Sir Henry Wotton

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am h l P p et No . 44

S ir He n r y W o t t o n

With so m e G en eral Re ﬂectio n s o n

Style in En glish P o etry

b ‘ e e n Hz il : ks u ith w; E m Th e Righ t Ho . q l P t 1918 o ? O n t o “ residen ,

Au u st 1 91 9 g ,

SIR HE NR" WOTTON

WITH SOM E G ENERAL REFLECTIONS ON ST"LE IN ENGL IS H POETR"1

’ L A I S E N T L E M E N R . C H A I R M A N D E A N D M , G , Firs t let me thank the members of the Association very heartily for having done me the honour to elect me their President in succession to a long line of eminent men of letters and of pu blic servants . I assure you that I appreciate the distinction very highly .

When I measure my own literary stock in trade, which at best is that w of a somewhat threadbare amateur, ith the abounding reservoir of erudition and expert knowledge of some of my predecessors in the e Chair, I feel that it is becoming that I should choose a modest subj ct,

u an d handle it with brevity . I propose to say a few words to you abo t a man who has always seemed to me to be one of the m ost interesting ﬁ u res and remarkable g , in what may be called the second rank of our — H i English men of letters Sir enry Wotton . And that may poss bly lead to one or two more general reﬂectio n s on Style in English Poetry . H o f Sir enry Wotton was born in the early years Elizabeth, and died in the reign of Charles I before the outbreak of the Civil War .

' His - Reli u iae Wottom anae e works, the well known q , wer published in

1651 . He e enjoyed in his lifetim the close friendship, and was often, ﬁ sh in as we know, the g companion of Izaak Walton , who not only Reli u iae reﬁ xed edited the q , but p to it perhaps the most charming of

L e o his delightful and, in their way, unrivalled biographies. The if f

S ir Henr Wo tton y ought to be familiar, and I suppose is, to every

ﬁ r t lover of English literature . I will not do more in the s instance

u than j st recall its bare outline to your recollection . He was the youngest son in his own generation of a family which produ ced a number of men of distinction in Tudor an d early Stu art

H n u nd . e a times had great at ral gifts graces, being, as Walton tells u s u , of a choice shape, tall of stature, and of a most pers asive ’ behaviour . But he had many of the instincts of the vagabond, and

. u was generally in debt After going thro gh Winchester and Oxford , he spent th e best part of the ten years between twenty and thirty in ' roving about the Continent, and sometimes, as in the case of the illus trions Isaac Casaubon , in whose house he lodged at Geneva, forgetting

to . r o nversatio n pay his bills Time, t avel and g says Walton , had

P esid ntial dd ess to th e E lish ssocia i n M a e t o 30 1919. r A r ng A , y , 4 S IR HENR" WOTTON

by this time made his company o n e of the delights of mankind and he appears on his return to England to have fascinated the favourite

Essex, in whose fall some years later he was very nearly involved .

He fl u made a hasty ight to France, and took ref ge for some time with the Grand Duke of Tuscany in Florence . There is a strange story of his coming over from there to Scotland in disguise to reveal , i J and to help to frustrate, a conspiracy against the l fe of King ames , ’ co nfidentl then in Walton s words, King of the Scots, but y believed by most ’ in England— Queen Elizabeth being near her end to be the man upon who m the sweet trouble of kingly govern ’ a co nfident ment would be imposed . Th t belief was soon realized ,

ﬁ rst and one of the earliest acts of the new king, who was from the ,

co nﬁ rm ed aciﬁ st I may remind you, a and undefeated p , was to give H — — Sir enry whom he h ad knighted the choice of several embassies . t V Wot on selected enice, and it was there, with one or two intervals, that he spent the next twenty years of his life . Ou 1624 his return in , by a piece of great good luck , for he was in ‘ u sore pec niary straits, and as he said himself the want of money ’ wrinkled his face with care , he was nominated by the Crown to the ’ vacant Provostship of Eton, proceeded to Deacons orders, and spent

di niﬁ d in congenial and g e surroundings the remainder of his days, e ex rcising hospitality, and enjoying the companionship of friends,

