow Low Tall Shrub z Shrub Upland Bluejoint Meadow Upland Sedge– Dryas Meadow -0.2 Upland Spruce–Birch Forest Upland Upland Dwarf Birch Birch–T ussock Upland White Forest Sh r ub Spruce–Ericaceous Forest Upland White Spruce– Upland White Spruce–Willow Lichen Woodland Upland White Forest -0.4 Spruce–Dryas Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland Upland Birch– Woodland Ericaceous Low Upland Sandy Barrens Sh r ub Upland Sandy Upland Mafic Barrens Upland White Spruce–Dryas Barrens Woodland -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3

Figure 10. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for alpine (A) and upland (B) ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification. Outliers have been excluded.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 146

0.8 Low land Ericaceous Shrub A. Lowland Willow Bog Low Shrub 0.6 Lowland Sedge Lowland Fen Low land Sedge Lowland Fen Birch–Willow Sedge–Willow Fen Low Shrub 0.4 Low land Lowland Alder Sedge–Willow Tall Shrub Fen

Low land 0.2 Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub

Low land Black 0 Spruce Forest

Low land Alder Tall Shrub -0.2

Lowland Black Low land Birch–Willow Spruce Forest Low Shrub -0.4 Lowland Lowland Ericaceous Birch–Ericaceous Low land Willow Low Shrub Shrub Bog Low Shrub

-0.6 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7

Lacustrine 0.9 Buckbean Fen Lacustrine B. Barrens Lacustrine Pondlily Lake 0.7 Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh 0.5 Lacustrine Lowland Lake Lacustrine Willow Mar es tail Mar s h Lacustrine Shrub Pondlily 0.3 Lacustrine Lacustrine Pendent Pendent Grass Mar s h Grass Marsh 0.1 Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow

Lacustrine Willow -0.1 Shrub

Lacustrine Lacustrine Wet Marestail Marsh Sedge Meadow -0.3

Lacustrine Lacustrine Barrens -0.5 Horsetail Marsh Lacustrine Lacustrine Wet Buckbean Fen Sedge M eadow Low land Lake Lacustrine Bluejoint -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Figure 11. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for lowland (A) and lacustrine (B) ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification. Outliers have been excluded.

147 Selawik Ecological Land Survey 0.5 Riverine Willow Low Shrub River Riverine White A. Spruce–Willow Forest Riverine Lake Riverine Riverine White Dryas Dwarf Riverine Forb Marsh Spruce–Poplar Forest 0.3 Riverine Riverine Pendent Grass Poplar Forest Mars h Riverine Dryas Dw arf Shrub Riverine Barrens 0.1 Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine Moist Willow Tall Riverine White Riverine White -0.1 Spruce–Alder Spruce–Poplar Forest Forest Riverine White Riverine Spruce–Willow Forest River Barrens Riverine Willow Low Shrub -0.3 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Forb Riverine Alder Tall Riverine Shrub Marsh Pendent Grass Riverine Riverine Birch–Willow Birch–Willow Low Shrub -0.5 Riverine Wet Low Shrub Riverine Bluejoint Willow Tall Meadow Riverine Riverine Wet Sedge Alder Tall Meadow Riverine Wet Riverine Riverine Wet Willow Tall Sedge Bluejoint Shrub -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Coastal Wet B. Barrens 0.5

Coastal Crowberry Dwarf Shrub Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow Coastal Brackish 0.3 Willow Shrub Coastal Saline Sedge–Grass Meadow

0.1 Coastal Dry Coastal Brackish Barrens Dunegrass Meadow c

Coastal Saline Coastal Brackish -0.1 Sedge–Grass Dunegrass Meadow Meadow

Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow Coastal Crow berry Dw arf Shrub -0.3 Coastal Dry Barrens Coastal Brackish Coastal Wet Willow Shrub Barrens -0.5 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5

Figure 12. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for riverine (A) and coastal (B) ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional classification. Outliers have been excluded.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 148

Table 111. Plant cover by alpine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have <0.5% cover. Underlined values indicate the dominant of characteristic species for the floristic class associated with the ecotype.

Taxon Alpine Acidic Barrens Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Potentilla uniflora 16 0 Poa glauca 2 1 Polytrichum piliferum 3 2 Selaginella sibirica 2 1 Carex scirpoidea 1 1 Saxifraga bronchialis 1 1 Arnica alpina angustifolia 3 1 1 Cetraria nigricans 2 1 Cladonia uncialis 1 1 2 Flavocetraria nivalis 2 2 2 Racomitrium lanuginosum 2 1 0 Antennaria friesiana 5 2 0 Hierochloe alpina 2 2 3 Sphaerophorus globosus 2 2 1 Thamnolia vermicularis 3 3 2 Minuartia arctica 5 2 Asahinea chrysantha 1 1 1 Rhytidium rugosum 1 2 1 Flavocetraria cucullata 1 1 2 Pedicularis kanei 1 1 1 Bryocaulon divergens 1 2 1 Bupleurum triradiatum arcticum 0 1 Alectoria ochroleuca 1 2 Cladonia sp. 1 1 1 Oxytropis nigrescens 1 Dryas octopetala 29 0 Anemone drummondii 1 0 Artemisia arctica arctica 0 Cladina mitis 0 Salix polaris 0 Artemisia furcata 1 Polygonum viviparum 1 Saxifraga flagellaris 1 Silene acaulis 0 Bare Soil 62 51 16 Carex podocarpa 1 0 Salix rotundifolia 1 0 Salix phlebophylla 1 3 Betula nana 0 0 15 Cladina arbuscula 0 0 2 Arctostaphylos alpina 2 1 12 Empetrum nigrum 1 8 Cladina rangiferina 0 2 Cladina stellaris 0 0 Dactylina arctica 1 Hylocomium splendens 0 8 Lupinus arcticus 1 1 Polytrichum juniperinum 0 10 Ledum decumbens 6 Carex bigelowii 7 Poa arctica 1 Arctagrostis latifolia 1 Salix arctica 1 Salix planifolia pulchra 2 Loiseleuria procumbens 2 Polygonum bistorta 1 Cassiope tetragona 1 Vaccinium uliginosum 0 0 8 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0 15 Sample Size 5 11 5

149 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 112. Plant cover by upland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have <0.5% cover. Underlined values indicate the dominant of characteristic species for the floristic class associated with the ecotype.

Taxon Upland Alder- Willow Tall Shrub Upland Birch Forest Upland Spruce- Birch Forest Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Upland Birch- Ericaceous Low Shrub Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Polytrichum piliferum 0 1 1 Carex scirpoidea 0 Potentilla fruticosa Cassiope tetragona Carex podocarpa 0 Salix arctica Dryas integrifolia 0 0 0 Rhododendron lapponicum 0 Poa arctica 0 0 Pertusaria sp. 0 0 Salix reticulata 7 1 0 Polygonum bistorta 0 0 0 0 Unknown crustose lichen 0 0 0 Ledum groenlandicum 0 Lycopodium annotinum 0 2 0 Shepherdia canadensis Artemisia arctica arctica 0 0 Artemisia tilesii 0 0 Equisetum pratense 0 13 4 Viburnum edule 0 Polemonium acutiflorum 0 0 0 Mertensia paniculata 0 0 1 0 Epilobium angustifolium 4 1 1 1 1 0 Arctagrostis latifolia 2 2 2 1 0 Salix alaxensis 0 Rubus arcticus 0 1 2 0 Calamagrostis canadensis 11 1 3 2 0 0 Rosa acicularis 0 1 5 Salix planifolia pulchra 6 0 7 0 1 Valeriana capitata Salix bebbiana 0 1 1 0 Linnaea borealis 0 5 3 1 0 Alnus crispa 36 0 10 17 1 3 Equisetum arvense 26 1 5 6 0 Picea glauca 0 1 19 26 1 0 Betula papyrifera 1 45 25 1 0 Vaccinium uliginosum 11 9 4 18 19 11 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2 16 7 7 14 17 Ledum decumbens 2 5 1 2 22 18 Flavocetraria cucullata 1 0 1 1 3 Hylocomium splendens 9 23 17 5 2 Empetrum nigrum 1 5 7 7 7 5 Salix glauca 2 0 1 3 3 1 Cladonia sp. 0 2 0 1 1 0 Cladina sp. 4 3 1 1 Polytrichum sp. 13 12 0 2 2 1 Peltigera aphthosa 0 0 0 0 1 0 Populus tremuloides 0 2 0 0 0 Salix lanata richardsonii 1 1 0 0 Arctostaphylos rubra 2 2 0 Festuca altaica 0 0 1 0 Aulacomnium acuminatum 2 1 0 Equisetum sylvaticum 1 6 7 Calamagrostis inexpansa 1 1 0 0 1 0 Aconitum delphinifolium 0 Loiseleuria procumbens 0 0 Cladina stellaris 0 0 0 0 Ptilium crista-castrensis 1 1 0 Drepanocladus sp. 3 0 0 Betula glandulosa 1 1 2 Sanionia uncinata 2 0 0 0 Stereocaulon sp. 3 0

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 150

Table 112. Continued.

Taxon Upland Alder- Willow Tall Shrub Upland Birch Forest Upland Spruce- Birch Forest Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Upland Birch- Ericaceous Low Shrub Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Saussurea angustifolia 1 0 0 0 Senecio lugens Tomentypnum nitens 1 2 1 1 Ptilidium ciliare 1 1 0 0 Cladina rangiferina 1 2 1 1 Dicranum sp. 0 1 0 1 1 Abietinella abietina 0 Petasites frigidus 2 0 1 1 0 Hypnum sp. 0 Ribes triste 0 0 1 0 Pleurozium schreberi 6 1 6 2 3 Spiraea beauverdiana 2 1 0 3 0 0 Picea mariana 0 1 0 0 0 Aulacomnium turgidum 2 1 2 1 Aulacomnium palustre 0 3 1 1 Arctostaphylos alpina 0 1 1 2 2 Rubus chamaemorus 0 0 1 8 Betula nana 3 5 6 20 16 Eriophorum vaginatum 0 3 20 Carex bigelowii 0 0 3 7 4 Sphagnum sp. 1 3 15 Thamnolia vermicularis 1 0 Dicranum elongatum 0 0 0 Sphagnum fuscum 0 1 Polytrichum commune 30 0 2 14 0 Nephroma arcticum 0 0 0 0 Dryas octopetala 1 Peltigera canina 0 0 0 Sphagnum girgensohnii 0 0 0 Cetraria islandica islandica 0 0 Cladina mitis 1 1 Cetraria cf. islandica 0 0 0 0 Icmadophila ericetorum 0 0 0 Eriophorum angustifolium 0 0 Sphagnum balticum 2 Rhytidium rugosum 2 0 Cladina stygia 1 1 0 0 Cetraria laevigata 0 1 0 Flavocetraria nivalis 0 1 0 0 Polytrichum juniperinum 1 1 0 Cladina arbuscula 2 0 0 1 Polytrichum strictum 3 0 2 0 Sphagnum angustifolium 1 Sphagnum lenense 0 1 Eriophorum russeolum 0 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0 1 Andromeda polifolia 0 2 Pedicularis labradorica 0 0 0 0 Eriophorum brachyantherum 0 0 Carex rotundata 1 Drosera rotundifolia 0 Carex membranacea 0 Carex aquatilis aquatilis 0 Bare Soil 3 2 3 2 4 3 Sample Size 5 3 5 13 18 63

151 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 113. Plant cover by lowland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have <0.5% cover. Underlined values indicate the dominant of characteristic species for the floristic class associated with the ecotype.

Taxon Lowland Sedge Fen Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Lowland Willow Low Shrub Lowland Birch- Ericaceous Low Shrub Lowland Black Spruce Forest Utricularia minor 1 0 Epilobium palustre 0 0 Utricularia vulgaris macrorhiza 0 Equisetum fluviatile 2 1 Carex livida 1 Campylium stellatum 1 0 Limprichtia revolvens 4 0 0 Carex capillaris 0 0 Warnstorfia exannulata 0 0 Carex saxatilis 0 0 Calliergon stramineum 0 0 Utricularia intermedia 1 Myrica gale 1 0 Scorpidium scorpioides 22 0 Sphagnum orientale 4 0 Carex limosa 3 0 Menyanthes trifoliata 2 0 Sphagnum rubellum 0 0 0 Cetraria laevigata 1 1 2 Flavocetraria nivalis 0 0 Sphagnum angustifolium 1 1 Sphagnum riparium 2 Sphagnum jensnii 2 Carex williamsii 0 Sphagnum kenaiense 6 Sphagnum fuscum 0 2 1 4 Sphagnum lenense 4 2 Sphagnum magellanicum 3 0 1 Sphagnum balticum 6 1 Sphagnum compactum 0 5 Sphagnum steerei 11 0 Pedicularis parviflora parviflora 0 0 0 Trichophorum caespitosum 1 1 Carex rariflora 1 2 0 Pedicularis parviflora pennellii 0 0 Pedicularis sudetica 0 0 Polytrichum juniperinum 0 0 Cladina arbuscula 0 1 2 Icmadophila ericetorum 0 0 0 Mylia anomala 0 0 0 Pedicularis labradorica 0 0 0 Tofieldia pusilla 0 0 Pedicularis langsdorffii arctica 0 0 Carex vaginata 0 0 1 Cladina sp. 1 0 Cladina stellaris 0 Cladonia amaurocraea 0 0 Cladina stygia 1 1 5 Carex canescens 0 0 Salix fuscescens 0 2 0 0 Sphagnum squarrosum 5 1 4 0 Eriophorum angustifolium 3 0 4 0 0 Carex chordorrhiza 12 1 Eriophorum russeolum 4 7 0 0 0 Carex rotundata 8 7 0 Drosera rotundifolia 0 1 0 0 Carex aquatilis aquatilis 6 4 1 3 Andromeda polifolia 1 11 1 1 Oxycoccus microcarpus 0 2 0 0 1 Vaccinium uliginosum 0 5 8 14 9 Betula nana 0 5 5 21 1

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 152

Table 113. Continued.

Taxon Lowland Sedge Fen Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Lowland Willow Low Shrub Lowland Birch- Ericaceous Low Shrub Lowland Black Spruce Forest Ledum decumbens 0 6 0 14 2 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0 4 1 1 1 Aulacomnium turgidum 0 2 7 4 Sphagnum sp. 9 29 2 4 3 Polytrichum strictum 0 1 0 6 Flavocetraria cucullata 1 2 0 Cetraria cf. islandica 0 1 0 Cladina rangiferina 0 1 1 Pedicularis kanei 0 0 Dicranum sp. 0 1 1 Ptilidium ciliare 0 0 2 Cladina mitis 0 1 Arctagrostis latifolia 0 1 0 Spiraea beauverdiana 0 0 0 1 0 Cladonia sp. 0 0 0 0 Eriophorum vaginatum 0 2 0 3 0 Alnus crispa 0 2 4 6 7 Empetrum nigrum 2 0 7 14 Rubus chamaemorus 2 6 12 15 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2 0 10 4 Pleurozium schreberi 0 1 11 14 Hylocomium splendens 0 6 6 21 Carex bigelowii 0 0 1 1 2 Aulacomnium palustre 0 1 1 2 1 Potentilla palustris 3 0 6 0 Salix planifolia pulchra 0 0 43 2 1 Calamagrostis canadensis 0 0 13 1 1 Rubus arcticus 3 0 1 Polemonium acutiflorum 0 Rhytidium rugosum 0 2 Salix lanata richardsonii 0 0 Nephroma arcticum 0 0 Potentilla fruticosa 0 Saxifraga hirculus Arctostaphylos alpina 0 1 Iris setosa 0 0 Petasites hyperboreus 0 6 Salix glauca 1 0 0 Polytrichum sp. 1 2 1 Petasites frigidus 4 0 Drepanocladus sp. 0 5 1 Peltigera aphthosa 0 0 1 Tomentypnum nitens 0 4 1 3 Aulacomnium acuminatum 0 2 0 Betula glandulosa 0 3 1 Equisetum arvense 3 3 Salix bebbiana 7 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0 Poa arctica 0 Sanionia uncinata 0 0 Sphagnum girgensohnii 1 Eriophorum brachyantherum 0 Picea mariana 0 27 Bare Soil 1 3 0 3 6 Sample Size 20 43 11 18 5

153 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 114. Plant cover by lacustrine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have <0.5% cover. Underlined values indicate the dominant of characteristic species for the floristic class associated with the ecotype.

Taxon Lowland Lake Lacustrine Marestail Marsh Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow Lacustrine Barrens Water 100 96 61 30 28 22 7 Potamogeton filiformis 1 Potamogeton sp. 0 Lemna trisulca 0 1 0 0 Potamogeton perfoliatus richardsonii 7 1 0 0 Potamogeton alpinus tenuifolius 1 4 0 Myriophyllum spicatum 9 1 0 0 0 Myriophyllum spicatum exalbescens 0 0 0 Potamogeton zosterifolius 4 2 0 Potamogeton gramineus 3 1 0 Utricularia minor 0 0 1 Warnstorfia exannulata 1 2 7 0 Nuphar polysepalum 0 0 0 Sparganium sp. 1 0 0 0 Sparganium hyperboreum 0 0 Caltha natans 2 1 1 Eleocharis acicularis 0 3 9 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 1 0 Calliergon giganteum 5 1 Drepanocladus sp. 0 1 Scorpidium scorpioides 0 1 5 Carex utriculata 1 0 3 Carex rostrata 2 0 1 Utricularia intermedia 0 1 0 0 Calliergon sp. 2 2 2 1 1 Galium trifidum trifidum 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Ranunculus gmelini 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Hippuris vulgaris 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 Utricularia vulgaris macrorhiza 6 20 3 0 1 1 Equisetum fluviatile 0 1 42 0 10 3 0 0 Potentilla palustris 1 1 3 3 10 12 14 0 Arctophila fulva 1 1 0 16 0 0 4 4 Menyanthes trifoliata 0 0 34 0 Cicuta mackenzieana 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 Carex aquatilis aquatilis 0 0 6 2 3 48 18 Eriophorum angustifolium 0 1 0 5 5 8 Calamagrostis canadensis 0 1 2 1 8 31 0 Salix planifolia pulchra 0 0 1 0 1 Epilobium palustre 0 1 0 0 0 1 Caltha palustris 1 0 0 1 0 0 Ranunculus pallasii 0 0 0 Carex chordorrhiza 0 0 Carex canescens 0 1 0 Eriophorum russeolum 0 2 1 4 Limprichtia revolvens 1 2 0 Calliergon cordifolium 2 Sphagnum obtusum 1 0 0 2 Sphagnum squarrosum 0 0 17 5 Carex lapponica 1 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 Arctagrostis latifolia 0 0 0 Salix lanata richardsonii 1 Betula nana 0 1 1 Polemonium acutiflorum 0 1 Rubus arcticus 0 0 10 Sphagnum sp. 0 2 4 Iris setosa 0 0 0 1 0 Chamaedaphne calyculata 0 1 0 Equisetum arvense 6 0 1 Epilobium angustifolium 0 0 Rorippa islandica fernaldiana 0 1 Petasites frigidus 4 Senecio congestus 0 0 2 Sample Size 7 9 13 5 10 14 4 2

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 154

Table 115. Plant cover by riverine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have <0.5% cover. Underlined values indicate the dominant of characteristic species for the floristic class associated with the ecotype.

Taxon Riverine Barrens Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine White Spruce- Willow Forest Riverine White Spruce- Alder Forest Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Bluejoint Meadow Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh Riverine Forb Marsh River Juncus arcticus 0 Deschampsia caespitosa 2 0 0 1 Epilobium palustre 0 0 0 0 Chrysanthemum bipinnatum 0 1 Parnassia palustris 0 0 0 0 0 Castilleja caudata 0 1 Festuca richardsonii 0 Brachythecium sp. 0 5 Poa alpigena 0 0 0 Equisetum variegatum 0 1 1 Campylium polygamum 0 1 Astragalus alpinus 3 0 Moehringia lateriflora 0 0 0 1 Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 1 1 3 1 Hedysarum alpinum 0 5 2 0 Gentiana propinqua 0 1 Climacium dendroides 2 2 1 2 Salix lanata richardsonii 3 7 0 3 10 Polygonum viviparum 0 1 0 0 Zygadenus elegans 0 1 0 Festuca rubra 0 0 1 Platanthera obtusata 0 1 1 0 Agropyron macrourum 1 1 0 Viburnum edule 1 8 1 1 Epilobium angustifolium 1 2 1 5 Salix arbusculoides 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 Wilhelmsia physodes 0 1 0 1 0 0 10 Arctagrostis latifolia 0 3 3 1 4 Plagiomnium ellipticum 1 0 1 0 0 Aster sibiricus 0 4 6 1 0 0 Artemisia tilesii 0 6 2 2 0 1 0 0 Salix alaxensis 24 49 4 2 3 4 Populus balsamifera 0 28 Equisetum arvense 31 60 18 24 9 17 20 84 Picea glauca 0 4 40 29 1 2 Alnus crispa 13 14 11 53 3 0 Rubus arcticus 521 10 2 3 Calamagrostis canadensis 0 3 5 1 3 14 37 67 10 0 Rosa acicularis 1 34 2 3 1 Galium boreale 3 4 4 0 0 1 Anemone richardsonii 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 Mertensia paniculata 1 0 4 1 0 0 Pyrola grandiflora 0 0 2 1 0 Sanionia uncinata 1 1 3 1 2 Salix planifolia pulchra 0 2 1 7 55 7 0 Aconitum delphinifolium 0 1 0 1 0 Valeriana capitata 1 2 1 1 0 2 Polemonium acutiflorum 0 0 0 1 1 Boschniakia rossica 0 2 1 0 Arctostaphylos rubra 0 5 2 0 0 Moneses uniflora 2 2 0 0 Linnaea borealis 2 5 1 Vaccinium uliginosum 0 5 10 4 2 1 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1 7 1 Hylocomium splendens 7 19 4 Ledum decumbens 0 4 1 Carex bigelowii 1 1 0 Hypnum lindbergii 1 0 Dodecatheon frigidum 1

155 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Table 115. Continued.

Taxon Riverine Barrens Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine White Spruce- Willow Forest Riverine White Spruce- Alder Forest Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Bluejoint Meadow Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh Riverine Forb Marsh River Saxifraga hirculus 0 Cypripedium passerinum 0 1 0 0 Saussurea angustifolia 1 0 Solidago multiradiata 1 0 Senecio lugens 2 0 0 Potentilla fruticosa 2 0 0 0 Festuca altaica 2 0 0 Anemone parviflora 2 0 0 Abietinella abietina 0 0 Tomentypnum nitens 3 1 1 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 2 1 Carex membranacea 0 0 0 Pyrola secunda 1 Rhytidium rugosum 0 1 0 Empetrum nigrum 0 7 0 Aulacomnium palustre 8 1 Iris setosa 0 1 0 0 1 0 Salix glauca 2 2 1 Petasites frigidus 1 1 3 Cladonia sp. 0 1 0 0 Ribes triste 0 1 1 Pleurozium schreberi 3 0 Rubus chamaemorus 1 2 Spiraea beauverdiana 1 3 0 Chamaedaphne calyculata 1 0 1 Ceratodon purpureus 0 1 0 Flavocetraria cucullata 1 Peltigera aphthosa 0 0 Calamagrostis lapponica 0 Poa arctica 0 0 Equisetum pratense 0 0 0 2 Thalictrum alpinum 0 Salix bebbiana 0 Stellaria sp. 0 0 0 Trientalis europaea arctica 0 0 0 Cardamine pratensis angustifolia 0 Salix barclayi 7 Salix monticola 0 Peltigera sp. 0 1 0 0 Carex saxatilis 2 Betula nana 0 2 0 0 Potentilla palustris 0 1 13 5 25 13 Galium trifidum trifidum 0 0 0 0 0 Eriophorum angustifolium 0 7 35 1 Carex aquatilis aquatilis 0 0 0 2 2 35 6 1 Equisetum fluviatile 10 0 5 0 6 4 45 0 Cicuta mackenzieana 0 0 0 0 2 Caltha palustris 0 0 0 3 0 Calliergon sp. 2 1 Carex rostrata 0 10 3 Caltha natans 0 0 Arctophila fulva 2 72 1 Allium schoenoprasum 0 Eleocharis acicularis 1 1 Potamogeton sp. 0 Myriophyllum spicatum 0 8 0 Hippuris vulgaris 0 0 5 Utricularia vulgaris macrorhiza 3 Potamogeton pectinatus 0 Potamogeton alpinus tenuifolius 0 2 Water 1 0 9 5 3 3 1 5 71 100 Sample Size 4 18 2 4 11 15 3 3 2 2 3 3

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 156

Table 116. Areal extent of ecotypes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.

Ecotype ha % Alpine Acidic Barrens 674.6 0.1 Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub 3,248.2 0.2 Alpine Alkaline Barrens 1,811.2 0.1 Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub 412.8 0.0 Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 456.8 0.0 Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 570.6 0.0 Alpine Lake 0.1 0.0 Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow 642.6 0.0 Coastal Barrens 3.0 0.0 Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow 9,253.1 0.7 Coastal Water 2,749.8 0.2 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub 51,977.8 4.0 Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 95,066.9 7.3 Lowland Birch-Willow Low Shrub 92,918.9 7.1 Lowland Black Spruce Forest 13,593.4 1.0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 12,436.1 1.0 Lowland Lake 74,389.0 5.7 Lowland Sedge Fen 47,059.7 3.6 Lowland Willow Low Shrub 16,869.2 1.3 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub 13,799.4 1.1 Riverine Barrens 1,508.5 0.1 Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub 42,587.0 3.3 Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub 318.6 0.0 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub 22,329.7 1.7 Riverine Poplar Forest 5,201.1 0.4 Riverine Water 36,714.8 2.8 Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow 52,263.3 4.0 Riverine White Spruce-Poplar Forest 1,595.7 0.1 Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest 20,580.2 1.6 Riverine Willow Low Shrub 7,362.6 0.6 Snow 1.5 0.0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub 56,803.6 4.4 Upland Birch Forest 7,641.9 0.6 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 42,274.9 3.2 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub 65,862.8 5.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 370,320.5 28.4 Upland Sandy Barrens 409.9 0.0 Upland Sedge-Dryas Meadow 6,541.2 0.5 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest 10,388.4 0.8 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest 62,663.4 4.8 Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland 2,178.7 0.2 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest 23,494.8 1.8 Upland Willow Low Shrub 25,026.3 1.9 Grand Total 1,302,002.7 100

157 Selawik Ecological Land Survey direct means of comparing similarities and ecotype map and differentiates only AVC classes differences in the floristic composition of closely independent of landscape associations, the most associated ecotypes (horizontal order) and for abundant vegetation types were Dwarf evaluating the association of species along Birch–Tussock Shrub (28%), Dwarf Birch–Willow environmental gradients (vertical order). These Low Shrub (16%), Dwarf Birch–Ericaceous Low tables associate common species within an Shrub (11%), Freshwater (9%), White Spruce ecotype. The tables, however, only include species Forest (8%), Alder Tall Shrub (5%), Alder-Willow that are abundant or of relatively high frequency Tall Shrub (4%), Sedge Wet Meadow (4%), Sedge within each ecotype. Similarities and differences in Fen (4%), (Table 117). species composition on the sorted tables are ACCURACY ASSESSMENT consistent with the NMDS results. No independent accuracy assessment was LANDCOVER MAPPING done, so we developed three proxies that provide approximate guidance as to the accuracy of the Three sets of map products were developed by map based on the spectral classification for SNWR the effort to develop a new landcover map for and the adjacent NOAT and KOVA parklands. First SNWR, which extends northward to encompass we quantified the fidelity of the signatures to the Noatak and Kobuk National Park and Preserves themselves during supervised classification. as part of the collaborative effort between FWS Second, the clustering of spectral characteristics and NPS. These products include: (1) a vegetation and cross-tabulation of clusters of similar map consistent with the Alaska Vegetation signatures with ecotypes were used to assess how Classification: (2) a map of ecotypes that better variable the spectral characteristics are of an differentiates the co-varying geomorphology, soils, ecotype. Third, we cross-tabulated the ecotypes of and vegetation of ecosystem types through spectral pixels within training polygons with their mapped analysis and processing; and (3) a soil landscape ecotypes. map based on analysis of vegetation-soil Signature evaluation prior to supervised relationships. The first two map sets are described classification showed the fidelity of signatures to separately below, while the soil landscapes are themselves (percentage of pixels within signature described in a later section. areas correctly classified to themselves) was very VEGETATION AND ECOTYPES high (≥90%) for 49%, high (80–89%) for 27%, The landcover mapping differentiated 26 moderately high (60–79%) for 17%, and low vegetation types and 43 ecotypes (Figures 13 and (<60%) for 7% of signatures. Overall, 76% of the 14), based on a supervised classification of spectral signatures self-classify (80% of pixels within characteristics of Landsat TM images and signatures) and are therefore distinct and separable. modeling and image segmentation using the The ability of the signatures to classify to the physiography and bedrock associated with correct signature ecotype (percentage of pixels ecosubsection maps and digital elevation models. within a signature area classifying to the correct In the final map, eight ecotypes identified by the vegetation type) was very high (≥90%) for 80%, ground data were combined with other classes high (80–89%) for 18%, and moderately high because they could not be mapped separately. The (70–79%) for 2% of the training areas. This most abundant ecotypes within the refuge indicates that the 879 signatures used in the boundaries include Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock supervised classification were highly reliable; the Shrub (28%), Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low signature ecotype was classified correctly (≥80% Shrub (7%), Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub of pixels within signature) in 98% of the training (7%), Lowland Lake (6%), Upland White signatures. Spruce-Ericaceous Forest (5%), Upland Spectral characteristics of ecotypes were Alder-Willow Tall Shrub (4%), Lowland Alder Tall evaluated by cross-tabulating spectral clusters and Shrub (4%), Lowland Sedge Fen (4%), and ecotype determinations from ground data Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow (4%) (Table 116). On (Appendix 8). The spectral clusters were created the vegetation map, which was derived from the by calculating means of band reflectance for every

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 158 162°0'0"W 161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W AmblerAmbler 67°0'0"N

SelawikSelawik 66°30'0"N SelawikSelawik NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge 66°30'0"N

Vegetation Vegetation 66°0'0"N Partially Vegetated Willow Tall Shrub Landcover Map Sedge-Dryas Meadow Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Selawik National Sedge Wet Meadow Alder Tall Shrub Wildlife Refuge Sedge Fen Balsam Poplar Forest

Brackish Sedge–Grass Wet Meadow Paper Birch Forest ctic Ocea Ar n 66°0'0"N Dryas Dwarf Shrub White Spruce–Balsam Poplar Forest Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub Spruce-Paper Birch Forest Figure 13 Cassiope Dwarf Shrub White Spruce–Lichen Woodland Draft

Ericaceous Shrub Bog White Spruce Forest $ Approximate scale = 1:600,000 Dwarf Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub Black Spruce Forest 4 Selawik National 5 0 5 10 15 20 Wildlife Refuge Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub Fresh Water Vegetation classes are Level III of the Alaska Miles Vegetation Classification (Viereck et al. 1992) Dwarf Birch–Willow Low Shrub Coastal Water and are aggregated from classes derived from 10 0 10 20 30 Kilometers the landcover spectral database. Kilometers of Ala ulf ska Willow Low Shrub Snow Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters G ABR file: Selawik_Vegetation_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009

161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W

162°0'0"W 161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W AmblerAmbler 67°0'0"N

SelawikSelawik 66°30'0"N SelawikSelawik NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge 66°30'0"N

The classification of local-scale ecosystems (ecotypes) combines physiography (e.g., riverine, coastal), topography (DEM), geology and vegetation from the landcover spectral database derived from the satellite image processing. These layers are used to model ecotypes in a way that best partitions geomorphic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetative characteristics. Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters Ecotype Class

66°0'0"N Ecotype Class Landcover Map Selawik National Alpine Alkaline Barrens Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Riverine Willow Low Shrub Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub Wildlife Refuge Alpine Acidic Barrens Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Upland Sandy Barrens Riverine Poplar Forest ctic Ocea Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland Riverine White Spruce-Poplar Forest Ar n 66°0'0"N Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Lowland Sedge Fen Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow Figure 14 Alpine Lake Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Draft

Upland Sedge-Dryas Meadow Lowland Birch-Willow Low Shrub Riverine Water 4 $ Upland Willow Low Shrub Lowland Willow Low Shrub Coastal Barrens Approximate scale = Approximate scale = 1:600,000 Selawik National Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub Lowland Alder Tall Shrub Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow 5 0 5 10 15 20 Wildlife Refuge Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Lowland Black Spruce Forest Coastal Water Miles Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Lowland Lake Snow 10 0 10 20 30 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Barrens Kilometers lf of Alask Gu a Upland Birch Forest Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub ABR file: Selawik_Ecotype_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009

161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W

Table 117. Areal extent of vegetation classes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. SELA Vegetation Class ha % Alder Tall Shrub 65,777.2 5.1 Alder-Willow Tall Shrub 56,803.6 4.4 Balsam Poplar Forest 5,201.1 0.4 Black Spruce Forest 13,593.4 1.0 Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet Meadow 9,253.1 0.7 Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 456.8 0.0 Coastal Water 2,749.8 0.2 Dryas Dwarf Shrub 3,979.5 0.3 Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 137,341.8 10.5 Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 370,320.5 28.4 Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub 201,368.7 15.5 Ericaceous Shrub Bog 12,436.1 1.0 Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 570.6 0.0 Fresh Water 111,103.9 8.5 Paper Birch Forest 7,641.9 0.6 Partially Vegetated 4,407.3 0.3 Sedge Fen 47,059.7 3.6 Sedge Wet Meadow 52,905.9 4.1 Sedge-Dryas Meadow 6,541.2 0.5 Snow 1.5 0.0 Spruce-Paper Birch Forest 10,388.4 0.8 White Spruce Forest 106,738.4 8.2 White Spruce-Balsam Poplar Forest 1,595.7 0.1 White Spruce-Lichen Woodland 2,178.7 0.2 Willow Low Shrub 49,258.2 3.8 Willow Tall Shrub 22,329.7 1.7 Grand Total 1,302,002.7 100

band for each training polygon and then clustering We evaluated map accuracy of individual the 6 band means. This helps evaluate how variable ecotypes by comparing the mapping results within the spectral characteristics are for each ecotype and training polygons with the original ground data. how well individual spectral clusters associate with The cross-tabulation revealed that 86% of pixels in individual ecotypes. Ecotypes with distinct spectral 879 training polygons were mapped to the correct characteristics include alpine barren types, dryas ecotype (Appendix 9). These training polygons dwarf shrub types, Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock represented the ground points used to create map Shrub, alder types, white spruce forest types, and signatures for which good vegetation assessments water. Ecotypes where unique spectral and locations were available. After weighting the characteristics were not evident include Upland calculation to reflect the relative abundance of Sedge–Dryas Meadow, dwarf birch–ericaceous and ecotypes in the region from which training dwarf birch–willow types, deciduous and mixed polygons primarily were derived, map accuracy forest types, and wet meadow types. Overall, for was 80%. The cross-tabulation of 25 mapped 65% of observations there was a strong association vegetation types reveals that 94% of training of spectral characteristics and ecotypes. polygon pixels were mapped correctly (Appendix

163 Selawik Ecological Land Survey 10). After removing 2 water classes and weighting and ultra-mafic bedrock on moderately steep (avg. remaining classes for abundance, accuracy was 7°) slopes between 500–800 meters elevation (avg. 86%. Three vegetation classes had map accuracies 600 m). Soils are predominantly rubbly, gravelly, below 65%, Alder Tall Shrub, Sedge Fen, and or blocky; circumneutral; and very poorly to Sedge–Dryas Meadow. This resulted from somewhat poorly drained. Permafrost is often confusion among Alder Tall Shrub, Alder–Willow difficult to determine in the rocky soils. Common Tall Shrub and Balsam Poplar, and Sedge Fen, soils include Typic Aquorthels and Typic dwarf shrub classes, and Sedge–Dryas Meadow. Aquiturbels. Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra is the Inconsistencies for ecotypes were due to similar most common vegetation type in this soil errors, plus prevalent problems with differentiating landscape. Typical species include Carex physiography based on model rules. For example, bigelowii, Eriophorum angustifolium, Arctagrostis alpine elevation definitions caused errors in alpine latifolia, Carex capillaris, Juncus biglumis, and versus lowland lake designations, and alpine Pedicularis sudetica. Bare soil and surface versus lowland sedge meadows. There was also fragments are always present with low to moderate confusion among riverine, lowland, and upland cover. low willow classes based on rules defining those Alpine Rocky Acidic Barrens and Shrub physiographic units. An unknown portion of this error also was due to spatial registration where the This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: ground plot did not correspond to the respective Alpine Acidic Barrens, Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf map pixel because of both GPS and satellite Shrub, and Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub. positional error. The terrain includes hillside colluvium, talus, older The cross-tabulations of agreement between glacial moraines, and residual soils on moderately the map and ground classification provide an steep to very steep (avg. 13º) slopes between approximate upper limit of the accuracy of the 250–1200 m elevation (avg. 660 m). Bedrock map, while the evaluation of the spectral geology tends to be igneous intrusive or uniqueness of the mapped ecotypes provides an noncarbonate sedimentary. Soils are predominantly approximate lower limit of map accuracy. We also rubbly or blocky; circumneutral to acidic; and recognize that there are potential misclassifications excessively to moderately well drained. Permafrost associated with physiographic distinctions is often difficult to determine in the rocky soils. generated by the classification strata. Chemistry of Common soil types associated with this soil bedrock, elevation models, and features landscape include Typic Dystrogelepts, Typic differentiating upland and lowland classes are not Haploturbels, Typic Gelorthents, Typic homogenous and are prone to some errors of scale Eutrogelepts, and Lithic Cryorthents. Uncommon that are not readily determined without a full soil types include: Typic Haplorthels, Typic accuracy assessment. However, based on the proxy Umbriturbels, Humic Dystrogelepts, and Lithic methods we have evaluated the accuracy of the 44 Dystrogelepts. Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra mapped ecotypes, which were derived from both is often associated with this soil landscape. spectral characteristics and modeling to reduce Characteristic species include Dryas octopetala, error, is probably between 65% and 80%. Hierochloe alpina, Antennaria friesiana, Minuartia arctica, Flavocetraria nivalis, Flavocetraria cucullata, Thamnolia vermicularis, SOIL LANDSCAPES Bryocaulon divergens, and Racomitrium CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF lanuginosum. Bare soil and surface fragments SOIL LANDSCAPES always occurred with low to moderate cover. Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra is another common vegetation Alpine Rocky Wet Meadow type that occurs in the alpine rocky acidic barrens The Alpine Rocky Wet Meadow soil and shrub soil landscape. Frequently occurring landscape comprises a single ecotype: Alpine Wet species include Dryas octopetala, Salix Sedge Meadow. The terrain includes hillside phlebophylla, Vaccinium uliginosum, Hierochloe colluvium over non-carbonate sedimentary, mafic, alpina, Saxifraga bronchialis, Flavocetraria

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 164

nivalis, and Rhytidium rugosum. Bare soil and (avg. 80 m). Soils are predominantly sandy with surface fragments occur in low to moderate very few to no coarse fragments in the upper meter abundance. of soil; circumneutral to alkaline; and excessively drained. Permafrost is always >1 m below the soil Alpine Rocky Alkaline Barrens and Shrub surface. This soil landscape is affiliated with only This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes: one soil type, Typic Cryopsamments. Barrens and Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Alpine Partially Vegetated Barrens are common vegetation Alkaline Barrens, Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub, types associated with this soil landscape and Alpine Mafic Barrens. The terrain includes hillside include the species Bromus pumpellianus, colluvium, talus, and residual soils on moderately Calamagrostis purpurascens, Cnidium steep to very steep (avg. 19º) slopes between cnidiifolium, Oxytropis kobukensis, Senecio 100–1400 m elevation (avg. 600 m). Bedrock ogotorukensis, and Artemisia furcata. Bare sand geology is mafic- and ultramafic-igneous intrusive provides 70–100% cover. or carbonate sedimentary. Soils are predominantly rubbly or blocky; circumneutral to alkaline; and Upland Sandy Forest well to excessively well drained. Permafrost is This soil landscape comprises two ecotypes, often difficult to determine in the rocky soils. Upland White Spruce–Dryas Woodland, and Common soil types include Typic Gelorthents, Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland. The Typic Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic upland sandy forest soil landscape occurred on low Cryorthents. Uncommon soils include Typic gradient (avg. 3º) inactive and active sand dunes Haploturbels, Humic Eutrogelepts, Lithic between 50–100 m elevation (avg. 70 m). Soils are Eutrogelepts, and Typic Haplogelolls. Dryas Dwarf predominantly sandy with very few to no coarse Shrub Tundra is a common vegetation type that fragments in the upper meter of soil; acidic to occurs in the alpine rocky alkaline barrens and alkaline; and excessively to somewhat excessively shrub soil landscape. Typical species include Dryas drained. Soils on inactive sand dunes were more octopetala, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Androsace developed, including Typic Haplocryepts and chamaejasme, Carex scirpoidea, Silene acaulis, Typic Dystrocryepts, than those on active dunes, Dactylina arctica, and Thamnolia vermicularis. which included Typic Cryopsamments. Open Bare soil and surface fragments have low to White Spruce Forest and White Spruce Woodland moderate cover. Barrens is another vegetation type are common vegetation types associated with this that commonly occurs in this soil landscape. Bare soil landscape. Picea glauca forms an open soil and surface fragments dominate this vegetation needleleaf canopy. On alkaline sites, characteristic type, but a low cover of a rich assemblage of understory species include Dryas integrifolia, vascular and nonvascular species also occur, Arctostaphylos rubra, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, including Dryas octopetala, Salix arctica, Shepherdia canadensis, Juniperus communis, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Minuartia arctica, Solidago multiradiata, Oxytropis kobukensis, Potentilla uniflora, Lesquerella arctica, Vulpicida Stereocaulon sp., and Abietinella abietina. On tilesii, Thamnolia vermicularis, and Racomitrium acidic sites, frequent understory species include lanuginosum. The lichens Flavocetraria nivalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, and Flavocetraria cucullata also are commonly Geocaulon lividum, Betula nana, Cladina stellaris, present. and Stereocaulon sp. At all sites, bare sand is commonly present with low to moderate cover. Upland Sandy Barrens This soil landscape comprises a single Upland Rocky–Loamy Circumalkaline Low ecotype, Upland Sandy Barrens, and is limited in Shrublands and Forests its spatial extent to the sand dunes associated with This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: the Little Kobuk Sand Dunes where they extend Upland Willow Low Shrub, Upland Sedge–Dryas into SNWR. The upland sandy barrens soil Meadow, and Upland White Spruce–Willow landscape occur on low to moderate gradient (avg. Forest. The terrain includes low to moderately 3º) active sand dunes between 50–100 m elevation steep (avg. 9º slope) hillside colluvium, old glacial

