& WAMS

Women in Engineering/ Young Professional opening talk 26/01/2016

Vaishali Rampurkar [email protected] 2 Outline of Presentation

 Smart Grid  Why do we need Smart Grid?  What is Smart Grid?  Smart Grid conceptual model  Wide Area Monitoring systems  What is WAMs  WAMS Architecture  Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)  Concluding Remarks 3 Why Smart Grid?

As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges such as  New dynamics of future demand and supply  Ageing infrastructure  Complex interconnected grids  Integration of large number of renewable generation sources  Need to lower carbon emissions  New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles 4 Definition

A Smart Grid is self-healing, enables active participation of consumers, operate resiliently against attack and natural disasters, accommodate all generation and storage options, enable introduction of new products, services and markets, optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently, provide power quality for the digital economy. Source: US Department of Energy

A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. Source: European Technology Platform Smart Grids 5 Evolution of grid design : From traditional to future grids traditional grids future grids

 Centralized power generation  Centralized and distributed power  One-directional power flow generation  Generation follows load  Intermittent renewable power generation  Operation based on historical experience  Consumers become also producers  Limited grid accessibility for new  Multi-directional power flow producers  Load adapted to production (Source: ABB Smart grid)  Operation based more on real-time data 6 Smart Grid - A large "System Smart Grid Conceptual Model of Systems”  Bulk Generation  Transmission  Distribution  Customers  Operations  Markets  Service Providers

(Source : IEEE Smart grid) 7 Bulk Generation Renewable sources Variable Solar Wind Non-variable Hydro  Geothermal Pump Storage Non-renewable sources Non-variable Nuclear   gas. 8 Distribution Domain Distribution  Distributes the electricity to and from the end customers  Connects the smart meters and all intelligent field devices, managing and controlling them through a two-way wireless or wire line communications network.  It may also connect to facilities and alternative distributed energy resources at the distribution level. 9

Customer Customer Domain  The end-users of electricity  Connected to the electric distribution network through the smart meters.  The smart meters control and manage the flow of electricity to and from the customers and provide energy information about energy usage and patterns.  Each customer has a discrete domain comprised of electricity premise and two- way communications networks.  A customer domain may also generate, store and manage the use of energy, as well as the connectivity with plug-in vehicles. 10 Operations Operations Domain  Manages and controls the electricity flow of all other domains in the smart grid.  It uses a two-way communications network to connect to substations, customer premises networks and other intelligent field devices.  It provides monitoring, reporting, controlling and supervision status and important process information and decisions.  Business intelligence processes gather data from the customer and network, and provide intelligence to support the decision- making. 11

Markets Markets Domain  The Markets domain operates and coordinates all the participants in electricity markets within the smart grid.  It provides the market management, wholesaling, retailing and trading of energy services. The Markets domain interfaces with all other domains and makes sure they are coordinated in a competitive market environment.  It also handles energy information clearinghouse operations and information exchange with third-party service providers.  For example, roaming billing information for inter-utility plug-in-vehicles falls under this domain. 12

Service Provider Service Provider Domain

 Smart grid handles all third- party operations among the domains.  These might include web portals that provide energy efficiency management services to end-customers, data exchange between the customer and the utilities regarding energy management, and regarding the electricity supplied to homes and buildings.  It may also manage other processes for the utilities, such as programs, outage management and field services. 13

It means everyone has to play their part effectively to make our grid more efficient Wide Area Monitoring System 15 WAMS-Definition

 It’s a collective technology to monitor power system dynamics in real time, identify system stability related weakness and helps to design and implement counter measures.(IEEE)

 It is based on Phasor measurement units(PMUs) which can deliver precisely time synchronized values of voltage and current phasors and other power system related quantities like frequency, ROCOF, breaker positions. 16 Components of WAMS

 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)  Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)  Global Positioning System (GPS for Time Synchronization of the phasors)  Communication channel (Preferably optical fiber cable)  Visualization and analysis tools  Wide area situational awareness system.  Wide area protection and control 17 WAMS Architecture 18 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a Power System device capable of measuring the synchronized voltage and current Phasor in a Power System. Synchronicity among Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is achieved by same-time sampling of voltage and current waveforms using a common synchronizing signal from the global positioning satellite (GPS). The ability to calculate synchronized phasors makes the PMU one of the most important measuring devices in the future of power system monitoring and control. 19 Communication Architecture

