Map Secondary Data Review on

Nature of the crisis: Conflict Period covered by the report: 10 - 24th of June Prepared by: ACAPS, Geneva

About this document ACAPS Secondary Data Review is a desk study where estimates of scale, severity and likely impact of an event are determined (natural or man-induced disaster). Information is gathered through a review of secondary data, contact with individuals working in the field, use of lessons learnt and experience from past similar crisis or disasters. ACAPS thanks agencies and NGOs who have shared the data and analysis which made this report possible.

Disclaimer: This document aims to inform emergency decision making. Information provided is provisional as it has not all been independently verified. The information should be used carefully for any decision making especially if it is used without alternate and verified field sources of information. As this report covers highly dynamic subject, the accuracy of the information decreases as time passes.

Crisis overview In early February, protests demanding the resignation of President Saleh occurred throughout Yemen. (Al Jazeera 12/06). The Yemini government reacted with repression of the protests. The largest tribe in Yemen, the Hashid, joined the protesters and fighting broke out in the capital between the Hashid and the government occurred in the capital on May 23rd. An estimated 262 people were killed, 3287 injured and at least 44,000 people (OCHA 20/06) were displaced since February due to ongoing violence.

The ensuing political chaos has accelerated and intensified conflicts that already existed across Yemen:  North Yemen: Between 2004 and 2010, the Al Houthi has engaged in armed conflict with the Yemen army and government backed tribal fighters (IDMC 2010), causing large scale displacement. In February 2010, they agreed to a ceasefire, however intermittent violence continues in Sa’ada, Amran and Al Jawf. A majority of the IDPs are still displaced.  : Insecurity in the south and southeast has increased, resulting from clashes between government and military units, including the Al Hirak separatist movement and Al Qaeda militants. Fighting in Southern Governorates has led to over 40,000 IDPs in the recent months (OCHA 20/06) and an unknown number of affected persons in Abyan. Fighting has expanded to and Lahj Governorates. Key issues Throughout Yemen, the current volatile economic and political situation is aggravated by  Protracted displacement in the north, especially in war torn Sa’ada where access is limited. escalating food and water prices, fuel shortages and poor provision of basic services.  Competition between IDPs and host communities over scarce fuel, water, and basic Furthermore a prevalent fiscal crisis caused by declining oil reserves and revenues leads to necessities. increased prices of basic commodities. The capacity of government service providers, civil  Preparation should take place for increasing violence in the South leading to large scale society, and the humanitarian community to cope with current levels of displacement and displacement to Lahj, Aden and beyond. conflict are being pushed to their limits (UNHCR 2011). Further fighting and displacement,  Preparation should take place for recurrence of fighting in Sana’a. especially across the south, have the capacity to transform the current crisis into a full blown  Support for IDPs and host communities to meet basic needs. humanitarian disaster.  Upcoming rainy season may further impede humanitarian access to affected populations.

1 Key priorities Information gaps and needs Most affected areas (see Table page 3 for population figures used). Baseline data  South Yemen is currently the most affected area, with increased fighting and ongoing population  Information on priority needs of vulnerable groups (women, children, older persons, the chronically ill, displacement. NGOs and UN agencies are currently responding to needs in Aden and Lahj. persons with disabilities and minorities). o (population estimate 525,000 in 2011, 33.7% of the population is food insecure  Data and demographics on conflict affected migrant workers. WFP, 2010) has been most heavily impacted with intensive fighting in Zanjibar. Access is limited due to instability and insecurity. Limited information is available. 15,000 IDPS are reported to need water, Real-time / Situational Information sanitation and hygiene support, food, health, protection, shelter and a range of NFIs. A significant  Monitoring of trends in market prices, particularly prices of fuel and basic commodities. number of non-displaced people has also been affected by the crisis but the number is unknown. 742  Logistic – regular updates on air, roads and sea ports status, especially from Aden, Hodeidah and cases of diarrhoea have been reported in Abyan. Sana’a where traders source commodities. o In (population estimate 725,000) in 2011, 12.1% of the population is food  Numbers, locations, and demographics of recent IDPS, refugees and migrant workers. insecure WFP, 2010). 15,000 reported IDPs from Abyan; they are mainly living in public buildings and schools and in need of water, hygiene items, sanitation, health, food, protection and shelter.  Assessment of absorption capacity of host communities (health, WASH, livelihoods and food security), o In Lahj governorate (population estimate 875,000 inhabitants in 2011, 35.4% of the population food especially in the southern governorates. (i.e. how many IDPs do these communities have capacity to insecure WFP, 2010), there are approximately 10,000 IDPs from Abyan, mainly residing with host accommodate). families, in need of water, hygiene items, sanitation, health, food and protection  Identification of potential IDP settlements sites in anticipation of increasing numbers of IDPs in Aden  In north Yemen, areas remain under duress from the displacement caused by earlier conflicts. New and Lahj Governorates. displacement from recent conflicts has remained limited. As of 30th April 2011, UNHCR registered 300,034 IDPs in Sana’a, Amran, Hajjah, Al Jawf and Sa’ada, 253,778 living outside camps and 46,256 Information management living inside camps. The Sa’ada Response Plan is active and humanitarian aid is being distributed to  Updated 3W and survey of surveys to identify gaps and needs in humanitarian coverage and needs the majority of IDPs. Ongoing humanitarian needs include: assessment. o Sa’ada: key infrastructure, including health facilities, is still damaged by years of conflict. UN agencies continue to report inadequate water and sanitation facilities for IDPs living with host