H end f M o . such as Walton, ales, and, towards the of his li e, of ilt n It is interesting to remark that another candidate for the Provostship was L L ord Bacon , then recently fallen from his high estate . The ord e n o fﬁ ce Keeper Williams, the last eccl siastic I thi k to hold the of in Lord Chancellor, a letter dealing with the appointment and the

t : candidates, wri es It is somewhat necessary to be a good scholar, but more to be a good husband, and a careful manager and a stayed St man , which no man can be that is so much indebted as the Lord . ’ . H difﬁcu lt Albans Sir enry Wotton, who had had great y in raising £500 e th e to settle hims lf in College, would hardly seem to satisfy ’ L He th the ord Keeper s standard . is said to have writte n e epitaph ’ e St . l on Bacon s monum nt at A bans . Anyway, he became one of ‘ n h a the best and most successful Provosts that Eto s ever known .

u It was not on the whole an eventf l life, but it had one or two episodes which may be noted before we say anything of the general character of his literary work . The ﬁ rst is the controvers y in which he was involved during his ﬁ rst V Scio iu s Scio iu s embassy to enice with th e notorious Jasper pp . pp a e He was one of the most curious pro ducts of his g . was born in the t a was t Palatina e, and brought up a Protest nt, but conver ed to S IR HENR" WOTTON 5

— ’ ’ R m z ra bz le dictu — b a niu He omanism y reading the Annals of B ro s . fi tted served his adopted church in the way for which he was best , by great literary facility, and a temperament of unscrupulous violence ; he became in fact the most fluent and foul - mouthed controversialist of H . e bu t his time is said not even to have spared Cicero, his favourite targets were the great contemporary men of learning, of whom by far ‘ ’ ' es uz a nu llu s h odz e doctu s the most illustrious were Protestants . J t ’ 1 Casau bonu s u u s lu o s u m n p s p te t q a tota S ocietas . Such was the J e S cio iu s judgement of oseph Scalig r, and pp (who had lashed the Jesu its in his time"gave himself with almost fi en dish vindictiveness and malignity to the task of embittering the last years of that greatest

- of scholars, an d most high minded of men , by almost incredible viliﬁcatio n s a and scurrilities . It was in vain th t Scaliger, then almost

- 011 th e . m ost e his death bed, vindicated himself in one of pung nt and h ad most brilliant of his writings . The lies got the start, and there ’ u a was no overtaking them . It was another ill stration of B ron s grim ’ u da lu i sem er ali u id h aeret aphorism : A cter ca m n are p q . be a a It must dmitted however, that this pr ctised literary assassin found his m atch when he tried conclusions with Sir Henry Wotton . — The story, I think, is fairly well known perhaps it is the only thing — that many people have ever heard of hin1 that on his way to take up his Embassy at Venice he was asked at an evening party som ewhere ‘ ’ an in Germany to write a sentence in what Walton calls Albo , i a detestable practice Which still su rv Ves in some parts of the world . Wotton was so 111-advised as to attempt a humorous deﬁ nition of his

’ ofﬁ ce a : L e a tu s est m r bonus own , and he wrote the f mous words ‘g ’ f — p eregre m issu s a d m en tiendu m reip u blicae cau sa o r in English A11 Ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of ’ ‘ ’ afterwa1 ds his country . Somehow or other, years the Albo fell Sci0 iu s w 111 into the hand of pp , hose batteries were just then action ’ J I as against ames , and he gleefully printed Wotton s epigram a specimen of the maxims professed an d practised by a Protestant H ’ King and his Ambassadors . It nearly cost Sir enry the King s b favour, but he made himself secure by composing and pu lishing a Sci0 iu s a Latin tirade gainst pp , written with what was then described ’ u th e e f as tr ly classic elegance , and rivalling in scurrility b st e forts

t racy cer u of his i . Wotton was the mildest tempered and most co rteous ’ of men ; and it must have been with a scholar s reluctance that he fou nd himself compelled to label even Sc10ppiu s with such epithets as ‘ — ’ f am elicu s transfuga in English staﬂ eling apostate Rom an ae f cu riae lu tu lentu s circu la tor dirty mountebank of th e Roman 1 Scali erana 1 2 205 g , 7, . G S IR HENR" WOTTON

’ ‘ 111o rdant Sem ico ctu s am m a l i Court ; and , perhaps most of all , m ’ a s er — c t a half baked little pedant .