165 Selawik Ecological Land Survey moraines, retransported deposits, and alluvial fan sedimentary, and igneous intrusive. Soils are deposits between 75–800 m elevation (avg. 290 predominantly loamy, rubbly, or blocky; m). Bedrock geology tends to be carbonate circumneutral to acidic; and somewhat excessively sedimentary. Soils are predominantly loamy, to moderately well drained. Permafrost is often rubbly, or blocky; circumneutral to alkaline; and difficult to determine in the rocky soils. Common well drained to somewhat poorly drained. soil types include Typic Dystrocryepts, Typic Permafrost is often difficult to determine in soils Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplocryepts, Typic with high rock fragment content. At well and Haplorthels, and Eutric Humicryepts. Uncommon moderately well drained sites, soils were Typic soils include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Historthels, Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic Typic Cryopsamments, Typic Haplocryods, and Histoturbels. Soils at somewhat poorly drained Typic Haplocryolls. Open White Spruce Forest and sites include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Aquiturbels, White Spruce Woodland are common vegetation and Ruptic-histic Aquiturbels. Uncommon soils types associated with this soil landscape. include Humic Eutrogelepts, Typic Historthels, Characteristic species include Picea glauca, Alnus Typic Gelaquepts, Typic Haploturbels, and Typic crispa, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium Haplogelolls. Open White Spruce Forest vitis-idaea, Empetrum nigrum, Calamagrostis frequently occurs in this soil landscape on well canadensis, Ledum decumbens, Hylocomium drained sites. This vegetation type is characterized splendens, and Pleurozium schreberi. Open Tall by an open canopy of Picea glauca overtopping Alder Shrub and Closed Tall Alder Shrub often Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii, Alnus crispa, occur in this soil landscape. Typical species include Vaccinium uliginosum, Arctostaphylos rubra, Salix Alnus crispa, Spiraea beauverdiana, Salix reticulata, Festuca altaica, Saussurea angustifolia, planifolia ssp. pulchra, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Hylocomium splendens. Open Low Willow Calamagrostis canadensis, Epilobium Shrub also commonly occurs on well drained sites angustifolium,Polemonium acutiflorum, and in this soil landscape. Dominant species include Aconitum delphinifolium. Open Paper Birch Forest Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii, Salix reticulata, frequently occurs in this soil landscape on old Vaccinium uliginosum, Cassiope tetragona, glacial moraines and loess. A typical stand features Equisetum arvense, Festuca altaica, Valeriana an open canopy of Betula papyrifera with Picea capitata, and Tomentypnum nitens. Moist glauca seedlings below. The understory typically Sedge–Dryas Tundra is often associated with this includes Alnus crispa, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, soil landscape at poorly drained sites. Typical Spiraea beauverdiana, Calamagrostis canadensis, species include Dryas integrifolia, Salix lanata ssp. and Poytrichum juniperinum. richardsonii, Salix arctica, Lagotis glauca, Upland Rocky–Loamy Acidic Low Shrublands Saxifraga hirculus, Thalictrum alpinum, Carex bigelowii, Carex scirpoidea, Arctagrostis latifolia, This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: Flavocetraria cucullata, and Tomentypnum nitens. Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub, Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, and Upland Spiraea Upland Rocky–Loamy Circumacidic Tall Low Shrub. The terrain includes moderately steep Shrublands and Forests to steep (avg. 11º) hillside colluvium, loess, old This soil landscape comprises six ecotypes: glacial moraines, and solifluction deposits between Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub, Upland 30–1100 m elevation (avg. 450 m). Bedrock Bluejoint Meadow, Upland Willow Tall Shrub, geology tends to be non-carbonate metamorphic, Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest, Upland non-carbonate sedimentary, and igneous intrusive. Birch Forest, and Upland Spruce–Birch Forest. Soils are predominantly loamy, blocky, or rubbly; The terrain includes moderately steep to steep circumneutral to acidic; and well to somewhat (avg. 17º slope) hillside colluvium, inactive sand poorly drained. Permafrost is often difficult to dunes, loess, old glacial moraines, and determine in the rocky soils. At well drained sites, retransported deposits between 30–800 m elevation common soil types include Typic Dystrogelepts, (avg. 300 m). Bedrock geology tends to be Typic Haplorthels, Typic Haploturbels, and Typic non-carbonate metamorphic, non-carbonate Dystrocryepts. At poorly drained sites, common

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 166

soils include Typic Historthels, Typic Aquorthels, Lowland Bogs and Fens and Typic Aquiturbels. Both Open and Closed Low This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: Mesic Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub communities Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen, Lowland Sedge Fen, commonly occur in this soil landscape on and Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog. This soil well-drained sites. Characteristic species include landscape includes a wide range of terrain units, Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium the most common are fens, bogs, abandoned vitis-idaea, Ledum decumbens, Salix planifolia ssp. riverine overbank deposits, drained lake basins, pulchra, Empetrum nigrum, and Carex bigelowii. and thaw basins. This soil landscape occurs Open Low Willow Shrub is a common vegetation between sea level and 1000 m elevation (avg. 200 type on poorly drained sites in this soil landscape. m). Slope gradient in this soil landscape is Frequently occurring species include Salix generally flat (avg. <1º), but may range as high as 4 planifolia ssp. pulchra, Salix reticulata, Vaccinium degrees. Soils typically feature thick peat above uliginosum, Arctagrostis latifolia, Carex bigelowii, loamy or sandy mineral soil. The soils are very Poa arctica, and Aulacomnium palustre. poorly to somewhat poorly drained, the water table Upland Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands is very shallow to above ground, and permafrost often occurs within one meter of the soil surface. This soil landscape comprises one ecotype: Major soils include Typic Fibristels and Typic Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub. This soil Historthels. Minor soils include Terric Fibristels, landscape encompasses an array of terrain units. Sphagnic Cryofibrists, Sphagnic Fibristels, and The most common include bogs, old glacial Typic Aquorthels. Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss moraines, hillside colluvium, loess, thaw basins, Bog Meadow is the most common vegetation type drained lake basins, and abandoned riverine that occurs in this soil landscape. Characteristic overbank deposits. This soil landscape occurs species include Carex aquatilis, Betula nana, between 5–100 m elevation (avg. 260 m). Slope Andromeda polifolia, Eriophorum russeolum, and gradient in this soil landscape is generally low to Sphagnum sp. Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra is very low (avg. <2º). Soils typically feature a thick, another vegetation type that frequently occurs in organic-rich surface layer above loamy mineral this soil landscape. Typical species include Carex soils. The soils are poorly to somewhat poorly aquatilis, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex drained largely due to the shallow depth to chordorrhiza, Carex rotundata, Betula nana, and permafrost. Major soils include Typic Aquiturbels, Salix fuscescens. Cover by surface water often Typic Historthels, Typic Fibristels, and Typic occurs at moderately high levels in both vegetation Hemistels. Minor soils include Typic Histoturbels, types. Typic Haploturbels, Terric Fibristels, and Terric Hemistels. Open Low Mixed Shrub–Sedge Lowland Organic-rich Shrub and Forests Tussock tundra is the most common vegetation This soil landscape comprises five ecotypes: type associated with this soil landscape. This Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, Lowland vegetation type is characterized by Betula nana, Birch–Willow Low Shrub, Lowland Alder Tall Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, Shrub, Lowland Willow Low Shrub, and Lowland Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex bigelowii, and Black Spruce Forest. The terrain includes low to Sphagnum spp. Tussock Tundra is another very low gradient (avg. 3º) landforms, such as common vegetation type is this soil landscape. The hillside colluvium, old glacial moraines, species composition is similar to the above abandoned riverine overbank deposits, loess over vegetation type with <25% cover of shrubs. glacial till, thaw basins, and drained lake basins Typical species include Eriophorum vaginatum, between sea level and 1000 m elevation (avg. 230 Betula nana, Ledum decumbens, Rubus m). Soils are very poorly to moderately well chamaemorus, Vaccinium uliginosum, and drained and composed predominantly of Sphagnum spp. organic-rich loams and silt loams with a moderately thick to thick organic cap. Permafrost commonly occurs within one meter of the soil

167 Selawik Ecological Land Survey surface. Common soils include Typic Aquorthels, aphthosa. Open Balsam Poplar Forest is another Typic Historthels, Typic Aquiturbels, Typic common vegetation type that occurs in the riverine Hemistels, and Typic Histoturbels. Uncommon gravelly-loamy forest soil landscape. Typical soils include Typic Gelaquepts, Typic species include Populus balsamifera, Salix Dystrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic alaxensis, Shepherdia canadensis, Aster sibiricus, Haploturbels. Open Low Shrub Birch-Willow Artemisia tilesii, Hedysarum alpinum, and Shrub commonly occurs in this soil landscape on Cypripedium passerinum. Riverine sands and silts poorly drained sites. Characteristic species include often are exposed at the soil surface at moderately Betula nana, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra, high abundance. Vaccinium uliginosum, Ledum decumbens, Carex Riverine Gravelly Barrens and Shrublands bigelowii, Eriophorum vaginatum, Petasites frigidus, Cladina arbuscula, Hylocomium This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes: splendens, and Aulacomnium palustre. On sites Riverine Barrens, Riverine Moist Willow Tall with better drainage, Open Black Spruce Forest is Shrub, Riverine Willow Low Shrub, and Riverine common. Typical species include Picea mariana, Dryas Dwarf Shrub. It occurs on very low gradient Ledum decumbens, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium (avg. <1º) fluvial terrain, including active coarse uliginosum, Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus, and fine channel deposits, and active overbank Carex bigelowii, and Cladina rangiferina. deposits along braided and meandering rivers between sea level and 600 m elevation (avg. 170 Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Forests m). The soils are sandy, gravelly, or bouldery, and This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes: typically lack a surficial organic horizon. The soils Riverine Poplar Forest, Riverine White are excessively to moderately well drained, and Spruce–Poplar Forest, Riverine White circumneutral to alkaline. Depth to permafrost, if Spruce–Alder Forest, Riverine White present, was difficult to determine given the rocky Spruce–Willow Forest. This soil landscape soils. Common soil subgroups include Oxyaquic typically occurs on very low gradient sites (avg. Cryorthents, Typic Gelorthents, Oxyaquic <1º) on fluvial surfaces, including active and Gelorthents, Typic Cryopsamments, and Oxyaquic inactive overbank deposits along braided and Cryopsamments. Less common soils include meandering rivers, inactive coarse channel Fluvaquentic Haplorthels, Typic Eutrogelepts, deposits along braided rivers and on fluvial fans, Typic Gelaquents, and Typic Cryorthents. Barrens and inactive fine channel deposits along and Partially Vegetated Barrens are common meandering rivers. This soil landscape ranges in vegetation types in this soil landscape. These sites elevation between 15–500 m. The soils are sandy, are dominated by riverine sands and gravels at the loamy, or gravelly with many thin buried horizons soil surface. Vegetation includes scattered and a thin organic surficial horizon. The soils are individuals of Salix alaxensis, Epilobium somewhat excessively to moderately well drained, latifolium, Aster sibiricus, Artemisia tilesii, and circumneutral to alkaline. Permafrost rarely Hedysarum alpinum, Astragalus alpinus, occurs in the upper meter of the soil profile. Wilhelmsia physodes, and Populus balsamifera Common soil types include Typic Gelorthents, seedlings. Open Tall Willow Shrub also commonly Typic Cryorthents, Typic Gelifluvents, Typic occurs in this soil landscape. The species Cryopsamments, and Typic Cryofluvents. composition is similar to the above vegetation type Uncommon soils include Typic Haplorthels, Aquic with a higher abundance of shrubs and herbaceous Haplorthels, and Typic Aquorthels. Open White species, and less bare ground. Additional species Spruce Forest is a common vegetation type in this include Shepherdia canadensis, Arctostaphylos soil landscape. Characteristic species include Picea rubra, Equisetum arvense, and Galium boreale. glauca, Alnus crispa, Arctostaphylos rubra, Rosa Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra is a less common acicularis, Mertensia paniculata, Equisetum vegetation type in the riverine gravel barrens and arvense, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Peltigera shrublands soil landscape. Characteristic species

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 168

include Dryas drummondii, Aster yukonensis, are loamy, and occasionally sandy with a thin Artemisia borealis, Bromus pumpellianus, organic horizon at the surface. The soils range from Oxytropis campestris, and Senecio ogotorukensis. flooded to moderately well drained, and from alkaline to brackish closer to the coast. Permafrost Riverine Loamy Meadows and Shrublands often occurred below the maximum depth sampled This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes: (1 m), and we assumed in these cases it occurred Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub, Riverine Alder between one and two meters below the soil surface. Tall Shrub, Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub, and The most common soil subgroups are Typic Riverine Bluejoint Meadow. This soil landscape Gelaquents. A less common subgroup is occurs on very low gradient (avg. <1º) fluvial sites, Fluvaquentic Aquorthels. Wet Sedge Meadow including inactive overbank deposits along braided Tundra is a frequently occurring vegetation type in and meandering rivers, inactive fine channel this soil landscape. Common species include Carex deposits along meandering rivers and fluvial fans, aquatilis, Carex saxatilis, Carex capitata, and on floodplains along headwater streams. Eriophorum angustifolium, Polemonium Elevation ranges from sea level to approximately acutiflorum, Saxifraga hirculus, and Scorpidium 600 m (avg. 90 m). The soils are loamy, with a thin scorpioides. Other common vegetation types in surficial organic horizon. The soils are somewhat this soil landscape are Emergent Horsetail and poorly to well drained, and circumalkaline to Fresh Pondweed. Characteristic species include acidic. We assume permafrost occurs in the upper Equisetum fluvatile, Potamogeton pectinatus, 1–2 m of the soil profile. Common soils at poorly Potamogeton vaginatus, Hippuris vulgaris, drained sites in this soil landscape include Eleocharis acicularis, Caltha palustris, and Fluvaquentic Haplorthels and Fluvaquentic Scorpidium scorpioides. Cover by surface water Aquorthels. At sites with better drainage, Typic and mineral soil always occurs at moderately high Dystrogelepts, Typic Gelifluvents, and Typic levels. Gelorthents are common. Open Tall Willow Shrub and Closed Tall Willow Shrub are common Rivers vegetation types in this soil landscape. Picea Rivers, including non-glacial upper and lower glauca seedlings are commonly found beneath a perennial rivers and mountain headwater streams, tall shrub layer composed of Salix planifolia ssp. are common throughout SNWR. Examples of pulchra and Salix alaxensis. Additional understory perennial rivers include the Selawik R., Kobuk R., species include Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus and Tagagawik R., while examples of mountain arcticus, and Calamagrostis canadensis. Closed headwater streams include Shinilikrok and Ekiek Tall Alder Shrub is another common vegetation Creeks. Slope gradient of upper and lower type in the Riverine Loamy Meadows and perennial rivers averaged <1º, while mountain Shrublands soil landscape. Characteristic species headwater streams had an average slope of 3.0 include Alnus crispa, Salix alaxensis, Spiraea degrees. Hydrology is strongly linked to annual beauverdiana, Rubus arcticus, Calamagrostis snow pack, with peak discharge occurring in June canadensis, Polemonium acutiflorum, and when snow-melt is occurring most rapidly. Aconitum delphinifolium. Precipitation plays a secondary role in the hydrology of these streams and rivers later in the Riverine Loamy Wet Meadows and Marshes summer when peak rain fall occurs in August. This soil landscape comprises two ecotypes: Water chemistry is circumneutral to alkaline, and Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow and Riverine Forb electrical conductivity is low. Marsh. This soil landscape occurs on flat and concave fluvial surfaces, including inactive Riverine Lakes overbank deposits along meandering rivers, Riverine lakes occur on floodplains along inactive coarse channel deposits along braided meandering non-glacial lower perennial rivers in streams, and shallow riverine lakes between sea the study area. The hydrology of these lakes is level and 250 m elevation (avg. 80 m). The soils intimately linked to the hydrology of the associated

169 Selawik Ecological Land Survey rivers as they receive fresh river water inputs each Lacustrine Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and year during flood events. Riverine lakes occur in Shrublands the deeper portions of inactive channels and in This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: oxbows cut off from the main channel. Water Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow, Lacustrine Willow chemistry is circumneutral to alkaline, and Shrub, and Lacustrine Barrens. It occurs on low electrical conductivity is low. Aquatic vegetation gradient sites (avg. 1º) in drained lake basins and commonly occurs along the edges of these lakes, thaw basins between 10–900 m elevation (avg. 200 and may include Equisetum fluvatile, Utricularia m). Soils are loamy with a thin organic horizon at vulgaris, Sparganium sp., Myriophyllum the surface. Permafrost often occurs within the verticillatum, Potamogeton alpinus ssp. upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types tenuifolius, Potamogeton zosterifolius, Hippuris include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Umbrorthels, and vulgaris, Scorpidium scorpioides. Aquic Umbrorthels. Barrens and Partially Lowland Lakes Vegetated Barrens are common vegetation types in recently drained lake basins in this soil landscape. Lowland lakes are abundant throughout the These sites are dominated by exposed mineral soil, study area and occupy both deep and shallow kettle but scattered plants are present. Typical species and thermokarst depressions. Dune lakes are a include Epilobium latifolium, Epilobium palustre, unique type of lowland lake that occur in Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex aquatilis, depressions in the Kobuk Sand Dunes and on sand Arctophila fulva, and Caltha palustris. Bluejoint dunes near the coast. Water chemistry is Meadow is another common vegetation type older circumneutral to alkaline, and electrical drained lake basins and thaw basins. Characteristic conductivity is low. Aquatic vegetation may occur species include Calamagrostis canadensis, in the shallower sections of lowland lakes, and may Equisetum arvense, Polemonium acutiflorum, include Sparganium sp., Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, and Stellaria longipes. Hippuris vulgaris, Utricularia minor, Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius, Potamogeton perfoliatus Lacustrine Organic-rich Wet Meadows ssp. richardsonii, Potamogeton filiformis, Lemna This soil landscape comprises two ecotypes: trisulca, and Eleocharis acicularis. Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and Lacustrine Lacustrine Marshes Buckbean Fen. This soil landscape occurs in fens, drained lake basins, and along the margins of thaw This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes: lakes between 5–450 m elevation (avg. 100 m). Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh, Lacustrine Soils feature thick peat over loam, are very poorly Marestail Marsh, Lacustrine Pondlily Lake, and to somewhat poorly drained, and are acidic to Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh. This soil landscape circumneutral. Permafrost sometimes occurs in the occurs in shallow and deep thaw lakes and kettle upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types lakes between 5–1000 m elevation (avg. 200 m). include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Historthels, and Soils are permanently flooded, and permafrost is Typic Cryofibrists. Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog typically greater than one meter below the soil Meadow is a common vegetation type is this soil surface. Water chemistry is circumneutral, and landscape. Characteristic species include electrical conductivity is low. The vegetation type, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, Carex Common Marestail, frequently occurs in this soil limosa, Carex chordorrhiza, Cicuta mackenzieana, landscape. Typical species include Hippuris and Sphagnum obtusum. Wet Sedge Meadow vulgaris, Utricularia vulgaris, Menyanthes Tundra is another vegetation type that frequently trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, and Arctophila occurs in this soil landscape. Typical species fulva. Another common vegetation type in the include Carex chordorrhiza, Eriophorum lacustrine marshes soil landscape is Fresh Grass angustifolium, Carex aquatilis, Potentilla Marsh. Characteristic species include Arctophila palustris, Sphagnum sp., and Calliergon fulva, Hippuris vulgaris, and Caltha palustris. giganteum.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 170

Coastal Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and Shrub well as estuarine waters and coastal lakes that are This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes: influenced by both fresh and nearshore brackish Coastal Barrens, Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh, water. These waters are flooded periodically with and Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow. This saltwater during high tides or storm surges, soil landscape occurs on active and inactive tidal subsequently resulting in fluctuations in salinity flats along the ocean waters of the Chukchi Sea, levels. Ocean waters are saline. Some lakes have Kotzebue Sound, and Hotham Inlet. This soil distinct outlets or have been tapped and partially landscape is restricted to coastal areas. Soils are drained through erosional processes. Shallow lakes loamy and occasionally sandy with a thin to (<1.5 m deep) freeze to the bottom during winter. moderately thick surficial organic horizons, very This soil landscape is predominantly poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and brackish non-vegetated. to saline. Permafrost is commonly found in the SOIL LANDSCAPES MAPPING upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types The maps of soil landscapes were developed include Typic Aquorthels, Fluvaquentic Fibristels, by aggregating and recoding the ecotypes into a and Typic Historthels. Halophytic Sedge–Grass reduced set of 19 closely related soil subgroups and Wet Meadow is a common vegetation type in this ecotypes (Table 118; Figure 15). The soil soil landscape. Characteristic species include landscapes are named by their physiography, soil Carex ramenskii, Stellaria humifusa, Potentilla texture, and dominant vegetation structure. This egedii, Chrysanthemum arcticum, and Puccinellia layer is intended for users who require a reduced phryganodes. set of classes with relatively high map accuracy, Coastal Water that are particularly relevant to the management of Coastal Water includes the ocean waters of a wide range of natural resources,. Accuracy is Bering Strait, Kotzebue Sound and Chukchi Sea as presumed to be high because closely related classes

Table 118. Areal extent of soil landscapes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). SNWR Soil Landscape ha % Alpine Rocky Acidic Barrens and Shrublands 4,493.4 0.3 Alpine Rocky Alkaline Barrens and Shrublands 2,680.8 0.2 Alpine Rocky Wet Meadows 642.6 0.0 Coastal Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and Shrublands 9,256.1 0.7 Coastal Water 2,749.8 0.2 Fresh Water 111,103.9 8.5 Lowland Bogs and Fens 59,495.8 4.6 Lowland Organic-rich Shrublands and Forests 270,426.2 20.8 Riverine Gravelly Barrens and Shrublands 31,519.4 2.4 Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Forests 27,377.0 2.1 Riverine Loamy Meadows and Shrublands 56,386.4 4.3 Riverine Loamy Wet Meadows and Marshes 52,263.3 4.0 Snow 1.5 0.0 Upland Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands 370,320.5 28.4 Upland Rocky-Loamy Acidic Low Shrublands 108,137.8 8.3 Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumacidic Tall Shrublands and Forests 137,497.3 10.6 Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumalkaline Low Shrublands and Forests 55,062.3 4.2 Upland Sandy Barrens 409.9 0.0 Upland Sandy Forests 2,178.7 0.2 Grand Total 1,302,002.7 100

171 Selawik Ecological Land Survey within physiographic regions, which tend to be gradient, with 288 mm occurring at Cape Lisburne highly interspersed spatially, are grouped. and 291 mm at Wales in the west, to 424 mm at Of the nineteen soil landscapes mapped in Kobuk in the east. When the modeled effects of SNWR, commonly occurring classes were Upland elevation are included, the highest MAP at approx. Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands (28% of total 700 mm is in the Purcell Mountains (Figure 17). area), Lowland Organic-rich Shrublands and Note, however, that precipitation can be Forests (21%), Upland Rocky–Loamy underestimated as a result of problems with Circumacidic Tall Shrublands and Forests (11%), measuring blowing snow in the Arctic. All stations and Fresh Water (9%), (Table 118). Together, the follow similar seasonal patterns: summers are short four riverine soil landscapes (not including (June through August), winters are long, and most Riverine Water which was grouped with Fresh of the precipitation falls during July, August, and Water) covered 13% of the area, an unusually high September. Additionally, there is an elevational abundance of riverine landscapes compared to gradient in temperature, with cooler summers and other regions. generally warmer and windier winters at higher elevations, the latter due to the pooling of cold air FACTORS AFFECTING LANDSCAPE in valleys. Hammond and Yarie (1996) estimate EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEM that growing season temperatures at high DEVELOPMENT elevations in the western Brooks Range average 2 The structure and function of ecosystems are to 3° C cooler than in adjacent valley bottoms. regulated largely along gradients of energy, Limited data from Racine (1979) also indicate that moisture, nutrients, and disturbance. These air temperatures during the summer are colder in gradients are affected by climate, tectonic effects coastal areas compared to inland areas. on physiography, and parent material as controlled These strong climatic gradients have resulted by bedrock geology and geomorphology (Swanson in a wide range of ecological responses evident on et al. 1988, ECOMAP 1993, Bailey 1996). Thus, the ecotype maps. Because of low summer these large-scale ecosystem components can be temperatures at low to intermediate elevations, viewed as state factors that affect ecological vegetation is dominated by graminoids, low and organization (Jenny 1941, Van Cleve et al. 1990, dwarf shrubs, mosses, and lichens, and tussock Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1996). Information on how tundra is prevalent. At intermediate elevations in these landscape components have affected the eastern margins of SNWR, relatively high ecosystem patterns and processes in SNWR were summer temperatures (12–13°C July mean) allow synthesized from our results and relevant literature. for the growth of the northwestern-most needleleaf trees in North America. At higher elevations, CLIMATE summer temperatures are lower and winds are Climate is a dominant factor affecting stronger; as a result alpine areas frequently are ecosystem distribution (Walter 1979). Long-term barren or support only a sparse cover of lichens, weather stations surrounding SNWR reveal strong mosses, and a few vascular species. gradients in temperature and precipitation in the Climatic conditions also have varied region. Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) considerably over time. Stable isotope analysis of ranged from −3.2°C at Nome (1949–1999) in the ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica reveal south, to –6.0°C at Wales (1949–1999), –5.8°C at numerous large, rapid shifts in climate during the Kotzebue, –5.8°C at Kobuk, –8.1°C at Cape Pleistocene (Bradley 1999). These changes have Lisburne, and –11.8°C at Umiat in the north resulted in multiple episodes of glaciation, (WRCC 2001). When the modeled effects of associated loess deposition, and sea-level elevation are included, the coldest MAAT is –8°C fluctuations (Hopkins 1982), and have been in the Purcell and Selawik Mountains (Figure 16). documented in numerous geomorphic and Mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranged from 408 paleoecological studies in the Bering Land Bridge mm at Nome in the south, to 240 mm at Kotzebue, area (Smith 1933, Matthews 1974, McCulloch and 241 mm at Kobuk, and 139 mm at Umiat (north). Hopkins 1966, Hopkins 1967, Hopkins 1982, In addition, there was a west to east precipitation Hamilton and Brigham-Grette 1991, Mann and

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 172 162°0'0"W 161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W AmblerAmbler 67°0'0"N

SelawikSelawik 66°30'0"N SelawikSelawik NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge 66°30'0"N

Soil Landscapes, or Landtype Associations, are aggregations of similar ecotypes with similar soils. They partition the region into landscapes with similar geomorphic processes, soil characteristics, hydrologic regimes, and vegetation with similar composition that are related through successional sequences. Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters Soil Landscapes

66°0'0"N Landcover Map Selawik National Soil Landscapes Wildlife Refuge

Alpine Rocky Alkaline Barrens and Shrublands Lowland Organic-rich Shrublands and Forests ctic Ocea Alpine Rocky Acidic Barrens and Shrublands Riverine Gravelly Barrens and Shrublands Ar n 66°0'0"N Alpine Rocky Wet Meadows Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Forests Upland Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands Riverine Loamy Meadows and Shrublands Figure 15 Upland Rocky-Loamy Acidic Low Shrublands Riverine Loamy Wet Meadows and Marshes Draft

4 $ Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumacidic Tall Shrublands and Forests Coastal Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and Shrublands Approximate scale = Approximate scale = 1:600,000 Selawik National Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumalkaline Low Shrublands and Forests Fresh Water 5 0 5 10 15 20 Wildlife Refuge Upland Sandy Barrens Coastal Water Miles Upland Sandy Forests Snow 10 0 10 20 30 Kilometers lf of Alask Lowland Bogs and Fens Gu a ABR file: Selawik_Soils_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009

161°0'0"W 160°0'0"W 159°0'0"W 158°0'0"W 157°0'0"W

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 essions on -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 157°0'0"W [Degrees C] 157°0'0"W -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 ABR file: ABR Selawik_MAAT_06-312.mxd; 20 July 2009 Mean Annual Air Temperature Air Annual Mean Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife National Selawik Ambler source is the Parameter-elevation Regr sourcethe Parameter-elevation is ice, Oregon State University. ice, Oregon State 159°0'0"W 159°0'0"W Inland Lake by Spatial Climate Analysis Serv Selawik the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Data Refuge. the Selawik National Wildlife 161°0'0"W Selawik Lake

y 5 a Kilometers B 161°0'0"W z Miles t l o

t c e 1:1,250,000 l s n h Gulf of Alaska I c m s

a E Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), (PRISM), Model Slopes Independent Map Location Map th Ho Approximate scale= Approximate Sea 5051015 Chukchi

100102030

Source: Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) by Spatial Climate Analysis resolution. Service, 2.5-arc-minute Oregon at State monthly University.modeled was Precipitation grids. monthly the summing by produced was grid annual An

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N Figure 16.temperatures Mean across annual air

175 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N 1,001 - 1,500 - 1,001 2,000 - 1,501 3,000 - 2,001 5,000 - 3,001 12,475 - 5,001 Regressions on 157°0'0"W 351 - 400 351 - 500 401 - 600 501 - 700 601 - 800 701 - 1,000 801 Mean Annual 157°0'0"W Precipitation [mm] Precipitation ABR file:ABR 20 Selawik_MAP_06-312.mxd; July 2009 158 - 200 201 - 225 226 - 250 251 - 275 276 - 300 301 - 350 Selawik National Wildlife NationalSelawik Refuge Ambler Data source is the Parameter-elevation Data source is the Parameter-elevation ice, Oregon State University. ice, Oregon State 159°0'0"W 159°0'0"W Inland Lake by Spatial Climate Analysis Serv Selawik across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. across the Wildlife Selawik National 161°0'0"W Selawik Lake

y 5 a Kilometers B 161°0'0"W z Miles t l o

t c e 1:1,250,000 l s n h Gulf of Alaska I c

m s E

a (PRISM), Model Slopes Independent Map Location Map th Ho Approximate scale= Approximate Sea 5051015 Chukchi

100102030

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N Figure 17.annual precipitation Mean values

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 176

Hamilton 1995). During the late Pleistocene, OCEANOGRAPHY buried calcareous paleosols in northern BELA The western coast of SNWR is only slightly indicate that the climate was cold and dry around affected by oceanographic processes in the Bering 16,000–19,000 years ago and loess deposition was Strait and the southern margin of the Chukchi Sea, heavy (Höfle and Ping 1996). During the early a rectangular embayment of the Arctic Ocean. At Holocene, white spruce macrofossils, ice-wedge Shishmaref, mean high tides reach 0.8 m, and the casts, and buried soils indicate that the climate was highest tidal drift line is only 1.0 m above mean sea much warmer 8,300–10,000 years before present level (amsl) (Naidu and Gardner 1988). At Cape (ybp) (McCulloch and Hopkins 1966). Espenberg, storm debris extends to 2.3 m amsl Fossil insect and pollen records (Elias et al. (Mason et al. 1997). Current direction and thus, 1999) indicate that during the last interglacial sediment transport, is northward along the coast. period (about 130,000 ybp), the climate in the Drifting pack and shorefast ice covers the entire Noatak Valley was similar to, or slightly warmer Chukchi Sea for 7–8 months. Sea depths extend to than it is today. This interglacial was followed by a only approx. 80 m in the Bering Strait. prolonged period of lower temperatures, when the Large fluctuations in sea level, however, have vegetation was dominated by herbaceous plants. accompanied the climatic changes described About 13,000–14,000 ybp the climate warmed, above. During maximum glaciation in the late probably to conditions similar to those at present, Pleistocene (approx. 18,000 ybp), sea level fell to allowing colonization of the Noatak Valley by approx. 130 m below current sea level. This drop shrubs (and localized trees) over the next few exposed a broad land bridge across the Bering thousand years (Anderson 1988, Eisner and continental shelf (Hopkins 1967). By approx. Colinvaux 1992, Anderson and Brubaker 1994). 11,000 ybp the land bridge was again inundated On the basis of beetle fossils assemblages, Elias et and the migration corridor for plants and animals, al. (1999) estimated that mean summer including humans, closed (Elias et al. 1992). Sea temperatures were approx. 2° C below and above level reached nearly its present level (within 2–3 current temperatures during glacial and interglacial m) around 5,000 ybp (Mason et al. 1995) and has periods, respectively. White spruce fossil remains, contributed to the embayment of large waterbodies ice-wedge casts, and buried soils indicate that the in western SNWR. climate in northwestern Alaska 8,300–10,000 ybp Sea level also has been much higher in the was warmer than at present (McCulloch and past, and marine transgressions during the Hopkins 1966). Pleistocene have created the broad coastal plain More recently, historical records and analyses across the northern portion of the Seward of proxy indicators indicate that mean annual Peninsula and western SNWR. The Pelukian temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were transgression during the last interglacial (isotope substantially (approx. 1° C) lower during the Little stage 5e) occurred approx. 125,000 ybp and left Ice Age (ending around 1850) than at present, and beach ridge deposits that outcrop at elevations of that temperatures during the last decade 8–10 m above mean sea level (Sainsbury 1967, (1990–2000) were the warmest in the last 400 Hamilton and Brigham-Grette 1991, years (Overpeck et al. 1997). This recent warming Brigham-Grette and Hopkins 1995). The Pelukian has enhanced tree growth in the Noatak Valley and transgression is recorded by a well-defined SNWR and allowed some expansion of spruce wave-cut scarp and marine terrace that can be forest into the tundra (Suarez et al. 1999). Future traced along much of the coast of the northern temperature increases expected as a result of global Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea (Sainsbury warming likely will lead to further expansion of the 1967, Hopkins 1973). During the middle forest, but the change is likely to be very slow Pleistocene, two marine transgressions, the because of the topographic barrier presented by the Kotzebuan (approx. 175,000 ybp) and Einahnuhtan Brooks Range (Rupp et al. 2001). (approx. 225,000 ybp) have been described, although their sea-level history has been difficult to reconstruct (Hopkins 1967, Hopkins 1973). Sea

177 Selawik Ecological Land Survey level during the later transgression reached a create conditions for glacier expansion into maximum elevation of approx. 35 m amsl. Marine low-lying areas (Péwé 1975), resulting in transgressions during the Pliocene may have been substantial alteration of surficial materials that as high as 70 m (Brigham-Grette and Carter 1992). form the substrate for supporting plant growth. These transgressions left marine beach and coastal BEDROCK GEOLOGY deposits of silt, sand, and gravel across the coastal plain. Ancient barrier bars are occasionally The bedrock geology within SNWR is evident, comprised of well-sorted sand forming complex and includes a variety of sedimentary, linear ridges (Till et al. 1986). metamorphic, volcanic, and intrusive rocks that have accumulated in the region as the result of TECTONIC SETTING AND PHYSIOGRAPHY movement and accretion of large tectonic terranes SNWR is within a moderately active seismic (Patton et al. 1989). The bedrock underlying the zone connected to the Brooks Range and is Selawik region area consists of two characterized as having a relatively thin crust, pre-mid-Cretaceous lithotectonic terranes, the scattered Quaternary volcanism, and relatively Koyukuk terrane in the southern portion of SNWR high heat flow (Thenhaus et al. 1982). The coastal and the Angayucham-Tozitna terrane in the plain on the northern portion of the Seward southern Baird Mountains. These terranes were Peninsula and SNWR is a subsiding basin assembled by Early Cretaceous time and were comprised of Cenozoic sediments several thousand subsequently overlapped by mid- and Upper meters thick that are crosscut by several east/west Cretaceous terrigenous sediments, which occur in faults just south of Cape Espenberg (Tolson 1987). the northern portion of SNWR. The Koyukuk Tertiary tectonism is responsible for prominent, terrane includes large mid- and Late Cretaceous high-angle faulting and the volcanic activity in the granitoid bodies (monsonite, granodiorite and southern SNWR. syenite) that intrude to form portions of the Purcell SNWR has been affected by the tectonic and Selawik Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968, uplifting that produced the Brooks Range. Patton et al. 1968). Mafic intrusive bedrock, Uplifting probably began in the mid-Jurassic and including andesite volcanic rock, also occurs in the was active into the Cretaceous within the area Purcell Mountains. Continental flood basalts of (Moore et al. 1994). This uplifting occurred when a late Cenozoic age overlap the west edge of the thick piece of the earth’s crust that now composes Yukon-Koyukuk basin along the boundary with the most of the Brooks Range, known as the Arctic Seward Peninsula and SNWR. The Waring Alaska Terrane, collided with and then fused with Mountains that border the northern edge of SNWR other terranes to the south (Mull 1982, Box 1985, are comprised of the mid- and Upper Cretaceous Mayfield et al. 1983, Karl and Long 1990, Moore terrigenous sediments, mainly volcanic greywacke 1992). The quiet-water, marine sedimentary rocks and mudstone, nonmarine conglomerate, of the Arctic Alaska Terrane were initially forced sandstone, mudstone, and coal. southward (subducted) beneath a section of This complexity and interspersion of rock oceanic crust known as the Angayucham Terrane, types greatly influenced the diverse range of then uplifted and eroded. As a result, bedrock in high-elevation ecotypes identified in SNWR and northern SNWR consists mostly of sedimentary the adjacent parklands (Jorgenson et al. 2009). In rock. addition, vegetation composition varies greatly These tectonic forces and the resulting among areas with different bedrock types, due to physiography in the parks have exerted strong differences in soil pH and potential phytotoxic influences on ecosystem distribution and effects of soluble metals (described below). Acidic successional development through their effects on soils, typically associated with noncarbonate regional climate (Hammond and Yarie 1996, Van sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, usually are Cleve et al. 1990), microclimate and drainage dominated by acid tolerant plants such as Betula (Bailey 1996), and plant migration and life-history nana, Dryas octopetala, Empetrum nigrum, patterns (Suarez et al. 1999, Rupp et al. 2001). In Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, Rubus addition, lower temperatures at higher elevations chamaemorus, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra,

