University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 3800 Spruce Street Philaldelphia, PA 19104-6047 www.vet.upenn.edu INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

A tribute to the late Martin Kaplan, VMD The Livestock Revolution, Sustainable Development, and Zoonotic Disease

Thursday–Friday November 9 & 10, 2006

Supported by University of Pennsylvania Annenberg Center, Zellerbach Auditorium Philadelphia, PA

The International Conference on the Challenges Facing Veterinary Medicine in an Integrated Global Economy

www.vet.upenn.edu ATribute to Martin Kaplan by Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior

It is a particular honor to prepare this tribute to Martin Kaplan at the commencement of the important Conference on Veterinary Public Health in a Global Economy and in celebration of the opening of the new Hill Pavilion at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

Martin Kaplan was born in Philadelphia, PA, on June 23, 1915 and died on October 16, 2004 in Geneva, Switzerland, aged 89 years. He received his professional education at Penn’s School of Veterinary Medicine, graduating in 1940.

After a brief period in private practice in Philadelphia, he joined the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), and on VE day 1945, sailed to Greece escorting six prize bulls donated by the Brethren Society of Pennsylvania for the purpose of re-stocking the decimated cattle population of Greece. He then joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome where he performed similar work in various countries.

Martin Kaplan was a friend of Albert Einstein and on his return home was, at Einstein’s behest, induced to take the Deanship of the veterinary school of what is now Brandeis University. However, through no fault of Martin’s, the project fell through and Einstein withdrew his support. Nevertheless, Einstein had a strong influence on Martin Kaplan, encouraging him to take a stand against injustice, and to reach across national barriers in search of peaceful solutions to the world’s conflicts.This led him to join the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs later in his career.

In 1947 Martin Kaplan rejoined FAO and while bound for an assignment in China was asked to stop in to organize a symposium. During the next few months the Chinese revolution moved towards its final stages and he was forced to cancel his China plans. In 1949 he joined the then evolving World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, to form a Veterinary Division.The following years were the most formative in Kaplan’s veterinary career and were important to world veterinary public health. He created a most effectiveVeterinary Division in WHO, recruiting distinguished veterinary scientists from around the world. He also pioneered investigations on influenza in birds, and with Dr. Hilary Koprowski at the Wistar Institute, on a successful vaccine for rabies.

Kaplan’s accomplishments in the Veterinary Division of WHO led him to become Director of Science and Technology in the Office of the Director General of WHO. He believed strongly that human health and animal health are closely associated and neither can prosper effectively without the other, especially in the developing world. His essay in 1971 on Science and Social Values is as valid today as it was then, to quote, “and yet we are faced with war,poverty,increasing disorder and social alienation,distorted priorities,declining freedoms and individual powerlessness.These are products not of man’s inherent evil but of the inexorable grinding of the national machines with their imperatives of growth,profit and glory.”

In 1958 Kaplan joined the Pugwash Movement on Science and World Affairs, a movement dedicated to bringing together scientists of the world in the interests of peace and in particular the control of weapons of mass destruction. In 1976 he retired from WHO and became Secretary General of the Pugwash Conferences and devoted the next dozen years to its cause, leading in 1997 to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize for the organization and its founder, Sir Joseph Rotblat.

