Perspectives from

T Barack Obama • David Cameron DAVIDHE CAMP SUMMI • Stephen Harper Ellen Johnson Sirleaf • Robert Fauver Angel Gurría • Dilma Rousseff Supachai Panitchpakdi • Lars Thunell José Graziano da Silva • Kanayo F Nwanze Etharin Cousin • Michel Sidibé • Anthony Lake Achim Steiner • Maria van der Hoeven

T | The camp david summit MAY 2012 MAY 2012

The road to recovery

G8_Chicago2012_FINAL.indd 1 4/5/12 22:09:30 The CAMP DAVID Summit may 2012

Editors John Kirton Madeline Koch Senior researcher Zaria Shaw Researcher Caroline Bracht Editor-in-chief Colette Doyle Managing editor Barry Davies Sub-editors Matthew Andrews, Clare Cronin, Erica Moss

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Managing director Andrew Howard In cooperation with the Chief executive Alan Spence G8 Research Group Chairman Paul Duffen Munk School of Global Affairs and Trinity College Pictures: Demotix, Getty, Press Association, , 123rf, UNICEF University of Toronto ISBN: 978-1-906940-55-3 1 Devonshire Place, Room 209N Toronto ON M5S 3K7 Printed by Buxton Press Canada Tel: +1 416 946 8953 Published by www.g8.utoronto.ca

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Contents

Introduction and Leaders’ Perspectives The G8’s Partners – African Opportunity

14 A time of transformation 39 Progress in a democratic Liberia Barack Obama, president, United States of America Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, president, Liberia

18 United for freedom and enterprise 44 Strengthening political governance David Cameron, prime minister, United Kingdom for security and stability in Africa Dr Jean Ping, chairperson, African Union Commission 24 Cooperation, responsibility, solidarity Angela Merkel, chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany 48 Working together to assist Africa’s development efforts 26 G8: acting together for global Donald Kaberuka, president, African Development Bank Group prosperity and security Stephen Harper, prime minister, Canada Innovation For Economic Growth, 28 Prospects for the Camp David Summit Employment and Social Security John Kirton, director, G8 Research Group 53 Fostering growth through innovation 30 America’s G8 summitry: back to the future Angel Gurría, secretary-general, Organisation for Economic Robert Fauver, former G7/G8 sherpa, United States Co-operation and Development (OECD)

33 Illinois – the place to do business 58 The G8’s strategy for global economic growth Pat Quinn, governor, State of Illinois Robert Fauver, former G7/G8 sherpa, United States

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62 America forges ahead in the new global economy 98 Harnessing investment for David Hale, chair, David Hale Global Economics sustainable development and co-editor of What’s Next? Unconventional Wisdom Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general, on the Future of the World Economy UN Conference on Trade and Development

66 Generating green growth and 102 African infrastructure: foundation jobs in G8 countries for a continent’s growth Steve Charnovitz, George Washington University Law School Lars H Thunell, executive vice president and CEO, International Finance Corporation, Group 71 The contribution of the private sector to education 106 The role of Asian Development Bank Harry Anthony Patrinos, lead education economist, World Bank in shaping the continent’s future Haruhiko Kuroda, president, Asia Development Bank 76 Innovation and productivity in an age of austerity: a role for ICTs 110 Financing democratic change in North Africa David Crane, journalist Thomas Mirow, president, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 80 Start-ups: more than just a sideshow Jonathan Ortmans, chair, Global Entrepreneurship Congress; 114 The contribution of social business president, Global Entrepreneurship Week; senior fellow Muhammad Yunus, Yunus Centre at the Kauffman Foundation

84 Unlocking the potential for innovation Food, Nutrition and Agriculture offered by ICTs Jeffrey A Hart, Indiana University, United States 116 Ensuring the world is fed José Graziano da Silva, director general, 88 Towards stewardship in cyberspace United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Ron Deibert, director, Citizen Lab and Canada Centre for Global Security Studies, Munk School of Global Affairs, 120 Why the farmer should be put first University of Toronto, Canada Kanayo F Nwanze, president, International Fund for Agricultural Development

Development 122 Unlocking the power of partnerships for the world’s poor and hungry 92 Reaching the Millennium Ertharin Cousin, executive director, World Food Programme Development Goals with energy Timothy E Wirth, president, United Nations Foundation; 126 Continuing the progress in member, United Nations secretary-general’s High-Level Group global food production on Sustainable Energy for All Donald GM Coxe, chair, Coxe Advisor