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 178

Sphagnum spp., and Vaccinium uliginosum 1985). Phosphorus predominantly is fixed as (Hanson 1953, Young 1974, Walker et al. 1994). In aluminum and iron phosphates in the acid soils, but contrast, plants commonly associated with alkaline is still more available than in alkaline soils. To soils include Dryas integrifolia, Equisetum reduce aluminum toxicity, many plants generate scirpoides, Lupinus arcticus, Parrya nudicaulis, organic acids, such as tannins, that act as chelating Salix arctica, S. lanata ssp. richardsonii, and S. agents in the rhizosphere for protection (Rendig reticulata (Young 1974, Walker et al. 1994). Some and Taylor 1989). Thus, ericaceous plants, which of the principal differences among carbonate, are better adapted to these conditions, tend to noncarbonate, felsic-intrusive, and mafic extrusive dominate. (volcanic) rocks, and their influence on soil and Mafic volcanic rocks are prevalent in the vegetation, are described below. Purcell and Selawik Mountains. Of particular Carbonate or calcareous rocks, such as interest are the lava flows in southwestern SNWR, limestone, dolostone, marble, and calcareous which formed during volcanic activity in the Late schists are rare in SNWR, but common in the Baird Tertiary to early Pleistocene. Mafic volcanic rocks Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968, Dumoulin and have iron- and magnesium-rich minerals that are Harris 1987, Moore et al. 1994). The relatively more easily weathered than granites. Soils tend to high pH and abundance of calcium in the alkaline be circumneutral to acidic. soils formed by these rocks result in reduced GEOMORPHOLOGY availability of phosphorus and poor absorption and utilization of phosphorus by plants (Bohn et al. Pleistocene glaciations have greatly affected 1985). These nutrient availability problems may the geomorphology of SNWR. Glaciers originated explain the lower plant cover apparent on satellite from high mountainous areas in the Brooks Range imagery for carbonate rock in the region. Alkaline during the early and middle Pleistocene. They soils also tend to be rich in humus, are often extended to much of SNWR, and covered nearly associated with more active cryoturbation, and the entire Selawik basin during the Illinoian glacial tend to have deeper active layers (Ping et al. 1998). period about 130,000 ybp (McCullough et al. 1965, Noncarbonate sedimentary (mostly Patton and Miller 1968, Péwé 1975,). The old graywacke, sandstone, mudstone, and glacial moraines have been modified greatly by conglomerate) are the most common in the Waring subsequent erosion, thermokarst and gelifluction, Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968). Topography so that the moraine morphology is now indistinct. generally is gentler on sedimentary bedrock than The recent large thaw slump near the Selawik other rock types in SNWR. Because of reduced River has exposed what may be buried glacial ice. carbonate and calcium concentrations in the soil, Eolian activity during dry, full glacial periods the soils tend to be strongly acidic. Vegetation has deposited thick beds of eolian silt (loess) over cover is distinctly greater on these rocks than either much of the northern Seward Peninsula and SNWR carbonate sedimentary rocks or ultramafic igneous (Mathews 1974, Hopkins 1982). Much of the silt rocks. probably blew off glaciofluvial outwash plains Felsic intrusive igneous rocks occur in the associated with the Illinoian glaciation, which Purcell and Selawik Mountains (Patton and Miller extended as far west as the terminal moraine now 1968). These granitic rocks are dominated by forming the Baldwin Peninsula (Matthews 1974). light-colored minerals, such as quartz, alkali Loess accumulation during the Wisconsin feldspars (orthoclase), and muscovite mica, and are glaciation (maximum at approx. 18,000 ybp) rich in aluminum silicates, with little to no calcium, probably was much less because outwash streams magnesium, and iron. The high aluminum and low were blocked by the Baldwin Peninsula. Chemical calcium–magnesium content contributes to analysis of loess in northern BELA buried during development of strongly acidic soils and high the late Pleistocene (approx. 16,000–19,000 ybp) soluble aluminum concentrations. The elevated indicates it remained calcareous throughout the aluminum, in turn, can lead to plant growth profile because the climate was cold and dry (Höfle problems because root growth can be stopped by and Ping 1996). While the frozen loess beneath the Al concentrations as low as 1 mg/l (Bohn et al. active layer of modern soils tends to remain

179 Selawik Ecological Land Survey alkaline, surface organic horizons usually are during the Holocene, also has contributed to the strongly acidic (Holowaychuk and Smeck 1979, ice-rich permafrost. With the onset of a warmer Höfle and Ping 1996), presumably due to leaching and moister climate during the early Holocene, and paludification under a wetter climatic regime. thermokarst of the ice-rich terrain has resulted in The long, gentle slopes of the hills and low an abundance of thaw lakes (Heiser and Hopkins mountains in SNWR probably were formed, and 1995). Collapse of permafrost into thaw lakes, and continue to be modified, by gelifluction. This is the subsequent aggradation of ground ice in exposed movement of saturated soil material downslope lacustrine sediments has lead to multiple episodes over permafrost (Washburn 1973). Gelifluction of thaw lake development and occasional lobes are even visible on many rather steep, development of ice-cored mounds or “pingos” vegetated mountain slopes. (Hopkins 1949). Alluvial processes in narrow mountain valleys Permafrost also greatly affects ecosystem and broad lowland valleys in SNWR have created a development by altering soil processes. First, dynamic landscape characterized by active erosion permafrost forms an impermeable layer beneath and deposition. Channel migration erodes and the active layer, causing the surface soils to recycles surficial deposits, while deposition become saturated in low-lying areas and on gentle follows a predictable sequence from gravelly slopes (Ford and Bedford 1987). Soil saturation, in deposits in active channels, to sandy active turn, reduces soil oxygen and microbial floodplains adjacent to the active channel, to decomposition and thereby increases organic peat-covered loamy soils on inactive floodplains matter accumulation (Höfle et al. 1998). Second, (Ugolini and Walters 1974, Binkley et al. 1997, the impermeable layer eliminates subsurface Jorgenson et al. 1998). In the latter stages of this leaching, so that solute removal is slowed down sequence, ice-rich permafrost aggrades in the silt and occurs laterally. This lateral movement through covered alluvium and greatly modifies the surface the active layer creates distinct branching pattern with ice-wedge polygons. In higher gradient of “water-tracks” on slopes and enhances plant streams in the mountains, bedrock control and growth in the drainages (Walker et al. 1989, Kane heavy bedload result in confined headwaters and et al. 1992). Finally, freezing and thawing gravelly braided floodplains. On lower gradient processes associated with permafrost contribute to streams in the lowlands, sandy deposits with cryoturbation (mixing of soil horizons) and meandering morphology are common. The development of patterned ground features, such as floodplains provide connectivity between regions, frost boils and ice-wedge polygons, which provide because water is a conduit for the movement of a range of wet and moist microsites. These sediments and nutrients, as well as fish, processes all alter the composition of vegetation invertebrates, and plant materials. that can grow on the cold, saturated soils. Permafrost distribution is nearly continuous FIRE throughout the region because of low air temperatures (Jorgenson et al. 2008b). Permafrost Fire is not considered to be an important in the lowlands generally is extremely ice-rich due disturbance factor in tundra ecosystems due to the to the thick loess deposits and long period of lack of fuel (Patterson and Dennis 1981), but development, whereas upland areas underlain by periodic summer droughts and thunderstorms have bedrock have little ground ice as indicated by the produced several major fires and numerous minor lack of thermokarst features. Most of the massive fires in SNWR since the 1940s. Fires have ice that has accumulated in the lowlands appears to predominantly occurred in upland tussock shrub on have developed during the mid-late Pleistocene gentle foothills and in black spruce forests in and is in the form of massive ice wedges similar to eastern SNWR (Figure 18). Fires are uncommon in the “yedoma” described in Russia (Yuri Shur, pers. the coastal region. While the effects of fire are comm.). The yedoma is particularly abundant in variable in this landscape, they can be locally northwestern SNWR. Ice-wedge development, important since they increase the depth of the which occurs in areas where mean annual air active layer and initiate permafrost degradation temperatures have been < −6°C (Péwé 1975) (Racine 1981, Racine et al. 1983).

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 180

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N Kilometers 30 Miles 15 20 157°0'0"W 1:998,000 10 157°0'0"W 10 5 0 0 Approximate scale: 5 10 5 Ambler ildlife Refuge from 1942–2007. ildlife Refuge 159°0'0"W 159°0'0"W in the Selawik National W in the Selawik Selawik 161°0'0"W 161°0'0"W 1942-1959 1960-1979 1980-1999 2000-2007 Wildlife Refuge Selawik National Year of Fire Year Historical Fire Perimeters e

ABR file: Selawik_Fire_Perimeters_06-312.mxd; 21 July 2009 21 file:Selawik_Fire_Perimeters_06-312.mxd; ABR

Figure 18. MapFigure of historical 18. fire perimeters

67°0'0"N 66°0'0"N u

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 181 Summary and Conclusions

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS surface age, anaerobic soil conditions and disturbance, ranged from 0 cm in alpine, coastal This report presents the results of an and riverine barrens to 130 cm in Lacustrine Wet ecological land survey (ELS) that inventoried and Sedge Meadow, Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog classified ecosystems in the Selawik National and Lowland Sedge-Willow Fen. Mean depth to Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). By analyzing the rock, an indicator of surficial deposit depth and dynamic physical processes associated with drainage, ranged from 0 cm in alpine barrens to coastal, riverine, lowland, upland and mountainous >200 cm in numerous ecotypes that occurred on environments, and the abundance and distribution thick, eolian surficial deposits. Areas where of their diverse ecological resources, this study permafrost occurred at >1.5 m depth or was absent contributes to ecosystem management of federal included in alpine areas, uplands, coastal dry lands in Alaska. In developing the ecological land barrens, younger riverine ecotypes , and lacustrine classification and mapping, this study collaborated fens. In other areas, particularly lowland areas and with the ELS performed for adjacent Arctic upland tussock communities, permafrost was Network (ARCN) of national parks to develop a usually present at 20–130 cm depth. Mean water regional classification and landcover map depth (negative when below ground) for terrestrial (Jorgenson et al. 2009). While we relied on the ecotypes ranged from >-2 m in many upland and combined data from SNWR and ARCN to develop riverine ecotypes to 130 cm in Lacustrine Horsetail a regional classification and map, data summaries Marsh. Mean pH, which affects nutrient of ecosystem characteristics included only data availability and ion exchange, ranged from 3.2 in from SNWR. Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub to 9.4 in Through field surveys at 276 intensive plots Coastal Brackish Water. Mean electrical during 2007–2008, we collected information on the conductivity (EC), important for osmotic geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, regulation in plants, ranged from 10 μS/cm in and vegetative characteristics of ecosystems across several upland ecotypes to 46,400 μS/cm in the entire range of environmental gradients across Coastal Nearshore Water. the parks. Individual ecological components (e.g., Ecotype distribution was greatly affected by geomorphic unit, AVC vegetation type) were numerous landscape-level factors. Climatic determined using standard classification schemes gradients in temperature and precipitation resulted for Alaska, but modified when necessary to in strong differences among ecotypes distributed differentiate unique characteristics of the study across the arctic and boreal climatic domains. area. We developed 40 plant associations through Oceanographic conditions and Quaternary multivariate classification techniques. We used the sea-level changes have resulted in the occurrence hierarchical relationships among ecological of salt-affected ecotypes along the coast and the components to develop 57 ecotypes (local-scale prevalence of lowland ecotypes on the coastal ecosystems) that best partition the variation in plain. Soil pH and nutrient status are strongly ecological characteristics across the entire range of affected by underlying bedrock types and aquatic and terrestrial environments. geomorphology, particularly carbonate Land type associations, or soil landscapes, sedimentary, intrusive felsic, and ultramafic were developed by cross-tabulating soil types with bedrock. Geomorphic environments associated the ecotypes assigned for each plot. The with sediment erosion and deposition create a wide cross-tabulation revealed that 2–5 closely related range of soil conditions and disturbance regimes. soil types usually were associated with 2–3 Areas underlain by permafrost have impeded ecotypes. These groupings were used to identify 19 subsurface drainage, and the varying volumes of soil landscape classes with broad application for ground ice affect the magnitude of permafrost resource management. degradation. Fires modify the dynamics of some Multiple environmental site factors ecosystems, particularly in boreal areas primarily contributed to the distribution of ecotypes and their vegetated by black spruce, and less frequently in associated plant species. Mean surface tundra. organic-horizon thickness, an indicator of land

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 182 Summary and Conclusions

Three landcover map products were analysis using field plot data. The SNWR maps developed based on spectral classification of form a portion of a much broader regional map Landsat imagery: ecotypes, vegetation, and soil developed for Arctic Network of National landscapes. The process involved: (1) compiling Parklands. and preprocessing (including terrain correction, The most abundant ecotypes in SNWR were resampling, radiometric normalization, edge Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub (28%), masking, radiometric calibration and mosaicing) Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub (7%), Landsat ETM+ scenes from a nearly cloud-free Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub (7%), Lowland period in late July and early August 2002; (2) Lake (6%), Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub developing an unsupervised classification of the (5%), and Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest scenes to guide development of the supervised (5%). When all riverine ecotypes are grouped, training set; (3) developing training areas by SNWR has an unusually high (16%) abundance of digitizing polygons on Ikonos imagery according riverine ecotypes (including Riverine Water) due to to specific criteria; (4) developing a spectral the large Kobuk Delta and broadly meandering database that included both spectral, vegetation floodplains of the Selawik and other lowland and geological characteristics; (5) evaluating rivers. Twenty-two ecotypes were relatively rare, signature fidelity and separability, and performing covering <1% area. spectral cluster analysis; (6) stratifying the The ecological land survey approach to classification area based on physiography, geology, understanding landscape processes and their topographic metrics, and treeline layers; (7) influence on ecosystem functions provides three performing a supervised classification of all the main benefits. First, landscapes are analyzed as scenes using the classified signatures; (8) and ecological systems with functionally related parts, reducing errors in the resulting scenes through recognizing the importance of geomorphic and rule-based modeling. hydrologic processes to disturbance regimes, the We developed landcover maps from flow of energy and material, and ecosystem rule-based modeling. The region was partitioned development. This hierarchical approach, which by climatic subregions, physiography (floodplains, incorporates numerous ecological components into alpine, coastal, etc), elevation (alpine and ecotypes with co-varying properties, allows users subalpine), treeline, and slope (to differentiate a to partition the variability of a wide range of subset of upland and lowland). These variables ecological characteristics. Second, the analysis of were used to generate a matrix defining the vegetation distribution across the landscape is conditions under which each ecotype could occur. facilitated by developing a spectral database that Pixels that were not classified at 99% confidence integrates spectral and field vegetation information level or higher were re-classified using the entire for use in satellite image processing. Finally, the signature set and ecotypes were assigned based on linkage of landcover maps to climatic, a matrix. This process generated a total of 43 physiographic, and topographic variables to mapped ecotypes. Second, we used the ecotype develop ecosystem maps improves our ability to classification to produce a map of 26 vegetation predict the response of ecosystems to human classes. Third, we developed a soil landscapes map impacts and facilitates the production of thematic with 19 classes derived from aggregating similar maps for resource management applications and ecotypes with similar soils, based on relationships analyses. developed from the landscape-relationships

183 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Literature Cited

LITERATURE CITED Bradley, R. S. 1999. Paleoclimatology (International Geophysics Series vol 64). Adler, D. and D. Murdoch. 2008. rgl: 3D Academic Press, Ltd., New York. 612 pp. visualization device system (OpenGL). R package version 0.81. Bret-Harte, M.S., Sommerkon, M., Goldsmith, http://rgl.neoscientists.org G.R., Ray, P.M., Tape, K.D., Sufke, L., Brosius, L.S., Balser, A.W., Rattenbury, K., Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical McCarthy, A., Potts, J.M. and Sanzone, D. Surveys (ADGGS). 1983. Engineering 2007. Obtaining baseline data to assess the geology mapping classification system. potential for tree-line and shrub advance in Fairbanks, AK. 76 pp., Alaska Division of Gates of the Arctic Park and Preserve and Geology and Geophysical Surveys. Noatak National Preserve. Project report to Allen, T. E. H. and T. B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: the ARCN, US NPS. Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. Brigham-Grette, J., and L. D. Carter. 1992. University of Chicago;. Chicago, IL. Pliocene marine transgressions of northern Anderson, P. M. 1988. Late Quaternary pollen Alaska: circumarctic correlations and records from the Kobuk and Noatak river paleoclimatic interpretations. Arctic 45:78-89. drainages, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Bringham-Grette, J., and D. M. Hopkins. 1995. Research 29(3): 263-276. Emergent marine record and paleoclimate of Anderson, P. M., and L. B. Brubaker. 1994. the last Interglaciation along the northwest Vegetation history of north-central Alaska: A Alaskan coast. Quaternary Research mapped summary of Late-Quaternary pollen 43:159-173. data. Quaternary Science Reviews 13:71-92. Chander, Gyanesh, Brian L. Markham and Dennis Austin, M. P. and P. C. Heyligers. 1989. Vegetation L. Helder. 2009. Summary of current survey design for conservation: gradsect radiometric calibration coefficients for sampling of forests in northeastern New South Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI Wales. Biological Conservation 50:13-32. sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment 113: Bailey, R. G. 1996. Ecosystem Geography. 893–903. Springer-Verlag, New York. 199 pp. Colby, Jeffrey D. 1991. Topographic normalization Bailey. 1998. Ecoregions: the ecosystem in rugged terrain. Photogrammetric geography of the oceans and continents. Engineering & Remote Sensing 57 (5): Springer, New York. 531–537. Binkley, D., F. Suarez, R. Stottlemyer, and B. Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 1988. Caldwell. 1997. Ecosystem development on Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales terraces along the Kugururok river, northwest in space and time. Landscape Ecology Alaska. Ecoscience 4: 311–318. 2:23-44. Bohn, H. l., B. L. McNeal, and G. A. O'Connor. Driscoll, R. S., D. L. Merkel, D. L. Radloff, D. E. 1985. Soil Chemistry. Wiley & Sons, New Snyder, and J. S. Hagihara. 1984. An York, NY. 341 pp. ecological land classification framework for the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Box, S. E. 1985. Early Cretaceous orogenic belt in Washington, DC. Misc. Publ. 1439. 56 pp. northeastern Alaska: internal organization, lateral extent, and tectonic interpretation. Pages 137–145 in D. G. Howell, ed., Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the circum-Pacific region. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series no. 11.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 184 Literature Cited

Dumoulin, J. A., and A. G. Harris. 1987. Lower Ford, J., and B. L. Bedford. 1987. The hydrology Paleozoic crbonate rocks of the Baird of Alaskan wetlands, U.S.A.: a review. Arctic Mountains quadrangel, western Brooks and Alpine Research 19:209-229. Range, Alaska. Pages 311–329 in I. Tailleur, Forman, R. T. 1995. Land Mosaics: the ecology of and P. Weimer, eds., Alaskan North Slope landscapes and regions. Cambridge Geology. Alaska Geological Society, University Press, Cambridge, UK. Anchorage, Ak. Hall, D.K., G.A. Riggs and V.V. Salomonson, ECOMAP. 1993. National hierarchical framework 1995: Development of methods for mapping of ecological units. U.S. Forest Service, global snow cover using moderate resolution Washington, DC. 20 pp. imaging spectroradiometer data, Remote Eisner, W. R., and P. A. Colinvaux. 1992. Late Sensing of Environment, 54, pp 127-140. Quaternary Pollen Records from Oil Lake and Hamilton, T. D., and J. Brigham-Grette. 1991. The Feniak Lake, Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine last interglaciation in Alaska: stratigraphy and Research 24: 56–63. paleoecology of potential sites. Quaternary Ellert, B. H., M. J. Clapperton, and D. W. International 10-12:49-71. Anderson. 1997. An ecosystem perspective of Hammond, T., and J. Yarie. 1996. Spatial soil quality. Pages 115-141 in E. G. Gregorich, prediction of climatic state factor regions in and M. R. Carter, Soil Quality for Crop Alaska. Ecoscience 3: 490–501. Production and Ecosystem Health. Developments in Soil Science, Elsevier Hanson, H. C. 1953. Vegetation types in Science Publ B V, Sara Burgerhartstraat northwestern Alaska and comparisons with 25/PO Box 211/1000 AE communities in other arctic regions. Ecology Amsterdam/Netherlands. 34:111-140. Elias, S. A., T. D. Hamilton, M. E. Edwards. 1999. Heiser, P. A., and D. M. Hopkins. 1995. Landscape Late Pleistocene environments of the western development on the coastal plain of the Noatak Basin, northwestern Alaska. Bering Land Bridge National Park, northwest Geological Society of America Bulletin 111: Alaska. Pages 23 in Program and Abstracts, 769–789. 46th Arctic Division Science Conference, 19-22 Sept. 1995. University of Alaska, Elias, S. E., S. R. Short, and R. L. Phillips. 1992. Fairbanks, AK. Paleoecology of late glacial peats from the Bering Land Bridge, Chukchi Shelf region, Höfle, C., M. E. Edwards, D. M. Hopkins, D. H. northwest Alaska. Quaternary Research Mann, and C. L. Ping. 1998. The full-glacial 38:371-378. environment of the Bering Land Bridge reconstructed from a 18,000 yr old soil on Everett, K. R. 1978. Some effects of oil on the Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska. physical and chemical characteristics of wet Quaternary Research. tundra soils. Arctic 31:260-276. Höfle. C., and C. L. Ping. 1996. Properties and soil Fitter, A. H., and R. K. M. Hay. 1987. development of late-Pleistocene paleosols Environmental physiology of plants. from Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 423 pp. Geoderma 71:219-243. Foote, J. 2002. Recovery of the vegetation Holowaychuk, N., and N. E. Smeck. 1979b. Soils following the 1988 Waring Mountains of the Chucki-Imuruk area. Pages 114-192 in Wildfire (A119), in Northwest Alaska. Final H. R. Melchior, ed., Biological Survey of the Report to the Selawik National Wildlife Bering Land Bridge National Monument. Refuge. Alaska Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 283 pp.

185 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Literature Cited

Hopkins, D. M. 1982. Aspects of the D. and Hinkel K. 2008b. Proceedings Ninth paleogeography of Beringia during the late International Conference on Permafrost, Pleistocene. Pages 3-28 in D. M. Hopkins, J. Fairbanks, AK. 121-122. Fairbanks, AK, V. Matthews Jr., C. E. Schweger, and S. B. University of Alaska. Yount, eds., Paleoecology of Beringia. Jorgenson, M. T., J. E. Roth, M. Emers, W. Davis, Academic Press, New York. S. F. Schlentner, and M. J. Macander. 2004. Hopkins, D. M.. 1973. Sea level history in Beringia Landcover mapping for Bering Land Bridge during the last 250,000 years. Quaternary National Preserve and Cape Krusenstern Research 3:520- 540. National Monument, Northwestern Alaska. Hopkins, D. M. 1967. The Bering Land Bridge. Final Report prepared for National Park Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. Service, Anchorage, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 129 pp. Hopkins, D. M. 1949. Thaw lakes and thaw sinks in the Imuruk Lake area, Seward Peninsula, Jorgenson, M. T., J. E. Roth, M. Emers, S. Alaska. Journal of Geology 57:119-131. Schlentner, D. K. Swanson, E. Pullman, J. Mitchell, and A. A. Stickney. 2003a. An Hopkins, D. M., R. Pratt, R. E. Nelson, and C. L. ecological land survey for the Northeast Powell II. 1983. Glacial sequence, Planning Area of the National Petroleum southwestern Seward Peninsula. Pages 45-50 Reserve – Alaska, 2002. Final Report in R. M. Thorson, and T. D. Hamilton, eds., prepared for ConocoPhillips, Anchorage, AK, Glaciation in Alaska, Extended Abstracts. by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 128 pp. Univ. of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK. Jorgenson, M. T., Roth, J. E., Schlentner, S. F. , Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring Pullman, E. R., Macander, M., and Racine, C. territories. Stanford University Press, H. 2003b. An ecological land survey for Fort Stanford, CA. 1,008 pp. Richardson, Alaska. Hanover, NH, U.S. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. Army Cold Regions . McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 281 pp. Jorgenson, M. T. and Heiner, M. 2003. Ecosystems Jorgenson, M. T., Roth, J. E., Miller, P. F., of northern Alaska. Unpublished map by The Macander, M. J., Duffy, M. S., Wells, A. F., Nature Conservancy, Anchorage, AK. Frost, G. V. and Pullman, E. R. 2009. An Jorgenson, M. T., D. K. Swanson, and M. ecological land survey and landcover map of Macander. 2002. Landscape-level mapping of the Arctic Network. Natural Resource ecological units for the Noatak National Technical Report NPS/ARCN/NRTR-2009/ Preserve, Alaska. Final Rep. prepared for 270. National Park Service, Fort Collins, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, by Colorado. ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 54 pp. Jorgenson, M. T., Roth, J. E., Loomis, P. F., Jorgenson, M. T., J. E. Roth, M. D. Smith, S. Pullman, E. R., Cater, T. C., Duffy, M. S., Schlentner, W. Lentz, E. R. Pullman, and C.H Davis, W. A., Macander, M. J., and Grunblatt, Racine. 2001. An ecological land survey for J. 2008. An Ecological Land Survey for Fort Greely, Alaska. U.S. Army Cold Regions Landcover Mapping of Wrangell-St. Elias Research and Engineering Laboratory. Tech. National Park and Preserve. Fort Collins, CO, Rep. 01-4. 85 pp. Natural Resource Program Center, National Park Service. Jorgenson, M. T. 2000. Hierarchical organization of ecosystems at multiple spatial scales on the Jorgenson, M.T., Yoshikawa, K., Kaveskiy, M., Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Arctic, Shur, Y.L., Romanovsky, V., Marchenko, S., Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32: 221–239. Grosse, G., Brown, J., and Jones, B. Permafrost Characteristics of Alaska. Kane,

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 186 Literature Cited

Jorgenson, M. T., J. Roth, M. Raynolds, M. D. Kruskal, J.B. 1964b. Nonmetric multidimensional Smith, W. Lentz, A. Zusi-Cobb, and C. H. scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika. Racine. 1999. An ecological land survey for 29: 115-129. Fort Wainwright, Alaska. U.S. Army Cold Landsat Project Science Office (LPSO). 2009. Regions Research and Engineering Landsat 7 Science Data Users Handbook. Laboratory, Hanover, NH. CRREL Report National Aeronautics and Space 99-9. 83 pp. Adiministration. Available online at Jorgenson, M. T., Y. Shur, and H. J. Walker. 1998. http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbo Factors affecting evolution of a permafrost ok/handbook_toc.html. dominated landscape on the Colville River Lee, C. and E. Choi. 2000. Bayes error of the Delta, northern Alaska. Pages 523-530 in A. Gaussian ML classifier. IEEE Transactions on G. Lewkowicz, and M. Allard, eds., Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38 (3). Proceedings of Seventh International 1471-1475. Permafrost Conference. Universite Laval, Sainte- Foy, Quebec. Lu, Dengsheng, Hongli Ge, Shizhen He, Aijun Xu, Guomo Zhou, and Huaqiang Du. 2008. Jorgenson, M. T., J. E. Roth, E. R. Pullman, R. M. Pixel-based Minnaert Correction Method for Burgess, M. Raynolds, A. A. Stickney, M. D. Reducing Topographic Effects on a Landsat Smith, and T. Zimmer. 1997. An ecological ETM+ Image. Photogrammetric Engineering land survey for the Colville River Delta, & Remote Sensing 74 (11): 1343–1350. Alaska, 1996. Unpubl. Rep. prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, by Mann, D. H., and T. D. Hamilton. 1995. ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 160 pp. Late-Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast. Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, M. Woo, and K. R. Quaternary Science Review 14:449-471. Everett. 1992. Arctic hydrology and climate change. Pages 35-58 in Arctic Ecosystems in Mason, O. K., D. M. Hopkins, and L. Plug. 1997. a Changing Climate. Academic Press, San Chronology and paleoclimate of Diego, CA. 469 pp. storm-induced erosion and episodic dune growth across Cape Espenberg Spit, Alaska, Karl, S. M., and C. L. Long. 1990. Folded U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research Brookian thrust faults: implications of three 13:770-797. geologic/geophysical transects in the western Brooks Range, Alaska. Journal of Mason, O. K., J. W. Jordan, and L. Plug. 1995. Geophysical Research 95: 8581–8592. Late Holocene storm and sea-level history in the Chukchi Sea. Journal of Coastal Research Klijn, F., and H. A. Udo de Haes. 1994. A Special Issue No. 17:173-180. hierarchical approach to ecosystem and its implication for ecological land classification. Matthews Jr., J. V. 1974. Quaternary environments Landscape Ecology 9:89-104. at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska): Evolution of a tundra ecosystem. Geol. Soc. Kreig, R. A. and Reger, R. D. Air-photo analysis Amer. Bull. 85:1353-1384. and summary of landform soil properties along the route of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Mayfield, C. F., I. L. Tailleur, and Ellersieck. 1983. System. 1982. Alaska Div. of Geological and Stratigraphy, structure, and palispastic Geophysical Surveys. synthesis of the western Brooks Range, northwestern Alaska. Pages 143–186 in Kruskal, J.B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by Geology and Exploration of the National optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. U.S. Geological hypothesis. Psychometrika. 29: 1-27. Survey, Washington, DC. Prof. Pap. 1399.

187 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Literature Cited

McCulloch, D. S., and D. M. Hopkins. 1966. Neitlich, P. 2007. Lichen dataset in Noatak Evidence for a warm interval 10,000 to 8,300 National Preserve and Bering Land Bridge years ago in northwestern Alaska. Geol. Soc. National Monument. National Park Service, Amer. Bull. 77:1089-1108. Fairbanks, AK. McCulloch, D. S., D. W. Taylor, and M. Rubin. Nowacki, G., P. Spencer, T. Brock, M. Fleming, 1965. Stratigraphy, non-marine mollusks, and and T. Jorgenson. 2002. Ecoregions of Alaska radiometric dates from Quaternary deposits in and Neighboring Territories. U.S. Geological the Kotzebue Sound area, western Alaska. J. Survey, Washington, D.C. Open File Rep. Geology 73:442-453. 02-297 (map) Moore, T. E., W. K. Wallace, K. J. Bird, S. M. Karl, Oberbauer, S.F., Hastings, S.J., Beyers, J.L., and C. G. Mull, and J. T. Dillon. 1994. Geology of Oechel, W.C. 1989. Comparative effects of northern Alaska. Pages 49–140 in G. Plafker, downslope water and nutrient movement of and H. C. Berg, eds., The Geology of Alaska. plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and growth in The Geological Society of America, Denver, Alaskan tundra. Holarctic Ecology 12: CO. The Geology of North America, Vol. G-1. 324-334. Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O'Hara, G. Moore, T.E. 1992. The Arctic Alaska superterrane. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. Henry, H. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2041: Stevens, and H. Wagner (2008). vegan: 238–244. Community Ecology Package. R package Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. 1974. version 1.15-0. http://cran.r-project.org/, Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. http://vegan.r-forge.r-project.org/ John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 547 pp. O'Neil, R. V., D. L. DeAngelis, J. B. Waide, and T. Mull, C. G. 1982. The tectonic evolution and F. H. Allen. 1986. A hierarchical concept of structural style of the Brooks Range, Alaska: ecosystems. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, an illustrated summary. Pages 1–45 in R. B. NJ. Powers, ed., Geological studies of the Overpeck, J., K. Hughen, D. Hardy, R. Bradley, R. Cordilleran thrust belt. Rocky Mountain Case, M. Douglas, B. Finney, K. Gajewski, G. Association of Geologists, Denver, CO. Vol. Jacoby, and and others. 1997. Arctic 1. environmental change of the last four Naidu, A. S., and G. Gardner. 1988. Marine centuries. Science 278:1251-1256. geology. Pages 11-28 in M. J. Hameedi, and Patterson III, W. A., and J. G. Dennis. 1981. A. S. Naidu, eds., The Environment and Tussock replacement as a means of stabilizing Resources of the southeastern Chukchi Sea. fire breaks in tundra vegetation. Arctic Mineral Management Service Service, 34:188-189. Anchorage, AK. OCSEAP Study 87-0113. Patton, W. W., T. P. Miller, and I. L. Tailleur. 1968. National Park Service. 2005. Alaska Region Regional geologic map of the Shungnak and National Park Service FirePro Vegetation southern part of the Ambler River Dataset. Alaska Regional Office, Anchorage, quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska. Washington, DC. Miscellaneous Geologic Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS). Investigations Map I-554. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Ninth Edition. 2003. Patton, W.W., Box, S.E., Moll-Stacup, E.J. and Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Miller, T.P. 1989. Geology of west-central Agriculture. Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 188 Literature Cited

Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P. 1968. Regional Rupp, T. S., F. S. Chapin III, and A. M. Starfield. geologic map of the Selawik and Southeastern 2001. Modeling the influence of topographic Baird Mountains quadrangles. U.S. barriers on treeline advance at the Geological Survey. forest-tundra ecotone in northwestern Alaska. Péwé, T. L. 1975. Quaternary geology of Alaska. Climatic Change 48: 399–416. U.S. Geological Survey, Geol. Surv. Prof. Sainsbury, C. L.. 1967. Quaternary geology of Pap. 835. 145 pp. Western Seward Peninsula. Pages 121-143 in Pickett, S.T., Kolasa, J., Armesto, J.J., and Collins, D. M. Hopkins, ed., The Bering Land Bridge. S.L. 1989. The ecological concept of Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. disturbance and its expression at various Schoeneberger, P.L., Wysocki, P.A., Benham, E.C., hierarchical levels. Oikos 54: 129-136. and Broderson, W.D. 1998. Fieldbook for Ping, C. L., J. G. Bockheim, J. M. Kimble, and G. J. describing and sampling soils. National Soil Walker D. A. Michaelson. 1998. Survey Center, Natural Resource Characteristics of cryogenic soils along a Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of latitudinal transect in Arctic Alaska. Journal Agriculture, Lincoln, NE. of Geophysical Research. 103(D22): Shepard, R.N. 1962a. The analysis proximities: 28,917-28,928. multidimensional scaling with an unknown R Development Core Team (2008). R: A language distance function, I. Psychometrika. 27: and environment for statistical computing. R 125-140. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Shepard, R.N. 1962b. The analysis proximities: Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL multidimensional scaling with an unknown http://www.R-project.org. distance function, II. Psychometrika. 27: Racine, C. H. 1981. Tundra fire effects on soils and 219-246. three plant communities along a hill-slope Smith, P. S. 1933. Geographic and geologic gradient in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. evidence relating to the connection of Siberia Arctic 34:71-84. and northwestern Alaska. Pages 753–758 in Racine, C. H. 1979. Climate of the Chucki-Imuruk 5th Pacific Science Congress, Canada 1933, area. Pages 32-37 in H. R. Melchior, ed., Proceedings. Vol. 1. Biological Survey of the Bering Land Bridge Soil Survey Staff (SSS). 2003. Keys to Soil National Monument. Alaska Cooperative Park Taxonomy, Ninth Edition. U.S. Department of Studies Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Fairbanks, AK. Suarez, F., D. Binkley, M. W. Kaye, and R. Racine, C. H., W. A. Patterson III, and J. G. Dennis. Stottlemyer. 1999. Expansion of forest stands 1983. Permafrost thaw associated with tundra into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, fires in northwest Alaska. Pages 1024-1029 in northwest Alaska. Écoscience 6: 465–470. Proceedings, Permafrost, Fourth International Swanson, D. K. 1995. Landscape ecosystems of Conference. National Academy Press, the Kobuk Preserve Unit: Gates of the Arctic Washington, D.C. National Park, Alaska. Technical Report, Rendig, V. V., and H. M. Taylor. 1989. Principles NPS/ARRNR/NRTR-95/22U.S. National of Soil-Plant Interrelationships. McGraw-Hill, Park Service. Alaska Regional Office, New York. 275 pp. Anchorage, AK. 291 pp. Roberts, D.W. (2007). labdsv: Ordination and Swanson, F. J., T. K. Kratz, N. Caine, and R. G. Multivariate Analysis for Ecology. R package Woodmansee. 1988. Landform effects on version 1.3-1. http://ecology.msu.montana. ecosystem patterns and processes. Bioscience edu/labdsv/R 38:92-98.

189 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Literature Cited

Thenhaus, P. C., J. I. Zion, W. H. Diment, M. G. Viereck, L. A., C. T. Dyrness, A. R. Batten, and K. Hopper, D. M. Perkins, S. L. Hanson, and S. J. Wenzlick. 1992. The Alaska Vegetation T. Aigermissen. 1982. Probalistic estimates of Classification. Pacific Northwest Research maximum seismic horizontal ground motion Station, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, OR. on rock in Alaska and the adjacent outer Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. 278 pp. continental shelf. Pages 5-8 in U.S. Viereck, L. A., and E. L. Little. 1972. Alaska Trees Geological Survey in Alaska: and Shrubs. U.S. Government Printing Office, Accomplishments during 1980. U.S. Washington, D.C. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. USGS Circular 844. Vitousek, P. M. 1994. Factors controlling ecosystem structure and function. Pages 87-97 Till, A. B., J. A. Dumoulin, B. M. Gamble, D. S. in R. Amundsen, J. Harden, and M. Singer, Kaufman, and P. I Carroll. 1986. U.S. eds., Factors of Soil formation: a Fiftieth Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Anniversary Retrospective. Soil Science Open-File Rep. 86-276. 8 pp., plus maps. Society of America, Madison, WI. Tolson, R. B. 1987. Structure and stratigraphy of Wahrhaftig, C. 1965. Physiographic Divisions of the Hope Basin, southern Chukchi Sea, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska. Pages 59-71 in D. W. Scholl et al., Waqshington, D.C. Professional Paper 482. 52 eds. Geology and Resource Potential of the p., 6 pl. Continental Margin of western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins-Beaufort Sea to Walker, D. A. 1983. A hierarchical tundra Baja California. Circum-Pacific Council for vegetation classification especially designed Energy and Minerals, Houston, TX. Earth for mapping in northern Alaska. Pages Science Series, Vol. 6. 1332-1337 in Permafrost Fourth International Conference Proceedings. National Academy Ugolini, F. C., and J. Walters. 1974. Pedological Press Washington, D.C. survey of the Noatak River Valley, Alaska. Pages 86–157 in S. B. Young, ed., The Walker, D. A. 1999. An integrated vegetation Environment of the Noatak River Basin, mapping approach for northern Alaska (1:4 M Alaska: results of the Center for Northern scale). Int. Journ. Remote Sensing Studies biological survey of the Noatak River 20:2895-2920. Valley, 1973. Center for Northern Studies, Walker, D.A., W.A Gould, H.A. Meier, and M.K. Wolcott, VT. Raynolds. 2002. The circumpolar arctic United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). vegetation map. International Journal of 2008. The PLANTS database. National Plant Remote Sensing.; 23:2552-2570. Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA. Walker, D. A., K. R. Everett, P. J. Webber, and J. (http://plants.usda.gov). Brown. 1980. Geobotanical atlas of the United States Geological Survey. 2006. Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. U.S. Army Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics 2001 Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research (MRLC2001) Image Preprocessing and Engineering, Hanover, NH. Laboratory Procedure. Revised January 9, 2006. Website: Report 80-14. 69 p. http://landcover.usgs.gov/pdf/image_preproce Walker, M. D., D. A. Walker, and N. A. Auerbach. ssing.pdf. 1994. Plant communities of a tussock tundra Van Cleve, K., F. S. Chapin III, C. T. Cyrness, and landscape in the Brooks Range Foothills, L. A. Viereck. 1990. Element cycling in taiga Alaska. Journal of Veg. Sci. 5:843-866. forests: state-factor control. Bioscience 41:78-88.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 190 Literature Cited

Walker, D. A., and M. D. Walker. 1991. History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan arctic terrestrial ecosystems: a hierarchical approach to analyzing landscape change. J. Appl. Ecol. 28:244-276. Walker, M. D., D. A. Walker, and K. A. Everett. 1989. Wetland soils and vegetation, Arctic foothills, Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash., D.C. Biol. Rep. 89 (7). 89 pp. Walter, H. 1979. Vegetation of the Earth, and Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York. 274 pp. Washburn, A. L. 1973. Periglacial Processes and Environments. Edward Arnold, London. 320 pp. Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35:1-22. Wiken, E. B., and G. Ironside. 1977. The development of ecological (biophysical) land classification in Canada. Landscape Planning 4:273-275. Wiken, E. B. Ecological land classification: analysis and methodologies. 1981. Ottawa, Canada, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). 2001. Alaska climate summaries. Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. (Website (http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ summary/climsmak.html). Young, S. B. (ed.) 1974. The Environment of the Noatak River Basin, Alaska. Center for Northern Studies, Wolcott, VT. 584 pp.