Martin Kaplan through his work in science, at the WHO in veterinary medicine and public health, and finally in the Pugwash Movement was a man of giant intellect and global influence. Penn’s School of Veterinary Medicine is proud of its alumnus and strives to perpetuate the outstanding work and ideals for which he stood. Thursday, November 9 Friday, November 10 9:45 a.m. Introduction and Welcome Session 4A, Moderator, Dr. Hilary Koprowski, Professor of Immunology, Ronald Daniels, Provost, University of Pennsylvania Thomas Jefferson University 10:00 a.m. Contributions of Martin Kaplan to International Emerging Threats from Zoonotic, Non-zoonotic, and Veterinary Public Health and to the Effective Food Borne Diseases Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons Matthew Meselson, PhD, Cabot 8:30–9:00 a.m. Wildlife Diseases—Emerging and Re-emerging Professor of the Natural Sciences, Zoonoses from Wildlife Reservoirs Dr. Bruno Chomel, University of California, Davis Session 1, Moderator, Dr. Joan Hendricks, Gilbert S. Kahn Dean of 9:00–9:25 a.m. Ecological Investigations into Sylvatic Reservoirs Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania of Human Monkeypox and Other Viral Zoonoses Dr. Darin Carroll, CDC Changing Risk Factors in Veterinary Public Health 9:25–9:50 a.m. Globalization, Zoonoses, and the Rabies Paradigm 10:30–11:00 a.m. Global Livestock Sector Trends and Implications Dr. Chuck Rupprecht, CDC for the Veterinary Profession 9:50–10:15 a.m. Bats and Emergence of SARS Dr. Henning Steinfeld, FAO Dr. Lin-Fa Wang, Australian Animal Health Lab 11:10–11:45 a.m. The Main Environmental and Health Impact of the Livestock Revolution 10:15–10:35 Coffee Break Dr. Cees de Haan, The World Bank Session 4B, Moderator, Dr. Peter Kaplan, Dept. of Neurology, John Hopkins 11:45 a.m.–12:10 p.m. Globalization: What Caused It and How Will the Medical School Story End? Emerging Threats from Zoonotic, Non-zoonotic, and Dr. Stephen Kobrin, Wharton Business School Food Borne Diseases 12:10–12:30 p.m. Discussion 10:35–11:00 a.m. Farming Systems, Trade and Cultural Practices in 12:30–1:15 p.m. Lunch Break Developing Countries that Influence the Session 2, Moderator, Dr. Robert Marshak, Dean Emeritus, University Emergence of Avian Influenza of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Dr. Vincent Martin, FAO 11:00–11:25 a.m. Avian Influenza: the Moving Target The Changing Face of Global Food Production and Delivery Dr. Ilaria Capuca, FAO and OIE, Italy 1:15–1:40 p.m. The Global Animal Health Industry—Active 11:25–11:50 a.m. Avian Influenza at the Wildlife-Human-Domestic Partner in Protecting Public Health Animal Interface Dr. Edward Kanara, Pfizer Animal Health Dr. Bruce Rideout, Wildlife Park, San Diego 1:40–2:05 p.m. Attributes of Technologies in Animal Agriculture Dr. David Galligan, University of Pennsylvania 11:50 a.m. –12:40 p.m. Lunch Doyle Waybright, Mason Dixon Farms 12:40–1:05 p.m. Causes and Consequences of Ebola Virus 2:05–2:30 p.m. Crossing Borders: Social Implications with Emergence in Central Africa the Rise of US Supermarkets in Latin America Dr. Roman Biek, Emory University Dr. Candace Jacobs, Vice President, HEB Foods 1:05–1:30 p.m. The Impact of Non-Zoonotic Animal Disease 2:30–2:55 p.m. Opportunities and Challenges for Farming the Epidemics on Public Health and Well Being Deep Blue Dr. Gary Smith, University of Pennsylvania Dr. Richard Langan, University of New Hampshire 1:30–1:50 p.m. Discussion Sessions and Break 2:55–3:10 p.m. Discussion Session 5, Moderator, Dr. Alan M. Kelly, Dean Emeritus, University of 3:10–3:30 p.m. Break Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Session 3, Moderator, Drs. Tom Parsons and James Serpell, University of Global Responses Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 1:50–2:15 p.m. Addressing Contemporary Public Health Issues Perceptions of Modern Food Production Systems through CDC’s National Center for Zoonotic, 3:30–3:55 p.m. The Sea Change for Animal Welfare in Livestock Vector-Borne & Enteric Diseases Production: Implications for Producers, Dr. Lonnie King, Director, CDC Consumers and Public Health 2:15–2:40 p.m. International Efforts in Early Detection, Dr. Paul Thompson, Michigan State University Surveillance and Response 3:55–4:20 p.m. Animal Waste Dr. Corrie Brown, University of Georgia Sandra Cointreau, The World Bank 2:40–3:05 p.m. New Approaches to the Control of 4:20–4:45 p.m. Global Food Systems—Challenges and Zoonotic Diseases Opportunities Dr. Francois-Xavier Meslin, WHO Geneva David Harlan, Cargill 3:05–3:30 p.m. The Role of Environmental Systems in Applied 4:45–5:10 p.m. The Global Impact of Multiple Antibiotic Preventive Medicine: Responsibilities and Resistant Bacteria Opportunities for the Veterinary Public Health Practitioner Dr. Shelley Rankin, University of Pennsylvania Dr. Hugh Mainzer, CDC 6:30 p.m. Reception and Dinner 3:30–4:00 p.m. Discussion Bodek Lounge, Houston Hall 4:00 p.m. Summary and Closing 8:00–9:00 p.m. What the Future Will Bring and Dr. Alan M. Kelly How We Get Ready Dr. Gregg W. BeVier, AgGlobalVision Speakers

