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A Refuge in Flames: the February 17-18 Violence in Malakal

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A Refuge in Flames: the February 17-18 Violence in Malakal A REFUGE IN FLAMES The February 17-18 Violence in Malakal POC A Refuge in Flames The February 17-18 Violence in Malakal POC RECOGNIZE. PREVENT. PROTECT. AMEND. PROTECT. PREVENT. RECOGNIZE. Copyright © 2016 Center for Civilians in Conflict All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. Cover photo: Image by Justin Lynch Caption: After fleeing the violence on February 18, people living in Malakal POC look back toward the burning camp. Organizational Mission and Vision Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC) works to improve protection for civilians caught in conflicts around the world. We call on and advise international organizations, governments, militaries, and armed non-state actors to adopt and implement policies to prevent civilian harm. When civilians are harmed, we advocate for the provision of amends and post-harm assistance. We bring the voices of civilians themselves to those making decisions affecting their lives. CIVIC’s vision is for a future where parties involved in conflict go above and beyond their legal obligations to minimize harm to civilians in conflict. To accomplish this, we assess the causes of civilian harm in particular conflicts, craft creative solutions to address that harm, and engage with civilians, governments, militaries, and international and regional institutions to implement these solutions. We measure our success in the short term by the adoption of new policies and practices that lead to the improved wellbeing of civilians caught in a conflict. In the long term, our goal is to create a new global mindset around robust civilian protection and harm response. Acknowledgements This report was primarily researched and authored by Matt Wells, Program Officer on Africa and Peacekeeping at CIVIC. It was reviewed internally by Kyle Dietrich, Senior Program Manager on Africa and Peacekeeping; Marla Keenan, Managing Director; and Federico Borello, Executive Director. In addition, several UN and humanitarian officials in South Sudan provided invaluable feedback on a draft. CIVIC is also grateful to Dena Verdesca, who designed the report and prepared it for publication. CIVIC would like to sincerely thank all of those who assisted with the research for this report, including the many officials within the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) who were generous with their time and willing to discuss openly the events in Malakal. CIVIC would also like to express its deep appreciation for all the people living in the Malakal Protection of Civilians (POC) site who agreed to share their stories. Civilians have repeatedly borne the brunt of the conflict in South Sudan; if the current peace process is to succeed, their perspectives and needs must be prioritized. civiliansinconflict.org iii iv civiliansinconflict.org Contents Organizational Mission and Vision iii Acknowledgments iii Map of South Sudan 1 Map of Malakal POC 2 Executive Summary 4 The Attack 10 Background 10 How the Violence Unfolded 13 SPLA Involvement 17 Government Response 19 The UN Response to the Malakal Violence 22 Tabletop Exercises (TTX) in September 2015 22 Early Warning 24 Breaches in Camp Security: Perimeter and Internal 25 Response to Violence on the Night of February 17-18 27 Response to the Lull in Fighting, Morning of February 18 29 Response to the Escalation in Fighting on February 18 31 Charlie Gate 33 Allegations that UNMISS Forces Shot IDPs 35 Civilian Leadership in Juba 36 Conclusion 38 civiliansinconflict.org v D 24° 26° 28° 30° 32 34 in 36° ° ° de En Nahud r 12° Abu Zabad SOUTH 12° SOUTH SUDAN Ed Damazin SUDAN SUDAN Al Fula Renk Ed Da'ein Tullus Nuba Mts. Famaka Kadugli Umm Buram Muglad Barbit Kologi T Talodi Kaka Paloich B e a l y h i ba r A 10° N Junguls 10° e Radom l Riangnom e 'A it ra Kodok h Boing b W Abyei Fagwir UPPER Malakal Kafia Kingi WESTERN Mayom Bai War-awar Bentiu NILE Daga BAHR Wun Rog Fangak Abwong Post EL GHAZAL NORTHERN The boundaries and names shown BAHR Wang Kai Kan and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Malek Jur l Nasser Kigille Gossinga EL GHAZAL UNITY Gumbiel a acceptance by the United Nations. n Gogrial Raga f a Akop a Aweil C r i a Kuacjok Leer e Z l g z n Waat 8 Adok e Fathai 8 WARRAP o ° ° r J S Bisellia S h oba Deim Zubeir Madeir a t l B o u Duk Fadiat Akobo CENTRAL L Wau ETHIOPIA Bir Di Atum d P i AFRICAN Wakela JONGLEI b o Tonj d r o LAKES Kongor g Akelo REPUBLIC n Bo River Post W Peper o Rafili h P Rumbek ite Jonglei N Pibor o Akot i Ukwaa m Yirol le O Lol National capital Bor Kenamuke 6° Khogali Boli Pap Swamp Towot 6° State (wilayah) capital Malek Town Mvolo Lowelli Major airport Tambura Jerbar Kobowen Administrative WESTERN Swamp boundary International boundary Amadi Li Yubu Terakeka Undetermined boundary* EQUATORIA Ezo Madreggi Lanya Bunduqiya EASTERN EQUATORIA State (wilayah) boundary Lafon Abyei region** Maridi Juba Kapoeta Main road Yambio CENTRAL Torit Railroad Roue Nagishot Lotagipi DEM. REP. EQUATORIA Swamp 4° 4° * Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan OF THE CONGO Yei and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet Opari Lofusa L. Turkana Kajo Keji (L. Rudolf) been determined. 