191 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

f Shrb Tundra f Shrub Tundra f Shrub f Shrub Tundra f Shrub h-Eric Shrb Bog h-Eric Shrb f Shrub Tundra complex) complex) undifferentiated) N Naturally occurring A N Naturally vegetation) ABSENT (mature Process Nf Fire Ng Geomorphic generated Nw Processes Weather (e.g. wind) H Human Hd Developed Sites (urban Human (undifferentiated) Hf Fill He Excavation/Pits Hc Field Clearings (Non-agricultural or Ha Agricultural Ht Trail Hs Man-made Hw Waterbodies, Structures and Debris Hp Pollutants/Contaminants complex data DC Disturbance no nd DISTURBANCE CLASS LEV2 Hgwswt Wet Sedge-Willow Tundra Dwar Hgwswt Dwar Sddf Dryas-Forb Sddl Dryas-Lichen Sdds Sddt Dryas-Sedge Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dwar Sdeb Bearberry Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra Dwar Sdec Sdee Crowberry Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Tundra Sdel Ericaceous-Lichen Dwf ShrbTund Sdet Sdev Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra Tundra Dwarf Shrub Vaccinium Sdwt Willow Dwarf Shrub Tundra Slcb Slcbe Closed Low Shrub Birch Closed Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Slcbw Closed Low Shrub Birch-Willow Slce Slcw Closed Low Ericaceous Shrub Closed Low Willow Sloaw Open Low Alder-Willow Slobb Open Shrub Birc Slobe Open Mesic Shrub Birch-Ericac Slobw Open Low Shrub Birch-Willow Slocg Bog Open Sweetgale-Graminoid Sloe Sloeb Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Bog Slol Slotb Willow Open Low Silverberry Shrub Open Mixed Shrub Tussock Bog Slott Low Slow Open Open Mixed Shrub Tussk Tundra Stca Stcaw Willow Closed Tall Alder Closed Tall Alder-Willow Stcbw Tall Closed Tall Shrub Birch-Willow Stcw Closed Stoa Willow Stoaw Tall Open Tall Alder Open Tall Alder-Willow Stow Open data W Water no nd VEGETATION CLASSES (IV): Bbg Bpv Barrens (<5% veg) Fbcb Vegetated (5–30) Partially Closed Paper Birch Forest Fbcba Closed Paper Birch-Aspen Forest Fboa Open Quaking Aspen Forest Fbob Woodland Open Paper Birch Forest Fbop Birch Woodland Poplar Forest Open Balsam Fbwb Paper Poplar Fbwp Balsam Fbwt Broadleaf–Tall Scrub Woodland Fmcas Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruce Fmcsb Closed Spruce-Paper Birch Forest Fmoas Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce Fmosb Open Spruce-Paper Birch Forest Fmosp Poplar Open Spruce-Balsam Fncbs Closed Black Spruce Fnobs Open Black Spruce Forest Fnows Woodland Open White Spruce Forest Spruce Fnwbs Black Woodland Spruce Fnwws White Sfobs Open Dwarf Black Spruce Sfows Marestail Open Dwarf White Spruce Hafm Common Pondweed Hafp Fresh Bryophyte Dry Hbbd Hbl Lichen Herbs Hfmm Mixed Hfwhb Subarc Lowlnd Herb Bog Mead. Meadow Hgmb Bluejoint Hgmbh Bluejoint-Herb Hgmbs Bluejoint-Shrub Hgmsd Moist Sedge-Dryas Tundra Moist Hgmsgt Sedge-Grass .Tundra Hgmss Moist Sedge-Shrub Tundra Hgmswt Tundra Tundra Moist Sedge-Willow Hgmt Tussock Hgwfg Fresh Grass Marsh Hgwfs Fresh Sedge Marsh Hgwsb Subarc Lowlnd Sedge Bog Mead Hgwsbt Sedge-Birch Tundra Wet Hgwsl Subarc Lowlnd Sedge Wet Mead Sub Lowl Sedge-Moss Bog Hgwsmb Mea Hgwss Sub Lowl Mead Sedge-Shrub Wet Hgwst Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra SM Sedge Meadow SM Sedge Meadow GM Grass Meadow FM Forb Meadow TM Tussock Meadow KM Salt-killed DS LS dwarf scrub (<20cm) forest TS (20–150cm) low scrub BF broadleaf forest tall scrub (>150cm) forest MF mixed NF needleleaf RW River (flowing water) LW (saline) Lake (still water) CW Coastal ted, sorted) ted, sorted) ed, sorted) (and flat centered) MICROTOPOGRAPHY: N NONPATTERNED FROST FEATURES Fh Fr Reticulate (mineral Hummocks cored) (non-sor Ff (non-sor Fc Circles Frost Scars and Boils Fs Stripes (non-sort Fn Ft Steps Nets (non-sorted, sorted) mounds MOUNDS (ice and peat related) Mi Ice-cored mounds Mpm Peat (strang) Ms String Mg Blockfields Gelifluction lobesMrb Rocks, (saturated flow) Mounds/Outcrops Mrm Rocky Mrs Soil covered rocks Mw (distinct) wildlife Mounds caused by Ml mounds Mu Undifferentiated (dwnd logs/root balls) Tree mounds DRAINAGE or EROSION RELATED Dt Dr Ripples tracks (non-incised) Water Dc Ds Riverbed cobbles, boulders dune EOLIAN RELATED Scour channels-ridges Es Small (ice aggradation) POLYGONS Pd Phh rims Disjunct polygon low-dens. high-relief High-centered polygons, Phl relief, low-relief High-centered polygons, Low Plll Low-center., Tm (>10%) Mixed pits and polygons present W WATER margin Wi Islands Lp Polygonized ECOTYPE VEG STRUCT Code: Forb BP FA Aquatic barrens or Partially vegetated SE GE (Marsh) Sedge Emergent FE (Marsh) Emergent Graminoid (Marsh) Forb Emergent Wi Islands Present W WATERBODIES Islands Margins Wi STREAM Lake Lm OR Lb R RIVER cut bench (shore) Wave Rp Rs Riffles, Deep Pools (>1.5 m) Ri Rapids Shallow Runs (<1.5 m) Rr XC COMPLEX CHANNEL Xp Pingo Xp Xm E undulating Complx, Morraine H Eolian Patterns Human modified : ecological characteristicsfield plots. of (concave) (convex, creep) Ice-rich margin Ice-rich margin or Water Track Slc Slch Concave (water gathering) Slope Nivation hollows, Snowbanks, Slv Slp Plane Convex (water shedding) T TOE D Drainage Basin B RELATED Bd Drained (transition) Bk Kettle BASINS OR DEPRESSIONS F FLAT/FLUVIAL margins Fn Nonpatterned Fm Flats Fc Fi Channel, swale or gut, Levee Fl (undifferentiated) Interfluv or flat bank Bar Fb splay Bar Fbp Point Crevasse Fs Terrace Ft Ff levee) Flood Basin (behind Fh Plateau (High Flats) MACROTOPOGRAPHY (High C Plateau Slope Fh Plateau Fpp Permafrost Shoulder Top, Crest, Summit Or Ridge Sh Steep Slopes (rocky) Sb Cliff Sbs SLOPE Bluff or Bank (unconsolidated) Sc facing Steep bluff south Su UPPER Suc south-facing Suv Concave (water gathering) Convex, Suvs SLOPE Convex (water shedding) Sup Plane Sl LOWER Ldnm Ldnm Basin, Ice-poor margin Drained Ldnu undiff basin, Ice-poor Drained Ldic Basin, Ldim Drained Drained Basin, Ice-rich center Ldiu Ldip Drained basin, Ice-rich undiff Of Drained Basin Pngo Ob Bogs >40cm) Fens (0rg Organic Wrhm Mountain Headwater Stream Wrln Lower Perennial, non-glacial Wrlg Glacial Lower Perennial, glacial Wrun Perennial, Lake Upper Perennial, Non-glacial Wrug Upper Connected Wldc Deep Wldcm Deep Connected Lake, Morainal Wldir Deep Isolated Lake, Riverine Wldit Deep Isolated Lake, Thaw Wldim Deep Isolated Lake, Morainal Wlsc Shallow Connected Lake Wlscv Shallow Connected Beaver Pnd Wlsi Shallow Isolated Lake Wlsir Shallow Isolated Lake, Riverine Wlsit Shallow Isolated Lake, Thaw Wlsim Shallow Iso Lake, Morainal (lower terraces) TERRAIN UNITS Bxwmafic If Intrusive-felsic Bedrock, weathered (undiffer.) Ii Intrusive-intermediate ultra Im Intrusive-mafic Iu Intrusive Volcanic-felsic-youngerVfy younger Vfo older Viy Volcanic-intermediate, Volcanic-felsic-older Vio Volcanic-intermediate, Vmy Volcanic-mafic-younger Vmo Volcanic-mafic-older Vp Sc Volcanic-pyroclastics Sn carbonate Sedimentary, Deposits Nc Metamorphic-carbonate noncarbonate Sedimentary, Nn Metamorphic-noncarbonate Colluvium C Colluvial Deposit Ch Hillslope Deposits Cl Landslide Cs Solifluction Loess Ct Loess Ell Lowland Talus Elu Upland Esa Esi Eolian Active Sand Fdr Eolian Inactive Sand Fdo Delta Channel Deposit Fmrac Meand Coarse Active Channel Delta Overbank Deposit Fmric Meand Coarse Inactv Chan. Dep. Fmraf Meander Fine Active Chan Dep. Fmrif Meander Fine Inactive Chan Dep. Fmo Dep Fmoa Meander Overbank Deposit Overbank Meander Active Overbank Dep Fmoi Abandoned Dep Meander Inactive Overbank Mean. Fmob Fbrac Braided Coarse Active Chanl Fbric Braided Coarse Inact. ChanDep. Fboa Braided Active Overbank Deposit Fboi Fbob Braided Inactive Overbank Dep Ovrbank Dep Braided Abandoned Fhl Fhm Headwater Lowland Floodplain Terrace Fhmo Mod Steep Headwater Fldplain Mod Steep Headwtr Overbnk Dep Fto Old Ff Ffi Alluvial Fan Ffb Moraine Alluvial Fan Inactive Deposit OlderGmo Alluvial Fan Abandoned Deposit Gmy Moraine Younger Gto Gty Older Till Sheet GFo Terrace Younger Till Sheet GFoo Glaciofluvial Outwash Glacfluvial Outwsh, Older Outwsh, GFk Deposits DEPOSITS GFt Glacflvl Kame Deposits GL Glaciolacustrine L LACUSTRINE Ldnc Drained Basin, Ice-poor center Appendix 1. Coding system for characterizing

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 192 ery V rained) : g : epletions; ods oncretions; l d c (moist) (moist) oderately M asses; concentration pling (<5cm DBH) pling (<5cm imber (15-30) (15-30) imber m A T lightly lightly S (shape) (mm) (mm) one educed matrix; redox educed matrix; arge timber (>30cm) (>30cm) timber arge ole(5-15) odules; concentration- eedling; s urface coats VEGETATION STRUCTURE N vf f very fine (g-p <1; c-r-p <10; a-s <5mm) m 5–10) a-s 10–20; 1–2; c-r-p fine (g-p 10–20) a-s 20–50; 2–5; c-r-p (g-p med. co 20–50) crse (g-p 5–10/c-r-p 50–100/a-s vc very crse g-p >10/c-r-p 100–500/a-s>50 ec extr. coarse (c-r-p >500 mm) Type Rupture Resistance: l loose fr fi friable vfr very friable efi firm vfi very firm extremely firm sr slightly rigid r rigid vr very rigid Stickiness and Plasticity g r platy granular; p a prismatic c columnar s blocky angular w blocky subangular m wedge g single grained massive l c n none f c few (< 2% area) m (2 – 20 %) common 20 % area) (> many Size: f m 2 mm) fine (< medium (2 to 5 mm)c v 20 mm) (5 - coarse e – 76 (20 coarse mm) very Contrast: (change in value, chroma) extremely coarse (>76 mm) f d faint (hue, chroma similar) p distinct (value 2-4, >1 chroma) Redox Kind: (value > 4) prominent R concentration- n s Structure: (single- Grade g structureless w m weak (barely visible) moderate (easily observable) s Size strongly Crown Class O overtopping; D Dominant C Codominant I Intermediate U Understory Size Class (typical) S P L % maximum (mm) Munsell chart Organic Soils st – 600 250 mm) stone (round, cb 75 – 250 mm) cobble (round, gr 2 – 75 mm) (round, gravel codes Fine fraction s vcos sand (1–2 coarse mm) very sand cos coarse sand (0.5–1 mm) ms mm) sand (0.25-0.5 medium fs mm) fine sand (0.1–-.25 vfs fine sand (0.05–0.1 very mm) lcos coarse sand loamy ls sand loamy lfs fine sand loamy lvfs fine sand very loamy loam cosl coarse sandy loam sl sandy fsl loam fine sandy vfsl loam fine sandy very l loam sil silt loam si loam silt (0.002–0.05 mm) scl sandy clay loam cl clay sicl silty clay loam sc clay sic silty sandy clay loac c clay (<0.02 mm) Oi decomposed slightly Oe decomposition. intermediate Oa decomposed highly mk peat (>10% OM,<17% fibers mucky Coarse Fragment Content: Size: Coarse Fragment Coarse Fragment Shape: Av angular, very A angular, As subangular Rs subrounded, R rounded Rw rounded well Types (Peat): Peat G Graminoid or sedge Gf Gramin., fine (<2 mm wide) Gc coarse(>2 Gram, mm wide) H Herbaceous A (drifted) Allochtonous Mf feathermoss Ms Sphag Md dicranum/Polytrichum mosses coprogen.) Ml Live (algal, W Woody S Sedimentary ColorMatrix: Mottles (combine.g., ffd) Abundance: largest R, roken roken W, B iffuse (>15 cm) cm) iffuse (>15 lear (2–5 cm) cm) (2–5 lear D C O, A, AB, AE, A/B, A/E,A/C, avy avy cm ; cm from surf (exc live moss) W used NRCS codes turbated Combine content + size (sgr, xby)Combine content + size (sgr, radual (5–15 cm) cm) (5–15 radual brupt (<2 cm); cm); (<2 brupt mooth mooth rregular (deeper than wide) S Gm >60%) >250 mm, (rounded, Stony >60%) Gravel (rounded, massive, fine, massive,15-60% Gravel, with Gfm Gsm sand, massive Gravel, with Gl layered (2-250 Gravel mm), Sm Sands, massive Si inclined Sands, Sl layerd Sands, Soi Sands with org, inclined Sr rippled Sands, Sor – sands with org, inclined Sgm Sands w/tr gravel, massive Sgmt Sands w/tr gravel, turbated Om Organic, massive Ol Olt (> 10% organic) Organic, layered turbated Organic, layered, Oa limnic Organic, Fm Fines massive Fom Fines with organics, massive Fomt Fines with organics, massive, Fgm Fines w/tr gravel (tr-15% gravel) Fl Fr layered Fines, For rippled Fines, Fines with organics, rippled Fcm Fines with clay, massive Fcl Fines with clay, layered Fa TopDepth Fines with algae, limnic BotDepth: Horizon: Master horizon: Horizon suffixes suffixes Horizon a, b, c, co, d, di, e, f, ff, g, h, i, j, jj, k, m, z, v, w, y, t, s, ss, r, p, q, o, n, ma, Boundary: (combine, e.g. As) Distinctness: A G S I fl cn flagstones (flat, 150-380 mm) (flat, 2-150 channery mm) by > round, 600 ( boulder mm) Coarse fragment content class: fragment Coarse s 0%, no crs frag modifier trace to 15 % (grssil) v 15 to 35 %; no content modifier x 35 to 60 % (cbssil) % (grxSiL) 60-90 Crse fragment size class (>2mm); >90%; use crs frg alone (eg. gr) AC, E, E/A, BA B, BC, B/C, C, L, Topography: for for 2 artial , P for coarse 2 uger plug + auger et (field cap. to A W LA bsent, unknown omplete, omplete, A ed th xposure xposure eolian silt thickness oist, depth cm to chr=1, no to chr=1, depth cm dominant mineral text. dominant mineral E nd Max depth plug/probe Max depth plug/probe M depth cm to chr=2 or less to chr=2 depth cm ug etal probe etal probe coarse frags on soil surf (%) frags coarse enter UTM, verifies data enter UTM, verifies resent, total org in top 40 ry, ry, dominanttext. top as 40cm, cm, dep. to common dep.cm, rt (1- to common L quatic (>10cm, perm water) water) perm quatic (>10cm, depth to coarse frags >15% : P M Viereck Level IV IV Level Viereck : Disturbance Class, see codes form done? (y/n/u) done? (y/n/u) form A : sequencial coding for to 0.1 units in paste (10 cm) to 0.1 units in paste (10 cm) to 0.1 units in paste (30 cm) : NRCS 9 : depth of top Org layer (cm) : depth of top Org layer for fine (1-2 mm); 1-5/dm uS/cm from paste uS/cm from (10cm) 2 : cutpoint veg class, if applicable sat.), plug + probe mottling, full gley mottling, 5/cm above, + O = organic (<40cm thick) thick) (<40cm = organic + O above, in top 40 cm in top 40 cm medium (2-5 mm);>5/m ominants only, ominants orer bank it p urface SoilMoist: D LowMottDep: LowMatrDepth: HydricSoil: y, n, u (unknown) Permfrst: y, n, u (unknown) Drained Depth (cm): CryoTurb B >60%) (angular>380 Blocky mm, R >60%) Rubble (angular, 2-380 mm, Frost Boils (%): SurfaceFrag: RockDepth: SOIL PROFILE FORM Lithofacies: RootDepth: Veg Completeness: C SoilPH10: SoilPH30: SoilEC: Soil Strat: (SamplingSampMeth Method): P SurfOrg CumOrg40: Loess Thick (cm): DomMineral40: K >15%) (angular, >76 mm, Blocky B >15%) >76 (rounded, mm, Boldery 2-76 mm) , 15-60% (angl, Rubbly R mm) 2-76 15-60%, (rounded, G Gravelly (grSa to l Sa; <15% gravel) Sandy S L Loamy (CL to SL) C (SC to C) Clayey P thick) ~40 cm no mineral, Peat (if DomText40 VegClass4: AltVeg EcoType: DomTex40, SoilMoist,Physiograph, Soil (circumneutChemisty pH=5.6-7.3, brackish (e)>800uS), Veg Structure DstbClass2 GPS X-Y-Z: NOTES: record codes not on drop lists D MaxObsDepth: SoilClass S LM C see codes river, mountain, etc river, mountain, see Terrain Unit codes see Terrain Unit codes Usually 10 Usually water above or below Camera Name see codes (+/-, or >pit depth) Initials of Observer to 0.1 pH units (uS/cm) enter “y” after marked Unique Identifier mm/dd/yy (ck) mm/dd/yy (Photos:verticle, oblique, soil) PinPrick: PlotRadius(m): Physiography: A Alpine S Subalpine U Upland L Lowland (ponded) G Glacial P Lacustrine R Riverine C Coastal H Human SurfGeomorph: Microtopog: Microrelief (cm): NWI Water Regime: U Upland exposed Ts flooded Te Irregularly flooded Subtidal Tr Regularly flooded Ti Irregularly exposed Np Permanently flooded Nei Intermittently flooded Nsp Semipermanently (S) Nse Seasonally flooded Nsa Saturated flooded Nt Temporarily flooded Ni Intermittently Na Artificially WaterDep: A/B soilSurf : Saturat<30: y,n,u (unknown) GeogLandMark: GeogLandMark: SubGeomorph: Slope(deg): Aspect(deg): Macrotopography: ENVIRONMENTAL PLOT DATA NoData=999 PLotID: Date: Observers: Plot Photos: E Es W drained Excessively Somewhat excess. drained Wm drained Well well drained Ps Moderately P poorly Somewhat drained Pv F drained Poorly drained poorly Very Flooded WaterPH: WaterEC: Drainage: Appendix 1. Continued.

193 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

, including us arsax

it vag vag rbig ivag ivag aran bcha erpan -aultur i-aultur ri-hylspl-aultur g-vacvit g-vacvit cri-plesch pl-calcan rerev-equflu-carlim etnan-clamit-erivag etnan-clamit-erivag sphcom-vaculi-eri lncri-equarv-calcan vaculi-alncri-cliden ock Shrub vacvit-alncri-b Low Shrub Low carbig-betnan-salgla-vacvit-clam sock Shrub vacvit-betnan- Fen scosco-mentri-d Tall Shrub moss-salala-a Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-rubcha-clamit-leddec-cl Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-rubcha-alncri-eriva Spruce-Ericaceous Forest picgla-vacvit-alncri-hyls illow Low Shrub illow Low salpla-hylspl-

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect Slope

999

Talbot and used for the ELS. and used for the Talbot

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83

data collected by Stephen Stephen by data collected pp SELA_T01_11_2007 8/13/2007 66.59 -161.40 P 0 999 Wlsi W 0 Hfwhb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Buckbean Dwarf potpal-mentri-equflu-calgig-utrvul Lacustrine Dwarf Upland Hfwhb Slott Upland 0 100 W Sdel Wlsi Mpm 999 30 Ltdi 0 999 N Fdob P Buckbean 0 -161.40 999 U 0 -161.40 SELA_T01_09_2007 U 66.59 Lacustrine -161.41 SELA_T01_10_2007 66.59 Haf 8/13/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_11_2007 66.58 66.59 20 -161.40 8/13/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_12_2007 W 66.58 W Of -161.40 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_13_2007 999 L 0 SELA_T01_14_2007 Lowland L P 0 -161.38 SELA_T01_15_2007 Fnwws 0 999 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_16_2007 66.59 66.60 75 -161.36 999 8/14/2007 SELA_T01_17_2007 Birch-Ericaceous 66.59 Fh Of Osp Fen -161.38 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 SELA_T01_18_2007 L 182 66.59 Ob -161.38 8/14/2007 SELA_T01_19_2007 Upland 1 Buckbean L 66.60 N L 0 -161.38 Mpm SELA_T01_20_2007 -161.72 Sdet L Lacustrine 20 100 0 999 8/14/2007 SELA_T01_21_2007 30 -161.72 P 999 Ltnu U Hgwsl 0 66.60 N 0 Hgwst 66.84 Slobe 0 N 66.84 -161.39 Esi 999 8/14/2007 SELA_T02_01_2007 mentri-eriang-carsax-utrvul-drerev Sedge Lowland Fen Fdob Shrub 65 Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low 66.60 8/9/2007 0 999 -161.39 8/14/2007 8/9/2007 SELA_T02_02_2007 3 L 66.60 Of U 999 N -161.39 -161.72 U Fdob 0 Mpm 30 Fdob L plesch-betnan-vaculi-alncr 999 Mpm 66.85 999 30 Slobe 100 999 0 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low N Hgwst 8/9/2007 SELA_T02_06_2007 Slobe Of Sedge Lowland Fen 999 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low nd 30 scosco-carcap1-eriang-utrvul-carcho Mpm Fdob Sdel 100 plesch-vaculi-rubcha-hylspl Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Hgwst N empnig-vaculi-betnan-aln Sedge Lowland Fen 50 Sdel Sloe vacvit-rubcha-betnan-flacuc-er Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low Upland Dwarf Birch-Tuss scosco-carcho-drepa-erirus-myrgal vacvit-plesch-betnan-moss-ru scosco-carcho-eriang-erirus-utrvul SELA_T01_08_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 P 0 999 Fdob N 30 Hgwsmb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Buckbean moss-potpal-mentri-caramb-eriang-erir Lacustrine Hgwsmb 30 N Fdob 999 0 P -161.39 66.58 SELA_T01_07_2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_08_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 R 1 White 170 Upland Fdoi Fnows N 30 50 N Elu 210 Stoaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub 22 U -161.72 66.84 8/9/2007 SELA_T02_03_2007 equarv-salric-alncri-calcan-rubarc1 SELA_T01_02_2007 8/12/2007 66.58 -161.37 P 0 999 Wetr W 0 W Lowland Lake Lake Lowland W Alder 0 W Wetr Riverine 999 myrspi-potric-potfil-calher 0 P Stcaw -161.37 30 N 66.58 Fdoi 170 8 8/12/2007 SELA_T01_02_2007 R -161.39 SELA_T01_03_2007 SELA_T01_04_2007 66.58 8/12/2007 SELA_T01_05_2007 66.58 -161.37 8/12/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T01_06_2007 66.58 -161.37 8/13/2007 R 66.58 -161.39 R 0 P 0 999 0 999 Fdoi 999 Fdoi N Of N 30 100 Stcaw N Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Slow 0 Meadow Riverine Bluejoint Hgwsht Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow equarv-salric-alncri-salala-m calgig-calcan-salric-equarv-caraqu-c caraqu-potpal-eriang-salric-equflu SELA_T02_04_2007 SELA_T02_05_2007 8/9/2007 66.84 8/9/2007 SELA_T02_07_2007 -161.71 66.85 -161.72 U 8/9/2007 U 66.85 5 -161.71 3 4 U 182 8 Elu Ell 275 Mpm 50 N Elu Slobe 75 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low N Slott 50 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tus Stoa vaculi-hylspl-empnig-betnan-ca Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub salret-alncri-equarv-calcan-arclat SELA_T01_01_2007 8/12/2007 66.59 -161.37 L 0 999 Fdob Phl 50 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-rhyrug-vacvit-alnc Low Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Slobe 50 Phl Fdob 999 0 L -161.37 Unique_ID Date 66.59 8/4/2007 SELA_PurcellHS_2007 8/12/2007 SELA_T01_01_2007 Appendix 2. List of ecological components of ground reference Refuge, northwestern plots in the Selawik Alaska National Wildlife

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 194 in g ax z li u culi culi var anunc can can barc1 barc1 ubarc1 t-aultur t-aultur -carbig -carbig ricae-erisch-erivag ricae-erisch-erivag salala-chrbip-cal s1-potpal-drepa-calli vaculi-betnan-vacvi ow Tall Shrub equarv-arttil- eous Shrub Bog sphag-limrev-t h-Ericaceous Low Shrub h-Ericaceous Low cetisl2- rrens equarv-salala-descae-eleaci-arttil rb Marsh equflu-carro

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T02_10_2007 8/10/2007 66.86 -161.75 L 0 999 Ob Mu 100 Slobe Lowland Birc Meadow Ericac Lowland Bluejoint Lowland Slobe calcan-rubarc1-pollon1-dicund-sphm 100 Hgwst Lacustrine Mu 30 Ob Lake 999 Hgmbh Fh Ob 0 305 30 L Lowland 2 N -161.75 L Ldnm W -161.75 350 0 66.86 2 W P 66.86 Wetr -161.72 8/10/2007 SELA_T02_10_2007 999 potric-potalp-myrspi-potam 0 8/10/2007 SELA_T02_11_2007 P 66.85 -161.73 SELA_T02_12_2007 8/10/2007 SELA_T02_13_2007 66.84 Fen 8/10/2007 SELA_T02_14_2007 66.85 -161.73 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_15_2007 Buckbean 8/10/2007 SELA_T02_16_2007 U 66.85 Lacustrine -161.73 P -161.72 999 SELA_T02_17_2007 0 Of Hgwsb 66.84 N 0 2 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_18_2007 carrar-mentri-caraqu-erirus-tripal U 66.84 Barrens 8/11/2007 -161.73 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_19_2007 80 66.84 32 -161.73 SELA_T02_20_2007 R Riverine Elu 28 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_21_2007 L 66.84 Ba Bpv River 0 -161.73 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_22_2007 0 66.84 Ch Wf 2 N 999 -161.73 8/11/2007 SELA_T02_23_2007 U Fmraf 0 Riverine 66.84 equarv-arcful-salint-descae-eleaci 100 -161.73 W 8/11/2007 270 SELA_T02_24_2007 30 Mg L Fdoi Wrln 66.84 Bpv 1 2 -161.73 8/11/2007 999 SELA_T03_01_2007 0 Sdev 75 Fdob L R 66.84 0 0 N -161.73 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub -160.94 Low 8/11/2007 SELA_T03_02_2007 30 N Sloaw C Fmraf R 66.84 1 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub N -161.73 999 -160.94 8/12/2007 300 SELA_T03_03_2007 30 L 66.87 66.87 Fdob 0 3 -160.93 8/12/2007 SELA_T03_04_2007 30 30 Stoaw L Fdob R 66.87 66.87 0 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub potpec 999 -160.93 -160.94 8/12/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_05_2007 N Slobe R 66.87 vacvit-vaculi-empnig-arcalp-carbi Fdob 0 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low -160.93 N 999 8/12/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_06_2007 R Fdob 30 66.87 66.89 3 -160.93 999 hylspl-plesch-alncri-equarv-vacu SELA_T03_07_2007 30 N R Fdob Slobe 0 N 270 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_08_2007 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Stoaw L 30 Of 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub 999 N hylspl-betnan-vacvit-aultur 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_09_2007 30 Fmrif 66.87 Slobb 0 999 -160.94 Hgwhsb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 75 Fmoa equarv-alncri-rhimag-cliden-petfri Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh N N 999 8/13/2007 Stoaw Fmoi R 66.89 50 leddec-hylspl-vacvit-betnan-va Alder Tall Lowland Shrub N -160.94 0 Hgwsmb Of Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 0 N 10 Hgwfg R Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh 999 10 Stow equarv-alncri-rubcha-hylspl-betnan N betnan-moss-erirus-salpla-andpol 3 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub carlyn Fmraf Stca 10 300 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Hgwsht N Sedge-Willow Lowland Fen Fmoa 10 arcful-salala-eleaci-beceru-caraq equarv-salala-calcan-arttil-ru N Hgwfg Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh 0 Slow alncri-equarv-moss-aneric-rubarc1 caraqu-eriang-salric-equvar-drepa Riverine Moist Will arcful-caraqu-equflu-equarv-glym Unique_ID Date SELA_T02_08_2007 SELA_T02_09_2007 8/9/2007 66.85 8/10/2007 -161.72 66.86 -161.75 P P 0 0 999 999 Wlsit L W 0 N 100 W Hgwfg Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Pendent Grass Lacustrine Marsh arcful-carlyn-caraqu-calcan-becsy potalp-potpal-utrvul-equpal-eriang SELA_T03_11_2007 8/13/2007 66.88 -160.94 R 0 999 Fmrif N 10 Hfwfh Riverine Fo Riverine Hfwfh 10 N Fmrif 999 0 R -160.94 66.88 Marsh SELA_T03_10_2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_11_2007 Horsetail 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_12_2007 66.89 Lacustrine -160.93 P -160.94 999 SELA_T03_13_2007 0 Of Hfwhb 66.88 N 0 warexa-calgig-equflu-calli-hipvul 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_14_2007 R 66.88 8/13/2007 -160.94 8/13/2007 66.89 0 -160.93 R 999 R 0 Fmoi 0 999 N 999 Fmoi 10 Fmoi N Stow N Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub 10 10 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Stoaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub salala-equarv-rubarc1-arclat-s equarv-salala-drepa-cliden-equ equarv-salala-alncri-cliden-r Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

195 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

v etnan eddec riset arb dicra1 -sanunc big-arclat big-arclat arv-arclat-arttil-sal llow Tall Shrub llow salala-equ

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 Unique_ID Date SELA_T03_15_2007 SELA_T03_16_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 P R 0 0 999 999 Of Fmrbf N N 10 10 Hfwhb Hgwsl Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Meadow Riverine Wet Sedge caraqu-warexa-calgig-potpal-carros1 warexa-equflu-calgig-calli-caraqu SELA_T03_25_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.88 P 0 999 Wldit W 0 Wf Lowland Lake Lake Lowland SELA_T03_17_2007 Lake Wf SELA_T03_18_2007 0 Barrens W 8/13/2007 SELA_T03_19_2007 Lowland Wldit 66.89 -160.93 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_20_2007 999 66.86 Hafp Riverine 0 -160.90 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_21_2007 0 R P 66.86 W -160.90 -160.88 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_22_2007 Hfwhlm L Wldit 66.86 0 potzos-potgra-warexa-potalp-hipvul -160.90 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_23_2007 999 L 66.86 10 66.86 0 equflu-equarv-stecra-salala-descae 0 999 -160.90 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_24_2007 N L P 66.86 Fdra 0 -160.89 999 -160.89 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 270 SELA_T03_25_2007 U Fmoi 66.86 0 2 -160.89 999 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_26_2007 U R 66.86 66.86 Of 0 N 999 -160.88 -160.92 SELA_T03_27_2007 L Ltnm 26 999 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_28_2007 10 P Marsh Fh 66.86 66.86 Ob 180 2 N -160.89 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_29_2007 Fnows 66.86 Ell 20 Horsetail Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest 0 180 -160.89 8/15/2007 SELA_T03_30_2007 10 Ell Fh P Hgwst Lacustrine 999 8/14/2007 SELA_T03_31_2007 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Hgwst Ltnm -160.14 P 999 Fh U 66.86 0 30 Haf N 0 Fs Shrub Sedge Lowland Fen 0 66.64 Mg -160.89 SELA_T04_01_2007 equflu-cicmac-calcan-eriang-caraqu 30 Slobe Of 36 8/8/2007 Low 999 8/15/2007 50 SELA_T04_02_2007 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low U equarv-alncri-picgla-plesch Fh 66.86 Slott rubcha-spibea-vaculi-alncri-i 200 -160.15 Birch-Ericaceous Fmwsb L -160.92 SELA_T04_03_2007 Wlsit Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock 0 Shrub 66.64 999 W Upland Spruce-Birch Forest 30 Ell 5 8/8/2007 Lowland 8/8/2007 SELA_T04_04_2007 Ell R 20 Sloe Fh Fnwbs sphlen-aultur-aulpal-sphrub-carrar 66.64 0 W 250 SELA_T04_05_2007 Spruce Forest Black Lowland Marsh -160.15 leddec-betnan-vaculi-hylspl- 0 Hafe Mu 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_06_2007 0 Elu Horsetail P 66.64 Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh erivag-betnan-vacvit-carbig-l 100 999 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_07_2007 -160.14 caraqu-eriang-carrot-sphfus-moss Hafp 66.64 Fmosb Lacustrine 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_08_2007 0 Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Fh -160.14 P -160.14 999 Fdoa Upland Spruce-Birch Forest 0 Of equpra-hylspl-vacvit-equarv-alncri L Hgwsht 66.64 66.65 N 0 caraqu-potpal-equflu-eriang-utrint 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_09_2007 -160.14 999 20 L 66.65 8/9/2007 pethyp-hylspl-aultur-tomnit-equarv N 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_10_2007 0 -160.14 Fnwws U Ltnm 66.65 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest SELA_T04_11_2007 0 -160.14 999 0 L equflu-warexa-carros1-utrmin-spaang 0 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_12_2007 N 999 Fmob L Stcw 66.65 8/9/2007 SELA_T04_13_2007 0 999 -160.14 Riverine Moist Wi warexa-potalp-potzos-potgra-hipvul betpap-alncri-picgla-calcan-equar 20 Fmob betnan-vaculi-picgla-car 66.65 8/9/2007 0 N -160.14 999 Fmob Stow P 66.65 Tm 8/9/2007 -160.15 999 Willow Shrub Lacustrine 20 Fmob P 66.64 Fh 30 0 -160.14 Stow P Ob Stoaw Mi 0 30 Willow Shrub Lowland Low 999 P Willow Shrub Lowland Low 0 30 Slobe 999 Plll Wlsct Upland Dwarf Hgwsmb Birch-Tussock Shrub 0 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 999 20 Of W Hgwsmb 999 Ltnm Ericaceous Shrub Lowland Bog calcan-salpul-potpal-calpal1-equflu 0 Ltnm W calcan-salpul-potpal-eriang-caraqu N rubcha-sphmag-leddec-sphang-b Hafb rubcha-vaculi-salpul-alncri-betnan 0 W Marestail Lacustrine Marsh 20 sphang-sphmag-erirus-andpol-sphs Hafe Stoaw 0 Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh sphste-erirus-sphbal-sphmag-andp Willow Shrub Lacustrine Hgwfs Wet Sedge Lacustrine Meadow spaang-utrvul-equflu-hipvul-lemtri equflu-potpal-hipvul-utrvul-caraqu caraqu-eriang-potpal-equflu-utrvul calcan-salpul-potpal-salfus-vaculi Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 196 g g com

it vag vag ec ec esch aculi acvit etnan -claran polala etnan lpul-caraqu alli-utrvul-cicmac rlim-carcho-caraqu -utrvul-potpal-calli potpal-calli-sa Fen equflu-mentri-c Marsh equflu-cicmac Sedge Meadow calcan- ge Fen sphag-carrot-ca

Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Wet Willow Tall equarv-salpul-calcan-moss-salala Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T04_17_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 P 0 999 Wlsct W 0 Wf Lowland Lake Lake Lowland Wf 0 W Wlsct 999 spaang-potric-calher-potalp-myrspi 0 P -160.12 Buckbean 66.66 Lacustrine 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_17_2007 Wet Hafe SELA_T04_18_2007 0 SELA_T04_19_2007 N Lacustrine Ltnm 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_20_2007 999 66.66 Hgmb 0 -160.12 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_21_2007 P 66.66 10 -160.12 -160.13 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_22_2007 N U 66.66 Ltnc -160.12 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_23_2007 999 L 66.66 66.64 0 0 -160.12 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_24_2007 L P 66.66 0 999 -160.13 -160.13 8/10/2007 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_25_2007 L 66.66 0 -160.13 999 8/10/2007 SELA_T04_26_2007 L 66.66 66.64 Ell 0 -160.14 999 SELA_T04_27_2007 L Ob 0 999 8/11/2007 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_28_2007 Phh L 66.64 Ob 0 -160.13 999 8/11/2007 50 Tt Ltim 66.64 0 -160.13 999 Slott P Tt Ob 75 Pllh 999 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Hgwsmb P Ob 50 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 50 0 Plll Hgwsmb Ob Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 0 Sdet 999 30 M Ericaceous Shrub Lowland Bog Hgwsmb 999 Mi Wlsct Ericaceous Shrub Lowland Bog 30 erivag-leddec-sphag-andpol-v Hgwsmb 75 Ltnc Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog W sphjen-warflu-erirus-sphcom-sphma Slobe warflu-erirus-carrot-polstr-sphma Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland W Low 0 carrot-sphmag-sphfus-andpol-eri 0 Haf erirus-sphjen-sphfus-sphmag-sph Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Hfwfh sphag-erirus-andpol-tricae-aulpal Marestail Lacustrine Marsh rubcha-sphag-plesch-leddec-v utrvul-spaang-hipvul-potgra-equflu utrvul-calnat-hipvul-calher-myrspi Unique_ID Date SELA_T04_15_2007 SELA_T04_16_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 8/10/2007 -160.14 66.66 -160.12 R L 0 38 999 62 Fmob Ell N M 0 100 Hgmbh Meadow Riverine Bluejoint Slod Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low leddec-psicav-vaculi-betnan- calcan-potpal-pethyp-valcap-angluc SELA_T04_29_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stow 10 N Fmoi 999 0 R -160.12 66.63 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_29_2007 SELA_T05_04_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.83 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 20 Hgwsmb Lowland Sed SELA_T04_30_2007 Lowland SELA_T04_31_2007 HorsetailHgwsmb 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_32_2007 66.63 -160.12 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_33_2007 20 66.63 -160.12 Lacustrine 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_34_2007 R Mpm 66.63 Ob -160.12 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_35_2007 Hafe R 999 66.63 0 -160.13 0 8/11/2007 SELA_T04_36_2007 0 L 66.63 L W 0 Wl 999 -160.12 8/12/2007 SELA_T05_01_2007 -159.83 R 999 66.64 0 999 -160.14 8/12/2007 SELA_T05_02_2007 0 Fmrif R 66.64 P 66.55 0 -160.14 999 8/5/2007 SELA_T05_03_2007 -159.86 Fmoi U 66.55 W 0 999 8/5/2007 8/5/2007 SELA_T05_04_2007 -159.83 Fmob U 66.55 66.55 0 N 999 8/5/2007 SELA_T05_05_2007 0 -159.83 Fmob U 66.55 0 N 999 8/6/2007 SELA_T05_06_2007 10 -159.83 Wlsir Hafe U N 25 999 8/5/2007 SELA_T05_07_2007 10 Marsh Riverine Forb Stcaw Ob U 66.55 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub W 18 220 SELA_T05_08_2007 10 Slcw -159.84 Ob Willow Shrub Lowland Low Hgwst 0 8/6/2007 SELA_T05_09_2007 30 0 Fh Ltip U 66.55 Meadow Riverine Wet Sedge 8/6/2007 999 -159.86 N 30 Haf Ltip 66.55 Mpm 0 8/6/2007 -159.85 Marsh Riverine Forb Slobe P 20 Ltiu 66.56 75 Mpm Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 999 -159.86 L Slott Slcbe 75 Mpm 0 salpul-pethyp-rubarc1-alncri-calcan Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub equflu-potpal-cicmac-caraqu-utrvul L Ob 100 salpul-eriang-sphsqu-calcan-vaculi Slobe 3 999 eriang-potpal-calcan-salpul-caraqu Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Slobe 0 160 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Pd rubcha-betnan-leddec-vaculi-pl Wl 999 50 Ob vaculi-leddec-carbig-moss-b erivag-leddec-sphag-plesch-vacv W Slott myrspi-potzos-hipvul-calgig-potpal Of sphag-vacvit-leddec-plesch-b Mpm Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 0 vacvit-leddec-betnan-empnig 50 Ds Hafb Slce 30 Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Hfwhb erivag-sphag-vacvit-rubcha-ledd Sedge Lowland Fen sphag-leddec-rubcha-chacal-betgla utrvul-spaang-equflu sphobt-potpal-equflu-carros1-cicmac Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

197 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

nig nig ic

li g n

dec ag ag hag hag raqu tnan rbig arbig rrot c-spibea pal2-cicmac-eriang ubarc1-arttil-ribtri alncri-vaculi-eriv Marsh utrvul-arcful-cal b alncri-calcan-r rch-Tussock Shrub sphag-betnan-

