Inspecting Grain for Defects and Impurities

Inspecting grain WHEAT for defects and impurities Smell Diseases Weed seeds

Ergot 6mm The fruiting body of the fungus Claviceps Sprouted grains purpurea affects grasses as well as rye, Actual size Germinated grains, caused by wet harvest wheat and barley. conditions, will have very high levels of The inside of an ergot is grey/white, which alpha-amylase. Even a few in a bulk can distinguishes it from rodent droppings. reduce Hagberg Falling Number to unacceptable values, resulting in rejection of Ergot is toxic to humans and animals and so is Couch milling wheat. unnacceptable to any processor.

Bunt ( Tilletia tritici ) Fragile grains, dark in colour. Part of the grain Lost embryos may have eroded. 7–14mm Embryos may be damaged mechanically or Surface cracks may reveal black powdery by mites (as shown) or insects. spores within the endosperm. Bunt balls Damage by mites or insects may indicate occur occasionally and spores give grains a Actual size poor storage. dull look. Infected grain has a pungent fishy smell, making it unacceptable for cereal products. Wild oats Blackpoint As a response to infection the plant produces Burnt grains/heat damage chemicals in the bran which vary from brown to Heat damage arises from localised ‘hot black over the germ area. spots’ or excessive temperatures during Blackpoint is often associated with Alternaria drying. infection but this is not the only cause. Some 20– 30mm Grains can range in colour from bronze to varieties are more prone to blackpoint than dark brown (charred). others. Such wheat is unacceptable. Over-dried grain Dark bran specks in flour can affect flour quality. Actual size will have irreversibly damaged gluten. Pests Bindweed Screenings To check for insects, the whole of a laboratory sample should be inspected and sieved (typically using a 2mm mesh) and the material passing through the mesh examined Unwanted non- cereal matter (eg chaff, straw, stones) that has no value to the miller and thoroughly. This is especially important for grain going into storage. must be removed before milling. Stones can damage machinery; metal objects may cause sparks. Insect damage 3–4.5mm Large screenings This example shows weevil damage. Eggs are laid within the grain. Endosperm is eaten Actual size Straw, beans, unthreshed grain, sticks, by the larvae inside the kernels. stones, etc. Evidence of insects indicates poor storage and possibly local hot spots. The presence of live insect pests is Cleavers unacceptable to processors.

Orange blossom midge Midges infest crops at flowering, laying eggs Small screenings in empty florets. Broken grains, shrivelled grains, chaff, weed 2–5mm seeds and small straw pieces. The larvae attack immature grain, pierce the bran and inject enzymes into the grain. This can lead to water ingress and low Hagberg Actual size Falling Numbers. Black areas indicate additional fungal infection. Brassica Rodent droppings Rodents directly damage grain and carry Mud and stones infection. Mud balls are a particular problem during wet harvests. Rodents urinate on grain, posing a food safety risk. Stones can be picked up during combining, particularly when harvesting conditions are Contaminated grain is unacceptable. 2–3.5mm difficult. Actual size

While the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board seeks to ensure that the information Dust, chaff and fine soil contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing, no warranty is given in respect If dust is visible, do not smell it as thereof and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the Agriculture and Horticulture For best practice grain grain dust can be harmful if inhaled Development Board accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused (including and can cause respiratory problems. that caused by negligence) or suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information and opinions sampling and storage for contained in or omitted from this document. cereals and oilseeds, Reference herein to trade names and proprietary products without stating that they are protected consult the Grain sampling does not imply that they may be regarded as unprotected and thus free for general use. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is any criticism implied of other alternative, but guide and the Grain storage unnamed products. guide, or go to: AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds is a part of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB). cereals.ahdb.org.uk/ grainstorage

For additional copies of this poster, contact [email protected] or 0845 245 0009 cereals.ahdb.org.uk © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2016. All rights reserved. Inspecting grain BARLEY for defects and impurities Smell Diseases Weed seeds