IEEE C 37.118 Sub Station Control Router Room Switch

GPS GPS GPS Receiver Receiver Receiver Switchyard Area PMU PMU PMU CT/PT CT/PT CT/PT

2 No Bays 2 No Bays 2 No Bays 20 Key advantages for Phasor deployment ...

 Accurate phase angle measurements independent of frequency variations  Real time synchronized differences  Wide area protection  Improve grid stability/reliability  Minimize transmission congestion  Optimize transmission capacity  Forecasting grid instability and early warning to prevent blackouts and cascade collapse 21 PMU Applications

 Oscillation detection  Fault location identification  Fault classification  Event analysis  Model validation  Situational awareness 22 Oscillations seen by PMU • SCADA measurements cannot see most oscillation Worse – they can give misleading impression • Synchro-phasors are needed to observe oscillations because of faster data sampling, greater data resolution, and wide-area synchronization 23

PMU APPLICATIONS & ANALYTICS INDIAN POWER SYSTEM 24 Oscillation monitoring and analysis

0.3 49.95 Raipur df/dt Raipur Frequency 0.25 49.9 0.2 49.85 0.15 Oscillation started in system

49.8 Frequency 0.1 at 22:02:38.520

0.05 49.75

(Hz)

ROCOF(Hz/sec) 0 49.7 ‐0.05 49.65 ‐0.1 Tripping of Raigarh ‐Sterlite II 49.6 ‐0.15

‐0.2 49.55 22:02:15.000 22:02:17.360 22:02:19.720 22:02:22.080 22:02:24.440 22:02:26.800 22:02:29.160 22:02:31.520 22:02:33.880 22:02:36.240 22:02:38.600 22:02:40.960 22:02:43.320 22:02:45.679 22:02:48.040 22:02:50.400 22:02:52.760 22:02:55.120 22:02:57.480 22:02:59.840 22:03:02.200 22:03:04.559 22:03:06.920 22:03:09.280 22:03:11.640 22:03:14.000 22:03:16.360 22:03:18.720 22:03:21.080 22:03:23.440 22:03:25.800 22:03:28.160 22:03:30.520 22:03:32.880 22:03:35.240 22:03:37.600 22:03:39.960 22:03:42.320 22:03:44.679 22:03:47.040 22:03:49.400 22:03:51.760 22:03:54.120 22:03:56.480 22:03:58.840 25 Fault Location Detection 26 Fault Type Detection

 Single line to ground fault 27

 Phase to Phase fault 28

 Three Phase Fault 29 Detecting coherent group of generators Ballia Frequency Agra Frequency Raipur Frequency Hissar Frequency Jabalpur Freq

50.28

50.26

50.24

50.22

50.2

50.18

50.16

50.14

50.12

50.1 30 Mode Source Identification

Location 1Location 2Location 3 Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl 0.52 0.036 7.14 0.5 0.021 3.18 0.52 0.019 0.132 0.63 0.055 27.59 0.63 0.011 2.8 0.62 0.022 0.23 0.74 ‐0.012 1.2 0.70 0.006 1.16 0.7 0.017 0.09 1.43 0.00013 0.56 1.32 0.0019 0.429 1.45 ‐0.002 0.016

Symbol Actual PMU position Approx. Distance from Event location (km) Location 1 Karcham 433 Location 2 Kanpur 603 Location 3 Vindyachal 919 31 Analysis of Indian grid blackout (PMU measurements)  Inter- area oscillations identified for the grid disturbance case can be used as indicators in-order to avoid such catastrophe in the future. 32 Concluding remarks…

• Smart Grids are prerequisite to reach targets such as environmental, efficient energy and secure supply. • Implementation of Smart Grids is an evolution of the existing grids. • Many requirements, like increased efficiency and reliability can be addressed by the ‘Smart Grid’ • Potential applications for synchrophasor technology evolving in parallel will be needed in order to maintain stable operation of the grid of the future. 33

Thank you!!!