families. Armed clashes continue on a small scale, 350 displaced families have arrived in southern Ongoing assessments and further assessments required Al Jawf since April together with families fleeing violence from Sana’a, Taiz, and Abyan (OCHA 20/06) Ongoing and planned assessments: o Hajjah: Fuel shortages impact WASH and health projects, especially in IDP camps. Measles  Rapid Needs Assessment led in Aden Governorate for IDPs fleeing Abyan. outbreak reported.  Protection cluster rapid assessments carried out daily by seven inter-agency teams in Southern  The situation in Sana’a (population estimate 2,100,000 inhabitants in 2011, 15.64% of the population is Governorates (Aden, Sana’a, Taizz) (OCHA 20/06). food insecure WFP, 2010) is volatile. As of 30th April 2011, UNHCR registered 20,233 IDPs from former  10 assessment teams in Aden and 6 in Lhaj will conduct nutrition assessment in the coming days, conflict. The violent clashes that took place in Al-Hasabah District early June have caused displacement security permitting (OCHA 20/06). of 6,000 people, including 4,000 refugees. Tensions are reported between IDPs and host communities.  Challenges: lack of assessment monitoring system to report on planned or ongoing assessment and lack of coordination mechanism where findings of assessments are shared and analysed jointly. Most affected groups Recent assessments:  IDPs: this group remains the highest priority, especially in Abyan where the health situation is worsening  Rapid assessment on numbers and needs of IDPs conducted in Sana’a Governorate (OCHA 20/06). due to the lack of medicine and absence of service providers. Most IDPs in Aden reside in public buildings and schools, making them dependent on external aid for basic commodities and rendering  Mission comprising several humanitarian agencies took place on 12 June to identify the needs and schools non functional for educational purposes. IDPs in host families in Lahj are also of concern, numbers of IDPs from Abyan to the neighbouring Aden and Lahj Governorates (OCHA 20/06).

specifically with consideration of the additional burden on overstretched host family resources. Recommendations for further assessments:  Non displaced population affected by ongoing fighting, especially in Abyan where heavy fighting occurred and humanitarian access is currently impossible.  Set up a national coordination mechanism for needs assessment with one agency focal point identified for each region of interest (North, Capital and South Yemen).  Vulnerable groups including refugees and migrant workers, female headed households, women and girls affected by GBV, children.  A flexible and coordinated assessment approach is recommended for southern governorates receiving IDPs where access to affected population is possible (Aden and Lahj). Key sectoral interventions  Use of a common data collection instrument, targeting IDPs living in public buildings and with host families, with special attention on the impact on host communities. Site assessment is recommended. There is a need to scale up emergency response capacity in anticipation of increased displacement in the Use purposive sampling for IDPs living in host communities. Registration and needs assessment of southern governorates. The current recommended key interventions are as follows: IDPs in public buildings can be representative if numbers do not rise dramatically in the coming days.  WASH: especially provision of clean water, sanitation and hygiene items for IDPs in Abyan, Aden,  The influx of IDPs in southern governorates may increase rapidly if fighting continues, involving local Sa’ada and Hajjah. Health: risk of measles outbreak, primary health care need, especially for IDPS and authorities and leaders for reporting on new arrivals is crucial for better identification of new affected populations in Abyan, Aden and Hajjah. Food Security: For IDPs and affected population in assessment sites. Assessments should explore what the next probable destination of IDPs will be if Abyan, followed by IDPs in Aden and Lahj, IDPs and host population in Lahj, regions that were food fighting extend into the coming weeks. Initial points of departure of new arrivals should be tracked. insecure before - Raymah, Hajja, Ibb, and Al Dhali. Protection: IDPs and affected persons in Abyan are the first priority, followed by IDPs in Aden, Lahj and Sa’ana. Shelter and NFIs: IDPs in Abyan, Aden,  For areas currently affected by conflict (especially Abyan), carry out phone interviews with key informants and design a questionnaire for future field assessment when access and security allow. Lahj and Sa’ana.

2 Operational Constraints Affected Population  Fuel shortages are a major operational constraint, affecting movement and operations and complicating access to affected populations. Fuel has been supplied to Aden in the south and to Sana’a, but it is Definition of affected particularly difficult to ensure transportation to and storage in Haradh in the north where it is badly needed o Directly affected: The population fleeing the violence, Ethiopian migrants stranded on, the population for the functioning of refugee and IDP camps (UN 21/06). living in areas with intense fighting, families actually hosting IDPs.  Insecurity hampers humanitarian assistance throughout Yemen. Humanitarian access remains restricted o Indirectly affected: Host communities: population living in areas with a large influx of IDPs, population in parts of Abyan, Al Jawf, and Amran, Sana’a and Sa’ada Governorates (OCHA 6/06, USAID 17/03). affected by inflation, increased prices, fuel shortages and land and water shortages Many foreign nationals working in the humanitarian sector have been repatriated  The many roadblocks and checkpoints, controlled by various armed groups on land routes leading to Key Figures urban centers have reduced access to vulnerable people (Logistics cluster May 2011). Anti-regime tribesmen have blocked the main Sana’a to Hodeida road (OCHA 20/06). Acquiring security clearance is Registered IDPs before April 2011 Registered IDPs due to recent clashes difficult as the normal interlocutor, the Ministry of Interior, is under duress and new actors keep appearing (WFP 3/06). Region Total State Total  In the Al Houthi controlled areas (total control of Sa’ada as of March 2011) the opposition group has Capital 20,233 Capital 2,020 negotiated with UN agencies to resume some basic services and activities if implemented by national Sana’a 20,233 Sana’a 2,020 staff and partners (UNHCR 2011). North 279,801 North 2394  Widespread presence of IEDs and UXOs (IDMC 2010) are reported. Incidents with land mines and Amran 41,948 Al Jawf (342 families X 7) 2394 vehicle hijackings spurred by political demonstrations in the south have prompted several humanitarian organizations to evacuate staff to the capital Sana’a. Hajjah 103,362 South 40,000 Al Jawf 24,491 Lahj 10,000 Lessons learned Sa’ada 110,000 Abyan 15,000 Lack of humanitarian access has been a recurrent issue during the last six years of internal conflict. South None Aden 15,000 Constraints attached to previous humanitarian operations in Yemen include: Total registered and verified 300,034 Taizz -  Incidents and attacks against humanitarian actors in which humanitarian workers have been killed and/or On hold cases according to 13,785 Total 44,414 arbitrarily detained as well as hijackings involving loss of vehicle and materials. UNHCR/IDMC 2011 Source: OCHA 20/06  Security forces have maintained checkpoints on major roads and have refused to issue travel permits to Grand Total 313,819 areas deemed dangerous.  During previous crises in northern Yemen, local authorities faced serious challenges to provide services Source: UNHCR April 2011 to affected population due to security/access problems and a lack of resources and capacity (CAP 2011).  Both the government and Al Houthi rebels, who controlled the majority of territory in Sa’ada, limit access Refugees: A large majority of a total of 198,050 refugees in Yemen originates from (187,282) to the region and have prevented humanitarian supplies from reaching IDPs and affected host followed by Iraqis (4,346), Ethiopians (4,577) and small numbers of refugees from Eritrea (964) and communities in conflict affected areas various other countries (881) (UNHCR April 2011) Affected group Number Estimation method Directly Affected:

ACAPS Yemen estimated population figures 2011 North: 282,195 South: 42,020 Reported recent and long term Region Total Female Male Displaced Sa’ada: 22,253 displaced Abyan 526,866 49% 51% Refugees : 4,000 Total: 350,468 Aden 725,108 47% 53% Stranded Ethiopian migrants 2,000 Al Jawf 533,139 46% 54% Abyan: 526,866 Al Maharah 107,762 54% 46% Population living in conflict Aden: 725,108 Total population living in areas where Sana’a (Capital) 2,143,431 45% 55% areas Lahj: 875,012 intense fighting is reported Amran 1,061,824 49% 51% Total: 1,251,974 Hajjah 1,783,894 48% 52% Indirectly Affected: Sa’dah: 839,016 Lahj 875,012 50% 50% Hajjah: 1,783,894 Sa’adah 839,016 51% 55% Lahij: 875,012 Total population living in areas with a Host communities Sana’a (Governorate) 1,110,790 52% 48% Aden: 725,108 large influx of IDPs Taizz 2,889,727 49% 51% Abyan: 526,866 Total: 4,749,896 Methodology & sources: Figures based on 2009 estimates (from Yemen in Figures 2009) Population impacted by extrapolated using Government growth rates for 2010 (0.02943) and 2011 (0.02930) for the whole 24,133,492 Total population in country food/price crisis country (from Statistical Yearbook 2009).

3 Scenarios legend constraints blockades by rivalling armed actors Fuel shortages obstruct humanitarian actors from delivering assistance. Probability level Impact Level  Protection, primary health care for affected population and secondary surgical care Highly unlikely No impact Priority needs for injured, WASH, emergency food assistance and emergency shelter and NFIs for Unlikely Impact does not exceed local capacities IDPs.

Likely Impact is likely to exceed local capacities Transitional Government Scenario Probability Level X Very likely Humanitarian intervention needed Crisis lasts until elections-up to six moths Impact level X Almost certain Large scale humanitarian intervention needed

 President Saleh fails to return to Yemen within 60 days or accepts the US supported GCC plan to step down within 32 days. South Yemen AQAP/Jihadist Groups Probability Level X Assumptions Scenario Protracted conflict similar to Somalia  The interim government is led by vice-president Abdu Rabu Mansoor Hadi who will negotiate with opposition groups on government inclusion. New Impact level X elections include both Saleh and Al Ahmar sons as candidates.  Al Qaeda and other jihadist movements continue fighting against  Decreasing levels of protests and low level clashes between Saleh government forces. supporters and pro-revolution forces.  AQAP controlled areas expand from to Lahj and Aden provinces, Context  Preparations for peaceful elections underway. Competing political actors Assumptions targeting port Aden to gain access to the strategically important trade negotiate representation and power sharing under transitional government. corridor from/to Somalia and .  Federalist solutions for varied political groups in north and south discussed.  Central government authority is further weakened; provision of basic Operational Limited humanitarian access due to insecurity, but with improving trends of services is limited or suspended. constraints access.  Increased fighting between AQAP and jihadist groups against government Basic services, livelihoods assistance, registration of IDPs to allow participation Priority needs forces. Looting, robberies, arms and drug smuggling undermine civil order. in elections.  Mobilisation of Al Qaeda affiliated tribal forces in Shabwah, Marib, Al Jawf. Context  High humanitarian caseload. Large scale displacement (500,000-700,000) Sana’a and Northern Conflict Scenario Probability Level st X from Abyan to Aden and Lahj, with secondary displacement into Watch date: 1 of August neighbouring northern governorates. Human rights violations by both sides. Protracted conflict-civil war Impact level X  Humanitarian access is interrupted due to armed conflict and insecurity, road blockades by rivalling armed actors, targeted violence and hijacking of  President Saleh returns from within 60 days of his initial departure on 3rd June. Operational humanitarian staff, use of landmines and explosives will result in evacuation Assumptions constraints of humanitarian staff.  No agreement or settlement on Saleh’s future leadership is taken. The GCC  Fuel shortages obstruct humanitarian actors from delivering assistance. plan remains unsigned and an exit strategy rejected. The closure of the Aden port interrupts supply chains for areas of need.  Protests intensify, fighting in the capital increases and escalates between Al Protection, primary health care for affected population and secondary surgical Ahmar partisans and supporters of the Saleh family who are fighting to Priority needs care for injured, water, emergency food assistance and emergency shelter and retain presidential authority. NFIs for displaced populations.  Fighting between government and opposition forces resumes in other governorates, specifically Amran (origin of the Al Ahmar family) and Taizz, where the youth protest movement is the strongest. South Yemen-Separatist Movement Scenario Probability Level X Crisis lasts six months-up to protracted Context  Fighting between Al Houthi rebels and government forces resume, vying for control of further governorates. conflict Impact level X  High humanitarian caseload. Displacement from Sana’a into neighbouring  Fighting between southern oppositionists and government forces intensifies, governorates such as already overburdened Hajjah (400,000-600,000) incursion of Islamic militants and military opportunists fighting against  Blockage of IDPs and refugees at the borders with Saudi Arabia. government troops. Influence of the Yemeni diaspora with indirect support by Assumptions  Strategic electricity cuts used by the government to undermine protesters Saudi Arabia. morale resulting in a severe lack of potable water and food  Central government authority is undermined, some withdrawal of government  Humanitarian access is interrupted due to armed conflict and insecurity forces; provision of basic services is limited or suspended.  Fuel shortages and electricity cuts obstruct humanitarian assistance.  Fighting between southern oppositionists and government forces intensifies, Operational  Communication blockages by the Al Ahmar family who own one of the incursion of Al Qaeda forces fighting against government troops. Civil constraints biggest mobile phone companies in Yemen. disobedience, demonstrations, armed violence, looting, and attacks.  Checkpoints in Sana’a established by Saleh family disrupt travel, hinder Context  Large scale temporary population displacement within affected governorates access to affected populations. and towards northern governorates causing tribal clashes and competition Protection, primary health care for affected population and secondary surgical over scarce resources (500,000-700,000 displaced) Priority needs care for injured, WASH and food assistance. Emergency assistance to displaced  Extensive human rights violations and high humanitarian caseload. population in the border regions. Operational  Humanitarian access is interrupted due to armed conflict and insecurity, road

4 Country profile – Yemen

Key indicators  63.74 years (male 61/ female 66) (CIA 2011).  In 2011 the crude mortality rate is 7/1000 population (CIA 2011).  As of 2009 <5 mortality rate in Yemen is 66 deaths per 1000 children (live births) (WHO 2009).  According to the Human Development Index, Yemen is one of the poorest countries ranked 133 of 169 countries in 2010 (HDI)  The rural population in Yemen accounts for about 85% of the total population (FAO 2009).  The adult illiteracy rate is 46%, with vast gender disparities: illiteracy among female adults is 65% compared to 27% for men (CAP 2011).  43% of the total population live below the poverty line (IFPRI 2010).  35% of the total population is unemployed (CIA 2003).