0 100 200 km ** Final status of the Abyei area is not yet e determined. il 0 100 mi N t KENYA r e b l 22° 26° 28° 30° A UGANDA 34° 36° Map No. 4450 Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support October 2011 Cartographic Section South Sudan Country Map courtesy of the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.ohchr.org/SiteCollectionImages/Countries/ssmap.pdf 1 civiliansinconflict.org South Sudan: Malakal PoC Reference Map 05 February 2016 TO AIRPORT/MALAKAL Kilo Gate TO AIRPORT/MALAKAL \ = Helipad = = \Alpha Gate Proposed Helicopter Runway and Pads \Bravo Gate = 5 UNMISS Level II Hospital Water Treatment Plant = \KCB Gate Humanitarian Hub Parking HMEC UNMISS Offices New Humanitarian Hub and Accommodation = = RWANBATT Proposed Container Farm = UNMISS Transport Section = = Supply warehouse and container yard 2 Decommissioned Graveyard = = \Delta Gate Supply warehouse and container yard 1 CTC INDBATT TRISTAR Proposed Rwanda = Humanitarian 27 FPU = Fuel Depot = 5MSF Charlie Gate\ Q Proposed = H Humanitarian Medical Hub ! G = = J = = I P SECTOR 1 F M N O = E Legend 2 L SECTOR 2 K = 2 CFS/TLC ! Market 5 2c 2 Q Camp Management Office 7 Public D Space = X S T 7 Clinic = C 7 R a E 2 h E Community Centre 2 = a Food Distribution Centre 2 5 Health Outpost RWANDBATT B U V W Y 5 Hospital A h Nutrition Centre = = X Religious Centre \ = Foxtrot Gate = Sentry Post = = SECTOR 3 C D \ UNMISS Gate Echo Gate\ A B SECTOR 4 D c Vocational Training Centre C A B = = = ! Water Storage Roads UNMISS Perimeter Fence Military Zone = PoC Facilities = Buffer Zone UNMISS Facilities ETHBATT = Blocks \= = \Hotel Gate Juliet Gate Acronyms CFS/TLC - Child Friendly Space/ Temporary Learning Centre Market Buffer Zone CTC - Cholera Treatment Centre FOOTPATH TO MALAKAL [email protected] http://iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/ Sources: IOM, UNMISS Satellite imagery copyright DigitalGlobe Inc. Source: US Department of State, Humanitarian Information Unit, Nextview License. Provided by UNITAR-UNOSAT. Satellite image date: 31 July 2015 100Meters The boundaries on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the Government of the Republic of South Sudan or IOM. this map is for planning purposes only. IOM cannot guarnatee this map is error free and therefore accepts no liability for consequential and indirect damages arising from its use. Map Production Date: 05 February 2016 Malakal POC Reference Map courtesy of the International Organization for Migration http://www.iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/node/139 civiliansinconflict.org 2 Women living in Sector 2 of Malakal POC begin clearing out the charred remains of their shelters. Image by: Matt Wells, CIVIC 3 civiliansinconflict.org EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On the night of February 17, violence broke out within the Malakal Protection of Civilians (POC) site, located on a base of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The following morning, if not earlier, attackers wearing the uniform of the country’s military, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), entered through a breach in the fencing along the eastern perimeter and took active part in fighting and in burning the camp. By around 4 p.m. on February 18, when UNMISS forces pushed the attackers out of the POC site, at least 30 internally displaced persons (IDPs) living within the camp had been killed, more than 120 had been injured—many by gunshot—and around one-third of the camp had been burned to the ground. As a result of the devastating armed conflict that started in December 2013, UNMISS has overseen the protection of more than 200,000 IDPs in six POC sites across the country. Malakal POC was unique in that it housed a large number of IDPs from three different ethnic groups: the Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk. Throughout the conflict, politico-ethnic divisions and tensions outside the camp have been replicated within the camp; since mid-May 2015, that meant the Nuer and Shilluk were in a loose alliance, as they have been within the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO), on the other side of which were the Dinka, who tend to support the government. After some small-scale inter-communal clashes between Shilluk and Dinka IDPs during the evening of February 16, much more intense violence erupted on February 17 around 10:30 p.m., largely focused within Sector 2 of the camp, where the Dinka and Nuer sections were located.
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