Another incident, which led to a much more worthy display of ’ Wo tto n s e — literary gifts, was his making the acquaintanc , and which — S was the same thing falling under the pell, of the most fascinating ’ of — J h all royal personages King ames s daughter, Elizabet of Bohemia , ’ ’ Tem est the Winter Queen . Whether Shakespeare s p was or was

e f not written for her wedding, it seems certain that it was p r ormed

ﬁ n d there, and you will some charming pages on the matter in Sir ’ ’ Arth u r Quiller- Couch s book on Sh a kesp eare s Workm ansh ip " She inspired Wotton , like so many others, with a romantic and lifelong

u devotion , of which some interesting ill stration s are to be found ’ e u e in Walton s s . But for our p rpose it is more mat rial to record that it was in her honou r that he composed the incomparable lines On M Q u e e his istress, the en of Boh mia which , if he had written th e nothing else, would give him an inevitable place even in most

u fastidio sly selected English anthology .

e . Reli u ia e Wotton , like Andrew Marvell, wrot very little The q is a thin book in point of bulk ; nearly half of it consists of letters ;

- ﬁ ve and it contains no more than twenty poems, of which ten are asm ned He g by the editor to other writers than Wotton himself . was a - m an e b i desultory, easy going , interest d in and indeed im ued w th every form of culture, and with more than a smattering of physical

u science . Walton has some admirable ill strations of the good h u moured and characteristic facility with which he evaded giving his opinion as to the ultimate destiny of Papists and Arminians .

He literai was constantly taking up y enterprises, only after a short u s trial to lay them aside . Walton tells that he had proposed to himself in his young days to write a Life of Luther and a history of a the German reform tion, and during his embassies and travels accumulated a mass of materials for the work . I will give you the ’ pleasure of listening to his biographer s own words , which are

‘ : R late M a est inimitable But in the midst of this eign , his j y King ’ I H Wo tto n s Charles , who knew the value of Sir enry pen , did, by

u a ﬁ ve a pers asive loving violence, to which may be dded a promise of

u u s a hundred po nds a year, force him to lay L ther a ide, and bet ke himself to write the history of England : in which he proceeded to write some short characters of a few kings, as a foundation upon which he meant to b u ild ; but for the present meant to be more large H VI a l e in the story of enry , the founder of th t Co l ge in which he h i then enjoyed all the worldly happiness of s present being . But

308 s . p. q SIR HENR" WOTTON 7

Sir Henry died in the midst of this undertaking ; and the footsteps ’ of his labours are not recoverable by a more than common diligence .

‘ It is by his poetry and his poetry alone that he still lives ; some four poems and perhaps a couple of hymns . It is instructive to e o n H compare his case with that of Cowley, whos Elegy Sir enry ’ ’ n L e. Wotton follows Walto s if Cowley was an infant prodigy, as h e who had written copiously, and well as ever did afterwards,

a e His a before he was of g . reput tion in his lifetime was enormous, rivalling and perhaps outstripping th at of M ilton ; his poems ﬁll

u u a a thick vol me incl ding the fragment of portentous epic, the Davideis with which I believe I am one of not many people who have attempted to grapple and his funeral in Westminster Abbey "et t e a was long remembered . wi hin sixty or sev nty ye rs of his death ’ e ? P pe asked, Who reads Cowley And who but literary experts and students read him now ? e two There are, of cours , poems by Wotton which stand out by e e a M thems lv s . The Te rs wept at the grave of Sir Albertus orton di niﬁ ed e e is a g and path tic p rformance . The hymn which he wrote - I a e on his death bed , which h ve nev r yet heard in quires and places ’ e e e - wher th y sing , is worth at l ast two thirds of the contents of ’ e - ‘ e a mod rn hymn book . But it is the lines on Elizabeth of Boh mia — — ‘ written probably in 1619 an d Th e Character of a Happy Life —a — little earlier in date which give Wotton his immortality . Sir Sidney Lee tells u s that there is a manuscript copy of the Happy L ’ J w ife in the hand of Ben onson , and there is a legend that he kne

. a the lines by heart No wonder . Wh t is that peculiar quality which

‘ has given these pieces their enduring power of appeal to everyx successive generation among the lovers of poetry ? Theyare so familiar that I will only quote the ﬁ rst stanza of the one and the last stanza of the other "ou meaner beauties of the night satisﬁ e o u r That poorly Eyes, u More by your number than yo r light, "o u common people of the skies ; What are y o u when the M oon shall rise ?