Main characteristics  Yemen has a total geographic area of 527,968 sq km and with it ranks 49th out of 249 countries (CIA 2011) and is with it bigger than Thailand (ranking 50th) and slightly smaller than Kenya (ranking 48th)  The total population of Yemen is 24,133,492 (CIA 2011). It is among the fastest growing populations of the world with a growth rate of 2.9% in 2010 (UNFPA).  Yemen is one of the driest, poorest and least developed countries in the world (IFAD). It registers an alarming score on the global hunger index 2010 ranking 74th of 84 countries (GHI). 31.8% of the population is food-insecure (CAP 2011)  High temperatures in summer months, for instance in Haradh, make living conditions for people without appropriate shelter unbearable. This can be problematic for women and girls who are expected be fully covered, according to cultural tradition (CAP 2011).  Yemen ranks with a score of 3/3 (the highest score possible) among the countries with the highest vulnerability and crisis index according to the global needs assessment 2010-2011 (GNA 2011).  Industry (e.g. oil and gas production, petroleum refining; cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing) accounts for 38.8% of GDP, and services for 53%. Most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force. In 2003, the unemployment rate in Yemen was 35% (CIA 2010).  Although less than 3% of land is arable, agriculture still accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of people in the rural areas earn their livelihood from agriculture, including both crop and livestock production (FAO 2009).  There is a high level of urban/rural disparities and gender inequalities, including social exclusion for women and other minorities as well as limited educational and livelihood opportunities (CAP 2011). Socio-cultural norms in Yemen limit the role of women in crisis mitigation. In addition, it is more likely for women to experience protracted displacement since women cannot return without a male counterpart to assist in rebuilding their lives (CAP 2011).  In the first quarter of 2011, Yemen has seen a record number of arrivals of refugees from Somalia and Ethiopia. By the end of April the new arrivals at the Yemeni coast numbered 29,882 (UNHCR).  Most of the country's rural poor people are concentrated in the six governorates of Sana'a, Taiz, Ibb, Hodeida, Dahmar, and Hadramwt. The distribution of land and water resources in these governorates is highly inequitable (IFAD).  Yemen is one of the most water-starved countries in the world, with a water deficit of 1 billion cubic meters per year (CAP 2011).  The three major tribal confederations are the Hashid, Bakil and Madhhaj. 25%-40% of all Yemenis identify themselves as having a tribal affiliation (Small Arms Survey Yemen May 2010).  Governance is weak causing a lack of basic services for the general population (CAP 2011). There is a high level of armed violence due to widespread availability and proliferation of small arms and light weapons exacerbated by weak rule of law, limited political legitimacy of public institutions (Small Arms Survey Yemen May 2010).  Previous Flash appeals and humanitarian response plans have suffered from low funding levels (e.g. 2011 Yemen Humanitarian Response Plan has only been funded at 58%) and an uneven spread of funding across the clusters.  The leaves of qat are chewed as a social habit in Yemen. It is used for recreational purposes and as a stimulant and for the management of depression and obesity. There is growing concern of the health effects of chronic qat use and its influence on the social structure of. In Yemen expenditure on qat is often at the expense of food. (Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010)

Seasonal calendar and critical events timeline JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Gilal NE Hagai SW summer Der fall main rainy season / Gu rainy season winter monsoon / rainy transition spring transition period monsoon season period heat flood/landslide risk storm wave drought events

land early winter sorghum, millet, wheat planting starts - fruits(dates), preparation sowing planting vegetables winter harvest harvest

locust lean season Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by Climate/Rainy Season seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east. Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula.

Source: WFP 2011

5 Disaster profile Yemen’s topography coupled with arid weather conditions render it highly Yemen has susceptible to desertification and floods, and make it a disaster prone  a medium risk exposure to natural disasters (NDRI 2010) country that has experienced at least one disaster per year over the last  a high degree of risk to infectious diseases (CIA 2011). There have two decades (GFDRR 2011). been outbreaks of polio, rift valley fever, dengue fever and malaria in the last 10 years (WHO) Torrential rains leading to flash floods are the most recurrent natural Three main factors exacerbate Yemen’s vulnerability to natural disasters: disaster, followed by landslides and earthquakes (CAP 2011). Areas most  Climate change, including a rise in sea levels, is increasing exposure at risk from flooding are the densely populated region of western Yemen, to droughts and flash floods. including Sada’a, Sana’a, Taiz, and Abyan governorates (GFDRR 2011).  The depletion of water resources is increasing aridity and reducing future economic prospects, making Yemen more vulnerable to natural disasters  Ineffective urban planning combines negatively with development in hazard prone areas and is aggravated by poor drainage systems, a lack of building regulations, and extensive building of traditional mud structures on the edge of river beds. A significant proportion of the urban poor live in informal settlements, typically on marginal or hazardous lands, where vulnerability to risks from rock and landslides is high (GFDRR 2011). Yemen’s approach to managing disasters is currently reactive, focused on post disaster relief and recovery activities (GFDRR 2011).

# of affected population – Top 10 disaster 1980/2010 (Preventionweb)

Current humanitarian response:  In northern Yemen, the Sa’ada Humanitarian Response Plan includes coverage of nine priority districts, and surrounding areas, by humanitarian actors. Through the implementation of the plan, the channel of communication between the Humanitarian Country Team and Al Houthis remains open (OCHA 20/06). Sixteen INGOs and UN agencies are party to the plan which covers coordinated response activities in health, protection, CCCM/shelter, WASH, education, nutrition, early recovery, and food and agriculture sectors through end July 2011  Similar initiatives are underway in southern Yemen, where the cluster system has been activated (OCHA 20/06). International agencies are providing services to recent IDPs in Aden and Lahj. Humanitarian responses include WASH, food, NFIs, water trucking, hygiene items, health, protection, and shelter (CARE 2011).  In Sana’a, the humanitarian community is supporting both IDPs and those affected by the conflict in protection, NFIs, food, water, WASH, and cash transfers for recent IDPs (CARE 2011).  There is a lack of information on the current activities of local and national actors.