When inspecting grain, note any unusual smells. A sweet or minty smell indicates Fusarium Brome mites; musty and fishy smells indicate moulds; chemical smells, eg cleaning fluids Pink moulds indicate possible Fusarium and diesel, can also occur. infection. If the grain is visibly mouldy or dusty, do not smell it. Moulds and grain dust Some Fusarium fungi can produce mycotoxins can be harmful and cause respiratory problems. that are toxic to humans and animals. 25mm Permitted mycotoxin levels are governed by legislation or trading specifications. Physical damage May cause gushing of bottled beers. Actual size Black-grass Mouldy grains Broken grains May result from adverse growing, harvest or Exposed endosperm, usually due to storage conditions. Quality may be impaired. aggressive handling, provides potential sites Dullness may be due to spores or moulds, for mould infections. which are unacceptable to all users due to 6mm Can cause processing problems. These the risk of mycotoxin forming. include excessive water uptake and mushy Spores present possible health Actual size steep with starch leaching into steep water. hazards and must not be inhaled. Couch Ergot Burnt grains/heat damage The fruiting body of the fungus Claviceps Heat damage arises from localised ‘hot spots’ purpurea, which affects grasses as well as 7–14mm or excessive temperatures during drying. rye, wheat and barley. Grains can range in colour from bronze to The inside of an ergot is grey/white, which dark brown (charred). distinguishes it from rodent droppings. Actual size Over-dried grains are unlikely to germinate Ergot is toxic to humans and animals and so and may affect beer or malt flavour. is unnacceptable to any processor. Wild oats

Splitting Cracks through outer grain tissues may arise 20–30mm from excessive expansion or mechanical weakness. Splits often occur along the ventral crease but can also occur on the side (lateral) Screenings and back (dorsal). Exposed endosperm is Actual size susceptible to mould attack. Unwanted non-cereal matter (eg chaff, straw, stones). Stones can damage machinery; Processing problems include excessive water metal objects may cause sparks. uptake and mushy steep with starch leaching Bindweed into steep water. Large screenings Straw, beans, unthreshed grain, sticks, Skinning stones, etc. A separation and loss of lemma and palea 3–4.5mm (husk). Causes include developmental factors, weather conditions, rough harvest and post-harvest handling. May lead to Actual size filtration problems due to loss of husk and hence malt production efficiency is likely to be reduced. Dust problems during handling Cleavers may arise. More prevalent in spring varieties. Small screenings Broken grains, shrivelled grains, chaff, weed seeds and small straw pieces. Gape 2–5mm A gap between husk tissues (lemma and palea) due to poor development and/or excessive expansion. Endosperm remains Actual size intact. Gape – a function of variety and environment – is not necessarily a defect unless Brassica associated with lateral splitting. Mud and stones Mud balls are a particular problem during wet Lost embryos harvests. 2–3.5mm Commonly caused by mechanical damage. Stones can be picked up during combining, Of no use for malting as the grain will not particularly when harvesting conditions are Actual size germinate. difficult. Pests To check for insects, the whole of a laboratory sample should be visibly inspected and Dust, chaff and fine soil sieved (typically using a 2mm mesh) and the grain passing through the mesh examined. If dust is visible, do not smell it as This is especially important for grain going into storage. Pre-germination (light) grain dust can be harmful if inhaled Recognised by a swollen and raised germ and can cause respiratory area. Pre-germinated grains may not malt problems. Insect damage and hence will reduce malt yield. This example shows weevil damage. Eggs Pre-germinated grains can be detected by are laid within the grain and the endosperm laboratory testing. is eaten by the larvae. Evidence of insects indicates poor storage and possibly local hot spots. Severe infestations (as in this example) are unacceptable to processors. Pre-germination (heavy) Sprouted grains with visible rootlets will not malt and hence will reduce malt yield. For best practice grain Rodent droppings sampling and storage for Rodents directly damage grain and carry cereals and oilseeds, infection. Rodents urinate on grain, posing a food consult the Grain safety risk. sampling guide and the Contaminated grain is unacceptable. Grain storage guide, or Discoloured grain go to: Dull looking, weathered grains indicate poor harvest conditions and may lead to quality problems. cereals.ahdb.org.uk/ Dullness can be due to spores or moulds. grainstorage While the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board seeks to ensure that the information contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing, no warranty is given in respect thereof and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused (including that caused by negligence) or suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information and opinions contained in or omitted from this document.

Reference herein to trade names and proprietary products without stating that they are protected does not imply that they may be regarded as unprotected and thus free for general use. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is any criticism implied of other alternative, but unnamed products.

AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds is a part of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB). For additional copies of this poster, contact [email protected] or 0845 245 0009 cereals.ahdb.org.uk © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2016. All rights reserved.