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T05_16_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.81 P 0 999 Wls N 20 Hfwhlm Lacustrine Buckbean Fen Buckbean sphsqu-mentri-potpal-calpal2-cicmac Barrens Lacustrine Hfwhlm Lacustrine 999 20 Bpv Meadow 0 N P 10 Wls -159.85 999 N arcful-sencon1-salpul-rorisl-pollap Bluejoint 0 P 66.55 calcan-potpal-polcom-spibea-erirus SELA_T05_13_2007 -159.81 Lacustrine 8/6/2007 SELA_T05_14_2007 66.55 8/6/2007 SELA_T05_15_2007 Hgmbs 66.56 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_16_2007 -159.85 30 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_17_2007 N R 66.55 Ltnm SELA_T05_18_2007 -159.81 260 8/7/2007 0 SELA_T05_19_2007 Meadow 3 U P 66.55 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_20_2007 999 -159.81 -159.84 66.55 River W nd 2 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_21_2007 Bluejoint -159.81 999 nd Fmoi P 66.56 66.55 Wf 999 caraqu-calcan-moss-arcful-potpal 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_22_2007 0 265 -159.82 L R 66.56 999 8/7/2007 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_23_2007 Lacustrine Ds 0 -159.83 -159.86 U P 66.56 Ob 8/7/2007 SELA_T05_24_2007 4 -159.83 30 -159.86 999 Hgwgh U 66.56 66.55 3 SELA_T05_25_2007 Hgwfs 330 -159.83 U N 66.55 Wls Meadow Riverine Wet Sedge 1 8/7/2007 8/8/2007 SELA_T05_26_2007 240 L Ltim 66.55 75 1 8/7/2007 8/8/2007 SELA_T05_27_2007 170 -159.86 W 66.55 Ell Mpm Slott potric-arcful-potalp SELA_T06_01_2007 1 -159.86 84 Fmob R Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock 0 Shrub 50 SELA_T06_02_2007 190 Mpm U Fmob Slcbe Hafb M 8/6/2007 9 SELA_T06_03_2007 75 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Low Lowland eriang-calcan-potpal-caraqu-calpal1 66.52 Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Ob 10 8/6/2007 SELA_T06_04_2007 50 205 -159.19 M Slott 66.53 8/6/2007 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock SELA_T06_05_2007 Shrub 46 Slobb -159.18 erivag-rubcha-vacvit-leddec-spha 75 Fmoi U N 66.53 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 8/6/2007 Shrub SELA_T06_06_2007 -159.18 Slobb R 66.53 rubcha-vacvit-betnan-ledde Ell 20 0 8/6/2007 SELA_T06_07_2007 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub N Low -159.19 L Hgwsmb 66.52 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 8/6/2007 0 SELA_T06_08_2007 999 -159.20 vacvit-arcalp-betnan-leddec-c Birch-Ericaceous 50 U N erivag-vacvit-sphag-flacuc-ca 66.52 -159.16 utrvul-spaang-potzos-potric-scosco U 8/7/2007 SELA_T06_09_2007 0 999 -159.20 0 999 66.52 Esdi sphag-rubcha-vacvit-betnan-led U Upland Stca 66.52 Ob 30 8/7/2007 Sdeb Es 10 0 8/7/2007 SELA_T06_10_2007 -159.17 999 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Fmoi L 66.52 sphag-leddec-vacvit-empnig-vacu Slcbe 0 SELA_T06_11_2007 999 -159.16 Fmob L Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub N Low 8/7/2007 SELA_T06_12_2007 0 N 999 sphste-andpol-caraqu-carrot-erirus U 66.52 Ob 0 8/7/2007 SELA_T06_13_2007 0 N -159.16 999 10 66.52 Ob 0 8/7/2007 Slott -159.15 999 10 Phl L Stca 66.52 Ob Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub leddec-betnan-vacvit-carbig-sp 8/8/2007 999 -159.15 Plhh Riverine Alder Tall Shru Slow 30 P 66.52 Ob alncri-equarv-rubarc1-calcan-linbor 0 Willow Shrub Lowland Low -159.19 30 Plhh Hgwst U Ob 999 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 999 Sloeb 25 Plll P 999 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 0 Hgwsmb Plll Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog sphag-arcalp-erivag-vacvit-leddec 20 Ob 999 Wldit 999 Hgwsmb 5 Ericaceous Shrub Lowland Bog 999 Hgwsmb Plll W sphag-kobmyo-erivag-andpol-emp Ob Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Wlsit sphsqu-potpal-salpul-equflu-vaculi arcalp-sphag-vacvit-vaculi-ca 5 Phl Hgwsmb W sphag-erirus-chacal-andpol-polju Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 5 W sphlen-sphste-caraqu-vaculi-oxym sphag-arcalp-vacvit-vaculi-be Pendent Grass Lacustrine Slott Upland Dwarf Bi Wf Marestail Lacustrine Marsh sphag-carrot-tricae-caraqu-erirus warflu-arcful-calpal2-caraqu-cicmac SELA_T05_11_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 R 0 999 Wr W 0 Hafp River Hafp 0 W Wr 999 0 R -159.85 Unique_ID Date 66.56 SELA_T05_10_2007 potric-potgra-potalp-equflu-myrspi 8/6/2007 SELA_T05_11_2007 SELA_T05_12_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 8/6/2007 R 66.56 -159.85 1 R 50 1 Fmoa 165 N Fmrif 50 Ds Stca 100 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Stow Shrub Riverine Wet Willow Tall salpul-calcan-eriang-potpal-ca alncri-calcan-rubarc1-moss-salala Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 198 it tnan lspl ivag ivag l fri an tomnit -cladi an-equarv a-ribtri la-salpul la-salpul c-salpla-epilo iang-calli-caraqu picgla-vaculi-betpap al-calli-galtri1-epipa quflu-cicma cvit-leddec-empnig h Forest h Forest hylspl-alncri- aceous Low Shrub aceous Low betgla-va rsetail Marsh hamlap-e uejoint Meadow potpal-calcan-er Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-potp

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T08_04_2007 SELA_T08_04_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.70 U 4 130 Elu N 10 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest alncri-equpra-hylspl-picgl SELA_T07_13_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 P 0 999 Gl N 20 Hgwsl Lacustrine Bl Lacustrine Meadow Hgwsl SELA_T07_06_2007 Lake Sddt 20 Bluejoint SELA_T07_07_2007 10 Lacustrine N Gl -159.46 P 999 8/13/2007 SELA_T07_08_2007 Ltiu N 999 0 Hgwg Lacustrine Gmo 66.21 Lowland N 0 66.21 0 -159.45 P -159.45 999 186 8/13/2007 SELA_T07_09_2007 Ltiu rubarc1-potpal-calcan-sphag-moss Hgmbh 0 P 66.21 Wf N 0 8/13/2007 66.21 1 -159.45 -159.45 8/13/2007 SELA_T07_10_2007 0 U U 66.21 8/13/2007 W -159.46 -159.44 SELA_T07_11_2007 U Wlsim 66.21 1 SELA_T07_12_2007 utrmin-hipvul-potpal-salpul-hylspl 999 U 66.21 1 0 195 8/13/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T07_13_2007 Spruce-Birc P 66.21 0 205 -159.45 -159.43 8/13/2007 8/14/2007 SELA_T07_14_2007 Gmo 66.21 999 -159.45 SELA_T07_15_2007 Upland Gmo U 66.21 dryint-dryoct-salret-bryum-empnig N SELA_T07_16_2007 Gmo L Fmosb 2 N 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 SELA_T07_17_2007 30 66.21 10 0 264 N -159.44 8/14/2007 SELA_T07_18_2007 30 Slott 66.21 N Ell -159.43 999 120 SELA_T07_19_2007 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 30 U Gmo Slott 15 8/14/2007 SELA_T07_20_2007 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Fnows U Ltim 66.21 U Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest 1 N -159.43 8/14/2007 SELA_T07_21_2007 -158.70 66.21 3 Mi 110 -159.43 8/14/2007 SELA_T08_01_2007 10 L 66.21 66.89 betnan-leddec-vacvit-polyt-pet -159.43 8/14/2007 SELA_T08_02_2007 30 94 Fmoas L 66.21 Ell salpul-picgla-empnig-betn betnan-leddec-calcan-sphsqu-er Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest 0 Hgmbs -159.43 8/3/2007 8/3/2007 SELA_T08_03_2007 U Willow Shrub Lowland Low Gmo 66.88 1 999 8/3/2007 -158.68 U N 66.89 2 205 SELA_T08_05_2007 N -158.70 U Gl 20 2 230 SELA_T08_06_2007 10 Ob U Fnows 240 2 8/3/2007 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Gmo Slobw N 66.89 salpul-poptre-picgla-salbeb-betgla Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub 5 8/3/2007 Low 320 -158.70 Fh Gmo salbeb-betnan-calcan-salpul-rubarc1 66.88 10 N 120 -158.70 30 U Elu Slcbw hylspl-picgla-vaculi-betg N 10 Willow Shrub Lowland Low Slobb U Elu 10 Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low 20 Fboa salgla-betnan-empnig-vaculi-hy N 28 135 Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest Fnows N 10 Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest 175 Ell 10 Sdev vaculi-empnig-betnan-vacvit- Gfk Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low Slobe Ml salpul-hylspl-betgla-calcan-aulacu Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low N 20 poptre-salbeb-aulacu-salarb-salgla Hgmb 0 picgla-salgla-poptre-aulacu-empnig Meadow Upland Bluejoint polcom-vaculi-leddec-clado-vacv Fbob polcom-vaculi-equsyl-leddec-be Upland Birch Forest calcan-equsyl-epiang-moss-equarv betpap-polyt-moss-caline-equarv SELA_T07_05_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.44 U 4 346 Gmo Mrm 20 Slobe Upland Birch-Eric Upland Slobe 20 Mrm Gmo 346 SELA_T06_17_2007 4 SELA_T07_01_2007 U -159.44 8/8/2007 SELA_T07_02_2007 66.52 8/12/2007 SELA_T07_03_2007 -159.20 66.21 66.21 -159.44 8/12/2007 SELA_T07_04_2007 66.21 P -159.44 8/12/2007 8/13/2007 SELA_T07_05_2007 P 66.21 999 -159.44 8/12/2007 L 66.21 999 0 -159.44 L 0 999 U nd 1 999 Wlsim 6 34 N Gmo W 332 Gmo 0 N Gmo Hafe 10 N Wf Mu Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Marestail Lacustrine Marsh Stow 20 30 Willow Shrub Lowland Low Stow Stcaw Willow Shrub Lowland Low Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub sphae-arcful-carutr-mentri-hipvul salnip-salpul-salarb-petfri-equarv alncri-salnip-salpul-drepa-calc salpul-salbeb-brach-salarb-drepa Unique_ID Date Ho SELA_T06_14_2007 SELA_T06_15_2007 -159.20 P 999 Lacustrine 0 Of Hafe 66.52 N 0 SELA_T06_16_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 8/8/2007 8/8/2007 -159.19 66.52 -159.19 L L 999 999 0 999 nd Ob N N Hgwsmb 0 Sedge Fen Lowland Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-caraqu-carutr-drorot-oxymic Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

199 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

it ur uli l ec us

vit lyt lyt ag ag cal cal betnan betnan cvit-vaculi-leddec it-betnan-leddec-cha phsqu-potpal-sphag-calli rch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-vacv rest polcom-betpap-va ckbean Fen mentri-s

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype Lake Lowland

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T10_19_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.17 P 0 999 Wlsim W 0 Wf 0 W SELA_T10_13_2007 Wlsim SELA_T10_14_2007 999 0 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_15_2007 P 66.46 -158.20 -158.17 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_16_2007 66.46 -158.20 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_17_2007 L 66.46 66.46 -158.19 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_18_2007 L 66.46 0 -158.19 8/10/2007 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_19_2007 L 66.46 0 -158.18 999 8/10/2007 SELA_T10_20_2007 L 66.46 mentri-potpal-sphag-leddec-betnan 0 -158.18 999 SELA_T10_21_2007 L L 0 999 8/11/2007 L 66.46 Of 0 -158.16 999 8/11/2007 66.46 Ob N 0 -158.16 999 U N Ob 10 999 Plll L Of 10 0 Sloeb Mi 20 Hgwsmb Of Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Sedge Lowland Fen 0 999 Sloeb 30 N 999 ShrubEricaceous Bog Lowland Slobb N Ob 10 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Ob Hgwsl 10 Sedge Lowland Fen N Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen sphag-sphagr-andpol-aultur-chacal Plll 30 10 sphcom-sphbal-sphste-andpol-ault Slott Hgwsmb Ericaceous Shrub Lowland sphagg-sphsqu-sphag-carros1-carutr Bog Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphste-vaculi-betnan-sphag-andpol sphag-carrot-erirus-carmem-caraqu sphag-leddec-betnan-vacvit-eriv sphsqu-sphag-mentri-carrot-caraqu sphagb-sphagg-andpol-sphag-erir SELA_T08_14_2007 SELA_T08_14_2007 Bu SELA_T08_15_2007 Lacustrine 8/3/2007 SELA_T08_16_2007 -158.16 P 999 0 Of 66.88 Hfwhb 66.46 N 0 8/3/2007 SELA_T10_01_2007 -158.68 66.89 8/8/2007 8/3/2007 SELA_T10_02_2007 -158.66 U 66.88 SELA_T10_03_2007 -158.68 L 999 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_04_2007 P 66.45 999 17 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_05_2007 -158.17 66.45 999 140 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_06_2007 Elu -158.17 L 66.45 999 8/9/2007 Fen SELA_T10_07_2007 -158.18 Elu U 66.45 N 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_08_2007 0 -158.18 Elu Buckbean U 66.45 7 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_09_2007 -158.18 999 10 N U 66.46 Lacustrine -158.19 P 999 4 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_10_2007 N 0 Of -158.19 Slobe 90 Hfwhb L 0 66.46 66.46 Ob N 0 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 3 8/9/2007 SELA_T10_11_2007 160 -158.19 mentri-cicmac-eriang-calli-carutr 10 L 66.46 8/10/2007 Fnobs Gmo 8/9/2007 Hgwsmb SELA_T10_12_2007 0 325 -158.19 Spruce Forest Black Lowland Wet Sedge Lacustrine Meadow Fh L 66.46 Ob 0 -158.19 999 Fh U Gmo 30 8/10/2007 0 999 66.46 polcom-vaculi-leddec-carbig- Fh 30 U Sloeb Ob -158.20 0 999 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Slobe 50 Ob 0 999 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub U Pd Ob Slott eleaci-calver-polyt-carutr-spahyp hylspl-picmar-alncri-equpra-plesch 999 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub N 50 Ob 0 Plhl Sloa Ob Sloeb 10 999 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock 50 Shrub Hgwsmb N sphag-sphagg-sphagr-andpol-carrot betnan-empnig-sphag-vacvit-ledd Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Hgwsmb Mi Ob Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 50 empnig-betnan-vacvit-sphagg-vac 30 Slott Mi Slcbe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-leddec-vacvit-empnig-alncri Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 50 sphfus-sphag-andpol-empnig-vacvit sphsqu-sphagg-erirus-andpol-carrot Sloa sphag-erirus-leddec-betnan-andpo Upland Dwarf Bi empnig-betnan-vaculi-erivag-vacv betnan-vaculi-leddec-andpol-vac SELA_T08_09_2007 SELA_T08_09_2007 SELA_T08_10_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 8/3/2007 -158.69 66.88 -158.70 U U 999 999 999 999 Elu Gmo Stob Fbob Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low Fo Upland Birch equsyl-betnan-vaculi-polcom-leddec Unique_ID Date SELA_T08_07_2007 SELA_T08_08_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 8/3/2007 -158.69 66.88 -158.69 R U 0 2 999 310 Fmoi Elu N 10 N Hgmbs 10 Meadow Riverine Bluejoint Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low polcom-equsyl-betnan-vaculi-po calcan-salpul-equsyl-polcom-epiang SELA_T08_11_2007 SELA_T08_11_2007 SELA_T08_12_2007 8/3/2007 8/3/2007 SELA_T08_13_2007 66.88 8/3/2007 -158.70 66.88 L 999 -158.68 U 0 P L 999 999 0 Elu 999 Ob N 10 Sloaw Hgwsmb Tall Shrub Alder-Willow Upland Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog polyt-vaculi-equarv-alncri-epiang sphrip-caraqu-sphwar-erirus-potpal Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 200

l big t ec ec ch cu-soil cu-soil vit rus vag vag acvit acvit icra1 ivag ivag yint yint arbig ubcha ubcha mpnig vacvit pl-alncri pl-alncri t-salpul betnan-linbor-cladi leddec-carex-aula vaculi-erivag-ledd ddec-betnan-hylspl-c Low Shrub Low vaculi-betnan- sock Shrub vacvit-betnan- eous Low Shrub eous Low empnig-betnan-arcrub-vaculi-v aceous Low Shrub aceous Low vacvit-le rch-Tussock Shrub leddec-betnan-vacvit-erivag-r Willow Low Shrub Willow Low betnan-vaculi-sphag-carbig-hylsp Forest betpap-vacvit- Forest

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype

VegClass4 VegClass4

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T11_16_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.16 U 2 242 Gmo Mi 20 Slobw Upland Birch-Ericac Upland Slobw Birch- 20 Birch Mi Gmo Riverine 242 Slcbe SELA_T11_12_2007 2 Upland Sddt U 50 SELA_T11_13_2007 -157.16 10 Fbob N Fhl 8/7/2007 SELA_T11_14_2007 N 999 10 Gmo 66.47 66.47 Birch-Ericaceous 160 8/7/2007 SELA_T11_15_2007 N 0 -157.17 Gmo R 66.47 19 204 8/7/2007 8/7/2007 SELA_T11_16_2007 -157.15 -157.16 L U 66.47 Upland 12 8/7/2007 SELA_T11_17_2007 -157.15 -157.18 Elu U U 66.47 66.47 320 SELA_T11_18_2007 Slobe 0 -157.15 -157.18 U 66.47 2 30 6 8/7/2007 8/7/2007 SELA_T11_19_2007 999 U P 66.47 66.47 -157.97 5 8/7/2007 8/8/2007 SELA_T11_20_2007 -157.16 94 66.47 Ob 8/8/2007 SELA_T11_21_2007 0 222 -157.16 66.81 U dryoct-arcalp-lichc-rhyrug-abiabi Gmo SELA_T12_05_2008 999 Mi Gmo L 1 6/30/2008 SELA_T12_06_2008 Ff Wldim 20 6/30/2008 Mu SELA_T12_07_2008 0 193 66.81 20 Sloeb W -157.97 10 999 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Fnwws Ell Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest 6/30/2008 Fnows 0 U 66.77 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Ob -158.24 Wf N 5 L Pendent Grass Lacustrine Marsh Mi 20 60 salret-equarv-picgla-tomnit-dr vaculi-picgla-empnig-hyls 20 sphag-empnig-sphagg-vacvit-cladi 0 Sloa Slobb Ell Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 999 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Ob M arcful-caraqu-sparg-equpal-potric 50 betnan-sphag-alncri-vaculi-vacvi N Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 10 vaculi-sphag-sphagr-salfus-betnan Hgwsb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog betnan-neparc-leddec-polstr-eri soil-sphcom-tricae-carrot-cetdel SELA_T10_25_2007 SELA_T10_25_2007 SELA_T10_26_2007 8/11/2007 SELA_T10_27_2007 66.47 -158.16 8/11/2007 SELA_T10_28_2007 Birch-Eric 66.47 -158.17 8/11/2007 SELA_T11_01_2007 R 66.47 -158.16 8/11/2007 SELA_T11_02_2007 Upland U 66.46 0 -158.16 8/5/2007 SELA_T11_03_2007 L Slobe 66.47 0 999 8/5/2007 SELA_T11_04_2007 -157.18 L 10 66.47 0 999 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_05_2007 -157.19 Fh Fhlo U Gmo 66.47 0 999 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_06_2007 -157.18 278 Gmo U 66.47 999 1 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_07_2007 N 1 -157.18 Ob P U 66.47 Phl 2 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_08_2007 141 -157.18 -157.17 30 Ob P 66.47 30 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_09_2007 0 268 -157.18 Stow L 66.47 66.48 Ob Slott 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_10_2007 0 Shrub Riverine Wet Willow Tall -157.18 999 Mi U Gmo 66.47 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 8/6/2007 8/6/2007 SELA_T11_11_2007 3 30 -157.18 999 30 Wlsim U N 66.48 3 8/6/2007 Sloeb Hgwsmb 223 N -157.18 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog U 66.48 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 20 Gl W 0 204 -157.17 30 U Gmo Slott 0 999 0 salpul-calcan-potpal-salbar1-bra vaculi-leddec-vacvit-sphag-e Slobw U Gmo Upland Dwarf Birch-Tus N 7 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Mi 999 Wf Ob 5 0 Mi 216 20 Ldim Marestail Lacustrine Marsh sphagg-sphag-andpol-sphagr-betnan Hgwsgt 194 sphag-sphagr-andpol-alncri-vaculi Slcbw 40 Mu Gmo Pendent Grass Lacustrine Marsh Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low Mu Slobe 20 Gmo betnan-vacvit-leddec-empnig-car Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 30 Mu Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 30 Slott N Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-vaculi-leddec-salpul- Sloa 10 sparg-arcful-hipvul-potric-utrvul dreadu-arcful-eleaci-rangme-conoc Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Fnwws vacvit-leddec-betnan-rubcha-d Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest sphag-sphagr-betnan-caraqu-eri sphag-vacvit-betnan-leddec-er betnan-alncri-plesch-leddec-vac betnan-vaculi-alncri-vacvi SELA_T10_22_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 U 1 216 Gmo Mi 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Bi Unique_ID Date Dwarf -158.16 U SELA_T10_22_2007 66.46 1 216 Gmo Upland Mi 30 Slott 8/11/2007 SELA_T10_23_2007 SELA_T10_24_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 L L 0 0 999 999 Ob Ob Mi Mi 30 50 Sloa Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Slcbe Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-chacal-alncri-andpol-leddec leddec-vaculi-betnan-sphagg-sphagr Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

201 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ple phrus hfus oil l al ddec rbig -sphbal it culi ylspl-soil ylspl-soil hsqu-erivag hsqu-erivag ig ig len len ddec erivag erivag dec-sphcom dec-sphcom -vaculi c-plesch-h vaculi-soil-equarv -soil-aulpal-salpul cvit-ledde Shrub salbeb-aulpal- Shrub Shrub salgla-salbeb Shrub aceous Low Shrub aceous Low leddec-sphag-vacvit-soil-carb aceous Low Shrub aceous Low betnan-va Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-leddec-vaculi-vacv f Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-litter-vaculi-led

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4

Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub nana tussock tundra Eriophorum vaginatum-Betula

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T14_23_2008 7/2/2008 66.46 -158.41 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Eric Upland Upland Slott 30 Slobe SELA_T14_05_2008 Phl 30 Ob SELA_T14_08_2008 999 N Elu 183 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_17_2008 0 U 66.29 6 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_20_2008 -158.52 -158.41 U 66.20 -158.16 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_21_2008 Birch-Eric -158.63 U 66.19 66.46 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_22_2008 -158.68 66.58 U 66.23 Fen 0 7/2/2008 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_23_2008 Upland -158.03 A 66.22 3 7/2/2008 6/30/2008 SELA_T14_25_2008 999 -158.32 Buckbean Slobe L 66.43 999 SELA_T15_01_2008 340 -159.28 40 U Lacustrine Ob 999 SELA_T15_03_2008 1 -159.38 P 999 Ofsh Hgwsl 0 Mpm U N 0 Ch 66.30 Elu 2 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_05_2008 mentri-sphsqu-soil-eriang-water Bxr 280 80 Phl 66.33 7/1/2008 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_07_2008 1 100 -159.04 30 U 66.35 Ob Mrs SELA_T15_09_2008 999 -159.40 -160.11 U Slott Elu 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_11_2008 10 Mpm Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub U 66.27 66.25 Ell 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_13_2008 Sddt 50 Hgmss -159.51 Ff 66.23 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub 1 7/1/2008 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_17_2008 999 -159.62 Sloe Plll U 66.29 75 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_20_2008 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 121 -158.79 Fmob 50 U 66.34 Slobe erivag-vacvit-sphang-sphbal-sp 1 SELA_T16_01_2008 -159.92 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 340 U Slott Elu 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T16_03_2008 N 180 aulpal-betnan-hylspl-soil-carbig Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub U 66.06 dryoct-soil-liche-moss-salphl 3 7/1/2008 SELA_T16_07_2008 4 999 -159.20 50 M 66.65 Ell 1 7/1/2008 SELA_T17_01_2008 310 -158.83 Sloa U sphag-vaculi-soil-betnan-leddec U 66.54 30 Elu hylspl-leddec-vacvit-betnan-ca 6/29/2008 SELA_T17_03_2008 -159.17 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 80 66.67 Ml U Sloeb Ell -159.58 erivag-soil-sphbal-vaculi-le 1 6/29/2008 -158.08 Mu Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 66.06 L 25 Elu -159.28 0 6/29/2008 SELA_T17_08_2008 320 U 30 66.15 Fnwws Fc -159.20 SELA_T18_01_2008 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest 0 999 U Slobw 66.79 10 Ob N 0 vaculi-litter-sphag-betnan-chac Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 6/29/2008 SELA_T18_05_2008 999 U 66.15 Ob Stow neparc-salgla-empnig-vacvit-le 3 40 999 -158.70 6/28/2008 SELA_T18_08_2008 66.73 Plll Upland Willow Tall Shrub Ob 4 picgla-salgla-equarv-soil Slobe -160.76 6/28/2008 6/28/2005 SELA_Talbot_1 20 U 66.84 Phl Ob 10 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 153 -160.10 6/28/2008 Hgwsmb Mpm U 66.86 betnan-empnig-aulpal-pelaph-s 30 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Elu 3 -159.92 50 Phl L Elu Slott 0 240 Sloeb L Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub N 9 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 999 vacvit-leddec-betnan-polstr-soi N Ob 30 7 soil-salbeb-betnan-salgla-salpul Slott 30 sphlen-sphbal-litter-vaculi- Ell Stoaw Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 100 Mpm Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Ch 25 litter-sphfus-sphbal-andpol-sp Slow Ff Ch Upland Willow Tall Slott sphste-andpol-rubcha-soil-vaculi Ml 75 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub soil-leddec-sphlen-litter-vaculi N 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub alncri-equarv-calcan-soil-salpul Fnwbs 30 Spruce Forest Black Lowland Fnobs Spruce Forest Black Lowland erivag-sphag-vacvit-leddec-va leddec-erivag-soil-vacvit-sph soil-polstr-empnig-picmar-betgla-cla picmar-hylspl-vaculi-alncri-plesch-s SELA_T14_03_2008 7/2/2008 66.39 -158.26 U 0 999 Ell Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwar Upland Slott 30 Phl Ell 999 0 U -158.26 Unique_ID Date SELA_T12_08_2008 66.39 SELA_T14_01_2008 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_03_2008 6/30/2008 66.77 -158.24 7/2/2008 66.48 -158.29 L L 0 999 0 999 Ob Ob Mpm 30 M Sloeb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 30 Hgwsmb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog sphste-soil-andpol-sedge-carrot soil-sphste-andpol-sphag-carcho SELA_T17_04_2008 SELA_T17_04_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 10 152 Ell N 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 202 ple phrus hfus oil l al ddec rbig -sphbal it culi ylspl-soil ylspl-soil hsqu-erivag hsqu-erivag ig ig len len ddec erivag erivag dec-sphcom dec-sphcom -vaculi c-plesch-h vaculi-soil-equarv -soil-aulpal-salpul cvit-ledde Shrub salbeb-aulpal- Shrub Shrub salgla-salbeb Shrub aceous Low Shrub aceous Low leddec-sphag-vacvit-soil-carb aceous Low Shrub aceous Low betnan-va Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-leddec-vaculi-vacv f Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-litter-vaculi-led

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4

Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub nana tussock tundra Eriophorum vaginatum-Betula

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_T14_23_2008 7/2/2008 66.46 -158.41 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Eric Upland Upland Slott 30 Slobe SELA_T14_05_2008 Phl 30 Ob SELA_T14_08_2008 999 N Elu 183 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_17_2008 0 U 66.29 6 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_20_2008 -158.52 -158.41 U 66.20 -158.16 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_21_2008 Birch-Eric -158.63 U 66.19 66.46 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_22_2008 -158.68 66.58 U 66.23 Fen 0 7/2/2008 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_23_2008 Upland -158.03 A 66.22 3 7/2/2008 6/30/2008 SELA_T14_25_2008 999 -158.32 Buckbean Slobe L 66.43 999 SELA_T15_01_2008 340 -159.28 40 U Lacustrine Ob 999 SELA_T15_03_2008 1 -159.38 P 999 Ofsh Hgwsl 0 Mpm U N 0 Ch 66.30 Elu 2 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_05_2008 mentri-sphsqu-soil-eriang-water Bxr 280 80 Phl 66.33 7/1/2008 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_07_2008 1 100 -159.04 30 U 66.35 Ob Mrs SELA_T15_09_2008 999 -159.40 -160.11 U Slott Elu 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_11_2008 10 Mpm Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub U 66.27 66.25 Ell 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_13_2008 Sddt 50 Hgmss -159.51 Ff 66.23 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub 1 7/1/2008 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_17_2008 999 -159.62 Sloe Plll U 66.29 75 7/1/2008 SELA_T15_20_2008 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 121 -158.79 Fmob 50 U 66.34 Slobe erivag-vacvit-sphang-sphbal-sp 1 SELA_T16_01_2008 -159.92 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 340 U Slott Elu 0 7/1/2008 SELA_T16_03_2008 N 180 aulpal-betnan-hylspl-soil-carbig Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub U 66.06 dryoct-soil-liche-moss-salphl 3 7/1/2008 SELA_T16_07_2008 4 999 -159.20 50 M 66.65 Ell 1 7/1/2008 SELA_T17_01_2008 310 -158.83 Sloa U sphag-vaculi-soil-betnan-leddec U 66.54 30 Elu hylspl-leddec-vacvit-betnan-ca 6/29/2008 SELA_T17_03_2008 -159.17 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 80 66.67 Ml U Sloeb Ell -159.58 erivag-soil-sphbal-vaculi-le 1 6/29/2008 -158.08 Mu Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 66.06 L 25 Elu -159.28 0 6/29/2008 SELA_T17_08_2008 320 U 30 66.15 Fnwws Fc -159.20 SELA_T18_01_2008 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest 0 999 U Slobw 66.79 10 Ob N 0 vaculi-litter-sphag-betnan-chac Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 6/29/2008 SELA_T18_05_2008 999 U 66.15 Ob Stow neparc-salgla-empnig-vacvit-le 3 40 999 -158.70 6/28/2008 SELA_T18_08_2008 66.73 Plll Upland Willow Tall Shrub Ob 4 picgla-salgla-equarv-soil Slobe -160.76 6/28/2008 6/28/2005 SELA_Talbot_1 20 U 66.84 Phl Ob 10 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low 153 -160.10 6/28/2008 Hgwsmb Mpm U 66.86 betnan-empnig-aulpal-pelaph-s 30 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Elu 3 -159.92 50 Phl L Elu Slott 0 240 Sloeb L Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub N 9 Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 999 vacvit-leddec-betnan-polstr-soi N Ob 30 7 soil-salbeb-betnan-salgla-salpul Slott 30 sphlen-sphbal-litter-vaculi- Ell Stoaw Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 100 Mpm Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Ch 25 litter-sphfus-sphbal-andpol-sp Slow Ff Ch Upland Willow Tall Slott sphste-andpol-rubcha-soil-vaculi Ml 75 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub soil-leddec-sphlen-litter-vaculi N 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub alncri-equarv-calcan-soil-salpul Fnwbs 30 Spruce Forest Black Lowland Fnobs Spruce Forest Black Lowland erivag-sphag-vacvit-leddec-va leddec-erivag-soil-vacvit-sph soil-polstr-empnig-picmar-betgla-cla picmar-hylspl-vaculi-alncri-plesch-s SELA_T14_03_2008 7/2/2008 66.39 -158.26 U 0 999 Ell Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwar Upland Slott 30 Phl Ell 999 0 U -158.26 Unique_ID Date SELA_T12_08_2008 66.39 SELA_T14_01_2008 7/2/2008 SELA_T14_03_2008 6/30/2008 66.77 -158.24 7/2/2008 66.48 -158.29 L L 0 999 0 999 Ob Ob Mpm 30 M Sloeb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog 30 Hgwsmb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog sphste-soil-andpol-sedge-carrot soil-sphste-andpol-sphag-carcho SELA_T17_04_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 10 152 Ell N 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

203 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

canadensis thicket coastal marsh coastal marsh coastal marsh -Picea glauca-Calamagrostis g g a-Calamagrostis a-Calamagrostis palustre marsh fluviatile marsh enii-Equisetum sylvaticum thicket enii-Equisetum sylvaticum alamagrostis canadensis coastal marsh num fuscum bo g ha fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh tilis-Comarum palustre tilis-Comarum palustre tilis-Comarum palustre p strata-Equisetum aquatilis-Comarum aquatilis-Sphagnum obtusum bog aquatilis-Sphagnum obtusum bog lendens forest alticum intermediate level bo level intermediate alticum p b Salix bebbiana-Betula papyrifera canadensis brule Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum-Hylocomium Picea viridis-Vacciniumglauca-Alnus uliginosum-Hylocomium s Carex rotundata-Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum steerei/Sphagnum Picea mariana-Empetrum chamaemorus-Sphagnum nigrum-Rubus obtusum/S

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alncri-equarv-calcan-petfri-rubarc-moelat Sloa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Spiraea stev Stoa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub papyrifer Alnus viridis-Betula Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub decumbens Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum tussock tundra Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub decumbens Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum tussock tundra Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Equisetum Equisetum Hafe Equisetum Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Equisetum

Fbob Fbob Upland Willow Tall Shrub Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum kenaiense/S. lenense bog Fnobs Fnobs Spruce Forest Black Lowland Hgwsl Hgwsl Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Hgwsl Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Hgwsl Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Hgwsl Carex aqua Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Carex aqua Carex aqua Carex Fnows Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest

Fnwws Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Picea decumbensglauca-Vaccinium uliginosum/Ledum open forest Hgwsht Hgwsht Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Carex ro Hgwsmb Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Carex Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Carex coastal lyngbyei Hgwhsm marsh Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh obtusum bog Eriophorum angustifolium-Sphagnum Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Carex mackenzieiHgwhsm coastal marsh Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Carex lyngbyei-C Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_111 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 L 5 0 5 L -159.28 66.24 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_111 SELA_Talbot_109 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 L 0 0 0 L -159.28 66.24 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_109 SELA_Talbot_115 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 0 C -161.71 66.91 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_115 SELA_Talbot_110 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 R 15 200 15 R -159.28 66.24 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_110 SELA_Talbot_106 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 0 0 0 R -159.00 66.56 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_106 0 0 U -159.28 66.24 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_114 SELA_Talbot_103 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 P 0 0 0 P -159.01 66.56 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_103 SELA_Talbot_11 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 U 1 150 1 U -158.07 0 0 66.80 P -159.28 0 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_11 66.24 0 0 C 0 0 0 C 0 0 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_112 -161.71 C 0 -161.71 0 C 66.91 -161.71 L 66.91 0 -161.71 -158.07 66.91 0 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_116 0 66.91 P 0 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_117 0 66.80 0 P 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_118 0 -161.54 0 P 0 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_119 -161.71 C 66.94 0 0 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_12 -161.54 C 66.91 0 0 -161.54 66.94 P 0 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_121 -161.83 C 66.94 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_122 -161.55 66.82 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_123 -161.83 66.94 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_124 66.82 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_125 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_126 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_127 SELA_Talbot_120 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 0 C -161.71 66.91 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_120 SELA_Talbot_104 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 P 0 0 0 0 P 0 R -159.01 0 -159.00 66.56 0 66.56 P 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_104 -159.28 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_105 66.24 20 35 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_108 R -159.00 66.56 7/20/2005 SELA_Talbot_113 SELA_Talbot_107 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 P 0 0 0 P -159.28 66.24 7/19/2005 SELA_Talbot_107 SELA_Talbot_10 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 U 0 0 0 0 U 240 0 -158.07 0 L 2 L 0 -159.01 66.80 R -159.01 66.56 -159.01 Unique_ID Date 66.56 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_10 66.56 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_100 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_101 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_102 Appendix 2. Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 204

e nsis coastal marsh g g paniculata forest coastal marsh coastal marsh nse shore marsh aea stevenii-Equisetum sylvaticum- stevenii-Equisetum aea aea stevenii-Equisetum sylvaticum- stevenii-Equisetum aea Equisetum sylvestris-Pleurozium sylvestris-Pleurozium Equisetum en forest en forest p p onal rid mire yg e in reticulate bo in reticulate e rex aquatilis marsh ol g p lendens o lendens o Calamagrostis canade Calamagrostis p p anic en forest -Ribes triste-Mertensia g p tilis-Comarum palustre tilis-Comarum palustre anic rid g aquatilis-Equisetum arve x utriculata-Ca idum or locomium s locomium s locomium g lendens o y y p Carex streamlet aquatilis-Eriophorum angustifolium-Sphagnum channel Picea glauca-Alnus viridis- glauca-Alnus Picea schreberi forest Picea glauca-Alnus viridisSalix rubra pulchra-Arctostaphylos oprn forest Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Spir glauca-Alnus Picea Pleurozium schreberi forest Vegetation Type: Betula nana-Ledum decumbens-Aulacomnium decumbens-Aulacomnium nana-Ledum Type: Betula Vegetation tur nana-LedumBetula decumbens-Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum fuscum or Equisetum fluviatile shallow marsh Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Spiraea steveniiEquisetum sylvestris- steveniiEquisetum viridis-Spiraea glauca-Alnus Picea H viridis-Spir glauca-Alnus Picea H nigrum-Hylocomium glauca-Empetrum glauca-Salix Picea s

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4 Bpv Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens Potentilla gorodkovii-Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana fellfield arctica fellfield Potentilla gorodkovii-Minuartia Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Hafe Equisetum fluviatile marsh Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Equisetum fluviatile marsh Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis- Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub salala-astsib Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub arvense marsh Salix alaxensis-Equisetum

Hfdh Alpine Acidic Barrens arctica fellfield Potentilla gorodkovii-Minuartia Stow Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea glauca-Salix pulchra-Tomenthypnum nitens treed fen Slcbe Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub nana-Vaccinium Betula uliginosum alpine heath Slcbe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Betula glandulosa-Ledum decumbens-Pleurozium schreberi heath Slobe Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub nana-Vaccinium Betula vitis-idaea alpine heath Slobb Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low Slobb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Fncws Fncws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Fnows Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Hgwfs Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Fnows Carex Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Hgwfs Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Picea glauca Care Hgwss Hgwss Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Hgwhs Hgwhs Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Hgwhs Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Carex aqua Carex aqua Fnwws Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Hgwhsm Hgwhsm Sedge Coastal Brackish Marsh Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Carex coastal lyngbyei marsh Carex rariflora-Andromeda kenaiense bog polifolia-Sphagnum Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Carex chordorrhiza-Carex rariflora-Scorpidium scorpioides fen Carex rotundata-Carex chordorrhiza-Scorpidium fen scorpioides

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_144 7/23/2005 66.67 -161.25 L 0 0 0 L -161.25 66.67 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_144 SELA_Talbot_134 7/22/2005 66.93 -158.89 A 12 360 12 A -158.89 220 20 66.93 U 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_134 -159.09 66.93 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_138 SELA_Talbot_149 7/23/2005 66.59 -161.32 P 0 0 0 P -161.32 66.59 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_149 SELA_Talbot_14 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 P 0 0 0 P -158.08 66.80 7/1/2005 SELA_Talbot_14 SELA_Talbot_136 7/22/2005 66.93 -158.89 A 0 0 0 A -158.89 66.93 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_136 SELA_Talbot_131 7/22/2005 66.99 -158.38 A 0 0 0 A -158.38 66.99 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_131 0 0 L -161.25 66.67 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_143 0 0 P -161.69 66.62 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_151 SELA_Talbot_152 7/23/2005 66.62 -161.69 P 0 0 200 0 12 P R -161.69 -159.35 66.62 66.17 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_152 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_153 SELA_Talbot_140 7/23/2005 66.92 -160.76 R 0 0 0 R -160.76 66.92 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_140 SELA_Talbot_133 7/22/2005 66.98 -158.48 U 15 210 15 270 U 8 -158.48 80 A 66.98 8 -158.89 U 66.93 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_133 -159.08 66.93 0 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_135 0 P 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_137 -160.76 66.92 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_141 180 5 U -158.08 66.80 0 2 P 7/1/2005 SELA_Talbot_15 -159.35 66.16 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_154 SELA_Talbot_155 7/24/2005 66.39 -159.16 U 0 0 0 U -159.16 66.39 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_155 SELA_Talbot_130 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 R 0 0 0 R -161.83 66.82 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_130 0 0 0 L 0 P -161.25 -161.33 66.67 66.60 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_145 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_146 SELA_Talbot_139 7/23/2005 66.92 -160.76 R 0 0 0 R -160.76 66.92 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_139 SELA_Talbot_132 7/22/2005 66.98 -158.48 U 6 180 6 U -158.48 66.98 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_132 SELA_Talbot_13 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 0 0 0 L -158.07 66.80 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_13 0 0 R -161.33 66.60 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_150 SELA_Talbot_142 7/23/2005 66.93 -160.76 R 0 0 0 R -160.76 66.93 0 0 P 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_142 -161.33 66.60 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_147 SELA_Talbot_148 7/23/2005 66.16 -159.35 R 0 0 0 R -159.35 66.16 7/23/2005 SELA_Talbot_148 SELA_Talbot_128 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 C 0 0 190 0 C 4 A -161.83 -158.38 66.82 66.99 Unique_ID Date 7/21/2005 SELA_Talbot_128 7/22/2005 SELA_Talbot_129 Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