Stakeholder Overview The shift from traditional tribal leadership (sheikhs) to a patronage-based republican political system in Yemen during the 1970s led to the co-opting of many sheikhs and has generated an increasingly uneven distribution of state resources. It has also marginalised areas that traditionally lacked access to power and exacerbated the grievances between the tribal north and the secessionist south (SAS 2010) to which the following stakeholders are representatives:

President Saleh and the Saleh family: After a rocket attack on the Al Houthi Rebels: The Al Houthi movement is based on the twelver and presidential palace in Sana’a on 3rd June president Ali Abdullah Saleh was Zaidi Shiites. The group comprises around 40% of Yemen’s population and injured and left the country to undergo medical treatment in Saudi-Arabia. is centred largely in the northern areas of the country. Claiming a lack of Yemen's vice president for the last 17 years, Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, good governance and a restriction on freedom of religion, the movement was elevated to the presidency (Al Jazeera 5/06). The president’s family has conducted six rounds of war against the state since 2004. During the and the broader Sanhan tribe hold key positions in the military and sixth war in November 2009, Saudi Arabia joined the Yemeni government intelligence services (SAS 2010). The elite Republican Guard is headed by in fighting against the Al Houthi, claiming that the rebels had infiltrated Saleh's son, Ahmed. Collectively, Saleh's family commands tens of Saudi territory (Yemen Times 1/06). Al Houthi rebels have had regular thousands of troops, many of them the best-trained and best-equipped in access to weaponry (mostly bought from governments soldiers and allied Yemen (Al Jazeera 5/06). Government sources have reported(5/06) that militia members) enabling sustained cyclical conflict with the Yemeni Saleh's sons and nephews have not left the country, giving Saleh a strong government (SAS 2010). In March 2011, they gained full control of the power base inside Yemen. Sa’ada governorate (UNHCR April 2011) taking on security and basic services (Yemen Times 1/06). The Al Ahmar Family: The Al Ahmar family is one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Yemen and is regarded to lead the largest and Southern secessionist movements: The southern secessionist best organised opposition party, the moderate Islamic Islah which movement, set up in 2007, is a loose collection of individuals and groups dominates the Joint Meeting Parties (JMP) coalition of opposition groups. with diverse interests (US DOS Yemen 2010). The movement presents The JMP was among the first to join the initial student protests in the itself as a broadly based popular movement and not as a political party capital. (IRIN 4/03) and played a significant role in the negotiations of (Reuters 1/03). Political protests, clashes, and violence based on the call possible options for Saleh's exit. Last month, it signed the Gulf for secession are mainly concentrated in Lahj and neighbouring areas of Cooperation Council plan putting itself at odds with the protesters on Aden and Al Dhale (SAS 2010). Separatists want to see a Sudan-style Yemen's streets, who rejected the deal's promise of immunity and its 30- referendum on southern secession (Reuters 1/03). There are reports of day window for Saleh to step down. The JMP has historically been a targeted detentions of southern activists (AI 22/02) and excessive force disorganised party; it has few recognisable leaders and lacks a clear against demonstrators by the government in 2010 (US DOS Yemen 2010). political platform (Al Jazeera 5/06). The sons of Abdullah Al Ahmar, the former leader of the Hashid tribal Jihadi Movements/Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen is a confederation, constitute one of the strongest political forces in the country home to a range of diverse jihadi movements. There are two generations (Al Jazeera 5/06). The tribe's leader, Sheikh Sadiq Al Ahmar, was once of jihadi groups: an older generation of Afghan-Soviet war veterans and a one of the president's staunchest supporters, but as the protests against newer generation associated with Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula the president gathered momentum, Sheikh Al Ahmar has turned against (AQAP). The latter is of particular concern to many observers as Yemen him. has assumed growing significance as a base for Al Qaeda affiliated groups During the recent protests, Hamid Al Ahmar sent his tribesmen to protect and acts of terrorism since the early 1990s (SAS 2010). Islamic militants demonstrators. In light of this Yemen's political crisis is widely reported as associated with AQAP terrorism directed violent attacks against a struggle between Saleh and members of the Al Ahmar family, especially government personnel and installations, and targeted violence against Hamid, who has long been considered a potential successor to western tourists and diplomats, exacerbating the political and security Saleh (IRIN 4/03)(Al Jazeera 5/06). situation in the south (US DOS Yemen 2010).

6 Displacement profile

IDPs  Internal armed conflict in Sa’ada in the north Background: Clashes between Al Houthi groups and the Yemeni government escalated into open conflict in the sixth round of hostilities between 2004 and 2010, even reaching the outskirts of the capital, Sana’a. Intermittent violence has continued in affected governorates since the February 2010 S o u r c e : ceasefire. The governorates of Sa’ada, Amran, U N H C R 3 0 / 0 4 Hajjah and Al Jawf were particularly affected. At the peak of displacements, approximately 342,000 people were registered as IDPs. When full-scale hostilities resumed in August 2009, thousands of people fled towards Sa’ada city, Baqim district in northern Sa’ada, and further south to Hajjah, Amran, Al Jawf and Sana’a governorates. IDPs attempting to flee to Saudi Arabia were prevented from crossing the border and those who crossed were subject to refoulement back to Yemen (IDMC 2010). In September 2010, there were 10 IDP camps (6 in Sa’ada, 3 in Hajjah and 1 in Amran Governorate) hosting around 15% of the total IDP population (IRIN 2010, UNHCR 30/04). By the 30th of April, IDPs represented 36.6% of the total population in Sa’ada and 34% in Hajjah (UNHCR 30/04). Current situation northern governorates: The return rate of IDPs from northern governorates fleeing the civil war is low. As of April 2011, 300,034 IDPs are still registered by UNHCR. The current estimate for return in 2011 is only 20% (IDMC 2010). Main obstacles to return are: insecurity in the conflict affected areas, presence of mines, destruction and looting of property, lack of livelihoods, as well as fear of retaliation on tribal or political grounds (IDMC 2010). Next to the existing IDPs, northern governorates are also seeing an influx of IDPs fleeing the conflict in Sana’a. In addition, Al Houthi and anti-government tribal conflict in April 2011 has led to displacement of at least 342 families in southern Al-Jawf (OCHA 20/06).