‘ This man is freed from servile hands Oi hope to rise or fear to fall ; L ord of himself, though not of lands , ’ And, having nothing, yet hath all .

e If I may answ r my own question, I should say it is that they o a p ssess the sovereign qu lity of Style . Style in poetry, even more e an art e artiﬁ ce p rhaps than in prose, is , ev n an ; it is sought out, 8 SIR HENR" WOTTON

r u a thought out, w o ght out . It does not fetter inspir tion , though you it may have inspiration without . It is both a vesture and a vehicle ; indeﬁ n able incommunicable , almost , never mistakable . It is best

r u unde stood not by description or by analysis, but by ill stration . L V Among all the Classical poets, whether Greek or atin , irgil is the ’ . i L great example I won t trouble you w th much atin , and what I have to give I will give in the old English pronunciation which I believe is now obsolete " Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem m o rtalia t angu nt ;

‘ Di Iovis in tectis iram m iserantu r inanem am bo r um et m o rt alibu s , tantos esse labores ;

3 D u m domus Ae neae Capitoli immobile s ax u m h bbit ’ 3 acco let im eriu m u e R a e . , p q pater omanus

f What a di ference is there, not only from the simplicity, the chaste economy, the severe restraint, of the greatest Greek models, but from iridiscent the strained points, the almost glitter, the tumid verbiage, of even the best of th e rhetorical poets of the Silver Age

English poetry is specially rich in great masters of Style . Shak e speare was so m u ch else that we hardly n u mber him among them ;

t wo yet when he pleased he could excel them all . Take one or of

a t th e last ~ scene the simplest illustr tions . For inbras at the end of in Ham let ‘ 0 a proud de th, " What feast is toward in thine etern al cell ;

’ or Leontes in A Winter s Ta le

Stars , stars , ’ 5 And all eyes else dead coals ; or Cleopatra

‘ G e m e iv my robe, put on my crown ; I ’ 6 Immortal longings in me ;

e a Oth llo, in a Miltoni n outburst ‘ Like to the Pontic S ea Whose icy current and compulsive course ’ e Ne er feels r tiring ebb , but keeps due on ’ 7 To the Propontic and the Hellespont ;

' 1n the most perfect of all lyrics in Cym beline

ea F r no more the h eat of the sun .

‘ 9 3 Aen i - - — . . 462 3. A en . x . 758 9. A en. ix. 448 9. ﬂ ’ V. Winte s l V a n a V 1 r Ta e . i . A nton d Cleo tra 1 , y p , . . 1 1 . 1. G m line IV. ii III y be , . SIR HENR" WOTTON 9

e u These, and th y could easily be m ltiplied by the hundred, cannot

u for pure Style be s rpassed .

Bu t Shakespeare we mu st always leave in a class by himself .

With that reservation, by far our greatest master in poetic style, in

am M "o u the sense in which I now using the word, is ilton . cannot

P a radise L os t L cidas Cam u s open a page of , or of y , or ; you can

ﬁ n d o u hardly one of the Sonnets, which does not provide y with l m a wealth of examples . I wil be content with one citation fro what has been described by an acute an d accomplished critic as probably

adise Re a in d the most unadorn e d poem in any language P ar g e . It

M r 011 M is singled out by . Bailey in his admirable monograph ilton ,

u in the passage which paints the famous temptation of the banq et, where the profu se luxuriance of a Roman feast is contrasted with ’ that cr u de apple that diverted Eve . I quote only the last lines D m istant ore, U nder the trees now tripped, now solemn stood, ’ Nymphs of Diana s train, and Naiades ﬂ w ’ With fruits and o ers from Amalthea s horn , H And ladies of the esperides, that seemed e Fairer than feigned of old , or fabl d since, Oi faery damsels, met in forests wide B L L o n es y knights of ogres, or of y , ’ 1 L Pelleno re . ancelot, or Pelleas, or

U nadorned indeed Who now or ever since h as adorned like that ? e M ﬁ ft I have already r ferred to Andrew arvell , born y years later than Wotton, whose output is also relatively small, but in this

u particular respect of equal, if not of higher, val e . Marvell also lives

bu t by six or seven poems, they have the stamp of immortality . We have nothing ﬁ ner of its kind than this :

‘ S Nor called the gods with vulgar pite, To vindicate his helpless right ; But bowed his comely head D ’2 own , as upon a bed ; except perhaps this But at my back I always hear ’ Time s winged chariot hurrying near ; And yonder all before u s lie ’ 3 Deserts of vast eternity .