205 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ris shallow marsh alluvial thicket alluvial alluvial thicket alluvial thicket alluvial virosa wet meadow tile-Utricularis vulga lix alaxensis alluvial tall thicket lix alaxensis la-Arnica angustifolia fellfield la-Arnica angustifolia -Carex chordorrhza fen -Carex chordorrhza fen uviatile-Carex utriculata marsh sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum d aquatilis-Cicuta intermediate level in reticulate bog Dry Picea Dry glauca-Empetrum vitis-idaea nigrum/Vaccinium woodlan Andromeda polifolia-Carex balticum rotundata-Sphagnum

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4 Stoa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Picea woodland viridis-Vacciniumglauca-Alnus uliginosum Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopeta Dryas Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Slott decumbens Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum tussock tundra Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Alnus viridus tussock tundra Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Equisetum fluvia Hafe Horsetail Lacustrine Marsh Equisetum fl Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Slcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxen Salix alaxen

Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxen Stoss Riverine Alder Tall Shrub deciduousarvense swamp Alnus viridis-Equisetum thicket Stoss Riverine Alder Tall Shrub swamp thicket Alnus viridis-Comarum palustre Slcbe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low decumbens-Betula Ledum nana heath Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low shrub savanna Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub tussock savanna Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum Slobe Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Picea Dry glauca-Empetrum nigrum-Stereocaulon woodland Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Stcaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub alluvial thicket Alnus viridis-Salix alaxensis Alnus viridis-Sa Stcaw Alnus viridis-Salix richardsonii thicket Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix arbuscuoides-Alnus viridis alluvial tall thicket Hgwsl Hgwsl Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsl Sedge Lowland Fen Carex limosa Carex limosa Fncws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea viridis-Hedysarumglauca-Alnus alpinum alluvial forest Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Picea open forest glauca-Vacciniumuliginosum

Fnwws Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Fnwbw Fnwbw Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Fnwbw Picea Dry glauca-Alnus viridis-Empetrum nigrum woodland Picea Dry glauca-Empetrum nigrum-Stereocaulon woodland Hgwsht Hgwsht Wet Lacustrine Sedge Meadow Carex Hgwsmb Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Carex chordorrhiza-Scorpidium mire scorpioides rich fen in string Carex rotundata-Scorpidium scorpioides rich fen in mire string Carex rotundata-Scorpidium scorpioides rich fen in mire string

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_17 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 U 0 0 0 U -158.08 66.80 7/1/2005 SELA_Talbot_17 SELA_Talbot_24 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 0 R -158.46 66.49 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_24 SELA_Talbot_25 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 0 0 0 R R -158.46 -158.46 66.49 66.49 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_25 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_26 SELA_Talbot_35 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 230 0 2 R R -158.47 -158.47 66.48 66.48 7/5/2005 SELA_Talbot_35 7/5/2005 SELA_Talbot_36 SELA_Talbot_22 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 0 R -158.47 66.48 7/2/2005 SELA_Talbot_22 SELA_Talbot_3 6/29/2005 66.78 -158.06 U 2 300 2 U -158.06 66.78 6/29/2005 SELA_Talbot_3 SELA_Talbot_18 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 L 0 0 0 L -158.47 0 0 66.48 P -158.47 7/2/2005 SELA_Talbot_18 66.48 7/2/2005 SELA_Talbot_21 SELA_Talbot_4 6/29/2005 66.78 -158.06 L 2 340 2 L -158.06 66.78 6/29/2005 SELA_Talbot_4 SELA_Talbot_32 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 0 R -158.48 66.48 7/4/2005 SELA_Talbot_32 SELA_Talbot_30 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 U 0 0 0 U -158.48 66.48 7/4/2005 SELA_Talbot_30 SELA_Talbot_2 6/29/2005 66.79 -158.07 U 7 340 0 7 0 L U -158.47 -158.07 66.48 66.79 7/2/2005 SELA_Talbot_19 6/29/2005 SELA_Talbot_2 SELA_Talbot_158 7/24/2005 66.71 -161.49 L 0 0 360 0 0 L 0 3 L -161.49 P -161.49 -158.08 66.71 66.71 66.80 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_158 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_159 7/1/2005 SELA_Talbot_16 SELA_Talbot_33 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 0 R -158.48 66.48 7/4/2005 SELA_Talbot_33 SELA_Talbot_27 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 0 0 R 0 -158.46 P -158.46 66.49 66.49 0 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_27 0 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_29 R -158.47 66.48 7/5/2005 SELA_Talbot_34 SELA_Talbot_28 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 0 R -158.46 66.49 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_28 SELA_Talbot_20 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 U 0 0 0 U -158.47 66.48 7/2/2005 SELA_Talbot_20 0 0 R -158.48 66.48 0 0 7/4/2005 SELA_Talbot_31 R -158.47 66.48 7/5/2005 SELA_Talbot_37 SELA_Talbot_23 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 0 R -158.46 66.49 7/3/2005 SELA_Talbot_23 140 10 A -160.52 66.77 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_39 SELA_Talbot_156 7/24/2005 66.39 -159.16 L 0 0 0 0 L 0 L -159.16 -161.49 66.39 66.71 Unique_ID Date 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_156 7/24/2005 SELA_Talbot_157 0 0 R -158.48 66.48 7/5/2005 SELA_Talbot_38 Appendix 2. Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 206

m kenaiense bog m kenaiense bryophila fellfield bryophila ctum/S. balticum bog ctum/S. balticum bog alluvial thicket alluvial alluvial thicket alluvial thicket alluvial ctica fellfield ticus fellfield ticus fellfield tropis nigescens s. tropis nigescens la-Saxifraga bronchialis fellfield ala-Lupinus arc ala-Lupinus arc tala-Minuartia ar polifolia-Sphagnum compa sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum arvense sis-Equisetum uliginosum-Ledum decumbens heathuliginosum-Ledum onal tussock tundra yg lendens alluvial forest lendens alluvial forest ol p p p Picea glauca-Rosa acicularis-Linnaea borealis-Hylocomium s Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium vitis-idaea-Sphagnum fuscum Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium Hylocomium borealis acicularis-Linnaea glauca-Rosa Picea s Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium uliginosum polygon ridge ofEriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium uliginosum tussock tundra

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4 Bpv Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens bronchialis fellfield Potentilla gorodkovii-Saxifraga Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub nana-Vaccinium Betula uliginosum heath Sdet Upland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low Vaccinium Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Arctostaphylos alpina-Vaccinium vitis-idaea heath Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Arctostaphylos alpina-Betula nana heath Arctostaphylos alpina-Vaccinium vitis-idaea heath Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopet Dryas octopet Dryas Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopetala-Lupinus Dryas arcticus meadow heath Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopetala-Salix Dryas rotundifolia fellfield Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octope Dryas Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopeta Dryas octopetala-Oxy Dryas Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxen Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxen

Hfdh Alpine Acidic Barrens Arctostaphylos alpina-Potentilla fellfield gorodkovii Fbop Riverine Poplar Forest Populus balsamifera-Viburnum edule alluvial forest Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxen Fbwp Fbwp Riverine Poplar Forest Populus balsamifera-Equisetum arvense open alluvial forest Fncws Fncws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Fnows Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest

Fnwws Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Picea open forest glauca-Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum Hgwgh Hgwgh Pendent Grass Lacustrine Marsh Arctophila fulva-Equisetum arvense wet meadow Hgwgh Pendent Grass Lacustrine Marsh Arctophila fulva-Cicuta virosa wet meadow Fmwsb Fmwsb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Picea glauca-Betula papyrifera-Stereocaulon lichen woodland Hgwsmb Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog balticum bog Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum Andromeda

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_56 7/10/2005 66.31 -159.63 A 0 0 0 A -159.63 66.31 7/10/2005 SELA_Talbot_56 SELA_Talbot_63 7/11/2005 66.44 -158.73 R 0 0 0 0 R 0 -158.73 R -158.73 66.44 66.44 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_63 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_65 SELA_Talbot_45 7/7/2005 66.76 -161.05 R 0 0 0 R -161.05 66.76 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_45 SELA_Talbot_58 7/10/2005 66.29 -159.72 A 4 200 4 A -159.72 66.29 0 7/10/2005 SELA_Talbot_58 0 R -158.73 66.44 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_64 SELA_Talbot_46 7/8/2005 66.91 -159.49 A 0 0 0 A -159.49 66.91 7/8/2005 SELA_Talbot_46 160 5 A -157.53 66.52 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_66 SELA_Talbot_68 7/12/2005 66.51 -157.48 A 0 0 0 A -157.48 66.51 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_68 SELA_Talbot_59 7/10/2005 66.28 -159.72 A 0 0 0 A -159.72 66.28 7/10/2005 SELA_Talbot_59 SELA_Talbot_42 7/7/2005 66.79 -160.51 A 17 130 17 A -160.51 66.79 0 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_42 0 P -158.07 66.80 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_5 170 10 U -157.53 66.52 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_67 SELA_Talbot_49 7/8/2005 66.88 -160.20 A 18 290 18 A -160.20 66.88 7/8/2005 SELA_Talbot_49 SELA_Talbot_43 7/7/2005 66.79 -160.51 A 17 130 0 17 0 A R -160.51 -161.04 66.79 66.76 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_43 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_44 SELA_Talbot_48 7/8/2005 66.88 -160.21 A 25 170 25 A -160.21 66.88 7/8/2005 SELA_Talbot_48 0 0 140 A 2 -159.63 P 0 66.31 0 -158.07 R 7/10/2005 SELA_Talbot_57 66.80 -158.64 66.46 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_6 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_61 SELA_Talbot_47 7/8/2005 66.91 -159.49 U 21 270 21 U -159.49 66.91 7/8/2005 SELA_Talbot_47 SELA_Talbot_53 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 L 0 0 0 L -159.11 66.54 7/9/2005 SELA_Talbot_53 SELA_Talbot_54 SELA_Talbot_54 SELA_Talbot_55 7/9/2005 66.57 7/9/2005 -158.96 66.57 -158.96 L U 0 2 0 50 Plll Phl Hgwsmb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Slotb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Andromeda polifolia-Carex rotundata-Sphagnu SELA_Talbot_62 7/11/2005 66.46 -158.64 R 0 0 0 R -158.64 66.46 7/11/2005 SELA_Talbot_62 SELA_Talbot_52 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.12 U 0 0 0 U -159.12 66.54 SELA_Talbot_51 7/9/2005 SELA_Talbot_52 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 U 0 0 Phl Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub SELA_Talbot_50 SELA_Talbot_50 340 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 3 L A -159.72 0 0 66.29 7/10/2005 SELA_Talbot_60 Phl Hgwsmb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Eriophorum vaginatum-Andromeda polifolia bog SELA_Talbot_40 7/7/2005 66.77 -160.52 A 6 180 180 6 10 A U -160.52 -160.51 66.77 66.77 Unique_ID Date 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_40 7/7/2005 SELA_Talbot_41 Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

207 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

g Sphagnum lenense organic lenense organic Sphagnum g g shoreline thicket shoreline thicket -Rosa acicularis-Hylocomium ctica fellfield d vense thicket atterned bo drummondii fellfield p g g g atterned bo atterned bo p p Arctophila fulva wet shoreline meadow g g atterned bo atterned bo atterned la-Arnica angustifolia fellfield la-Arnica angustifolia p p fera-Piceaforest glauca-Rosa acicularis atterned bo tala-Minuartia ar g p en forest hra-Equisetum arvense hra-Equisetum arvense p topetala-Anemone axensis-Equisetum ar axensis-Equisetum atterned bo p atterned bo e in net e p ine tussock tundra g lendens mixed forest p atterned bo p p Ledum decumbens-BetualLedum lenense nana-Sphagnum hummock ridge in net decumbens-BetulaLedum lenense nana-Sphagnum ridge of net Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium uliginosum-Sphagnum balticum uliginosum-Sphagnum Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium al Eriophorum vaginatum/Carex bigelowii-Vaccinium vitis-idaea- tussock tundra Picea glauca-Pentaphylloides floribunda-Tomenthypnum nitens floribunda-Tomenthypnum Picea glauca-Pentaphylloides wooded fen Picea glauca-Betula papyrifera-Loiseleuria procumbens- Stereocaulon lichen woodlan Carex balticum rotundata-Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum tussock mire decumbens-CarexLedum aquatilis- rid Piceapapyrifera glauca-Betula s Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza--Sphagnum perfoliatum wet hollow in net kenaiense microcarpus--Sphagnum aquatilis-Oxycoccus Carex net level intermediate Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Sphagnum orientale wet hollow in net Carex chordorrhiza/Carex orientale center of rotundata-Sphagnum net nana-CarexBetula lenense/Sphagnum rotundata-Sphagnum steerei net level intermediate Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Salix richardsonii-Equisetum arvense alluvial o Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Pentaphylloides floribunda-SphagnumPicea viridis-Pentaphylloides glauca-Alnus warnstorfii wooded fen Andromeda polifolia-Drosera anglica-Sphagnum kenaiense net hummock intermediate

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype VegClass4 VegClass4 Hbl Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Cassiope tetragona-Cladina alpestris scree slope Bpv Lacustrine Barrens Barrens Lacustrine Bpv acicularis- Eleocharis Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Eqisetum arvense thicket Sloe Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Sddl Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Sddl Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octopeta Dryas octopetala-Carex Dryas podocarpa fellfield Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Sddf oc Dryas Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub octope Dryas Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Stcw Shrub Willow Low Lowland Salix pulc Stcw Shrub Willow Low Lowland Salix pulc Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix al

Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Sfobs Lowland Spruce Black Forest Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Shrub Low nana-Vaccinium Betula uliginosum open scrub Picea mariana-Ledum decumbens-Rubus chamaemorus open scrub Slobb Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low Slobb Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Bog Stoaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Fncws Fncws Forest Spruce-Willow White Riverine Fmcsb Fmcsb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Hgwss Hgwss Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Hgwss Shrub Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Low Fmosb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Betula papyri

Fnwws Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea viridis-Equisetum arvense glauca-Alnus alluvial open forest Hgwsmb Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Sedge Lowland Fen Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_91 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 0 R -160.69 66.89 7/16/2005 SELA_Talbot_91 SELA_Talbot_72 7/12/2005 66.52 -157.82 A 3 180 3 A -157.82 66.52 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_72 SELA_Talbot_76 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 A 15 40 15 A -159.55 66.12 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_76 SELA_Talbot_79 7/13/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 0 L -160.25 66.56 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_79 SELA_Talbot_70 7/12/2005 66.48 -157.77 U 25 240 25 U -157.77 66.48 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_70 0 0 U -159.55 66.13 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_80 0 0 L -159.00 66.56 7/16/2005 SELA_Talbot_95 SELA_Talbot_81 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 0 L -160.25 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_81 SELA_Talbot_73 7/12/2005 66.52 -157.82 A 0 0 0 A -157.82 66.52 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_73 SELA_Talbot_9 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 P 1 140 1 P 0 -158.07 0 R 66.80 -160.69 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_9 66.89 7/16/2005 SELA_Talbot_92 SELA_Talbot_74 7/12/2005 66.53 -157.94 U 0 0 0 U 30 -157.94 3 U 66.53 -159.55 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_74 66.12 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_77 SELA_Talbot_94 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.68 R 3 320 3 R -160.68 66.89 7/16/2005 SELA_Talbot_94 SELA_Talbot_71 7/12/2005 66.48 -157.77 U 8 240 8 U -157.77 66.48 7/12/2005 SELA_Talbot_71 SELA_Talbot_78 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 A 20 320 20 A -159.55 66.12 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_78 SELA_Talbot_90 7/15/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 0 R -160.69 66.89 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_90 SELA_Talbot_93 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 0 R -160.69 66.89 7/16/2005 SELA_Talbot_93 SELA_Talbot_96 7/17/2005 66.56 -159.01 L 0 0 0 L -159.01 66.56 7/17/2005 SELA_Talbot_96 SELA_Talbot_7 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 2 140 160 8 2 A L -157.48 -158.07 66.51 66.80 50 Unique_ID Date 7/12/2005 2 SELA_Talbot_69 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_7 U 140 -159.55 1 66.12 L 0 7/13/2005 SELA_Talbot_75 -158.07 0 0 0 0 L 66.80 0 0 L -160.25 0 0 L -160.25 0 6/30/2005 SELA_Talbot_8 0 L -160.25 66.56 0 0 L -160.25 66.56 0 0 L -160.25 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_82 0 L -160.25 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_83 R -160.25 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_84 -160.69 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_85 66.56 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_86 66.89 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_87 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_88 7/15/2005 SELA_Talbot_89 Appendix 2.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 208 g g num tenellum bo num tenellum bo g g ha ha p p actum/S actum/S p p num com num com g g ha ha p p Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Andromeda polifolia- S Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Andromeda polifolia- S

Map_Ecotype DominPlants Map_Ecotype Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog VegClass4 VegClass4 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Arctagrostis latifolia deciduous thicket

Hgwsmb Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog

MicroRelief MicroRelief

Microtopo

SurfGeomUnit SurfGeomUnit

Aspect Aspect

Slope

Physiog

LongDD83 LatDD83 LatDD83 SELA_Talbot_97 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 2 240 0 2 200 0 R 2 L -159.00 L -159.01 -159.00 66.56 66.56 Unique_ID Date 66.56 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_97 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_98 7/18/2005 SELA_Talbot_99 Appendix 2. Continued.

209 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 3. List of environmental characteristics by ground reference plot in Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, including plots collected by Stephen Talbot and used for the ELS.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_PurcellHS_2007 Circumneutral SELA_T01_01_2007 Nsa n M 13 14 n n 11 11 L L 22 33 0 4.7 220 Acidic SELA_T01_02_2007 Np 50 y A y W W 999 0 8.4 240 Alkaline SELA_T01_03_2007 U n M 11 999 y n 1 9 L L 42 999 0 7.8 190 Alkaline SELA_T01_04_2007 Nse n M 11 999 y n 4 9 L L 41 999 0 5.7 70 Circumneutral SELA_T01_05_2007 Np 10 y A 999 999 y n 70 40 L L 999 84 7.2 300 Circumneutral SELA_T01_06_2007 Nsa -55 n M 9 999 y n 3 8 L L 999 999 0 6.9 ## Brackish SELA_T01_07_2007 Nsa n M 20 999 y n 2 15 L L 999 77 0 6.1 540 Circumneutral SELA_T01_08_2007 Nsa -39 y W 23 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 42 0 6.8 ## Brackish SELA_T01_09_2007 Nsp -2 y W 999 999 y n 48 40 O O 999 48 0 5.7 150 Circumneutral SELA_T01_10_2007 Nsa n M 999 999 y n 29 29 O O 999 29 0 4.7 70 Acidic SELA_T01_11_2007 Np -2 y W 999 999 y n 999 0 6.2 110 Circumneutral SELA_T01_12_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 14 y n 12 15 L L 22 38 0 4.7 110 Acidic SELA_T01_13_2007 Nsa 999 n M n y 15 16 L L 19 35 4.1 80 Acidic SELA_T01_14_2007 Nsa n M 18 22 y n 19 25 L O 5 30 0 4.9 80 Acidic SELA_T01_15_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y n 46 40 O O 5 50 0 5.9 200 Circumneutral SELA_T01_16_2007 Nsa n M 15 999 y n 28 28 L O 5 33 0 3.9 100 Acidic SELA_T01_17_2007 Nsa 999 n M 18 22 y n 12 19 L L 25 40 0 3.7 130 Acidic SELA_T01_18_2007 Np 40 y A y n 999 0 6.9 280 Circumneutral SELA_T01_19_2007 Np -5 y W 999 48 y n 48 40 P P 15 63 0 5.9 120 Circumneutral SELA_T01_20_2007 Circumneutral SELA_T01_21_2007 Nsa n M 28 24 y n 16 23 L O 10 34 0 3.8 130 Acidic SELA_T02_01_2007 Np 3 y W 999 999 y n 28 28 L O 0 93 0 6.1 190 Circumneutral SELA_T02_02_2007 Nsa -62 n M 999 50 y n 50 40 P P 0 81 0 6.4 400 Circumneutral SELA_T02_03_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 50 56 0 4.7 220 Acidic SELA_T02_05_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 999 y n 26 29 L O 15 41 0 4.1 150 Acidic SELA_T02_06_2007 U 999 n M 9 999 y y 9 9 S S 0 94 1 4.3 40 Acidic SELA_T02_07_2007 U 999 n M 33 36 n n 13 13 L L 39 999 0 6.7 200 Circumneutral SELA_T02_08_2007 Np 25 y A 999 999 W W 7.4 60 Alkaline SELA_T02_09_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 44 40 P P 0 105 0 6.7 ## Brackish SELA_T02_10_2007 U n M 999 999 y n 30 30 P P 0 30 0 4.4 280 Acidic SELA_T02_11_2007 Nsa -21 y W 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 42 0 6.2 100 Circumneutral SELA_T02_12_2007 U 999 n M 8 999 n y 8 8 L L 51 52 0 4.3 150 Acidic SELA_T02_13_2007 Nsa y W 6 16 y n 5 5 L L 44 999 0 6.2 60 Circumneutral SELA_T02_14_2007 U 999 n M 21 999 y y 16 16 L L 18 34 0 4.9 140 Acidic SELA_T02_15_2007 Np 60 y A 999 999 y W W 8.7 620 Alkaline SELA_T02_16_2007 Ni n M 16 18 y n 8 13 L L 35 999 0 6.7 120 Circumneutral SELA_T02_17_2007 U n M 21 999 y n 14 21 L L 18 39 0 4.4 80 Acidic SELA_T02_18_2007 Nsa y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 999 97 0 6.4 ## Brackish SELA_T02_19_2007 U 999 n M 32 y y 32 32 L O 7 39 0 5.3 90 Acidic SELA_T02_20_2007 U n M y n 17 17 L O 25 999 0 6.2 780 Circumneutral SELA_T02_21_2007 Nsa -11 y W 999 32 y n 32 32 L O 9 999 0 6.4 ## Brackish SELA_T02_22_2007 Np 1 y W 999 999 y n 13 25 L L 6 90 0 6.6 ## Brackish SELA_T02_23_2007 U n M 28 21 y n 21 21 L O 25 125 0 5.3 780 Acidic SELA_T02_24_2007 Np -3 y W 999 999 y n 36 36 L O 20 70 0 6.2 1170 Brackish

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 210

Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_T03_01_2007 Ni -9 y W 1 3 y n 0 8 L L 0 999 0 6.3 680 Circumneutral SELA_T03_02_2007 Ni n M 999 999 n n 0 3 L L 0 104 0 7.5 120 Alkaline SELA_T03_03_2007 Nsa -71 n M 8 999 n n 0 6 L L 0 72 0 8 70 Alkaline SELA_T03_04_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 L P 0 78 0 6.9 270 Circumneutral SELA_T03_05_2007 Ni -14 y W 0 9 y n 0 1 S S 0 999 0 6.6 530 Circumneutral SELA_T03_06_2007 Np 50 y A 999 999 Y u 999 999 W W 999 999 7.8 210 Alkaline SELA_T03_07_2007 Ni -24 y W 0 24 y n 0 2 S S 0 999 0 6.9 580 Circumneutral SELA_T03_08_2007 Ni -45 y M 1 17 y n 0 3 S S 0 135 0 7.4 200 Alkaline SELA_T03_09_2007 Ni 999 n M 999 999 n n 0 2 S S 0 999 0 7.7 140 Alkaline SELA_T03_10_2007 Ni -98 n M 20 999 n n 0 4 L L 0 98 0 7.6 110 Alkaline SELA_T03_11_2007 Nsa -15 y W 0 1 y n 0 3 L L 0 115 0 7.1 680 Circumneutral SELA_T03_12_2007 Ni -57 n M 10 999 y n 2 6 L L 0 999 0 7.2 90 Circumneutral SELA_T03_13_2007 U -72 n M 17 999 n n 7 10 L L 0 72 0 6.8 80 Circumneutral SELA_T03_14_2007 Nsa 1 y W 999 999 y n 22 38 P P 0 999 0 6.7 280 Circumneutral SELA_T03_15_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y n 14 36 P P 0 48 0 7.1 280 Circumneutral SELA_T03_16_2007 Nsa -16 y W 999 999 y n 31 31 L O 0 999 0 6.8 210 Circumneutral SELA_T03_17_2007 U -74 n M 11 999 n n 9 10 L L 0 74 0 6 60 Circumneutral SELA_T03_18_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 0 69 0 5.7 70 Circumneutral SELA_T03_19_2007 Nsa 3 y W 999 999 y n 24 24 L O 0 79 0 6.2 80 Circumneutral SELA_T03_20_2007 Nsa -29 y M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 48 0 5.1 50 Acidic SELA_T03_21_2007 Nsa -20 y M 999 16 y y 20 24 L O 999 68 0 5.5 30 Acidic SELA_T03_22_2007 U -51 n M 16 999 n n 15 15 L L 999 51 0 4.1 60 Acidic SELA_T03_23_2007 Nsa -12 y W 11 18 y n 12 12 L L 999 64 0 5.2 70 Acidic SELA_T03_24_2007 Np 30 n A 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 999 999 0 5.8 50 Circumneutral SELA_T03_25_2007 Np 100 n A 999 999 Y u 999 999 W W 999 999 3.9 999 Acidic SELA_T03_26_2007 Np 80 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.6 70 Circumneutral SELA_T03_27_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 8 8 L L 999 48 0 7.5 100 Alkaline SELA_T03_30_2007 Ni -45 n W 999 999 y n 0 3 S S 0 999 0 7 270 Circumneutral - SELA_T03_31_2007 Ni 107 n M 60 999 n n 0 2 L L 0 108 0 7.5 150 Alkaline SELA_T04_01_2007 Np 34 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 L O 0 999 0 6.6 100 Circumneutral SELA_T04_02_2007 Nse 11 y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 0 999 0 6.6 90 Circumneutral SELA_T04_03_2007 Nsa -20 y M 8 23 y y 14 17 L L 999 116 0 4.1 70 Acidic SELA_T04_04_2007 Nsa 4 y W 999 13 y n 12 22 L O 0 999 0 5.8 130 Circumneutral SELA_T04_05_2007 Nsa -32 n M 999 22 y n 16 26 L O 0 32 0 4.9 50 Acidic SELA_T04_06_2007 Nsa -26 y M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 38 0 4.6 40 Acidic SELA_T04_07_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 46 40 P P 999 51 0 3.2 30 Acidic SELA_T04_08_2007 Nsa -18 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 39 0 4.5 50 Acidic SELA_T04_09_2007 Nsp 24 y A 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 999 0 5.6 100 Circumneutral SELA_T04_10_2007 Np 80 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.7 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_11_2007 Nsp 24 y A 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 999 0 6.1 100 Circumneutral SELA_T04_12_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 999 99 0 5.9 60 Circumneutral SELA_T04_13_2007 Nsp 35 y A 999 999 y n 999 999 L O 999 999 999 6.1 100 Circumneutral SELA_T04_14_2007 Np 70 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.5 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_15_2007 Nsa -16 y M 16 999 y n 17 17 L L 0 48 0 5.8 ## Circumneutral SELA_T04_16_2007 U n M 999 999 n y 17 20 L O 999 72 0 4.3 260 Acidic

211 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_T04_17_2007 Np 56 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.8 100 Circumneutral SELA_T04_18_2007 Nsa -21 y M 999 24 y n 24 24 L O 999 54 2 4.4 90 Acidic SELA_T04_19_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 55 40 P P 999 63 0 4 40 Acidic SELA_T04_20_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 999 y n 50 40 P P 0 52 0 4 40 Acidic SELA_T04_21_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 31 y n 30 30 L O 999 51 0 3.8 70 Acidic SELA_T04_22_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 999 y n 53 40 P P 999 53 0 4.2 30 Acidic SELA_T04_23_2007 Nsa -18 n W 999 999 y n 54 40 P P 999 54 0 4.5 40 Acidic SELA_T04_24_2007 Nsa -36 n M 999 999 y n 36 40 P P 999 36 0 3.6 70 Acidic SELA_T04_25_2007 Nsp 10 y A 999 8 y n 11 13 L L 999 999 0 6.4 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_26_2007 Np 130 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.7 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_27_2007 Np 20 y A 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 999 77 0 6.8 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_28_2007 Nsa -3 y W 999 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 999 0 6.4 240 Circumneutral SELA_T04_29_2007 Nt -90 n M 11 999 n n 6 8 L L 0 999 0 5.7 50 Circumneutral SELA_T04_30_2007 Np 36 y A 999 999 y n 8 8 L L 999 999 999 5.8 60 Circumneutral SELA_T04_31_2007 Nt -67 n M 12 999 y n 3 8 L L 0 999 0 5.1 70 Acidic SELA_T04_32_2007 Nsa -7 y W 999 10 y n 22 24 L O 0 999 0 5.2 190 Acidic SELA_T04_33_2007 Nse 8 y W 999 999 y n 30 31 L O 0 65 0 5.8 110 Circumneutral SELA_T04_34_2007 Np 53 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.2 90 Circumneutral SELA_T04_35_2007 Nsa -42 n M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 42 0 4.2 100 Acidic SELA_T04_36_2007 Nsa -22 y M 999 29 y y 29 34 L O 0 54 0 3.8 70 Acidic SELA_T05_01_2007 U 999 n M 19 999 n y 11 11 L L 0 44 0 3.8 110 Acidic SELA_T05_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 27 27 O O 0 27 0 3.8 100 Acidic SELA_T05_03_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 0 70 0 3.2 100 Acidic SELA_T05_04_2007 Nsa y W 999 999 y n 37 37 P P 0 37 0 4.5 30 Acidic SELA_T05_05_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 n n 33 33 L O 0 42 0 3.4 40 Acidic SELA_T05_06_2007 Np 22 y A 999 999 y u W W 999 0 5.8 40 Circumneutral SELA_T05_07_2007 Np 62 y A 999 999 y n W W 999 0 6.3 40 Circumneutral SELA_T05_08_2007 U n M 21 999 n n 31 40 P P 0 31 0 3.5 110 Acidic SELA_T05_09_2007 Np -8 y W 999 999 y n 999 P P 999 48 0 4.6 40 Acidic SELA_T05_10_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 3 3 L L 0 66 0 4.8 80 Acidic SELA_T05_11_2007 Np 70 y A 999 999 y u W W 999 0 8.1 110 Alkaline SELA_T05_12_2007 Nse 5 y A 999 999 y n 999 L O 999 0 6.1 ## Circumneutral SELA_T05_13_2007 Nse -18 y W 999 999 y y 7 7 L L 0 70 0 6 ## Circumneutral SELA_T05_14_2007 Nse -21 n W 999 999 y n 37 37 P P 0 53 0 6.7 640 Circumneutral SELA_T05_15_2007 U -31 n M 999 999 n n 35 35 P P 0 35 0 4.2 30 Acidic SELA_T05_16_2007 Np -1 y W 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 0 999 0 5.6 50 Circumneutral SELA_T05_17_2007 Np 60 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 6.3 50 Circumneutral SELA_T05_18_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 22 22 L O 0 25 0 3.3 Acidic SELA_T05_19_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 11 11 L L 0 57 0 3.4 90 Acidic SELA_T05_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 35 35 P P 0 35 0 3.4 90 Acidic SELA_T05_21_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 31 31 P P 0 31 0 3.6 80 Acidic SELA_T05_22_2007 Np -5 y W 999 999 y n 47 40 P P 0 47 0 4.5 30 Acidic SELA_T05_23_2007 Nse -26 y W 999 999 y n 13 13 L L 0 999 0 6 540 Circumneutral SELA_T05_24_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 9 9 L L 0 57 0 4.7 50 Acidic SELA_T05_25_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 12 12 L L 0 62 0 4.1 50 Acidic

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 212

Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_T05_26_2007 Np A W W Circumneutral SELA_T05_27_2007 Circumneutral SELA_T06_01_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 999 y n 45 40 P P 0 35 0 3.5 200 Acidic SELA_T06_02_2007 U n M n n 7 9 L L 0 43 0 5.4 70 Acidic SELA_T06_03_2007 Nsa 1 y W y n 25 25 L O 0 130 0 5.6 30 Circumneutral SELA_T06_04_2007 Nsa 999 n W n n 30 30 P P 0 30 0 4 40 Acidic SELA_T06_05_2007 Nsa 999 n M n n 39 39 P P 0 39 0 3.8 100 Acidic SELA_T06_06_2007 Nsa -25 y M y n 36 40 P P 0 43 4.7 80 Acidic SELA_T06_07_2007 Nsa -18 y W 7 y n 35 35 O 0 64 0 5.1 40 Acidic SELA_T06_08_2007 Nsa -10 y W y n 41 40 P P 0 54 0 4.1 60 Acidic SELA_T06_09_2007 U n M 20 25 n n 0 0 999 130 0.1 4.5 10 Acidic SELA_T06_10_2007 Nsa -10 y W y n 44 40 P O 0 46 0 4.5 30 Acidic SELA_T06_11_2007 Np y A W W 6.2 70 Circumneutral SELA_T06_12_2007 Nsa -23 y M y n 43 40 P P 0 43 0 5.6 20 Circumneutral SELA_T06_13_2007 Np y A W W 7.2 30 Circumneutral SELA_T06_14_2007 y W y P P 5.8 20 Circumneutral SELA_T06_15_2007 Nsp -4 y W y n 100 40 P P 0 130 0 4 50 Acidic SELA_T06_16_2007 Nsp -2 y W y n 40 40 P P 0 130 0 5.4 30 Acidic SELA_T06_17_2007 W 6.3 40 Circumneutral SELA_T07_01_2007 Np y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 7.9 80 Alkaline SELA_T07_02_2007 U n M 26 999 y y 15 15 L L 999 97 0 6.3 170 Circumneutral SELA_T07_03_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 999 75 0 5.5 90 Acidic SELA_T07_04_2007 U 999 n M 12 999 y y 7 9 R R 999 64 0 5.9 60 Circumneutral SELA_T07_05_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 7 7 R R 999 999 2 6.1 20 Circumneutral SELA_T07_06_2007 U 999 n M 15 15 y n 14 14 L L 999 60 0 5.3 70 Acidic SELA_T07_07_2007 U 999 u M 24 999 y n 17 17 L L 999 55 0 5.6 60 Circumneutral SELA_T07_08_2007 U 999 n M 10 999 n n 7 7 L L 999 999 0 7.1 560 Circumneutral SELA_T07_09_2007 Nsa -3 y W 999 999 y u 0 0 L L 999 54 0 5.8 80 Circumneutral SELA_T07_10_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 y n 38 38 P P 999 62 0 5.7 50 Circumneutral SELA_T07_11_2007 U 999 n M 8 999 y n 7 7 L L 999 110 0 6.2 70 Circumneutral SELA_T07_12_2007 Nsa -35 y M 999 999 y n 7 20 L O 999 55 0 5.6 100 Circumneutral SELA_T07_13_2007 Nsa 0 y W 999 999 y n 14 14 L L 999 76 0 6.1 70 Circumneutral SELA_T07_14_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 3 3 R R 999 105 45 6.4 30 Circumneutral SELA_T07_15_2007 U 999 n M 10 999 y y 8 10 L L 999 999 0 6.5 90 Circumneutral SELA_T07_16_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 4 4 L L 999 999 0 6.1 70 Circumneutral SELA_T07_17_2007 Np y A 999 999 y n 999 999 W W 999 999 0 7.2 120 Circumneutral SELA_T07_18_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 10 10 L L 999 90 0 5.8 170 Circumneutral SELA_T07_19_2007 Nsa -34 y M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 47 0 5.6 150 Circumneutral SELA_T07_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 999 124 0 6.8 150 Circumneutral SELA_T07_21_2007 U 999 n M 9 999 n n 6 6 G G 999 999 0 6.8 70 Circumneutral SELA_T08_01_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 2 2 L L 106 106 0 4.9 10 Acidic SELA_T08_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 1 1 L L 150 999 0 5 20 Acidic SELA_T08_03_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 7 7 L L 128 128 0 4.1 50 Acidic SELA_T08_04_2007 U 999 n M 20 999 n n 8 8 L L 82 82 0 5.5 40 Acidic SELA_T08_05_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 2 10 L L 98 98 0 6.1 60 Circumneutral

213 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_T08_06_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 1 1 G G 5 999 0 5.3 10 Acidic SELA_T08_07_2007 Nse 999 n M 17 29 y n 5 6 L L 167 999 0 5.8 70 Circumneutral SELA_T08_11_2007 M 1 1 L L Circumneutral SELA_T08_12_2007 Nsp -10 y W 36 y n 37 37 L O 20 52 0 4.5 30 Acidic SELA_T08_13_2007 5.6 10 Circumneutral SELA_T08_14_2007 U 999 n M 11 30 y n 10 10 L L 117 117 0 5.1 20 Acidic SELA_T08_15_2007 U n M 15 999 n n 8 8 L L 83 83 0 4.5 40 Acidic SELA_T08_16_2007 Nsa -40 y W 5 15 y n 1 1 L L 107 107 0 5.4 20 Acidic SELA_T10_01_2007 Nsp 0 y W 999 999 y n 60 40 P P 999 60 4.6 30 Acidic SELA_T10_02_2007 Nsa -5 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.4 30 Acidic SELA_T10_03_2007 Nsa -30 y M 14 999 y y 13 13 L L 999 55 0 6.4 50 Circumneutral SELA_T10_04_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y n 33 40 P P 999 36 0 4.5 70 Acidic SELA_T10_06_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 49 0 4.7 30 Acidic SELA_T10_07_2007 Nsp 0 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 72 0 4.9 30 Acidic SELA_T10_08_2007 Nsa -7 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 58 0 4.5 50 Acidic SELA_T10_09_2007 Nsa -30 y M 999 999 y y 36 40 P P 999 44 0 4.7 20 Acidic SELA_T10_10_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 55 0 4 50 Acidic SELA_T10_11_2007 Np 2 y A 999 999 y n 48 40 P P 999 999 0 6.6 80 Circumneutral SELA_T10_12_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 34 0 4 100 Acidic SELA_T10_13_2007 Nsa -11 y W 999 999 y n 26 26 L O 999 50 0 6.2 60 Circumneutral SELA_T10_14_2007 Np -1 y W 999 999 y n 47 40 P P 999 999 0 5.1 60 Acidic SELA_T10_15_2007 Nsa -24 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.2 30 Acidic SELA_T10_16_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 51 0 5.6 30 Circumneutral SELA_T10_17_2007 Nsp 3 y W 999 999 y u 47 40 P P 999 54 0 5.2 30 Acidic SELA_T10_19_2007 Np y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 6 20 Circumneutral SELA_T10_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y n 21 40 P P 999 21 0 3.5 120 Acidic SELA_T10_21_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 61 0 4.5 60 Acidic SELA_T10_22_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 13 13 L L 999 40 0 4.2 90 Acidic SELA_T10_23_2007 Nsa -26 y M 999 999 y n 32 32 P P 999 32 0 5.6 80 Circumneutral SELA_T10_24_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 y y 32 40 P P 999 32 0 4.4 50 Acidic SELA_T10_25_2007 Nsa -28 y W 999 999 y n 0 12 L L 999 57 0 5.7 30 Circumneutral SELA_T10_26_2007 U 999 n M 999 18 y y 21 21 L O 999 51 0 4.1 50 Acidic SELA_T10_27_2007 Nsa -20 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 44 0 5.7 40 Circumneutral SELA_T10_28_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.3 60 Acidic SELA_T11_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y y 5 5 L L 999 75 0 5.4 50 Acidic SELA_T11_03_2007 Np 8 y A 999 999 y n 0 0 W W 999 999 0 7.5 30 Alkaline SELA_T11_04_2007 Nse -10 y W 999 999 y n 2 2 S S 999 999 0 6.6 460 Circumneutral SELA_T11_05_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 n n 15 15 L L 999 57 0 4.8 40 Acidic SELA_T11_06_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 17 27 L O 999 49 0 3.5 80 Acidic SELA_T11_07_2007 Nsa -5 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 50 0 5.2 40 Acidic SELA_T11_08_2007 Nsa -32 y M 999 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 40 0 4.7 30 Acidic SELA_T11_09_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y y 26 26 L O 999 64 0 5.4 50 Acidic SELA_T11_10_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 9 9 L L 999 999 0 6 60 Circumneutral SELA_T11_11_2007 U 999 n M 11 999 y n 6 6 L L 999 70 0 5.6 60 Circumneutral SELA_T11_12_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 36 0 4.8 40 Acidic