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Health 166 Enhancing energy security: lessons from Germany and Japan 130 Shared values, shared responsibility: Miranda Schreurs, member, German Environment G8 and Africa’s response to AIDS Advisory Council (SRU) Michel Sidibé, executive director, UNAIDS 170 Why nuclear energy still has a crucial role to play 135 Investing in nutrition security is Victoria V Panova, Department of International Relations and key to sustainable development Foreign Policy of , MGIMO-University Anthony Lake, executive director, UNICEF 174 North America as a global oil and gas power 142 The ‘O Generation’: tackling the Robert Johnston and Nitzan Goldberger, Eurasia Group childhood obesity epidemic Mirta Roses-Periago, director, Pan American Health Organization 178 Energy security is of crucial importance for the G8 Maria van der Hoeven, executive director, 147 Strengthening maternal, newborn International Energy Agency and child health: the next steps Julio Frenk, chair, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & 182 The G8 and great hopes for sustainable energy Child Health; dean, Harvard School of Public Health Dries Lesage, Ghent Institute for International Studies, Ghent University 154 More than money: the business contribution to global health 186 A chance to open up a new front on Jeffrey L Sturchio, senior partner, Rabin Martin health, food and climate protection Achim Steiner, United Nations under-secretary general; 158 Bolstering brain health makes perfect sense executive director, United Nations Environment Programme Vladimir Hachinski, president, World Federation of Neurology; chair, Working Group, World Brain Alliance Peace and Security

Energy Security and Climate Change Control 192 Ensuring security in the Middle East, northeast Asia and worldwide 162 Rio offers the chance to look at things differently Lee Dong-hwi, Korean National Diplomatic Academy, Dilma Rousseff, president, Brazil Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea

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194 Building the new Arab world Accountability, Innovation and Effectiveness Hisham El Sherif, IT Ventures 214 The Camp David Summit offers 197 After the Arab Spring: will a special opportunity leaders lead leaders? Nicholas Bayne, International Relations Department, Lindsay Lloyd, Freedom Collection, George W Bush London School of Economics Presidential Center, and Christopher Sands, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute 216 African accountability on food and development Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane, 200 Reaching nuclear global zero: president and founder of African Monitor a Japanese view on the G8’s role Matake Kamiya, National Defence Academy of Japan 218 Do G8 summits make a real difference? Marina Larionova, National Research University Higher School 204 Finding a middle way to curb of Economics, and Ella Kokotsis, G8 Research Group Iran’s nuclear ambitions Graham Allison, director, Belfer Center for Science and 220 The open spiral: the ongoing moral International Affairs, Harvard University’s John F Kennedy commitments of faith leaders School of Government The Reverend Doctor Karen Hamilton, general secretary, Canadian Council of Churches, and the Reverend Bud Heckman, 206 Working to prevent nuclear executive director, Religions for Peace – USA proliferation in the Gulf David Shorr, The Stanley Foundation 222 The G8-BRICS relationship: moving from competitive avoidance to cooperative engagement 208 Helping Afghanistan to make Andrew F Cooper, University of Waterloo/Balsillie School the transition to peace of International Affairs; distinguished fellow, the Centre for Omar Samad, senior Afghanistan expert, United States International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Institute of Peace; former ambassador of Afghanistan to France and Canada

210 G8 action against terrorism and 224 Leaders’ profiles transnational organised crime Amandine Scherrer, OPIAS Consulting 226 Sponsors’ index

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Strengthening maternal, newborn and child health: the next steps