Fin all y, before we leave the seventeenth century, you have as noble

1 - P aradise Re ained Book 353 61 . g , II, 2 ’ de u on Crom well R u O p s et rn f rom I reland. 3 h i o To s C y Mistress . 10 SIR HENR" WOTTON O

o f u r a specimen the grand Style as is to be fo nd anywhe e, in the ’ ﬁ nal a st nza, too long to quote, of Dryden s Ode to the pious th e i memory of accomplished young lady, Mistress Anne K lligrew th e The fashionable Style of eighteenth century, even when prae tised by such a genius as Pope, is too grooved and mechanical to ‘ ’ ill u strate my particular theme ; until you come to the Elegy of

Gray, of which it is best to say nothing except that it stands by

R — r itself. I pass by the great poets of the evival Burns, Wo ds

e d u i worth, Col ri ge, Shelley, to name the two who took p and carr ed —K on the torch eats and Tennyson . Parenthetically I should claim L a place, even if a subsidiary place, for Walter Savage andor ‘ w I strove ith none, for none was worth my strife, u Nat re I loved, and, next to Nature , Art ; ﬁ re I warmed both hands before the of life, ’ am It sinks, and I ready to depart .

Bu t Keats and Tennyson have claims to the great succession which in both cases are beyond dispute . I will make only a single quota ‘ ’ ﬁ rst tion from each . The is from the Sonnet on Chapman s Homer " ‘ Then felt I like some watcher of the skie s When a n ew plan et swims into his ken ; Or e like stout Cortez, when w—ith eagl eyes He stared at the Paciﬁ c and all his men Lo oked at each other with a mild s u rmise ’ Silent, upon a peak in Darien .

’ The other is from the o pening lines of U lysses

‘ I am become a name ; For always roaming with a hungry heart M uch have I seen and known ; cities of men

And manners , climates, councils, governments, ’ M e h o n o u r d o f ~ th em yself not l ast, but all

- And drunk delight of battle with my peers, F ’ ar on the ringing plains of windy Troy .

reﬂectio ns Well, ladies and gentlemen, in these desultory we have H t . He travelled a long way from Sir enry Wot on was not, either as ‘ - Bu t a man or as a poet, of heroic stature, or of far reaching range . he was an artist to the core, and in these days when to an old

ﬁ ne fashioned ear there seems a , and now and again an almost ‘ u a arrogant, disorder in some of the o tpourings of the contempor ry

o to ff th e muse , it may not be amiss to g back the studied e orts of masters of Poetic Style . B A Ba C. L D P i dl t . . e15 . Th e U s s et . eof Po ry"; y r ey , it r c in o :‘ t h an d English Literature Scho ls . A lis of Aut ors orks tu wW for Successiv e Stages of S dy .

me ar s S t B J C . Sn1it h So Ch acteristic of co s Literature . y . . Pr l s ice . 23 i wo . Short Bibliograph es of rdsworth , Coleridge , Byron , e l s Pric . M S B L 24 A D r on . R h e . . iscou se odern ibyls 2 y ady itc ie . Pric Is P B 25 Th e . G C B . . Future of English oetry y Edmund osse , Price I s The Teaching of English at the U niversities By Stanley L ea h es a n b P Ker e t . t e W. . . Wi h ot y . Pric Is

7 e h . B L 2 . Po try and Contemporary Speec _ y ascelles Aber P ic r e Is . 28 Th e t and th e t u s . Poe Ar ist and what they can do for r f M B G C. L D . . P e y P o essor oore Smith , itt . ric Is . 29 a r M r B . a nd R . Bibliogr phies of Swinbu ne, o ris, ossetti y

’ ' 3 swr P i t i Po h r i anc 0. Word o th s atr o c ems and t ei S gniﬁ c e To B F LL D i . . S . . . P l s day y Boas , rice .

' 3 1 U se m c 1n e H . B . H. . The of Co i Episodes Trag dy. yW adow

Price Is . 32 e 0 . Conc ntrat ion and Suggestion in Poetry By Sir Sidney

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35 Th e n C B Pi b 1 5 . W . er. Eightee th entury . y . P. K i e ' 336 o in h i h t B S o . e Wa r C F E P etry t L g of . y . . . pu rge n x i

' Prl ce l s .

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"1 43 T e n o in ol 1 3 f . . h Teachi g English Scho s Price 445 H tt ﬂ io ns . Sir enry Wo on . With some General Re ect o n

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Essa s an d t u i es b . em bers t h e is y S d y M of Engl h Associ at ion . l I le t e b P Ker Vo . I . C W . ar s . C e n n re I ol c d y . l do P s .

6d. t o e ers . 23 . m mb —Wh at En lis h Poe m a s ill le a fro m G eek g try y t rn r , by

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