Roman Biek, PhD Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, Ilaria Capua, DVM Bruno Chomel, DVM, PhD DACVP Dept. of Biology, Emory Head of the Virology Professor of Zoonoses, University Josiah Meigs Distinguished Department at Istituto University of California, Davis Teaching Professor and [email protected] Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Coordinator of International [email protected] delle Venezie, Padova, Italy “Causes and Consequences Activities, University of Georgia and Head of the National, FAO “Wildlife Diseases—Emerging of Ebola Virus Emergence College of Veterinary Medicine and OIE and Re-emerging Zoonoses in Central Africa” [email protected] from Wildlife Reservoirs” [email protected] Because of its high human fatality “International Efforts in Early Most emerging infectious diseases rate and enigmatic epidemiology, “Avian Influenza: The Moving Detection, Surveillance and are zoonotic, with wildlife consti- Ebola virus exemplifies the threat of Target” Response” tuting a large and often unknown emerging zoonotic diseases. I will Avian Influenza viruses of the H5N1 reservoir. Wildlife can also be a present some of the recent findings Weaknesses of early detection and subtype have become endemic in source for re-emergence of on Ebola virus ecology and rapid response are responsible for the poultry population of vast areas previously controlled zoonoses. epidemiology and describe the the spread of many emerging of the world in three continents. Although the discovery of such mechanisms thought to be critical diseases. The Global Early Warning This opportunity given to the virus zoonoses is often related to better for its emergence. I will further System (GLEWS), developed and has greatly increased its potentials, diagnostic tools, man-made modifi- identify some important gaps in launched jointly by the World Health affecting the health of wild and cations to natural habitats and our current understanding of this Organization, the Food and domestic animals and of humans. human behaviors are the leading zoonotic pathogen that hinder our Agriculture Organization, and World Currently, human health is affected causes of emergence. It includes ability to predict and prevent future Organisation for Animal Health, both in terms of the reduction of expansion of human populations outbreaks. seeks to establish mechanisms for food security and of the infection and encroachment on wildlife tracking and verifying unusual of humans as a prelude to the habitat, changes in agricultural syndromes that warrant early emergence of a new pandemic practices and trade globalization. dissemination of warnings. virus. An extraordinary effort to However, wildlife trade and translo- control this panzootic is necessary – cation, live animal and bushmeat in which the veterinary community markets, consumption of exotic plays a crucial role. foods, development of ecotourism, and access to petting zoos, as well as ownership of exotic pets are now important factors to consider for such an emergence. Education of the general public about the Gregg BeVier, DVM risks associated with wildlife, AgGlobalVision bushmeat and exotic pet trades as well as the implementation of [email protected] proper surveillance systems are “What the Future Will Bring greatly needed to reduce the risk of and How We Get Ready” emerging zoonoses. Darin S. Carroll, MS, PhD Food security in developing countries is an enigma given the Evolutionary Biologist, Poxvirus vast resources available to us on Program, CDC Earth. It is estimated that almost [email protected] 50% of our global population “Ecological Investigations into (6.5B) lives on less than $2/day. Sylvatic Reservoirs of Human Poverty causes hunger, not lack of Monkeypox and Other Viral food supply. Today, we have the Zoonoses” technical capability to produce enough food to supply 10 billion The taxonomy and ecology of people. Veterinarians have an many zoonotic disease reservoirs enormous opportunity to provide systems (including monkeypox) are the leadership needed for the poorly understood. Studies technology transfer required to contributing to a more thorough improve food production efficiency. understanding of these systems In order to provide this leadership, would no doubt shed considerable veterinarians will need to enhance light on the primary zoonotic their training in the areas of transmission of various zoonoses business and operations and facilitate the development of management. more efficient surveillance and intervention strategies. Speakers