 Southern governorates Background: Until 1990, Yemen was divided into two states; the northern and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen in the south (HRW, October 1994; USDoS, 2007). After three short wars, national reconciliation led to the unified Republic of Yemen in 1990. Differences were never resolved however, and civil war broke out in 1994. Tensions have since persisted, with southerners continuing to protest against political exclusion, harassment, and the presence of military camps and checkpoints (IDMC 2010). Tensions in the south of Yemen, throughout 2009 and in 2010, have caused displacement though it has been limited to date (perhaps several hundred households) with limited information on the situation of those IDPs (IDMC 2010). o Abyan: The southern city of Zinjibar has virtually emptied since its takeover by alleged Al-Qaeda militants in May (AFP 21/06), and at least 40,000 people have fled the city. The number of IDPs fleeing Abyan increases daily. 15,000 IDPs are currently estimated to be scattered in Abyan, but limited access to Abyan Governorate is inhibiting IDP data collection (OCHA 20/06) would be useful to include a population estimate for Abyan here if possible. o Aden: Since 2007, Aden has been the centre of separatist protests in Yemen's southern provinces. Around 15,000 people from Abyan have fled to Aden , most of whom are living in 33 schools (OCHA 20/06). o Lahj: There are around 10,000 IDPs fleeing recent violence in Abyan currently in Lahj, most of them living in host families. Reports of an attack by armed militant groups on a district in neighbouring Lahj Governorate raise concerns about a second displacement of those IDPs who have already fled from Abyan (OCHA 20/06).

 Civil clashes, religious tensions and natural disasters: religious tensions between Sunni and Jewish communities in northern Yemen and recurring tribal clashes particularly in northern governorates have led to small scale displacements. There has also been displacement due to natural disaster, most recently witnessed in the flash floods in October 2008 in southern Governorates, creating 20,000 to 25,000 IDPs (IDMC 2010).  Tribal conflicts: Though there are no clear figures available, analysts point out that tribal conflicts have entailed modest rates of displacement (IDMC 2010). These conflicts are caused by tribal vendettas (thar), by disputes over land and water, and out of tribal allegiance with different parties to the conflict (IDMC 2010).

Refugees and migrants Background: Some 198,050 refugees, predominantly Somalis, have been registered in Yemen over the past two decades. Currently, Ethiopians account for two-thirds of new arrivals. A total of approximately 10,000 people from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, the occupied Palestinian territories and Sudan have been recognized as refugees (UNHCR April 2011). More than 90% of them live in urban areas. Somali refugees are accepted on a prima facie basis while non-Somali refugees have to go through a Refugee Status Determination process. Refugees have spread across the country, with higher concentrations in the urban centres of Sana'a and Basateen. There is one refugee camp, Kharaz camp, in the southern Lahj governorate. Current situation: Approximately 4,000 Somali refugees were displaced as a consequence of conflict in Sana’a and the resulting insecurity (OCHA 20/06). By 21st June, more than 2,000 Ethiopian migrants were stranded near Yemen's border with Saudi Arabia in very bad conditions and unable to return home (BBC 21/06).

Key Lessons from past experiences  During the 2004-2010 conflict in North Yemen, only 15% of IDPs were gathered in camps or identified informal settlements. 85% were within host communities living in makeshift shelters, mosques, schools, open spaces or renting apartments (IDMC 2010).  Most IDPs living outside camps have opted not to move to camps for reasons including: overcrowding in the camps; inability to travel to the camps; challenges in livestock ownership and lack of facilities to care for livestock; cultural barriers including lack of privacy and possible fears regarding registration by Yemeni authorities (IDMC 2010).  In 2010 it was found that many IDPs were displaced two or three times over the last few years and their needs are extensive. It is estimated that of those IDPs more than 85% were women or children (IDMC 2010).  IDPs have reportedly faced discrimination and tensions with host communities in accessing basic services, employment, education and shelter. IDPs located in host communities are exposed to greater hazards than those in the camps particularly for older IDPs, single headed households, and IDPs with disabilities (IDMC 2010).