Accountability for Women’s and Children’s How G8 leaders can strengthen global commitment Health was completing its work. The 10 clear recommendations and 11 related indicators to worldwide health goals and improve the chances that came out of the commission will allow progress to be tracked year by year, alongside of those most vulnerable to preventable disease the G8’s accountability process. How can the G8 leaders at Camp David By Julio Frenk, chair, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health; continue to play a leadership role on the three dean, Harvard School of Public Health health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? There are several opportunities that could help maintain the high bar set by the leaders in Muskoka for achieving the MDGs, hen the G8 leaders gather as ‘a game-changer in terms of donor as well as other global health goals. at the US presidential commitments’ to save the lives and improve First, there is a need to strengthen the retreat of Camp David the health of pregnant women, newborns growing global movement for women’s and in May, it will mark and children under five – the three groups children’s health catalysed by the Muskoka their third summit most vulnerable to preventable disease. Initiative and by the Global Strategy for Wsince the 2010 Canadian Summit, where The Deauville Summit focused on the Women’s and Children’s Health, which the historic $5 billion Muskoka Initiative accountability of these commitments, which was launched by United Nations secretary- on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health is critically important to ensure that the general Ban Ki-moon. Global health is about (MNCH) was launched. necessary momentum and progress are recognising the interlinked nature of health Last year, during the G8 Deauville maintained. It took place at the same time challenges across the globe. Those who fall Summit in France, I referred to Muskoka as the Commission on Information and outside current systems must be able to share

The direct global cost of child malnutrition has been put at between $20 billion and $40 billion each year

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the benefits of available resources, including barrier to sustainable economic growth knowledge. The Every Woman, Every Child and development must be recognised. initiative, a campaign accompanying the Malnutrition leads to losses in gross domestic Global Strategy, continues to galvanise new product by poor countries of as much as commitments and, importantly, to focus three per cent each year. Adults affected by on concrete action in this area. malnutrition earn almost 20 per cent less Second, health priorities and strategies than their non-affected counterparts. It is must be integrated to maximise efficiency estimated that the direct global cost of child and impact. The global community tends malnutrition is between $20 billion and to fragment the health and development $40 billion each year. agendas as if they are unconnected, competing priorities. On the contrary: they are deeply Health means wealth connected, especially from the perspective Everyone recognises that the health of of the women and their families who are populations contributes to the wealth of affected by them every day. For instance: nations. But there must be a commitment • One in every five maternal deaths to strategies that acknowledge that fact. is related to HIV; Finally, there is a need for greater • Malaria is one of the leading causes accountability. When the MDGs were adopted of child mortality; in 2000, it marked the first time in UN history • Nutrition and non-communicable diseases that every country in the world accepted (NCDs) are closely interlinked with accountability on a set of mutually agreed women’s and children’s health and with goals, targets and measures. In 2010, the socioeconomic development. Muskoka Initiative set clear goals for MNCH with an accountability framework. Moreover, This integration is required not only accountability is one of the pillars of the within the health sector, but also across other Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s development sectors, through improving Health. This will help produce lessons for access to women’s education, clean water and other areas of global health and development. sanitation, through promoting food security In March, The Partnership for Maternal, and sustainable development and through Newborn and Child Health joined with ensuring participation in labour markets. three other leading global health partnerships

The importance of addressing malnutrition as a determinant of health, a marker of social inequities and a barrier to sustainable economic development must be recognised

Third, the case must be made that women’s – the GAVI Alliance, the Global Fund to and children’s health is not merely an Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and expense. It is an investment that contributes the Global Polio Eradication Initiative – to future economic growth and sustainable to send an open letter to G8 leaders asking development. Examples include: for the inclusion of a specific statement • A background study to the Commission of commitment for global health in the on Macroeconomics and Health found 2012 G8 Camp David Declaration and that as much as 50 per cent of East Asia’s Accountability Report. The request impressive growth from 1965 to 1990 was worded as follows: could be attributed to reduced infant ‘We acknowledge the need for continuing and child mortality, lower fertility rates efforts to improve the health of women and improved reproductive health; and children, especially in least-developed • A study by the US Agency for countries. Through the continued International Development (USAID) implementation of our Muskoka Initiative, we found that maternal and newborn stand behind our commitment to Millennium mortality and morbidity lead to Development Goals 4 and 5, and urge $15 billion in lost productivity greater accountability and action through every year; the full implementation of recommendations • Reducing malnutrition can increase by the Commission on Information and an individual’s lifetime earnings by up Accountability for Women’s and Children’s to 10 per cent, and well-nourished Health in support of the Global Strategy for children are less susceptible to disease Women’s and Children’s Health, launched and illness, thus lowering healthcare costs. by the UN secretary-general in 2010. This includes addressing key needs, such as more The importance of addressing malnutrition support for family planning, as well as greater as a determinant of health, a marker food security and better nutrition for pregnant of social inequities and an underlying women and children.’ 

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Maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity lead to $15 billion in lost productivity every year, according to the US Agency for International Development

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