David Harlan Edward W. Kanara, DVM, Sandra Cointreau Cees de Haan DABVP Director of Global Animal Solid Waste Management Agriculture and Rural Health & Food Safety, Cargill Senior Director, Strategic Advisor, The World Bank Development Department, Initiatives, Veterinary Medicine The World Bank [email protected] [email protected] Research and Development, [email protected] “Global Food Systems – “Animal Waste” Pfizer Animal Health Challenges & Opportunities” “The Main Environmental and Recent zoonotic disease outbreaks [email protected] Health Impact of the Livestock Global consumption of meat and of devastating consequences to “The Global Animal Health Revolution” poultry is projected to increase by animal health and trade in livestock Industry—Active Partner in 75% in the next 25 years as products, and including some Following the introductory paper Protecting Public Health” population and economic growth human disease incidents and by Dr. Steinfeld on the overall in developing societies advance. To help protect public health, the mortalities, have affected more changes in the global livestock The manner by which this global animal health industry now than tens of developing countries. sector, this talk will look more increased animal protein is collaborates more actively than In the last decade, hundreds of specifically at the veterinary policies produced, processed and traded ever with governments, interna- millions of livestock have lost their and institutions needed in the will have dramatic consequences tional bodies, academia, the lives through culling activities and developing world to produce safe on global public health. Public- veterinary profession, livestock economic costs have significantly and affordable milk and meat for private partnerships are desperately producers and pet owners. An reduced the gross domestic domestic and international needed to ensure the development overview of collaborations in areas product of some countries. The markets. This will include a and implementation of solutions including food safety, antimicrobial Bank has conducted emergency discussion on the options and that optimize the health of people, resistance, newly emergent projects for several Foot-and- issues regarding the required food producing animals, wildlife diseases, and bioterrorism Mouth outbreaks, and is now veterinary service infrastructure for and the environment. The highlights current activities and involved in highly pathogenic avian different categories of countries veterinary public health community suggests possible future influenza (HPAI) prevention and according to their development must take a central role in leading developments. containment projects in tens of level and access to world markets. these partnerships. countries. As part of this work, new studies are examining waste management for livestock manure and slaughter wastes, as these wastes are key in several major outbreaks, including SARS, Mad Cow, Foot-in-Mouth, and HPAI. This presentation discusses the issues faced and some of the Bank's efforts.

David T. Galligan, VMD, MBA Lonnie King, DVM Candace A. Jacobs, DVM, MPH, Professor of Animal Health Diplomate ACVPM Director, CDC’s National Center Economics, University of for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne & Vice President, Quality Pennsylvania School of Enteric Diseases Assurance and Environmental Veterinary Medicine Affairs, H-E-B [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] “Addressing Contemporary “Attributes of Technologies in Public Health Issues through “Crossing Borders: Social Animal Agriculture” CDC’s National Center for Implications with the Rise of US Zoonotic, Vector-Borne & Modern animal agriculture is the Supermarkets in Latin America” Enteric Diseases” fruit of man’s historic evolution in Retailers think that outside the box the discovery and implementation The convergence of animal and and outside their country have the of new technologies throughout human health has created a new biggest potential for growth. the ages. era for global public health that’s Understanding the national culture characterized by unprecedented As in the past, animal agriculture is of the “foreign” country is key to challenges and opportunities. CDC on yet another precipice of new success. Arriving at a proper has responded to this reality by emerging technology that will balance between locally sourced creating the National Center for forever change how mankind lines and globally sourced lines, Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric interacts with food animals. In this especially in food, is extremely Diseases. This talk discusses these presentation we will discuss the important. How do standards of challenges and responses as well as fundamental attributes of food safety and quality transfer the focus, functions, and roles of technology applied in the animal across the border? the new Center. production sector and how they can affect these industries. Speakers

