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Knowledge, Awareness and Practices on the Risk Factors Of Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Knowledge, Awareness and Practices on the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases Among Community in Gombak, Kuala Lumpur Zulhabri Othman1,2, Nur Asmidar Abdul Aleem1, Muhammad Danial Che Ramli1, Sarina Sariman1, Haniza Harun1, Marini Ab Rahman1, Sharifah Mastura Syed Mohd Daud1, Haliza Baharudin1 1 Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University, University Drive, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2 School of Graduate Studies, Post-Graduate Centre, Management & Science University, University Drive, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disease which are related to the heart and its circulations. The main modifiable risk factors of the CVD disease are hypertension, hyperglycemia and obesity. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practice on cardiovascular disease risk factors among Gombak community in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire and anthropomet- ric measurement among 388 subjects in Gombak District, Kuala Lumpur. Descriptive data analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression were carried to identify demographic and factors associated. Results: The prevalence of the risk factors was high among study subjects, including obesity (24.2%), hypertension (42.3%) and hyperglycemia (26.8%). More than half (64.4%) of the study subjects having at least one of the risk factor. The multivariate binary logistic model factor illustrated that compare to Malays, Chinese were 37% less likely to have obesity (CPR=0.67; 95% Cl: 0.26-1.69). Gombak district community are more likely to have the knowledge on the CVD risk factor but lack of awareness and poor in practicing the prevention action. The Indian ethnic group was less likely to be aware (APR: 0.33, Cl: 0.05-2.31) and others bumiputera ethnic group were less likely to prevent (APR: 0.58, CI: 0.20-1.65) the risk of CVD. The Chinese ethnic less likely to have the knowledge (APR: 0.88, Cl: 0.35-2.22). Conclusion: Gom- bak community was more likely to have the knowledge but less likely to be aware and lack of practice of prevention of the risk factors of CVD. Keywords: Prevalence, Knowledge, Awareness, Practices, Cardiovascular disease Corresponding Author: Malaysia is one of the developing countries that Zulhabri Othman, PhD experiencing the outbreak of the CVD as the mortality Email: [email protected] caused. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors locally Tel: +603-5510 6809 shows that the Malaysian adult (≥18 years) has high caliber of cardiovascular risk factor with 63.6% of men INTRODUCTION and 64.5% of women are either extravagantly corpulent or exorbitantly corpulent (4). It was reported that 43% In Asia, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden has been of men smoke with 59% of them between 21-30 years dramatically increase over past decades. In 2016, the old (4). proportional mortality in Malaysia shows about 74% of the death occur was cause by NCD cases with 35% Prevalence of the hypercholesterolemia of men and of the cases contributed by the CVD (1). Annually in women are 43.5% and 52.2% respectively and the Europe, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has caused 3.9 percentage of the hypertension for men and women million death which equivalent to 45% of total death. are 30.8% and 29.7% respectively, while 16.7% of In 2015, there were below 11.3 million initial cases of men and 18.3% of women have diabetes mellitus CVD and over 85 million European were living with the in Malaysia (4). Over the years, the hypertension CVD (2). Excluding Japan, Singapore, South Korea and cases has been increasing and compared to urban Thailand, most of the Asian countries shows yearly age area, the controlled hypertension in the rural area are adjusted mortality of CVD compare to western countries remain quite low (15.9%), and only one third of the with 82-215 in every 100,000 for Asian countries and hypertension patient were controlled (5). Nonetheless, 26-46 in every 100,000 for western countries (3). much more preponderant rate of vigilance witnessed Mal J Med Health Sci 16(SUPP1): 72-81, Jan 2020 72 Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346) in a capital country like the USA (57.7 % in men and had given their written informed consent. 