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 214

Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_T11_13_2007 U 999 u M 27 999 n y 23 23 G O 999 106 60 7.4 160 Alkaline SELA_T11_14_2007 U n M 27 999 n y 20 22 L O 999 95 0 6.1 150 Circumneutral SELA_T11_15_2007 Np 19 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 999 7.4 50 Alkaline SELA_T11_16_2007 U 999 n M 11 15 y n 10 10 L L 999 95 5 5.3 50 Acidic SELA_T11_17_2007 Nse 999 n M 999 999 y n 27 27 L O 999 31 0 4.2 80 Acidic SELA_T11_18_2007 Nsa -4 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 45 0 4.7 30 Acidic SELA_T11_19_2007 Nsa -28 y M 999 999 y n 14 30 P O 999 35 0 5.6 80 Circumneutral SELA_T11_20_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 0 0 G G 999 999 0 6 20 Circumneutral SELA_T11_21_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 6 6 G G 999 999 0 4.5 50 Acidic SELA_T12_05_2008 999 n M 15 999 n 8 8 L L 999 28 999 5.2 40 Acidic SELA_T12_06_2008 999 n M 999 999 y n 23 23 L L 999 36 0 5.4 40 Acidic SELA_T12_07_2008 Nsa -20 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 41 0 4.3 130 Acidic SELA_T12_08_2008 Nsa 13 y W 999 999 y y 29 29 P P 999 29 0 5.8 80 Circumneutral SELA_T14_01_2008 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y 34 34 O O 999 35 999 5.8 10 Circumneutral SELA_T14_03_2008 -31 y M 999 999 y y 28 28 L O 999 32 0 3.7 130 Acidic SELA_T14_05_2008 Nsa -22 y W 999 999 y y 999 999 P P 999 25 0 4.7 30 Acidic SELA_T14_08_2008 999 M 999 999 999 999 K K 999 999 999 4.7 Acidic SELA_T14_17_2008 999 n M 999 999 n 0 0 K K 999 20 999 4.8 110 Acidic SELA_T14_20_2008 Nsa -20 y M 999 999 y n 35 40 P P 999 35 0 5 30 Acidic SELA_T14_21_2008 -10 y W 999 999 y y 28 999 L O 999 29 35 6.2 130 Circumneutral SELA_T14_22_2008 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y 23 23 L O 999 999 999 4.5 150 Acidic SELA_T14_23_2008 -25 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 26 0 3.7 100 Acidic SELA_T14_25_2008 999 n M 9 999 n 11 11 L L 999 25 999 4.7 90 Acidic SELA_T15_01_2008 -17 y W 999 999 y y 17 17 P P 999 23 0 6 50 Circumneutral SELA_T15_03_2008 Nsa 999 n M 12 999 y 4 4 L L 999 35 999 6.2 130 Circumneutral SELA_T15_05_2008 -24 y W 999 999 y 31 31 O O 999 34 999 5.2 220 Acidic SELA_T15_07_2008 Nsa n D 999 999 y n 5 5 L L 999 55 0 6.9 500 Circumneutral SELA_T15_09_2008 999 n M 17 999 y y 15 15 L L 999 31 0.1 5.3 110 Acidic SELA_T15_11_2008 999 n M 3 999 y y 2 2 L L 999 999 5 6.2 100 Circumneutral SELA_T15_13_2008 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 999 29 0 5.8 50 Circumneutral SELA_T15_17_2008 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 999 38 0 5.1 30 Acidic SELA_T15_20_2008 -18 y W 999 999 y y 999 40 P P 999 24 0 4.7 30 Acidic SELA_T16_01_2008 -12 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 32 0 4.6 20 Acidic SELA_T16_03_2008 y W 999 999 u 30 30 O O 999 34 999 6.4 260 Circumneutral SELA_T16_07_2008 Nsa y M y 40 P P 23 Acidic SELA_T17_01_2008 999 n M 999 999 n y 13 13 L L 999 33 0 5.2 80 Acidic SELA_T17_03_2008 U 999 n M 8 999 n 4 4 L L 999 35 999 6.6 170 Circumneutral SELA_T17_04_2008 999 n M 8 999 n 6 6 L L 999 999 5.8 200 Circumneutral SELA_T17_08_2008 Nsa 12 y M 999 999 y n 30 30 P P 999 30 0 4.8 30 Acidic SELA_T18_01_2008 Nsa 999 y W 999 999 y 19 19 L O 999 39 999 5.4 30 Acidic SELA_T18_05_2008 U n M 2 999 n 1 1 L L 999 19 999 4.5 110 Acidic SELA_T18_08_2008 U n M 24 999 y n 23 23 L O 999 33 999 6.2 80 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_1 21 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_10 25 S O 25 3.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_100 30 S O 27 4.9 Acidic

215 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_Talbot_101 35 P P 36 3.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_102 6 L L 63 5.9 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_103 25 S O 999 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_104 25 S O 999 5.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_106 21 L O 42 4.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_107 10 999 5.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_108 999 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_109 -10 P P 51 4.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_11 24 O 24 3.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_110 10 L L 68 6.3 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_111 P P 26 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_112 130 P P 4.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_113 5L 999 6.4 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_114 5 32 C O 46 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_115 P 96 5.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_116 P 54 4.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_117 P 91 5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_118 P 60 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_12 -14 35 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_120 P 94 5.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_121 P P 999 5.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_122 P P 72 5.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_123 P P 999 5.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_124 P 999 6.1 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_125 P 57 5.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_126 P P 999 5.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_127 P 58 4.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_128 P 54 4.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_129 5 R R 999 4.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_13 -11 36 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_130 23 L O 999 6.4 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_131 5 K K 999 5.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_132 4 S S 77 3.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_133 2 K K 35 3.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_134 10 K K 999 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_135 2 K K 999 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_136 K K 999 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_137 14 K K 999 4.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_138 25 R R 999 3.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_139 10 L L 999 6.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_14 120 3.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_140 17 L L 83 6.9 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_141 999 6.1 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_142 S S 999 7.3 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_143 28 L O 30 4 Acidic

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 216

Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_Talbot_144 P P 41 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_145 P P 44 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_147 10 L L 95 6.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_148 4 S S 999 5.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_149 S S 88 7.4 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_15 24 S O 28 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_150 S S 999 7.3 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_151 49 5.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_152 47 5.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_153 8 L L 999 5.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_154 999 4.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_155 P P 32 3.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_156 46 P P 45 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_157 P P 54 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_158 P P 50 4.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_159 P P 51 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_16 -10 67 5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_17 -5 P P 21 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_18 -2 P P 37 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_19 0 P P 50 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_2 10 S S 21 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_20 -22 22 O 23 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_22 30 O 30 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_23 S S 999 6.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_24 S S 999 7.8 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_25 S S 999 7.9 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_26 7 999 6.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_27 S 999 6.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_28 999 37 L O 32 5.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_29 47 6.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_3 10 C C 40 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_30 999 21 L O 19 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_31 999 S 999 5.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_32 S 70 7.6 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_33 S 50 7.7 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_34 S 53 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_35 S 46 4.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_36 3 S S 999 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_37 3 S S 53 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_38 -33 5 S S 35 5.8 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_39 999 7 R R 999 5.9 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_4 C C 16 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_40 999 5 R R 999 4.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_41 14 K K 999 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_42 999 5.6 Circumneutral

217 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_Talbot_43 8 K K 999 5.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_44 3 L L 999 7.3 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_45 S S 999 7.8 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_46 K K 999 5.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_47 3 L L 999 5.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_48 R R 999 5.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_49 3 R R 999 5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_5 C C 999 4.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_50 30 L O 39 4.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_51 22 L O 29 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_52 P P 69 5.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_53 -3 P P 62 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_54 -40 32 L O 44 4.2 Acidic SELA_Talbot_55 999 31 L O 31 3.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_56 2 31 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_57 K K 999 5.3 Acidic SELA_Talbot_58 2 R R 999 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_59 3 999 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_6 C C 999 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_60 3 K K 999 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_61 4 S S 89 6.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_62 11 S S 57 6.4 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_63 4 S S 105 7.1 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_64 14 S S 49 4.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_65 8 S S 80 7.5 Alkaline SELA_Talbot_66 8 K K 999 5.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_67 6 K K 999 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_68 9 K K 999 5.9 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_69 10 999 5.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_70 10 K K 999 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_71 8 R R 999 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_72 999 5.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_73 R R 999 5.7 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_74 18 R R 999 5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_75 20 L O 999 4.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_76 3 R R 999 5.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_77 -11 38 R O 999 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_78 5 K K 999 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_79 40 P P 40 4.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_8 C C 999 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_80 10 B B 999 5.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_81 28 P P 18 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_82 P P 46 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_83 30 L O 35 4.1 Acidic SELA_Talbot_84 41 4.6 Acidic

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 218

Appendix 3. Continued.

Unique_ID che_name NWIWaterReg NWIWaterReg WaterDepth Saturated30cm SoilMoisture LowMottDep LowMatrDep HydricSoil Cryoturb SurfOrg CumOrg40 DomMineral40 DomText40 LoessThick ThawDepth FrostBoil SitepH SiteEC SELA_Talbot_85 23 L O 27 4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_86 47 4.7 Acidic SELA_Talbot_87 36 P P 20 4.9 Acidic SELA_Talbot_88 -10 34 P P 32 4.5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_89 1 S S 56 6.4 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_90 10 S S 56 6.9 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_91 20 L O 95 6.3 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_92 21 S O 46 6.6 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_93 46 7.1 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_94 S S 58 7.2 Circumneutral SELA_Talbot_95 35 L O 34 3.8 Acidic SELA_Talbot_96 30 P P 27 5 Acidic SELA_Talbot_97 6 L L 54 4.4 Acidic SELA_Talbot_98 O O 56 4.6 Acidic SELA_Talbot_99 2 L L 57 4.5 Acidic

219 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 4. List of vascular plant species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge with synomyny. Data collected by ABR and Stephen Talbot. Adoxaceae Stellaria longipes Goldie Adoxa moschatellina L. S. edwardsii R. Brown Araceae Stellaria longipes Goldie Stellaria laeta Calla palustris L. Stellaria longipes Goldie Athyriaceae Stellaria monantha Hult. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Wilhelmsia physodes (Fisch.) McNeill Betulaceae Compositae (Asteraceae) Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman Alnus fruticosa Rupr. Arnica alpina (L.) Olin ssp. angustifolia (M. Vahl) Maguire Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh Arnica angustifolia Vahl in G. C. Oeder et al. Alnus viridus ssp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Nyman Arnica frigida C.A. Mey. Betula glandulosa Michx. Arnica griscomii Fernald subsp. frigida (C. A. Meyer ex Betula hybrids Iljin) S. J. Wolf Betula nana L. Artemisia arctica Less. Betula nana ssp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hulten Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis (Besser) Jeps. Betula occidentalis Hooker Artemisia arctica Less. ssp. arctica Betula papyrifera Marsh. Artemisia furcata Bieb. Betula neoalaskana Sarg. Artemisia hyperborea Rydb. Boraginaceae Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Eritrichium splendens Kearney Aster junciformis Rydb. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Löve & Callitrichaceae D. Löve Callitriche hermaphroditica L. Aster sibiricus L. Callitriche verna L. emend. Lonnr. Eurybia sibirica (L.) G.L. Nesom Callitriche palustris L. Chrysanthemum bipinnatum L. Campanulaceae Tanacetum bipinnatum (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus Erigeron acris L. Campanula lasiocarpa Cham. Petasites frigidus (L.) Franchet Campanula latisepala Hult. Petasites hyperboreus Rydb. Campanula uniflora L. Petasites frigidus (Linnaeus) Fries var. frigidus Lomatogonium rotatum (l.) E. Fries Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC. Caprifoliaceae Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. Linnaea borealis L. Tephroseris atropurpurea (Ledeb.) Holub Linnaea borealis L. Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. ssp. frigidus Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. (Richards.) Hult. Caryophyllaceae Tephroseris frigida (Richardson) Holub. Arenaria capillaris Poir. Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. Eremogone capillaris (Poiret) Fenzl Tephroseris palustris (Linnaeus) Reichenbach Arenaria chamissonis Maguire Senecio lugens Richardson Stellaria dicranoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fenzl Senecio ogotorukensis Packer Arenaria longipedunculata Packera ogotorukensis (Packer) A. Löve & D. Löve Cerastium beeringianum Cham. & Schlecht. Solidago canadensis L. var. salebrosa (Piper) M. E. Jones Dianthus repens Willd. Solidago multiradiata Ait. Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. Solidago multiradiata Ait. var. multiradiata Melandrium taimyrense Tolm. Solidago multiradiata Ait. var. multiradiata Silene involucrata (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Bocquet Cornaceae subsp. tenella Cornus suecica L. Minuartia arctica (Stev.) Aschers. & Graebn Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Minuartia macrocarpa (Pursh) Ostenf. Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) Robins. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl Cardamine bellidifolia L. Arenaria lateriflora L. Cardamine hyperborea O.E. Schulz Silene acaulis L. Cardamine digitata Richardson Silene repens Patrin Cardamine pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schultz Stellaria borealis Bigelow Cardamine umbellata Greene Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 220

Appendix 4. Continued.

Descurainia sophioides (Fisch.) O.E. Shultz Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. subarcticum (V. Draba fladzinensis Wulf Vassiljev) Hult. Draba palanderiana Kjellm. Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & Mey. Draba caesia Adams Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Rorippa barbareaefolia (DC.) Kitigawa Eriophorum gracile Koch Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britt. Eriophorum russeolum Fries Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Meyer in C. F. Ledebour Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe Abbe) Hultén Eriophorum vaginatum L. Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori & Paol. Abbe) Jonsell Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale Smelowskia calycina (Steph.) C.A. Mey. var porsildii (Drury & Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. Rollins) Diapensiaceae Smelowskia porsildii (Drury & Rollins) Yurtsev Diapensia lapponica L. Cyperaceae Droseraceae Carex amblyorhynca Krecz. Drosera anglica Huds. Carex marina Dewey Carex marina Dewey Drosera rotundifolia L. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. aquatilis Elaegnaceae Carex arcta Boott. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Carex atrofusca Schkuhr Empetraceae Carex bicolor All. Empetrum nigrum L. Carex bigelowii Torr. Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup Carex canescens L. Equisetaceae Carex capillaris L. Equisetum arvense L. Carex krausei Boeck. Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh. Carex capitata Soland. In L. Equisetum palustre L. Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. Equisetum pratense L. Carex dioica gynocrates (Wormsk.) Hult. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Carex gynocrates Wormskjöld ex Drejer Equisetum sylvaticum L. Carex glacialis Mack. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Carex holostoma Drej. Ericaceae Carex kelloggii W. Boott Andromeda polifolia L. Carex lenticularis var lipocarpa Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Carex lapponica Lang Arctous alpina (L.) Nied. Carex laxa Wahlenb. Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. Carex limosa L. Arctous rubra (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Nakai & Koidz. Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don Carex loliacea L. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Carex lyngbyaei Hornem. Ledum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd. Carex mackenziei V. Krecz. Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Lodd. ex Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hult. Steud. Carex membranacea Hook. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Carex microchaeta Holm. Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. Carex microglochin Walenb. Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr. Carex misandra R. Br. Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr Vaccinium uliginosum L. Carex podocarpa C. B. Clarke Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Smith Gentianaceae Carex rostrata Stokes Gentiana glauca Pallas Carex rotundata Wahlenb. Gentiana propinqua Richards. ssp. propinqua Carex saxatilis L.ssp. laxa (Trautv.) Kalela Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett Carex scirpoidea Michx. Graminae (Poaceae) Carex stylosa C. A. Mey Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov ssp. alaskanum (Scribn. & Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. Merr.) Melderis Carex utriculata F. Boott Agropyron macrourum (Turcz.) Drobov Carex vaginata Tausch Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev Carex Williamsii Britt. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.

221 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 4. Continued.

Agrostis alaskana Hult. Iridaceae Agrostis exarata Trin. Iris setosa Pall. ssp. setosa Juncaceae Agrostis exarata Trin. Juncus alpinus Villers Agrostis exarata Trin. Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix Juncus arcticus Willd. Agrostis exarata Trin. Juncus bufonius L. Agrostis scabra Willd. Juncus castaneus Sm. ssp. castaneus Agrostis geminata Trin. Juncus filiformis L. Agrostis trinii Turcz. Juncus stygius L. ssp. americanus (Buchenau) Hult. Agrostis vinealis Schreb. Juncus triglumis L. Alopecuris aequalis Sobol. Luzula arctica Blytt. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. Luzula nivalis (Laest.) Beurling Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Anderss. Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.) Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. ssp. unalaschensis (Buchenau) Hult. Hult. Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald Luzula arcuata subsp. unalaschkensis (Buchenau) Hulten Bromopsis pumpellianus Scribn. Var. arcticus (Shear) Pors. Luzula confusa Lindeb. Bromus ciliatus L. Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. ssp. multiflora var. kjellmaniana Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray (Miyabe & Kudo) Sam. Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. inexpansa Luzula kjellmaniana Miyabe & Kudo (A.Gray) C.W.Greene Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartman. F. Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr. ssp. wahlenbergii Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. ssp. purpurascens Juncaginaceae Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. Triglochin maritimum L. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. orientalis Hultén Triglochin palustris L. Dupontia fischeri R.Br. Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Loeve ssp. alaskanus Mentha arvensis L. Elymus trachycaulis SL Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Festuca altaica Trin. Astragalus alpinus L. Festuca brachyphylla Schult. Hedysarum alpinum L. Festuca lenensis Drobow Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thell. Festuca richardsonii Hook. Hedysarum alpinum L. Festuca rubra L. Pedicularis americanum (Michx.) Britton Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. ssp. grandis (S. Wats.) Hult. Hedysarum mackenzii Richards. Hierchloe alpina (Sw.) Roem. & Schult. Hedyarum boreale Nutt. ssp. mackenzii (Richardson) Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv. S.L.Welsh Hordeum jubatum L. Lathyrus palustris L. ssp. pilosus (Cham.) Hult. Poa alpigena (E. Fries) Lindm. Lupinus arcticus S. Wats. Poa pratensis L. ssp. alpigena Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. Poa alpigena (E. Fries) Lindm. Oxytropis kokrinensis Porsild Poa pratensis subsp. alpigena (Fr.) Hiitonen Oxytropis nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch. Poa alpina L. Lemnaceae Poa arctica R. Br. Lemna minor L. Poa lanata Scribn. & Merr. Lemna trisulca L. Poa arctica R. Br. Lentibulariaceae Poa malacantha Kom. Pinguicula villosa L. Poa glauca M. Vahl. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Poa pratensis L. Utricularia intermedia Hayne Puccinellia borealis Swallen Utricularia minor L. Puccinellia arctica (Hook.) Fernald Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. macrorhiza (LeConte) Clauson Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter ssp. spicatum Utricularia macrorhiza Leconte Trisetum spicatum (L.) K.Richt. Liliaceae Haloragaceae Allium schoenoprasum L. Hippuris vulgaris L. Tofieldia coccinea Richards. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers. Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens (Fern.) Hult. Zygadenus elegans Pursh Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 222

Appendix 4. Continued.

Lycopodiaceae Polygonum persicaria L. Huperzia haleakalae (Brackenridge) Holub Persicaria maculosa Gray. Huperzia selago (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank & Polygonum viviparum L. Martius Bistorta vivipara (Linnaeus) Delarbre Lycopodium annotinum L. Rumex arcticus Trautv. Lycopodium clavatum L. Potamogetonaceae Lycopodium complanatum L. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis ssp. tenuifolius (Raf.) Hultén Diphasiastrum complanatum (Linnaeus) Holub Potamogeton alpinus Balbis Lycopodium selago L. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Huperzia selago (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank & Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner Martius Potamogeton gramineus L. Menyanthaceae Potamogeton pectinatus L. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Borner Myricaeae Potamogeton perfoliatus L. ssp. richardsonii (Benn.) Hultén Myrica gale L. Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydberg Nymphaceae Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum. Nuphar polysepalum Engelm. Primulaceae Onagraceae Androsace chamaejasme Host ssp. lehmannia (Spreng.) Hult. Epilobium angustifolium L. Dodecatheon frigidum Cham. & Schlecht. Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Trientalis europaea L. Epilobium latifolium L. Trientalis europaea L. ssp. arctica (Fisch.) Hult. Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub Pyrolaceae Epilobium palustre L. Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray Orchidaceae Pyrola grandiflora Radius Corallorrhiza trifida Chatel. Pyrola minor L. Cypripedium passerinum Richards Pyrola secunda L. Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern. Orthilia secunda (L.) House Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Ranunculaceae Listera borealis Morong Aconitum delphinifolium DC. Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindl. Anemone drummondii S. Wats. Lysiella obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Rydb. Anemone narcissiflora L. Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Anemone parviflora Michx. Orobanchaceae Anemone richardsonii Hook. Boschniakia rossica (Cham & Schldl.) B. Fedtsch. Caltha natans Pall. Papaveraceae Caltha palustris L. Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh. Caltha palustris subsp. arctica (R. Brown) Hultén Papaver hultenii Knaben Delphinium brachycentrum Ledeb. Pinaceae Delphinium chamissonis Pritz. ex Walp. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill ssp. Multifida (Pritz.) Zamels Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Anemone patens var. multifida Pritzel Picea mariana (Mill.) Britt., Sterns & Pogg Ranunculus gmelini DC. ssp. gmelini Polemoniaceae Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Phlox sibirica L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Hult Ranunculus lapponicus L. Phlox hoodii Richards. Ranunculus pallasii Schlect. Polemonium acutiflorum Willd. Ranunculus reptans L. Polygonaceae Ranunculus flammula var. reptans (Linnaeus) E. Meyer Polygonum alaskanum (Small) Wight Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix Aconogonon alaskanum (Small) Soják Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus Withering Polygonum aviculare L. Thalictrum alpinum L. Polygonum bistorta L. ssp. plumosum (Small) Hult. Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. Bistorta plumosa (Small) Greene Rosaceae Polygonum caurianum Robins. Dryas integrifolia Vahl. Polygonum humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp. Dryas integrifolia var. sylvatica Hulten caurianum (B. L. Robinson) Costea & Tardif Dryas octopetala L. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Dryas octopetala L. ssp. alaskensis (Pors.) Hult. Persicaria lapathifolia (Linnaeus) Gray Potentilla fruticosa L. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. ssp. oneillii (Brenckle) Hult. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Persicaria pensylvanica (Linnaeus) M. Gómez

223 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 4. Continued. Potentilla fruticosa L. Castilleja hyperborea Pennell Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve, nom. illeg. Limosella aquatica L. Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. Mimulus guttatus DC. Potentilla norvegica L. Pedicularis capitata Adams. Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Pedicularis kanei Durand ssp. kanei Comarum palustre L. Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schltdl. Potentilla uniflora Ledeb. Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing Potentilla gorodkovii Pedicularis langsdorffii Fisch. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Pedicularis langsdorffii Fisch. ssp.arctica (R. Br.) Pennell Rubus arcticus L. Pedicularis parviflora J.E. Sm. ssp. parviflora Rubus chamaemorus L. Pedicularis parviflora J.E. Sm. ssp. pennellii (Hult.) Hult. Spiraea beauverdiana Schneid. Pedicularis sudetica Willd. Spiraea stevenii (C.K. Schneid.) Rydb. Pedicularis arctoeuropaea Rubiaceae Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hultén Galium boreale L. Pedicularis albolabiata (Hultén) Kozhanch. Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. pacifica Hult. Salicaceae Pedicularis pacifica (Hultén) Kozh Pedicularis verticillata L. Populus balsamifera L. Populus tremuloides Michx. Selaginellaceae Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link Salix arbusculoides Anderss. Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron. Salix arctica Pall. Sparganiaceae Salix barclayi Anderss. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Argus Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Salix niphoclada Rydb. Angelica lucida L. Salix fuscescens Anderss. Bupleurum triradiatum Adams ssp. arcticum (Regel) Hult. Salix glauca L. Bupleurum americanum J.M. Coult. & Rose Salix hastata L. Cicuta mackenzieana Raup Salix interior Rowlee Cicuta virosa L. Salix lanata L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Skvort. Cicuta virosa L. Salix richardsonii Hook. Cicuta mackenzieana Raup Salix monticola Bebb Ligusticum scoticum L. ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Cald. & Tayl. Salix pseudomonticola C.R. Ball Podistera macounii (Coult. & Rose) Math. & Const. Salix ovalifolia Trautv. Valerianaceae Salix phlebophylla Anderss. Valeriana capitata Pall. Salix planifolia Pursch. ssp.pulchra (Cham.) Argus Violaceae Salix pulchra Cham. Viola biflora L. Salix polaris Wahlenb. ssp. pseudopolaris (Flod.) Hult. Salix reticulata L. Salix rotundifolia Trautv. Salix scouleriana Barratt Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Lund) T. Fries Parnassia palustris L. Ribes triste Pall. Saxifraga bronchialis L. Saxifraga funstonii (small.) Fed. Saxifraga cernua L. Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. Saxifraga hieracifolia Waldst. & Kit. Saxifraga hirculis L. Saxifraga punctata L. Saxifraga nelsoniana D.Don. Saxifraga punctata L. ssp. nelsoniana (D. Don) Hult. Saxifraga reflexa Hook. Scrophulariaceae Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebr. Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. ssp. caudata Pennell

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 224

Appendix 5. List of non-vascular species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge by ABR and Stephen Talbot. Lichen Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. elongata (Jacq.) Vainio Alectoria sp. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. turbinata (Ach.) Arctoparmelia centrifuga Ahti Arctoparmelia incurva Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. vulnerata Ahti Arctoparmelia separata (Th. Fr.) Hale Cladonia macroceras (Delise) Hav. Asahinea chrysantha (Tuck.) Culb. & C. Culb. Cladonia macrophylla (Schaerer) Stenh. Bryocaulon divergens (Ach.) Kärnefelt Cladonia metacorallifera Asah. Bryoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. Bryoria tenuis (E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Cladonia ochrochlora Florke Bryum weigelii Spreng. Cladonia phyllophora Hoffm. Cetraria andrejevii Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaerer Cetraria ericetorum Opiz ssp. reticulata (Rasanen) Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. Karnefelt Cladonia scabriuscula (del.) Leight. Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.) Vain. Cladonia singularis S. Hammer Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Cladonia sp. Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. ssp. islandica Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis (Räsänen) Kärnefelt Cladonia stricta (Nyl.) Nyl. Cetraria kamczatica Savicz Cladonia subfurcata (Nyl.) Arnold Cetraria laevigata Rass. Cladonia subsubulata Nyl. Cetraria nigricans Nyl. Cladonia sulphurina (Michaux) Fr. Cetraria odontella (Ach.) Ach. Cladonia symphycarpia (Ach.) Fr. Cetraria sp. Cladonia uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg. Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaerer) Kärnefelt & Cladonia wainioi Savicz Thell Coelocaulon aculeatum (Schreb.) Link. Cetrariella fastigiata (Delise ex Nyl.) Kärnefelt & Dactylina arctica (Richardson) Nyl. Thell Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & Thell Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & Culb. Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & Thell Cladina ciliata (Stirt.) Trass Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann ssp. pacifica Hypogymnia subobscura (Vainio) Poelt (Ahti) Ahti Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyel. Cladina sp. Lobaria sp. Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo Lopadium pezizoideum (Ach.) Körb. Cladina stygia (Fr.) Ahti Masonhalea richardsonii (Hook.) Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrlin Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl. Cladonia albonigra Brodo & Ahti Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaerer Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl. Cladonia bacilliformis (Nyl.) Gluck Nephroma sp. Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer Ochrolechia bryophaga (Erichsen) K. Schmitz & Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos Lumbsch Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. Ochrolechia sp. Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprenge Parmelia skultii Hale Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. s. lat. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. Cladonia coniocraea (Floerke) Spreng. Peltigera britannica (Gyel.) Holt.-Hartw. & Tonsb. Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm. Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrader Cladonia cyanipes (Sommerf.) Nyl. Peltigera concinna Cladonia decorticata (Flörke) Spreng. Peltigera conspersa Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon Cladonia ecmocyna Leighton Peltigera didactyla var. extenuata (Nyl. ex Vainio) Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. Goffinet & Hastings

225 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 5. Continued.

Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise Odontoschisma elongatum (Lindb.) A. Evans Peltigera latiloba Holt.-Hartw. Pellia sp. Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyelnik Plagiochila porelloides (Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb. Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck Radula complanata (L.) Dumort. Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg. Tetralophozia setiformis (Ehrh.) Schljakov Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. Tritomaria exsectiformis (Breidl.) Loeske Peltigera ponojensis Gyel. Unknown liverwort Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. Moss Peltigera scabrosa Th. Fr. Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch. Peltigera sp. Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. Pertusaria bryontha (Ach.) Nyl. Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort. Pertusaria panyrga (Ach.) A. Massal. Aulacomnium acuminatum (Lindb. & Arnell) Kindb. Pertusaria sp. Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr. Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy Aulacomnium sp. Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray Aulacomnium turgidum (Wahlenb.) Schwaegr. Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dum. Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. Brachythecium albicans(Hedw.) B.S.G. Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers. Brachythecium oedipodium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio Brachythecium populeum (Hedw.) Schimp. Sphaerophorus sp. Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. et Mohr) B.S.G. Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer ex Funck Brachythecium sp. Stereocaulon capitellatum H. Magn. Brachythecium starkei (Brid.) Schimp. Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm. Brachythecium turgidum (Hartm.) Kindb. Stereocaulon sp. Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre (Hedw.) Chen Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. Bryum calophyllum R. Br. Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaerer Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn. et al. Tuckermannopsis inermis (Nyl.) Karnefelt Bryum sp. Umbilicaria arctica (Ach.) Nyl. Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb. Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii (Savicz) Zahlbr. Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. Umbilicaria sp. Calliergon megalophyllum Mikut. Unknown crustose lichen Calliergon richardsonii (Mitt.) Kindb. in Warnst. Unknown lichen Calliergon sp. Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai Calliergon stramineum (Brid.) Kindb. Vulpicida tilesii (Ach.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai Campylium arcticum Williams Liverwort Campylium hispidulum (Brid.) Mitt. Anastrophyllum minutum (Schreb.) R.M. Schust. Campylium polygamum (B.S.G.) C.Jens. Anastrophyllum sphenoloboides R.M. Schust. Campylium stellatum (Hedw.) C.Jens. Barbilophozia barbata (Schmid. ex Schreb.) Loeske Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. Barbilophozia binsteadii (Kaal.) Loeske Cinclidium arcticum B.S.G. Calypogeia integristipula Steph. Cinclidium latifolium Lindb. Calypogeia muelleriana (Schiffn.) Müll. Frib. Cinclidium stygium Sw. in Schrad. Calypogeia sp. Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) Web. et Mohr. Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dumort. Conocephalum sp. Cephalozia lunulifolia (Dumort.) Dumort. Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce Cephalozia sp. Cynodontium alpestre (Wahlenb.) Milde Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda Cynodontium glaucescens (Lindb. & Arnell) Par. Cladopodiella fluitans (Nees) H. Buch Cynodontium polycarpon (Hedw.) Schimp. Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort. Cynodontium sp. Diplophyllum imbricatum (M. Howe) Müll. Frib. Cynodontium strumiferum (Hedw.) Lindb. Diplophyllum taxifolium (Wahlenb.) Dumort. Dicranella crispa (Hedw.) Schimp. Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.) Dumort. Dicranodontium denudatum (Brid.) E. Britton Hepaticae Dicranum acutifolium (Lindb. et H.Arnell) C.Jens. Lophozia badensis (Gottsche ex Rabenh.) Schiffn. Dicranum angustum Lindb. Lophozia gillmanii (Austin) R.M. Schust. Dicranum elongatum Schleich. ex Schwaegr. Lophozia rutheana (Limpr.) M. Howe Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb. Marsupella brevissima (Dumort.) Grolle Dicranum groenlandicum Brid. Marsupella sp. Dicranum majus Sm. Mesoptychia sahlbergii (Lindb. & Arnell) A. Evans Dicranum scoparium Hedw. Mylia anomala (Hook.) S. Gray Dicranum sp.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 226

Appendix 5. Continued.

Dicranum spadiceum Zett. Psilopilum cavifolium (Wilson) I. Hagen Dicranum undulatum Brid. Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe Distichium capillaceum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not. Ditrichum flexicaule (Schwaegr.) Hampe Pylaisiella selwynii (Kindb.) H.A. Crum, Steere & Ditrichum sp. L.E. Anderson Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. s.l. Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. Drepanocladus sp. Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horik.) T. Kop. Encalypta rhaptocarpa Schwägr. Rhizomnium sp. Entodon concinnus (De Not.) Par. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst. Eurhynchium pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn. Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. Grimmia torquata Hornsch. Rhytidium rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb. Hamatocaulis lapponicus (Norrl.) Hedenäs Sanionia orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenaes Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske Herzogiella striatella (Brid.) Z. Iwats. Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum (Wahlenb.) Tuom. & T. Kop. Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum (Spruce) Fleisch. Scapania sp. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. Schistidium sp. Hypnum bambergeri Schimp. Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr. Hypnum holmenii Ando Sphagnum angustifolium (Russ. ex Russ.) C.Jens Hypnum lindbergii Mitt. Sphagnum aongstroemii C.Hartm. Hypnum plicatulum (Lindb.) Jaeg. Sphagnum balticum (Russ.) Russ. ex C.Jens. Hypnum sp. Sphagnum compactum DC. in Lam. et DC. Kiaeria glacialis (Berggr.) I. Hagen Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils. Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) Klinggr. Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ. Limprichtia cossoni (Schimp.) Anderson et al. Sphagnum jensnii H. Lindb. Limprichtia revolvens (Sw.) Loeske Sphagnum kenaiense R.E. Andrus Lophozia sp. Sphagnum lenense H.Lindb. ex Pohle Marchantia polymorpha L Sphagnum lindbergii Schimp. ex Lindb. Meesia longiseta Hedw. Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. Meesia triquetra (Richter) Aongstr. Sphagnum obtusum Warnst. Mnium sp. Sphagnum orientale Sav.-Ljub. Mnium thomsonii Schimp. Sphagnum riparium Ångstr. Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid. Sphagnum rubellum Wils. Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. Sphagnum russowii Warnst. Plagiomnium curvatulum (Lind.) Schljakov Sphagnum sp. Plagiomnium ellipticum (Brid.) T.Kop. Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Plagiomnium medium (Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G.) T. Kop. Sphagnum steerei R.E. Andrus Plagiomnium sp. Sphagnum talbotianum R. E. Andrus Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Sphagnum tenellum (Brid.) Bory Plagiothecium laetum Schimp. Sphagnum tescorum R.E. Andrus Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. Sphagnum warnstorfii Russ. Pogonatum dentatum (Brid.) Brid. Sphenolobus minutus (Schreb.) Berggr. Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Splachnum sp. Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb. Splachnum sphaericum Hedw Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb. Tayloria sp. Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr) Andrews Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G. Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L.Sm. Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb. Polytrichum commune Hedw. Thuidium sp. Polytrichum formosum Hedw. Timmia austriaca Hedw. Polytrichum hyperboreum R.Br. Tomentypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske Polytrichum jensenii Hag. Tortella fragilis (Hook. et Wils. in Drumm.) Limpr. Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Tortella sp. Polytrichum longisetum Brid. Tortula mucronifolia Schwägr. Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. Unknown fungus Polytrichum sp. Unknown moss Polytrichum strictum Brid. Warnstorfia exannulata (Guemb. in B.S.G.) Loeske Pseudobryum cinclidioides (Hüb.) T. Kop. Warnstorfia fluitans (Hedw.) Loeske Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Brid.) Z. Iwats. Warnstorfia pseudostraminea (C Muell ) Tuom et T Kop Warnstorfia pseudostraminea (C. Muell.) Tuom. et T. Kop.