7 Sectoral pages – Livelihood and Food Security

Key information Food security profile (WFP CFSS, 2010)  Yemen is a low income country that is highly dependent on declining oil resources for revenue. Petroleum accounts for roughly 25% of GDP and  In 2010, a WFP Comprehensive Food Security Survey reported about 70% of government revenue. 6.8 million Yemenis (31.5%) as food-insecure and, within this group, 2.5  Yemen has severely suffered from the impacts of the global food, fuel million people (11.8%) as severely food-insecure (two northern and financial crises, with poverty levels rising as a direct result from 35% governorates were not included in this survey for security reasons). pre-crisis to 38% in 2008 and 43% in 2009. All the while, the WFP currently estimates that 7.2 M people are food insecure and of Government’s ability to provide basic services has been challenged by these 2.7 M are severely food insecure). declining oil production and prices (IFPRI 2010).  There are significant regional differences in terms of food security in  Yemen’s food availability is mainly ensured by commercial imports Yemen. Rural areas are more affected and have double the share of (Yemen imports 90% of wheat requirements and 100% of rice, the two food-insecure people than those living in urban areas. The severely basic staples), making the country highly vulnerable to international food-insecure population is concentrated in Ad Daleh, Amran, Ibb and market price volatilities transmitting down to the local level, as witnessed Rayma, with more than one in five people considered to be severely in 2007/08 with wheat price increases of 88% (WFP 2008). Further food insecure in each. compounding this complex crisis are the high food prices and the rapid  Main causes for food insecurity in Yemen are reported to be poverty, fluctuation of the Yemeni Riyal. Given that 96% of Yemenis are net exposure to market price volatility, limited sustainable investments in buyers (IFPRI 2010), high food prices are one of the determining factors rural infrastructure and livelihoods, limited investment in human of household food insecurity in Yemen. development (especially for women), population growth, high level of  Traders source commodities in Aden, Hodeidah and Sana’a, which are dependants, limited access to safe water and health facilities in rural then transported to local markets (WFP 2011) areas.  Agriculture plays an important role in Yemen’s economy. Although it contributes to only 15% of the national gross domestic product, it Who are the food insecure: employs more than half of the labour force and is the main source of  More than half of all food-insecure households (52.2%) are engaged in livelihood to more than two-thirds of the population (CAP 2011). making a living from the following livelihoods: wage labour (agricultural  The rural population in Yemen accounts for about 85% of the total and non-agricultural); crop and livestock production; reliance on the population of which 80% earn their livelihood from agriculture, including receipt of in-country remittances, family support and social benefits; and both crop and livestock production (FAO 2009). livestock trading. Additional characteristics that food-insecure  Reflecting favourable rainfall, production of cereals in 2010 was households have in common include high dependency ratio, limited estimated to be more than 40% higher than the last five years average. formal education, and low diversity of income activities. Land is currently being prepared for 2011 sorghum, maize and millet  Rural food-insecure households mainly grow cereals in limited crops, due for harvest from September, while sowing of 2011 wheat, quantities and qat, predominately relying on rainwater for cultivation. barley and pulses crops is underway under generally normal weather They purchase their food on a less regular basis and tend to make use conditions (FAO 2011). of informal credit sources. The largest share of their monthly  expenditures is bread, followed by health expenses and qat. The quality Current situation of their diet is poor.  Food security in Yemen continues to deteriorate due to the current  In 2009 food-insecure households indicated that their greates political unrest and sustained increases in already high food and fuel challenges were high food prices, insufficient rainfall and lack of prices. Food prices are 37% above the peak of the 2008 food-price drinking water. crisis level. The price of wheat continues to rise. It has been reported IDPs represent one of the most food-insecure population groups in that retail prices change 3-4 times a week. The price of imported wheat Yemen, this is compounded by the fact that the conflict-affected Sa’ada has risen by 77% compared to April and is now 117% higher than the and Hajjah governorates also suffer from some of the highest food last five-year average. (FEWSNET 2011). insecurity levels in the country (CAP 2011).There are insufficient  A WFP FS monitoring exercise implemented in May 2011 in 4 food- employment opportunities and consequently IDPs in the conflict-affected insecure governorates (Raymah, Hajja, Ibb and Amran) shows that on areas in Sa’ada are totally dependent on food assistance. As a result, average, the price has increased by 40%, with highest increase in rice IDPs report having to sell part of their food provision for cash so that (67%), followed by vegetable oil (33%), flour (38%) and sugar (22%). they can meet other household needs  As a result of wheat flour price increase, highly food insecure groups devote 30-35% of their expenditures to bread alone. People who can Key Priorities afford it have stocked food commodities as a protection mechanism Most Affected Areas against unforeseeable events (FEWSNET 2011). The whole country is affected by staple food price increases. Specific areas of concern are: Northern governorates:  Abyan, Aden, and Lahj governorates: need for food assistance for  Changes in food consumption pattern have already been observed in IDPs fleeing violence (OCHA 07/06) Sa’ada governorate as well as reduction of daily food intake. Rice was  Sa’ada and Hajjah; high food insecurity levels and displacement. not considered a normal staple for people but now has becomes the  Yemen: general population affected by staple food price increases, main meal in their dietary system (FEWSNET 2011). specifically in already food insecure governorates such as Raymah,  Scarce resources result in insufficient employment opportunities for Hajja, Ibb, and Al Dhali. IDPs. st  On the 21 of May, food distribution in the north had not been affected Most affected Groups and is ongoing following the Sa’ada Response Plan (OCHA 06/21).  IDPs fleeing violence in southern Governorates

 Host families in southern Governorates, Sa’ada and Hajjah Sa’ana:  IDPs and host communities in Sa’ada, Hajjah and Amran will need  Power cuts, fuel, and cooking gas shortages, as well as water cuts have continued food supply increased dramatically (Yemen Times 30/05).  Severely food insecure population identified during the CFSS 2010  Confrontations are leading to delays in the supplies of traders, causing survey. price hikes on food commodities. The prices are extremely volatile and

are really skyrocketing on a regular basis. In Sana'a, the population has reduced their daily intake of food and resorted more to begging/relying Key priorities even more on charity and assistance from family members (WFP 3/06).  Provision of food rations (e.g. high energy biscuits, cereals, pulses, vegetable oil, salt and sugar) for IDPs in public buildings and within Southern governorates: host families.  Market places, supermarkets, and shops remain closed in Aden, few  Assessment of food security conditions of newly displaced groups food retailers are still open in other southern cities (Abyan, Taizz, Ibb) with focus on particularly vulnerable groups (children, older heads of There is limited access to food for all groups. (FEWSNET 2011). household, female headed households, and households with a  According to a Rapid Needs Assessment on the needs of those person with a disability). displaced from Abyan in Aden, only 10% are self reliant regarding food  Assistance with revitalisation and diversification of livelihoods as IDPs needs (OCHA 20/06). seek durable solutions.

8 Sectoral pages – Health Key indicators Recent developments Life expectancy: 63.74 years (male 61/ female 66) (CIA 2011).  The security situation prevents health workers from reporting for work. An estimated 30% of the population, mostly older women (aged 60+) Health service coverage and children, are facing difficulties in accessing health services. The  The health care system is poorly developed and is estimated to reach crisis has also interrupted regular health programs for primary health just over half the population. Rural health care services are scarce, with care, especially for children, reproductive health and vaccinations. The only 25% of rural areas covered by health services, compared with 80% acute shortages of fuel and electricity further threaten the cold chain for of urban areas (WHO 2009). vaccination storage (WHO 9/06).  There are 28 physicians per 10,000 population (WHO 2009), and 791  Many government employees have significantly reduced their activities health centres throughout the country translating to one center per or have ceased to function altogether. Health facilities and social welfare 30,000 people. In addition to this low coverage, many facilities are not have stopped operating in many locations, raising concerns that those functional due to lack of staff and shortages of essential medicines and with chronic medical conditions are increasingly at life threatening risk. supplies (CAP 2011). (OCHA 06/06).  Only 58% of <1 year olds are immunized against measles (WHO 2011).  The limited number of trained health workers and the shortage of trauma management equipment and supplies are affecting the  Mental health services remain almost totally neglected due to limited availability of resources (CAP 2011). treatment of victims of the conflict (WHO 9/06).  According to UNICEF, insecurity and chronic petrol shortages have led  A mere 4.3% of government expenditure is spent on health (WHO to the closure of 30% of immunization facilities and there are concerns 2009). about vaccine safety at the remaining facilities (UN 21/06).