57.1 % in women ≥ 30 years) (6) and among the rural Thailand community (42.3%) achieved blood pressure Data collection control (7). Despite the amend cognizance, treatment Anthropometric quantifications included height, rate observed was lower in Malaysia compared to in weight and waist and hip circumference. SECA 213 Thailand with 38.2% and 42.6% respectively (5, 7). Stadiometer for Mobile Height Measurement used to However the treatment proportion were reported to be measured height and rounded to nearest 0.1cm and lower in neighboring country Indonesia (25%) (8). SECA 803 Digital Floor Scale were used to weight the participant and rounded to the nearest 0.1kg. The waist Studies show that inculcation level was predominant and hip circumference were measured using measuring prognostic factors regarding the erudition on tape in cm. BMI below 18.5kg/m2 were defined as the cardiovascular risk factors (9, 10). Cardiovascular underweight, BMI range 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 is categorized diseases incline to occur more in the elderly population. as normal, BMI 23-27.4 kg/m2 is overweight and above It is treated hostilely in the elderly population, to avert 27.5 kg/m2 is obesity (4). CVD epidemic in Malaysia. The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Malaysia was high (55.4%) Using the Omron blood pressure monitor HEM 7120, compared to awareness rate for hypercholesterolemia blood pressure were measured on the right arm and (39.5%) (11). Moreover, among the Malaysian elderly, supported at the heart level. Hypertension were reflected 79.3% that was given dietary advice, 60.4% of them with the presented average reading of systolic BP >140 were inductively authorized to lose weight and 77.1% mmHg and average diastolic BP > 90mmHg. Non-fasting were advised to exercise (11). Based on the study random blood sugar were measured using Accu-chek related to knowledge, awareness and practice towards Perfoma Blood glucose meter and lancing device. To the diabetes mellitus, it found that the acceptance of the be categorize as diabetic, >11.0mmol/L Arbitrary Blood community towards the traditional medicine is better Sugar (RBS) reading and under treatment of diabetes. compared to clinical treatment. This portrayed, the RBS level between 5.6 mmol/L to 11.0 mmol/L resolute important of the knowledge and awareness spreading the high risk of diabetes (4). in the way such through mass media campaigns, public lectures or verbalize, and door-to-door campaigns on an Survey questionnaire frequently massive scale to redress the wrong belief (9). The study was conduct using the self-administered Previous study on urban community in Klang, Selangor questionnaire with closed ended questions. The showed the differences in knowledge on diabetes questions were validated, appraised and used in assessing mellitus between different age groups and ethnicity, knowledge, awareness and practice of CVD risk factors thus suggests the structured educational program to (13). The questionnaire consists of four parts, whereby improve the understanding of community on the disease the first part was categorized as the socio-demographic (10). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the knowledge, information, followed by second part of 15 questions awareness and practice on CVD risk factors among on knowledge, third part of 15 questions on awareness Gombak community in Kuala Lumpur. and fourth part of 15 questions on practices on the risk factors of the CVD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Statistical analysis Study design Descriptive statistic was used to analyses the This was a cross-sectional study using self-administered demographic data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD questionnaire. The data were collected from 388 general post-hoc tests were used to determine the significance public residing in the state of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. of difference among the demographic groups, such as The study was conducted at the Gombak district, Kuala gender, ethnicity, age group, education level, household Lumpur. The inclusion criteria were male and female > income and occupational. Using the 95% confidence 18 years old and Gombak community who agreed to interval (CI), the overall prevalence of knowledge, participate in the study. This study used standardized awareness and practice were described. Crude and urban population of Malaysia (average of 20 million adjusted prevalence ratio in this study were estimated individuals and equivalent to 72% of the population using the modified Poisson regression. The independent of Malaysia). Centered on the recent national survey, risk factors related to CVD such as gender, age group, we used frequency of the highest CVD risk factors in ethnicity, BMI and highest education were identified Malaysia (hypercholesterolemia) which is 52.9%. Using and controlled for each other using the modified the sample size formula which is [(Z1-α/2)(2p(1-p))]/d2 Poisson regression model. Adjusted prevalence ratio the minimum sample size is equal to 383 (12). Ethical (APR) and their 95% were used to compare with the approval was granted from institutional ethical review crude prevalence ratios (CPR) (5). All statistical tests a committee of Management and Science University two-sided p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically (MSU-RMC-02/FR01/08/L2/125). All sample participants significant. 73 Mal J Med Health Sci 16(SUPP1): 72-81, Jan 2020 RESULTS Table I: Socio-demographic characteristic of the participants Variable Sub-Categories Frequency Percentage Socio-demographic characteristic of participants (n) (%) A total of 388 eligible adults have participated in this Total 388 100 study.
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