traditional practices that place human health and economic humans and poultry in close impacts; their current upward trend proximity, and the evolving nature is likely to continue. Each time, the of the virus have provided ideal cascade of events leading to the conditions for new pathogenic emergence of a new disease is strains of AI to emerge. different, but factors known to be important include microbiological Understanding the farming and adaptation; environmental cultural practices that influence the changes; globalization of emergence and spread of AI in agriculture, food production and Stephen J. Kobrin, PhD, MBA, Hugh Mainzer, M.S., DVM, Dipl. developing countries are instru- trade; and human behavioural William Wurster Professor of ACVPM mental for developing effective risk changes. Hence, predicting threats Multinational Management, reduction measures. Better U.S. Centers for Disease Control of zoonotic diseases is difficult. The Wharton School, University understanding of farming systems, of Pennsylvania [email protected] trade, market chains and cultural Early and accurate detection of practices in Asia show that control new outbreaks of epidemic [email protected] “The Role of Environmental Systems in Applied Preventive efforts should focus on production diseases and an improved capacity “Globalization: What Caused It Medicine: Responsibilities and sectors with low biosecurity for understanding the underlying and How Will the Story End?” Opportunities for the Veterinary standards, i.e. sector three (free- causes will assist in effective One can look at the current wave Public Health Practitioner” ranging chickens and ducks, pond prevention or containment of of globalization as a cyclical ducks) and four (scavenging future emergencies. New Contemporary public health practi- phenomena, a product of political chickens and ducks) as they mechanisms for early warning, tioners investigate the interactions choice and American hegemony represent a greater challenge, from surveillance and response are between host physical and social or as structural change brought on a disease management and cultural required: using new tools such as susceptibilities, the agents causing by technology. To an important perspective, for reducing the risk of GIS, mathematical modelling and disease and disability, and the extent, the future of globalization AI occurrence and spread. satellite remote sensing data. In environmental factors contributing depends on which narrative you addition, different disciplines must to adverse health outcomes. In choose. I will argue that global- learn to work together (e.g. response to the emergence or re- ization represents irreversible physicians and veterinarians, emergence of health threats to structural change over the medium population and wildlife biologists, global populations, veterinarians to longer run. with social scientists, economists, are demonstrating the proficiencies and diagnosticians. needed to implement effective disease prevention and health promotion interventions. This presentation will illustrate several processes that link simple population health concepts with Matthew Meselson, PhD the priorities of a complex public Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor health infrastructure. of the Natural Sciences, Harvard University [email protected] Richard Langan, PhD, Director, Open Ocean Aquaculture “Contributions of Martin Kaplan Shelley Rankin, PhD Project, University of New to International Veterinary University of Pennsylvania Hampshire Public Health and to the School of Veterinary Medicine Effective Prohibition of [email protected] [email protected] Chemical and Biological “Opportunities and Challenges Weapons” “The Global Impact of Multiple for Farming the Deep Blue” Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria” It is widely acknowledged that The use of veterinary pharmaceu- Vincent Martin, DVM, MSc. future increases in seafood ticals has become integral to the production will likely come from EMPRES Group, FAO global animal food industry. The farming, not fishing. The growth of [email protected] worldwide increase in antibiotic land-based and near shore marine resistant bacteria has led to aquaculture, however, is “Farming Systems, Trade and widespread concern that the use of constrained by space, economics, Cultural Practices in Developing antibiotics in agriculture is largely and environmental concerns. For Countries that Influence the responsible for this trend. aquaculture to expand, the Emergence of Avian Influenza “ potential of farming offshore ocean The emergence of Highly Francois-Xavier Meslin, DVM, waters must be explored. This Pathogenic Avian Influenza, H5N1 PhD presentation examines the current strain in Asia and its subsequent state of offshore aquaculture, and spread is the result of years of fast, World Health Organization, its opportunities and challenges. unregulated development of Department of Food Safety animal production to meet [email protected] increased demands for animal “New Approaches to the protein. Highly concentrated Control of Zoonotic Diseases” domestic poultry production in densely populated regions, a rapid Emerging zoonotic diseases are evolution of animal and farming recognized as global and regional production systems linked to issues with potentially serious Speakers

welcome development, but the sheer number of approaches suggests that there will be confusion and contestation as competing visions vie for supremacy.