227 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Ecotype %Bare Ground %Litter fuge, northwestern Alaska, 2008. %Whole Tussocks VegClass4 Alt Veg the Selawik National Wildlife Re Selawik National Wildlife the %Surface Water Soil Moisture Physio- graphy Longitude (WGS84) Latitude Latitude (WGS84) Unique_ID0020098 Date 00201700050189 6/30/20080070125 6/30/2008 66.9142770070524 6/30/2008 66.9944250160007 6/30/2008 -158.388939 66.9257590210004 6/28/2008 -158.319296 66.9328310240132 6/30/2008 U -158.387609 66.7634040340124 6/30/2008 U -158.441449 66.9296750380209 6/30/2008 U -160.157065 M 67.0402420410211 6/30/2008 U -158.331066 M 66.850010790057 7/1/2008 U -158.263229 W 66.8594480980005 6/30/2008 0 U M -158.3824362070008 66.275246 6/30/2008 0 L -157.974063 M 66.8209362170006 Fnobs 7/1/2008 1 66.755397 D L -159.0369632210033 Fncws 6/30/2008 0 U -157.895464 M90020051 66.291611 Fnobs 6/28/2008 0 -158.05136 66.903655 L Fnobs90030005 D Fmoas 6/30/2008 L 0 Fncwb M 66.799366 -159.03971890050709 6/30/2008 Fnows -158.33749 0 U 66.89647 Fnobs90070353 M 6/28/2008 Fmosb 66.977714 -160.318459 Fmoas U M 090090232 6/27/2008 0 Fnows 0 66.777758 Fnows U -158.36649 090091346 M 6/27/2008 -158.191671 U 66.91893 0.1 Fmwsb Fmosb90091491 W 0 6/30/2008 -160.079676 Slcbw 66.918177 0 3 Fnows 090100659 D u 6/27/2008 Sloa U 1 66.90706 -160.174825 0 D 0 Fmwsb90131413 6/28/2008 U -160.468058 Slcbw 66.873257 3 1 Slcbw 090141026 6/28/2008 0 10 M U 66.881792 D -158.373231 Stoa 0 0 090170277 Sloa 6/28/2008 R -160.811142 M 2 66.74915 Slott 0 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland Slcbw 0.190180462 0 6/28/2008 -160.043978 0.1 U 1 66.787287 Fbwb M90180584 0 6/29/2008 0 R Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0 Slod M Stoa 66.844447 3 -160.275323 Forest Spruce-Aspen Upland 090190903 6/28/2008 0 U -160.436807 Slotb 15 66.183823 95 0.1 M Fnows 2590210197 Slod 6/27/2008 -160.192015 Fbwb Forest Spruce-Ericaceous 0 White Upland U M 66.844951 1 0.1 Fncbs90220072 Forest Spruce-Birch Upland 6/28/2008 U 0 -159.49116 Slod M 66.811567 1 4090230834 Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Upland 15 6/27/2008 U -160.17328 Fnows 10 Fnows 1 66.816962 M 30 Fnwws Fncws90230953 0 6/30/2008 0 -161.163764 Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Upland M U 66.857992 Fncbs 090240432 0.1 6/28/2008 0 -159.958133 Fnobs 10 M U 66.959843 0 Shrub Low Birch-Willow Upland Fncws 1 Fnows 15 6/27/2008 R -160.94632 Fncws 0 66.885275 0 M Fnows 0 6/28/2008 10 0 U -158.207686 66.786766 0 M Fnobs 0 0 -160.073396 Fnobs 0 10 Fnows W R 66.583421 0 Fnows Shrub Tall 5 U Alder-Willow Upland -161.018782 75 Fnows 0 M 10 2 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Fnows U -159.348606 0 1 20 Forest Birch Upland M Fnobs 0 5 L Fnows Fnows M 2 0.1 0 0 Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Upland 0 L 5 Fnows Fnows M 0 Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Upland 0 Slobw Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0 M Fnows 1 0 0.1 Fnows 0 1 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland nd 0 Fnobs 0 1 0 Fnows Slobb Fnobs 0 0.1 0 Fnows 0 2 0 Fnows 1 2 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0.1 Fnwws 0 Sloa Fnobs Forest Spruce-Alder 5White Riverine Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0 Sloeb 0 Fnows 3 0 0 2 0 Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland 0 Slcb Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 20 0 Hgwsmb 0 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 2 0 0 2 Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland 0 2 25 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0 5Shrub Low Birch-Willow Riverine 2 0 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 30 1 25 Forest Spruce-Willow White Riverine 0 Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland 0 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 0 Bog Shrub Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Tall Alder Lowland Appendix 6.Appendix in aerial plots of components ecological List of

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 228

Ecotype %Bare Ground %Litter %Whole Tussocks VegClass4 Alt Veg %Surface Water Soil Moisture Physio- graphy Longitude (WGS84) Latitude Latitude (WGS84) Unique_ID90250435 Date 9026048690270562 6/27/200890280236 6/28/2008 66.84021390290131 6/28/2008 66.83567690290539 6/28/2008 -160.94098 66.82862790290548 6/30/2008 -160.138451 66.63916890300005 6/27/2008 -160.114475 66.797111 R90310115 6/27/2008 U -159.466501 66.90027490310616 6/30/2008 U -157.963971 66.83341 M90310635 6/30/2008 U -159.649848 M 66.93750390310807 6/27/2008 U M 66.758433 -161.0017990320405 6/27/2008 U -158.314798 W 66.893229 090330004 6/29/2008 0 -157.882228 M 66.832463 R90330492 6/28/2008 0 U -160.670601 Stcw M 66.192639 Fnwws90340089 5 6/30/2008 U -160.995909 66.838123 Stob90350814 M 6/27/2008 0 R -159.299123 66.986898 D Slotb90360100 Stcw 6/30/2008 0 R -160.118136 Stob M 66.887803 Fnwws90370007 6/29/2008 U -158.222643 M 66.82388 0 Slobe Fnwws90380077 6/30/2008 U -159.751274 0 M 66.260306 Slotb90380220 6/30/2008 0 U Fnwws M 66.978759 -157.878498 Stcw 0 090380254 Fmwsb 6/30/2008 U 0 -159.048907 Sloa M 66.800436 Stcaw90390219 6/29/2008 0 -158.226263 0 M U 66.840211 Stcaw90400038 40 45 6/27/2008 1 -157.960117 L Fmosb 2 Stcw M 66.1349 4 Stow90400070 7/2/2008 U 0 -157.817458 66.971449 Stcaw M 2 Stcaw 090410555 6/30/2008 0 U 30 0 M Stcaw 0.1 66.325253 -158.946405 5 Fnwws90410733 6/27/2008 0 U -160.294807 M 66.98002 0 Stow Shrub Tall Fbwb Willow Moist Riverine 090420008 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 6/27/2008 0 M 0 66.803602 -158.570803 Stoaw 1 0 U 0 Fnows90430218 6/29/2008 L 0 Stob 0 M 66.865322 -158.203277 Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Upland 090440139 3 6/30/2008 Shrub Birch-Tussock 0 Dwarf Upland -161.793947 Fnwws 15 U 66.208787 Fbwb Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland 0 90440241 Sloa M 6/28/2008 0 -159.773737 0 Fnows 1 U 66.801225 W 0 Fbwb90450144 6/28/2008 0 -159.134942 L 0.1 2 66.811671 Fnwws 0 M Stoa 090460223 6/27/2008 U -157.974057 66.506076 Forest Spruce-Birch Upland 0 20 D 0 Slcbw Sloa 0.190460717 0 6/30/2008 -160.823483 L Shrub Tall 10 Willow Moist Riverine 66.828335 W 0 Fbob 090500998 6/30/2008 -159.083137 L Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 0 M 66.798539 4 Fnwws Stoa 0 Stoa90510050 0 6/29/2008 U -161.482621 Shrub Tall Alder Riverine 15 Slcbe 66.823483 M 0 0 0.190520140 15 6/29/2008 U -157.927068 Stoa 66.13034 M Shrub Tall Willow Moist Riverine 0 0.1 Fnwws 10 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 6/28/2008 0 0 R -157.955318 Fbwb M 66.110984 Sloa Hgwst 1 Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 6/30/2008 U 0 2 M 66.584778 -159.258625 5 2 Fnwbs 0.1 10 U Stoa -159.177884 Forest Birch Upland 0 M 66.757425 20 0 Sloe Fbwb Slobw 0 -158.905346 M L Sloa Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland 10 1 5 L -158.157104 Fnobs 0 M 2 0.1 Slott 0 L 3 Slobe M 3 Shrub Tall Alder Slott Lowland Forest Birch Upland 0 U 0 5 M Stoa 40 0 0.1 Sloa 0 W 0 Slott 0 Stoa Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Upland Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 35 M 0 Sloa 55 10 3 0 Slobw 0 Forest Spruce-Willow White Upland Sloa 15 10 2 Slobe Shrub Tall Alder Lowland 0 Stoa Stow 0 0 2 40 10 Slobw Slobe Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 10 35 0 Fen Sedge Forest Birch Lowland Upland Stoa Slcbe 35 20 0 Stow Forest Spruce-Ericaceous White Upland 65 10 Slotb 0 10 Shrub Low Birch-Willow Lowland 25 Stoa 0 Shrub Tall Alder Lowland 30 15 0 5 15 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 30 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 10 0 0 75 5 10 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 0 Shrub Low Birch-Willow Upland 30 0 Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Lowland 0 0 Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Lowland Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland Appendix 6.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 229

Ecotype %Bare Ground %Litter %Whole Tussocks VegClass4 Alt Veg %Surface Water Soil Moisture Physio- graphy Longitude (WGS84) Latitude Latitude (WGS84) Unique_ID90521303 Date 9053010490540115 6/29/200890540156 7/2/2008 66.16850990550043 6/28/2008 66.39787890550906 6/29/2008 -158.86143 66.67490690561661 6/30/2008 66.216528 -158.30436590570007 6/29/2008 -160.565491 U 66.81641890580084 6/29/2008 -159.49142 66.133114 L90581419 6/30/2008 -157.819009 L 66.119115 M90590326 6/30/2008 -159.269851 66.845257 L W90600332 6/29/2008 U -158.890787 66.79307 W90610879 6/28/2008 U -158.053485 0 66.064068 W90620105 6/29/2008 U W 2 66.693728 -158.06649590622122 6/29/2008 U 2 -158.884701 Sloa M 66.15235290630518 6/30/2008 -160.798963 0.1 Slotb M U 66.149521 Sloeb90631118 1 6/29/2008 U -158.889749 W 66.764192 Sloeb90640315 6/29/2008 0 U Slobe -158.852013 66.098548 M Slott90640529 Slott 6/28/2008 0 U -158.120716 M 66.132243 Hgmt Slott90650144 1 6/29/2008 U -158.874804 W 66.693807 Hgmss Slott90662612 7/1/2008 U -158.834808 M 0 15 66.146184 Slott Slott90670872 6/27/2008 0 U -160.902719 M 45 66.310332 Slott 1090690437 1 6/29/2008 U -158.78733 Stoa M 66.818219 2 20 Slobw Stoa90700875 6/28/2008 0 U W 66.162682 -159.762814 Slott Slott 090710509 6/28/2008 0 45 -161.512197 75 W U 66.778399 Slobw90720184 0 35 6/29/2008 0 Sloaw -158.842846 15 M U 66.520012 Stoa 0.1 50 Slobw90720373 6/28/2008 C -160.828329 10 66.161537 0 Shrub Low Birch-Willow 60 Upland M Slotb 0.1 Slott90731561 6/28/2008 U -159.121755 40 0 Slott Slott 66.684267 20 M90740033 Bog Shrub Ericaceous Lowland 7/1/2008 0 U -158.740538 15 25 Fnwws M Slott 66.794921 Bog Shrub Ericaceous 0 Lowland 90740052 6/28/2008 U -160.743616 M 0 15 50 66.261182 Slott 1 Slott90752252 6/28/2008 U 60 -160.72337 Slott Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf W Upland 0 66.634437 0 10 1590760065 6/28/2008 U 1 Slott Slott 15 Shrub Birch-Tussock M Dwarf Upland 66.635476 -159.782849 15 090760143 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 6/29/2008 0 -159.716635 Stoaw W 20 U 66.581033 Slott 0.1 0 Sloa90770040 6/29/2008 -158.947358 25 50 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland M U 66.084367 10 30 Slott90771381 0 Slott 6/27/2008 0 U -158.911267 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland Slott 66.058471 0.1 W Stoa 80 0.190780153 6/30/2008 -159.29475 L 66.871845 0 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 20 M Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Slotb 0 Slott90790703 6/29/2008 20 0 L -158.959786 80 M Slott 66.762655 Slott Shrub Low Birch-Willow Upland 6/28/2008 20 0.1 -160.769758 Slott Shrub Low UBirch-Willow 66.089171 Upland W 75 0 Slott 6/29/2008 U -158.033272 0 0 66.636229 0 W 35 Slott Slott 0 U -159.434586 25 Slott Shrub 0 Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 66.180148 M 50 Shrub Birch-Tussock 0.1 Dwarf Upland U -159.702803 Slobw 30 W Slott 85 15 0 Slott Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland U 5 -158.772746 M Sloeb 20 Slott 0 L 35 Shrub Birch-Tussock M 0 Dwarf Upland 20 Slobw 10 Slotb 0.1 1 20 U M Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Slott 0 0 Slotb Slott Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 75 W 15 Slott 0 55 65 0 0.1 Shrub Tall Alder Lowland M Hgwst Slott 1 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 25 0 Stoa Slott 1 0.1 45 30 0 Hgmt Sloa 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 5 50 Slott 0 Hgwsmb 0.1 25 Stoa Stoa 10 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 60 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Slotb Slobe 5 40 20 0 85 0 Shrub Low Birch-Willow Upland Stoa 15 35 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 20 Bog Shrub Ericaceous Lowland 25 40 25 0.1 0 10 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 15 15 5 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 0 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 0 0 10 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Upland Bog Shrub Ericaceous Lowland 0 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland Appendix 6.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 230

Ecotype %Bare Ground %Litter %Whole Tussocks VegClass4 Alt Veg %Surface Water Soil Moisture Physio- graphy Longitude (WGS84) Latitude Latitude (WGS84) Unique_ID90800004 Date 9081002590810876 6/29/200890820143 6/30/2008 66.04088190830350 6/29/2008 66.7563390840680 6/29/2008 -158.659219 66.07685890850245 6/29/2008 66.016565 -158.07258490860137 6/28/2008 A -159.342573 66.19436390860498 6/29/2008 -159.394242 U 66.72524190860769 6/28/2008 U -158.613164 66.024821 D90880088 6/28/2008 U -160.284631 66.527092 M90880182 6/29/2008 U -159.436552 M 66.79145590890043 6/29/2008 U -159.04677 0 W 66.11647990890301 6/29/2008 U -160.676444 W 0 66.19008790900006 Sddf 6/29/2008 0 -159.278382 M R 66.14935190900069 0 6/29/2008 U -158.601573 Stoa W 66.186033 Slott90910012 0 6/29/2008 U -159.6528 66.016707 M Hgmt Sddl92025127 6/29/2008 0 U -158.633808 M 66.196941 Slott92025217 0 6/30/2008 Stoa -159.22268 M 66.050532 A Slott Slott92040617 6/28/2008 U -158.706414 M 66.746184 0 Hgmss Hgmt92040642 6/28/2008 0 -159.909899 U 66.519638 0 Slott92040741 M 6/28/2008 0 A -158.003951 Stca W 66.509998 Slott 0 Stcaw92050306 6/28/2008 0 A -159.315236 50 66.567768 Hgmss 0 M Stoa92080020 6/28/2008 U 5 -159.153578 66.557521 D 0 Slott92080057 0 6/28/2008 -159.309702 P Stca 80 M 66.495873 5 Stcaw 2092110002 6/27/2008 30 -158.981024 P 45 M 0 66.509421 35 Sdet 45 Stca Slott92120002 6/28/2008 -159.27343 P 0 66.700046 35 A 0.1 0.1 Slobe92170004 6/30/2008 0 -159.109319 P Slott 0 66.646272 A 30 40 0 Shrub Shrub 92180079 Birch-Tussock Tall 0 Dwarf Upland Alder-Willow Upland Sddt 6/27/2008 0 -161.841543 66.921038 Hgmss P A Slott 0 Shrub Sdeb Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 92190001 100 6/30/2008 -159.389229 P 0.1 66.727553 A 0 0.1 Sloa92200001 15 Slott 6/30/2008 C 99 -158.32734 Shrub Birch-Tussock 5 Dwarf Upland 66.894643 W 1 A Sddt92210046 100 6/28/2008 Shrub -161.747251 P Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 67.002703 A 10 1 Sdwt W92240047 100 6/28/2008 -158.336347 85 20 U 66.801684 A W 0 Stoa92250054 0 6/30/2008 -158.216421 L 100 66.806522 W A 65 0 W92260107 10 6/30/2008 U 92 -160.700268 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 66.863676 Shrub Tall Alder Riverine 85 6 D W92280030 6/29/2008 85 U -160.689717 W 0 Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Upland 66.983825 W W 20 W92280034 6/29/2008 A 95 Shrub -158.360813 Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 1 66.069919 D 0 Hgwhsgs 0 W 6/27/2008 A -158.1983 10 M 66.08387 0 WShrub Dwarf 1 Ericaceous-Dryas Alpine 0.1 6/27/2008 5 0 L -159.715893 W Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland 66.940588 D Hgwhsgs 5 0 Shrub W Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Fbwb 66.920699 D 0 -158.761969 30 U Hgwss 0 A 30 0 -160.347463 D 0 Shrub Dwarf Dryas Alkaline Alpine Fbwb 0 0 -160.808199 0 W A 6 Fnows Fbwb M 0 R 0 Hgwst D 0 0 Bpv Shrub Tall Alder-Willow R Upland 0 0 0 Hbbd 5 0 D Bpv Fnows M 0 0 0 Fbob 0 0 0 W 0 2 Hbbd 2 0 0 Fmwsb 0 Lake Lowland Bbg Hbbd 0 0 0 0 Meadow Saline Sedge–Grass Coastal Lake Lowland 30 Fbwb 65 25 0 Sddt 0 Fmosb Bbg Lake Lowland 0 Bbg 5 0.1 Lake Bbg Lowland 3 0 0 0 Forest Birch Sddt Upland 0 Bog Shrub Ericaceous Lowland 0 Bbg 1 5 1 Bbg 1 Forest Birch Upland 40 0 Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Upland 85 10 0 80 0 0 1 0 2 Barrens Acidic Alpine 3 Forest Birch Upland 0.1 Forest Spruce-Birch Upland 95 0 50 100 Barrens Acidic Alpine Barrens Riverine 35 Barrens Riverine Appendix 6.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 231

Ecotype %Bare Ground %Litter %Whole Tussocks VegClass4 Alt Veg %Surface Water Soil Moisture Physio- graphy Longitude (WGS84) Latitude Latitude (WGS84) Unique_ID92290130 Date 9230000392300147 6/29/200892310052 6/27/2008 66.07116792320078 6/29/2008 66.97490192320170 6/30/2008 -159.692597 66.11838292330012 6/29/2008 -159.705674 66.86256892330180 6/29/2008 A -159.588747 66.11681792340095 6/30/2008 A -158.235851 66.04741592350168 6/27/2008 A -159.589605 66.886859 D92370022 6/29/2008 U -158.621169 M 66.82456792380057 6/29/2008 A -158.245955 66.13427 D92450006 6/29/2008 A -160.923447 0 M 66.01982992480020 6/29/2008 0 U M 66.103142 -159.61519V01 Bpv 6/29/2008 U -158.797417 0 66.093946 D SdebV02 6/30/2008 0 -159.847182 66.156069 D AV03 Sdet 0 A -158.603078 W 66.881124 FnwwsV04 Hbbd A -159.595847 0 6/27/2008 Sdeb SddsV05 M A -158.313914 0 6/28/2008 D 66.902168 10V06 Sdet Sdet A Fnwws M 6/28/2008 66.510554V07 Fmwsb U 6/28/2008 D 0 -159.657326 Slott 0 Sddt 66.831845V08 0 0 6/28/2008 D -159.31567 66.854134V09 Slow 0 0 Fmwsb 6/28/2008 D U Sddt -159.833977 0 66.833879V10 Sddt 1 0 6/28/2008 Slott -160.205843 66.767549 P Sddt 2V11 0 6/28/2008 0 -160.137849 P M 66.804294 2V12 Sddt 0 5 0 90 Sddt 6/28/2008 A -160.080259 0 66.797784 SddtV13 Bpv A 65 6/28/2008 R -160.693695 Barrens Acidic Alpine 66.739358 Sddt WV14 45 Bbg 3 5 6/29/2008 0 U -160.692381Shrub 50 Dwarf Ericaceous-Dryas Alpine 66.65511 D 2 BpvV15 10 6/29/2008 A -160.866957 W 66.188118 25Shrub Dwarf V16 Ericaceous-Dryas Alpine Bpv 0 25 Fbob 30 6/29/2008 U 5 0 M 66.146142 -160.815996V17 Bbg 25 0.1 6/29/2008 Hgwfg 0 L -158.776242 0 Shrub Dwarf Dryas Acidic Alpine 66.210004 DV18 0.1 Hgwsmb Forest Spruce-Birch 6/29/2008 Upland Shrub Dwarf Ericaceous-Dryas Alpine -158.847297 0 2 0 M 66.213198 LV19 Fbob 3 Sddt 6/30/2008 0 U -159.494008 66.207572 Haf Slcw 0 A 10V20 Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Upland Hgwsmb 6/30/2008 U -159.460769 0 66.895075 0V22 45 W Fbob 2 6/30/2008 0 55 L -159.179415 M 66.893707V23 60 Sddt Shrub Dwarf Sddl Dryas Acidic Alpine 1 6/30/2008 90 -158.365573 P 0 Slcw M 66.929598 0 Slobe 2 7/1/2008 U -158.36429 65 0 66.900566 M Fbob Hafm 7/1/2008 0 U -158.391818 90 A 10 66.277913 10 Sddt 6/30/2008 0 -158.442365 95 M U Slott 0 66.287873 15 0 Fbcb U 0 Hafm 66.9748414 D -159.056156 Barrens Sandy Upland Fnows 0 U 80 0 0 -159.880945 D -158.238684 Fbop 0 0 5 D P Forest Birch Upland 0 Fbcb Hgwfg 0 Fncws M L 15 U 0 Fbcb 35 0 Fbop W Fnows Hgwfg 1 0 0 M 10 0 0 M Bbg 0 0 0 Fbcb Fmcas Fnows 5 60 Forest Birch Upland Fnows 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 Hfwfh Bbg Fmcas Shrub Low Birch-Ericaceous Upland Hgmb 0 Fnows Fmosb 0 20 35 0 3 Haf 0 Hgmb Forest Birch Upland 5 Fmwsb 0 0 0 5 0 10 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 3 Forest Birch Upland 0 98 15 0.1 70 2 Barrens Sandy Upland Forest Spruce-Aspen Upland 0 0 1 Forest Spruce-Birch Upland Appendix 6.Appendix Continued.

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 232

Appendix 7a. Landsat ETM+ and TM data used for mosaic and spectral classification of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Landsat Availability (rows) Path Acquisition Path Platform NPS GeoCover USGS Area (Sq m) Area Area (% Area Date ID (sq. km) of mosaic) Proportion 74 2002-08-02 741 7 12-13 13362097462 13362.1 11.299% 33.297% 75 2002-07-24 751 7 12-14 7738498844 7738.5 6.544% 19.284% 76 2002-07-31 761 7 12-13 12-14 7772540554 7772.5 6.573% 19.368% 76 2003-07-18 762 7 13 129742077.7 129.7 0.110% 0.323% 77 2002-08-07 771 7 13-14 1306192164 1306.2 1.105% 3.255% 77 2005-07-22 772 5 13-14 133136089.2 133.1 0.113% 0.332% 77 2008-06-28 773 5 13 263800158.2 263.8 0.223% 0.657% 78 2002-07-29 781 7 13-14 12-14 44771660983 44771.7 37.860% 111.567% 78 2008-07-05 782 5 12 6505203.083 6.5 0.006% 0.016% 79 2002-08-05 791 7 13 6066873.079 6.1 0.005% 0.015% 79 1999-07-28 793 7 12.5-13.5 12-13 1808832436 1808.8 1.530% 4.507% 79 2008-07-28 794 5 13 24286724.61 24.3 0.021% 0.061% 80 2002-07-27 801 7 12-13 23857789642 23857.8 20.175% 59.451% 81 2002-08-03 811 7 11-14 12,14 11-13 17075749872 17075.7 14.440% 42.551%

Appendix 7b. Landsat ETM+ and TM scene parameters by data source. Resolution Source Resampling Destriping (multispectral) Geolocation Level Projection Horizontal Datum NPS (NLAPS) NN Yes 28.5 m Terrain Alaska Albers NAD1927 and NAD1983 GeoCover NN No 28.5 m Precision Terrain UTM (variable) WGS1984 USGS CC No 30 m Precision Terrain UTM (variable) WGS1984

233 Selawik Ecological Land Survey Appendix 8. Cross tabulation of clustering of spectral characteristics of training polygons and ecotypes. s SpecClust99 Barrens Dry Mafic Rocky Alpine Barrens Dry Alkaline Sandy Upland Barrens Dry Alkaline Rocky Alpine Barrens Dry Acidic Rocky Alpine Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens Shrub Dwarf Dryas Dry Alkaline Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Dryas Dry Acidic Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Dryas Dry Alkaline Gravelly Riverine Meadow Sedge-Dryas Alkaline Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Shrub Dwarf Willow Circumneutral Moist Rocky-loamy Alpine Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Cassiope Circumneutral Moist Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Crowberry Circumacidic Moist Sandy Coastal Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf Acidic Moist Organic-rich Upland Upland Rocky Moist Acidic Spiraea Low Shrub Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Shrub Low Birch-Willow Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lowland Shrub Low Birch-Willow Circumacidic Moist Loamy Riverine Shrub Low Birch-Willow Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Shrub Low Willow Circumalkaline Moist Loamy Upland Shrub Low Willow Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Shrub Low Willow Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lowland Meadow Bluejoint Circumacidic Wet Loamy Lacustrine Meadow Bluejoint Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Shrub Tall Willow Circumacidic Moist Loamy Upland Shrub Tall Willow Circumacidic Wet Loamy Riverine Shrub Tall Willow Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Shrub Tall Alder-Willow Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Shrub Tall Alder Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lowland Shrub Tall Alder Circumacidic Moist Loamy Riverine Forest Aspen Dry Circumneutral Sandy Upland Forest Birch Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Forest Poplar Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Forest Spruce-Aspen Circumneutral Moist Rocky-Loamy Upland Forest Spruce-Birch Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Spruce-Poplar White Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Forest Spruce-Willow White Circumalkaline Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Ericaceous Fore Woodland Spruce-Dryas White Dry Circumalkaline Sandy Upland Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Dry Acidic Sandy Upland Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce Forest Spruce-Willow White Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Alder Forest Meadow Sedge-Grass Brackish Wet Loamy Coastal Coastal Loamy Wet Saline Sedge-Grass Meadow Fen Sedge-Willow Circumacidic Lowland Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog Fen Sedge Circumacidic Lowland Meadow Sedge Wet Circumneutral Rocky Alpine Meadow Sedge Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lacustrine Meadow Sedge Wet Circumacidic Wet Loamy Riverine Marsh Horsetail Circumneutral Lacustrine Lake Alpine River Lake Circumalkaline Riverine Lake Lowland Coastal Brackish Water Coastal Nearshore Water Total Grand 92 1 1 1 14 93 1 1 2 94 4 4 95 8 8 96121 4 97 1 1 98 2 2 99 1 1 2 100 2 2 114 1 1 116 1 1 117 1 1 2 118 3 3 119 1 3 4 120 1 3 4 121 1 1 1 3 122 2 1 2 1 6 123 2 1 3 124 1 1 125 1 1 126 5 5 127 5 5 128 1 1 129 2 2 130 2 2 131 1 1 133 3 3 134 4 1 5 135 5 5 136 3 3 137 1 1 140 2 2 143 2 1 3 145 1 1 141 1 2 3 142 1 4 5 144 1 1 146 1 1 147 2 2 148 1 1 113 1 1 2 112 1 1 2 111 2 2 4 110 2 2 109 1 2 3 10822 4 107 1 1 2 106 1 1 2 105 2 1 1 4 138 1 1 139 1 1 132 2 2 101 2 3 5 102 214121 11 103 2 1 1 15 104 2 1 1 4 46 2 2 47 2 1 14 70 1521 1 1 1 12 71 614 1 1 11 15 72 1 2 1 4 73 111 14 85 2 1 1 1 1 12 9 86 121 4 87 1 2 1 2 1 7 68 112 11 6 67 1113 1 12 10 69 3 1 5 1 1 112 50 3 3 1 1 2 10 51 5 11 16 49 1 2 3 48 11 18 1 1 13 64 41811 15 65 1 2 1 2 6 66 32 22 111 11 14 43 1 2 14 1 18 45 1 1 1 12 15 44 12 1 1 1 15

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 234

Appendix 8. Continued. SpecClust99 Barrens Mafic Dry Rocky Alpine Barrens Alkaline Dry Sandy Upland Barrens Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine Barrens Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens Shrub Dwarf Dryas Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Dryas Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Dryas Alkaline Dry Gravelly Riverine Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Alkaline Sedge-Dryas Meadow Alpine Rocky-loamy Moist Circumneutral Willow Dwarf Shrub Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Cassiope Circumneutral Moist Rocky Alpine Shrub Dwarf Crowberry Circumacidic Moist Sandy Coastal Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Upland Rocky Moist Acidic Spiraea Low Shrub Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub Upland Loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow Low Shrub Meadow Bluejoint Circumacidic Wet Loamy Lacustrine Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Bluejoint Meadow Upland Loamy Moist Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Tall Shrub Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Alder Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lowland Shrub Tall Alder Circumacidic Moist Loamy Riverine Forest Aspen Circumneutral Dry Sandy Upland Forest Birch Circumacidic Moist Rocky-loamy Upland Forest Poplar Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly-loamy Riverine Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumneutral Spruce-Aspen Forest Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Spruce-Birch Forest Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Poplar Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow Forest Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Woodland Spruce-Dryas White Circumalkaline Dry Sandy Upland Woodland Spruce-Lichen White Acidic Dry Sandy Upland Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce Forest Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Alder Forest Meadow Sedge-Grass Brackish Wet Loamy Coastal Coastal Loamy Wet Saline Sedge-Grass Meadow Lowland Circumacidic Sedge-Willow Fen Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen Meadow Sedge Wet Circumneutral Rocky Alpine Meadow Sedge Circumacidic Wet Organic-rich Lacustrine Meadow Sedge Wet Circumacidic Wet Loamy Riverine Lacustrine Circumneutral Horsetail Marsh Lake Alpine River Lake Circumalkaline Riverine Lake Lowland Coastal Brackish Water Coastal Nearshore Water Total Grand 79 1 11 2 115 782911 114 39 7 2 1 1 11 35 1 8 1 2 12 7512 3 80 5 2 1 1 9 82 631 1 11 90 1 12 77 1 211 1 6 74 1 1 84 111 1 111 1 8 12 11 2 1 11 7 13 1 1 2 4 14 2 3 1 2 19 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 16 1 1 1 1 2 6 17 11 1 12 6 181121211 9 81 51 6 76 115191 18 40 6 1 2 4 1 1 15 41 1 3 242 2 2 16 42 1 2 1 4 38 221 1 6 83 11 3 1 11 11 10 11 11 3 1 2 8 26 1 1 60 1 1 63 1 12 62 11 112 6 59 11211 6 61 1 1 4 6 37 14 5 36 1 2 1 5 9 52 1 1 1 1 3 1 8 53 11 3 1 6 54 17 1 1 1 11 55 15 2 1 9 56 5 5 57 1 6121 11 58 5 5 32 13 4 91 1 2 1 4 115 2 2 31 131 2 11 1 10 33 11331 9 1 4311 9 2 241 7 3 22 3 7 4 2311 7 5 11311 7 6 12 2 5 7 232 1 8 8 11 1 3 19 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 11 20 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 15 21 12418 22 11215 23 1 112 5 24 117 1 10 25 23 122 10 88 2 2 89 1 11142212 9 11 2 10 11 34 11 27 11 28 112116 29 1 11 3 30 1 11 11 5 149 2125 150 44 151 1 12 152 134 153 22 154 11 155 14 5 156 1 101113 157 2 212 7 158 81211 Grand 710484319214764531161##393510949241722153156054198213324482722214216141342614513085927

235 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens Barrens Alkaline Dry Sandy Upland

Woodland Woodland

Up en en h c i pruce-L S te hi W c idi Ac Dry y d an S d an l

White Spruce-Willow Forest Forest Spruce-Willow White

ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l Up

Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Forest Spruce-Ericaceous

te te hi W c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l Up

Spruce-Birch Forest Forest Spruce-Birch

Up c c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

Up - h rc i B c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Forest Forest

h rc i B c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l Up

Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow

Up er- ld A c idi rcumac i C st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Dryas Meadow Meadow Dryas

Up ge- d e S ne li a lk A st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Ericaceous Low Shrub Shrub Low Ericaceous

Up - h rc i B c idi Ac st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Tussock Shrub Shrub Tussock

- h rc i B f Dwar c idi Ac st i Mo h c i c-r i rgan O d an l Up

Low Shrub Shrub Low

Up ow ow ill W ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo Loamy d an l

Riverine Water Water Riverine

Meadow Meadow

R ge ge d e S Wet c idi rcumac i C Wet Loamy ne i ver i

Low Shrub Shrub Low

ow ow ill -W h rc i B c idi rcumac i C st i Mo Loamy ne i ver i R

Shrub Shrub

R ll Ta er ld A c idi rcumac i C st i Mo Loamy ne i ver i

Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow

R ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

ed to createed to the map.

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

R ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

White Spruce-Willow Spruce-Willow White

ne ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo y-Loamy ll Grave ne i ver i

R 6 440 1 1 73 28 4

White Spruce-Poplar Spruce-Poplar White

29 1 51 51 1 29 R ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

Poplar Forest Forest Poplar

56 3 3 56 R ne ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens Barrens Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly Riverine

486 63 63 486

Shrub Shrub

31 1 11 11 1 31 f Dwar Dryas ne li a lk A Dry y ll rave G ne i ver i R

Low Shrub Shrub Low

23 92 1 1 92 23 Low ow ow ill W c idi rcumac Ci Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

Low - h rc i B c idi rcumac Ci Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an

l 20 3 2141 1211 against ground plots us

Tall Shrub Shrub Tall

22 2 85181 1 1 85181 2 22 Low er er ld A c idi rcumac i C Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Forest Forest

pruce pruce S k ac l B c idi Ac Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Low 343 1 13 46 153 14 4

Ericaceous Low Shrub Shrub Low Ericaceous

Low - h rc i B c idi Ac Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an

l 14 75 1973

Lowland Lake Lake Lowland

14226 222 222 14226

Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen Fen Sedge Circumacidic Lowland

247 247 17 2 1 1 6 1 32 9 1

Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog Bog Shrub Ericaceous Acidic Lowland

2207 33 1 5 1 1 5 1 33 2207

Coastal Water Water Coastal 9 9

949

Meadow Meadow

44 44 rass rass G ge- d e S h s ki Brac Wet Loamy l oasta C

bulating mapped ecotypebulating mapped Shrub Dwarf

A ope ope i Cass l rcumneutra i C st i Mo y k Roc ne i p

l 2 3110 114

Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas

A caceous- i Er c idi rcumac i C st i Mo y k Roc ne i p

l 1 152 2 2 10 14 9 24 1

Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens Barrens Mafic Dry Rocky Alpine

216 216 7

Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine 4 614 614 8 4 53 1

181 34181 15 7 1 3 14 324 32 1 2

Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens Barrens Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine 3

139

Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine 4 56 56 4

945 2 1 6 2 945 5 11 11 25 30 2

Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens Barrens Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine 4

187

Meadow Meadow

89 1839 5 6 1839 89 A ge ge d Se Wet l rcumneutra i C y k Roc ne i p l

Alpine Lake Lake Alpine 4 4 268 139 27139

3 213 1 213 1 16 16 1 1 1 1 14 14 45 45

Trarining Polygon Ecotype Trarining Polygon Ecotype Alpine Lake Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Sedge Meadow Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic 2 Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Shrub Dwarf Ericaceous-Dryas Sedge-Grass Meadow Meadow Brackish Wet Coastal Loamy Sedge-Grass Alpine Rocky Moist Dwarf Circumneutral Cassiope Shrub 3 Coastal Water Water Coastal Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog Lowland Lake Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen 30 5 2 23 7 Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 4Low Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic 2Birch-Ericaceous Black Spruce Forest 3 Forest Spruce Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Alder Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow Low Shrub Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub 1 3 18 2 2 1 Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline Alkaline Dry Riverine Gravelly Dryas Dwarf Shrub Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Riverine Gravelly-loamy Forest Poplar Circumalkaline Riverine Gravelly Moist Moist Riverine Gravelly Barrens Circumalkaline Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Riverine Gravelly-loamy Forest Spruce- White Circumalkaline Willow 1 82 6 3 Poplar Forest 5 Forest Moist Riverine Gravelly-loamy Spruce- White Circumalkaline Poplar Appendix 9. Map accuracy assessed by ta

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 236

Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens Barrens Alkaline Dry Sandy Upland %

100 521

Woodland Woodland

86 Up en en h c i pruce-L S te hi W c idi Ac Dry y d an S d an

l 164

White Spruce-Willow Forest Forest Spruce-Willow White

83 Up ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 481 581 190 521

Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Forest Spruce-Ericaceous

71 te te hi W c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an l

Up 126 896 22 6

Spruce-Birch Forest Forest Spruce-Birch

74 Up c c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 228951 308

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

84 Up - h rc i B c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 118 993 3 10

Forest Forest

91 Up h rc i B c idi rcumac i C st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 265 290

Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow

817401 4 4 817401 7

93 Up er- ld A c idi rcumac i C st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 161 173

Dryas Meadow Meadow Dryas

61 Up ge- d e S ne li a lk A st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 159 983 4 10

Ericaceous Low Shrub Shrub Low Ericaceous

79 Up - h rc i B c idi Ac st i Mo y-Loamy k Roc d an

l 561 8689 3 706

Tussock Shrub Shrub Tussock

5 4 12 5 18 7 8

94 Up - h rc i B f Dwar c idi Ac st i Mo h c i c-r i rgan O d an

l 335 358

Low Shrub Shrub Low

84 Up ow ow ill W ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo Loamy d an

l 484 29 5 7 2 11 579

Riverine Water Water Riverine 3 5 %

108 130

Meadow Meadow

% 65 85 85 R ge ge d e S Wet c idi rcumac i C Wet Loamy ne i ver i

Low Shrub Shrub Low

% 68 781 41018 1 23 1 23 41018 781 R ow ow ill -W h rc i B c idi rcumac i C st i Mo Loamy ne i ver i

Shrub Shrub

58 R ll Ta er ld A c idi rcumac Ci st i Mo Loamy ne i ver

i 120

Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow

91 R ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver

i 2298 47 1 8 2543

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

91 R ne ne li a lk rcuma Ci st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver

i 11159 9 5 2 20 10

White Spruce-Willow Spruce-Willow White

% 97 R ne ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo y-Loamy ll Grave ne i ver i

White Spruce-Poplar Spruce-Poplar White

% 91 R ne ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

Poplar Forest Forest Poplar

% 74 R ne ne li a lk rcuma i C st i Mo y-Loamy ll rave G ne i ver i

Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens Barrens Circumalkaline Moist Gravelly Riverine %

100

Shrub Shrub

% 97 R f Dwar Dryas ne li a lk A Dry y ll rave G ne i ver i

Low Shrub Shrub Low

% 29 Low ow ow ill W c idi rcumac Ci Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

% 48 Low - h rc i B c idi rcumac Ci Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Tall Shrub Shrub Tall

% 19 Low er er ld A c idi rcumac i C Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Forest Forest

% 75 Low pruce pruce S k ac l B c idi Ac Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Ericaceous Low Shrub Shrub Low Ericaceous

% 51 Low - h rc i B c idi Ac Wet h c i c-r i rgan O d an l

Lowland Lake Lake Lowland

100%

Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen Fen Sedge Circumacidic Lowland

% 45

Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog Bog Shrub Ericaceous Acidic Lowland %

337 546 14253 384 460 115 251 79 32 486 76 32 454 174 280 206 115 130

Coastal Water Water Coastal 9 %

949 100

Meadow Meadow

% 66 rass rass G ge- d e S h s ki Brac Wet Loamy l oasta C

Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf

% 96 A ope ope i Cass l rcumneutra i C st i Mo y k Roc ne i p l

Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas

% 86 A caceous- i Er c idi rcumac i C st i Mo y k Roc ne i p l

Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens Barrens Mafic Dry Rocky Alpine

% 26

Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine %

191 830 176 119 67

Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens Barrens Alkaline Dry Rocky Alpine 5 %

100 139

Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine 1 %

106

Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens Barrens Acidic Dry Rocky Alpine 3 %

209

Meadow Meadow

70 A ge ge d Se Wet l rcumneutra i C y k Roc ne i p

l 127

Alpine Lake Lake Alpine 3 282 2 5 50 4 7 50 17 107 5 1 7 31 13 1 27 1 1 27 1 13 56 2 2 18 18 2 2 56

Shrub Trarining Polygon Ecotype 726 5 Moist Riverine Gravelly-loamy 118 Low Willow Circumalkaline Shrub 1 Shrub Moist Riverine Gravelly-loamy Tall Willow Circumalkaline 6 Shrub 15 5 Shrub Moist Riverine Loamy Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub 9 124 Riverine Loamy Moist Moist Riverine Loamy Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub Meadow Wet Riverine Loamy 1 2 Wet Sedge Circumacidic Meadow Riverine Water Water Riverine Shrub 4 2 711 14 1426 1426 14 711 Upland Loamy Moist Low Willow Circumalkaline 2 Shrub 4 Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 1 4 2 Shrub 5 2 4 Birch-Tussock 1 3 Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf 8 3 26 1 10 Shrub 20 Moist Upland Rocky-loamy 491412 Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low 15 Shrub 9 Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Meadow Sedge-Dryas Alkaline Shrub 16 14 5 12322 275 275 12322 5 Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Alder-Willow Tall Circumacidic 14 Shrub 16 Circumacidic Birch Forest 3 2 2 2 Forest Birch Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Circumacidic

Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub 1 16 1 4 40 22 28 26 12 19 Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Circumacidic Spruce-Birch Forest Ericaceous Forest 7 372444 429 1 11 1 429 7 372444 Forest Moist Upland Rocky-loamy White Spruce- Circumacidic Ericaceous Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Upland Rocky-loamy Forest Spruce- White Circumalkaline Willow 4 2 3 3 10 4 18 13 33 Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White Spruce-Lichen Woodland Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens % Correct 5% Total pixels Appendix 9.Appendix Continued.

237 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow

254

Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Willow

738

White Spruce-Lichen Woodland Woodland Spruce-Lichen White

164

Forest Forest

29 White Spruce-Balsam Poplar Poplar Spruce-Balsam White

White Spruce Forest Forest Spruce White

1973 3 10 3

Spruce-Paper Birch Forest Forest Birch Spruce-Paper

228 14 1

Sedge-Dryas Meadow Meadow Sedge-Dryas

983 10 7

Sedge Wet Meadow Meadow Wet Sedge

174 5 2

Sedge Fen Fen Sedge

247 62 6 1

Partially Vegetated Vegetated Partially

5319 179 1

Paper Birch Forest Forest Birch Paper

265 3 265

Fresh Water Water Fresh

18381 18381

ound plots used to create the map.

Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Ericaceous-Dryas

152 152 1 24 10

Ericaceous Shrub Bog Bog Shrub Ericaceous

220 1 71 220

Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub Shrub Low Birch-Willow Dwarf

1299 4 1299 4 10 3 12 13 29

Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Shrub Birch-Tussock Dwarf

3355 44 5 2 3 2 12 7 13

Shrub Shrub

Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low Low Birch-Ericaceous Dwarf 812 27 21 5 7 76

Dryas Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Dryas

1173 32 25 35 34 6 6 34 1 365 3 14

Coastal Water Water Coastal

9499

Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Cassiope

114 3132 10 10 3132 114

Meadow Meadow

44 44 Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet Wet Sedge-Grass Brackish

lating mapped vegetation type against gr lating mapped

Black Spruce Forest Forest Spruce Black

343 3 1 46180 4 4 3 46180 1 343

Balsam Poplar Forest Forest Poplar Balsam

56 3 56

Alder-Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Alder-Willow

1618 14 1618 5 7 42 17 1 4 7 12

Alder Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Alder 193 8193 1 3 10 Training Polygon Vegetation Class Training Polygon Alder Tall Shrub Balsam Poplar Forest Poplar Balsam 45 Black Spruce Forest Forest Black Spruce Alder-WillowShrub Tall 48 Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Shrub Dwarf Cassiope Coastal Water Water Coastal Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet Meadow Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dwarf Dryas 1 Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 4 8 4 9 Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub 6 23 25 48 52 Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dwarf 1 2 Ericaceous-Dryas 9 14 3 Fresh Water Water Fresh Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Birch-Tussock 4 5 Dwarf 12 Paper Birch Forest Forest Birch Paper 2 2 2 Partially Vegetated 8 9 Vegetated Partially Ericaceous Shrub Bog Shrub Ericaceous 33 5 Sedge Fen Sedge 23 1 6 17 9 3 7 2 Sedge Wet Meadow Wet Sedge 6 18 40 White Spruce-Balsam Poplar Forest 5 5 52 Forest Poplar Spruce-Balsam White Sedge-Dryas Meadow Meadow Sedge-Dryas 4 50 31 5 17 107 7 5 Spruce-Paper Birch Forest Birch Spruce-Paper 2 27 13 Willow Low Shrub 1 22 4304033183 19 9 19 4304033183 22 Shrub 1 Low Willow White Spruce Forest Forest Spruce White 106 11 71 4 4 28 5 12 6 25 Willow Tall Shrub Shrub Tall Willow 6 47 18 13 2 1 2 17 Total pixels Correct % 321 1737 60% 93% 74% 75% 76 66% 460 96% 100% 91% 67 74% 94% 119 84% 9499 65% 1284 86% 91%100% 1090 3588 100% 1552 45% 68% 337 61% 176 74% 18381 86% 290 91% 86% 5325 89% 91% 546 257 1599 308 2297 32 190 832 280 White Spruce-Lichen Woodland Spruce-Lichen 2 White 2 56 1 8 Appendix 10. Map accuracy assessed by tabu

Selawik Ecological Land Survey 238