Bruce A. Rideout, DVM, PhD, Gary Smith, MA, DPhil Henning Steinfeld, PhD Dipl. ACVP. Professor of Population Biology Chief, Livestock Information, Zoological Society of San Diego and Epidemiology, University of Sector Analysis and Policy Pennsylvania School of Branch, FAO [email protected] Veterinary Medicine [email protected] “Avian Influenza at the Wildlife- [email protected] Human-Domestic Animal “Global Livestock Sector Interface” “The Impact of Non-Zoonotic Trends and Implications for Lin-Fa Wang, PhD Animal Disease Epidemics on the Veterinary Profession” Wildlife disease agents normally CSIRO Livestock Industries, Public Health and Well Being” remain ecologically compartmen- Global demand for livestock Australian Animal Health talized based on life-history traits of The consequences of large scale products is expected to double by Laboratory the natural host. Disease outbreaks non-zoonotic infectious disease 2050. Demand and production of [email protected] can occur when compartment epidemics in domestic animals can livestock products are increasing barriers break down, bringing be summarized by the following rapidly in developing countries, “Bats and Emergence of SARS” natural hosts into contact with new categories: direct economic losses; which have outpaced developed Bats have been implicated as susceptible hosts. The global indirect multiplier affects (for countries. A few large countries, in natural reservoirs of an increasing spread of H5N1 influenza reveals example to agriculture-related particular China, India and are number of emerging zoonotic the complex interplay between wild industries, trade and tourism); taking centre stage. Growth is not viruses. We have identified birds, domestic animals, humans, logistical, environmental, social and uniform among the species, and horseshoe bats (genus and other wildlife as multiple political difficulties associated with poultry is the one with the highest Rhinolophus) as the reservoir host compartment barriers are the disposal of carcasses; growth rate in most countries. This of SARS-like viruses. The signif- breached. controversy concerning methods increasing demand is associated icance of this finding in relation to and loss of confidence in with important structural changes in the prevention of SARS and other government; public anxiety in the countries’ livestock sectors, such as emerging diseases of bat origin will face of diseases whose direct intensification of production, be discussed. health consequences for people are vertical integration, geographic misunderstood; multiple opportu- concentration and up-scaling of nities for fraud and other criminal production units. These trends, in acts; damaging academic combination with external factors, controversy; and changes in the bring about new challenges for the incidence of other animal diseases veterinary profession. several of which may be zoonotic. These consequences pervasive, and Charles Rupprecht, VMD, PhD adversely influence human health Chief, Rabies Section, CDC and well being in multiple ways. [email protected] Doyle Waybright “Globalization, Zoonoses, Vice President, Mason Dixon and the Rabies Paradigm” Farms, Inc. Wildlife is implicated in multiple [email protected] viral zoonoses, including corono-, “Look, No Hands” paramyxo-, filo-, and lyssaviruses, Paul Thompson, PhD with recognition of the latter on all The future of dairy farming all W.K. Kellogg Chair in inhabited continents. As one of the across the world is fast changing Agricultural, Food and oldest infectious diseases, rabies with a greater emphasis on Community Ethics, Michigan remains a model paradigm for decreasing the hard physical work State University pathogen emergence and a novel of milking and caring for cows. example of disease prevention and [email protected] Mason Dixon Farms is milking 500 control in free-ranging wild “The Sea Change for Animal cows with 10 robots, improving animals. Welfare in Livestock Production: labor efficiency and providing a Implications for Producers, future for the 9th generation. Consumers and Public Health” After decades of resistance to the demands of animal protectionists, livestock producers are currently undertaking a variety of initiatives to improve the welfare of animals in their care. The diversity in these approaches can be seen as a