Morbidity and mortality Southern governorates:  Prevalence of TBC is 85 per 100 000 population (WHO 2009).  According to WHO, Yemen’s southern governorates are facing an  The infant mortality rate is 58 deaths per 1,000 live births (USAID outbreak of diarrhoeal diseases (UN 21/06). 2011).  There is an ongoing diarrhoea outbreak since the 7th of April 2011 in the  The mortality rate for children < 5 is improving, but at least 50% of all Abyan Governorate where 742 cases have been reported (OCHA infant deaths are in the first month of life (USAID 2009). Causes of 06/06, OCHA 07/06, OCHA 20/06). The real number of people death among children aged <5 are: diarrhoea (21%), other (20%), affected is likely to be much higher as there is no system to collect and pneumonia (19%), birth asphyxia (11%), congenital abnormalities (5%), report the cases. neonatal sepsis (5%), injuries (3%), malaria (1%) and measles (1%)  Almost all public health services in Abyan are not functional (UN (WHO 2009). 21/06).  Malnutrition is the underlying cause of 60% of <5 mortality in Yemen  IDPs in governorates Laji, Aden and Abyan suffer from a lack of (UNICEF 2010). hygiene kits, access to sufficient clean water, and a lack of sanitation  A high fertility rate (6.2 children per woman), closely spaced facilities, exposing them to risks of epidemics. Health care is deemed a pregnancies, and early age of marriage and first birth (USAID 2009) main emergency need for IDPs in these governorates (OCHA 20/06). lead to a high maternal mortality rate of 365/100,000 live births. (CAP  In Aden a shortage of medicines was reported (OCHA 7/06). 2011). This is coupled with a low skilled birth attendant rate of 36% (WHO 2000)). Sana’a  Chronic disease accounted for 43% of all deaths in 2002 (WHO 2003).  An assessment recently conducted in Sana’a did not identify health as  Malaria is one of the most serious health problems in Yemen, with an emergency need for IDPs. However, as there is a lack of clean nearly 81% of the population at risk (WHO 2009). Malaria transmission water and hygiene supplies, there is a risk of disease and that health season in the coastal areas and island takes place from concerns will increase unless the issues are addressed (OCHA 20/06). October to April and in mountainous areas from May to September after rainfalls (Republic of Yemen, 2006). In 2009, only 16% of household Northern governorates owned an Insecticide-Treated Net (WHO 2009).  Haradh: There is a shortage of medical staff and facilities in Haradh to  Yemen has a low prevalence of HIV/AIDS among the populations cater for stranded migrants. There has been an outbreak of measles as (0.14-0.2% of the population) (UNAIDS 2010). well as incidences of cerebral malaria. The shortage of fuel is of grave concern as many of the facilities/services in the camps such as water Nutrition supply and healthcare rely on fuel to be operational (OCHA 20/06).  A 2009 CFSS assessment found that one in four Yemeni women  Sa’ada: Lack of infrastructure. Healthcare is a priority need (OCHA suffered from malnutrition, and about half were anaemic. Maternal 7/06). malnutrition is the key underlying cause for the high maternal morbidity  Al Hudaydah: Power outages and very high temperatures have and mortality rates in Yemen (CAP 2011). paralyzed the provision of health services; a large amount of blood  Yemen has the second highest rates of stunting and underweight banks was spoiled; patients have suffered suffocations (YT 22/06). children in the world. 58% of children <5 are stunted because of chronic Key priorities malnutrition, and 46% are underweight. This is the second highest rate Most vulnerable groups: in the world (CAP 2011). Very low rates of exclusive breastfeeding are one explanation; only 12% of children < 6 months old are exclusively  IDPs, especially those residing in remote areas or still trapped in breastfed (UNICEF 2010). The situation is more serious in the north conflict areas in Abyan governorate where a nutrition assessment based on MUAC methodology was  Women and girls: women remain hard to reach in Yemen and are often carried out in five districts of Sa’ada in July 2010 suggesting that the forbidden from receiving health services from male providers and prevalence of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) was 17% and moderate prohibited from leaving unless accompanied by a man (USAID 2011). acute malnutrition 28% (UNICEF 2011).  Children, especially those displaced. Lessons Learned  Refugees and migrants  The influx of IDPs during the conflict in north Yemen overwhelmed the  Those suffering from chronic diseases and/or disability, including the health system. The population living outside the camps, especially in older population of persons aged 60+. remote areas, were in need of primary health care services, reproductive health, mental health and treatment for chronic health Most affected areas: problems (CAP 2011).  Abyan – diarrhoea outbreak with health facilities under pressure due to  During the conflict in north Yemen and as a consequence of lack of current conflict situation. shelter, poor water quality and poor hygiene, there were high number  Governorates of Lahj, Aden and Abyan, especially rural areas where of cases of diarrhoea, bronchial diseases, and typhus reported IDPs are residing; overburdening an already weak health system. especially amongst displaced children (IDMC 2010).  Haradh camp and conflict affected people, returning IDPs in Sa’ada.  Priorities in 2011 CAP include: integrated primary health care, comprehensive reproductive health care, mental health services, Key priorities: vaccination and treatment of chronic illnesses for IDPs, primary health  Health assessment affected northern and southern governorates services for refugees.  Monitoring of diarrhoeal diseases and measles outbreak.  The health sector in the 2011 Yemen CAP suffers from low funding levels (currently received only 21% of original requirements).  Support to: health facilities, immunisation facilities, treatment chronic illnesses.

9 Sectoral pages – WASH Key Information Recent developments  Yemen has grave water shortages and relies on groundwater for Electricity and fuel shortages have had a great impact on water prices in 3 supply. Only 125m is available annually per capita. Groundwater is cities throughout the country. The price of one water truck has increased heavily overexploited and polluted (GTZ, 2005). This is 10% of the from 5$ to 50$. Water supply in urban areas was cut off due to electricity regional average and less than 2% of the global average (Small Arms rationalisation by the government. Without fuel to run the generators Survey 2010). pumping drinking water and water for irrigation the population is facing a  With extremely low levels of rainfall across the country, conflict over severe need for potable water. (Yemen Times 23/06) water is intimately connected to land issues in Yemen, tends to be seasonal and is most common during the rainy seasons Southern governorates (approximately March–May and July–September) (Small Arms  As of June 15th at least 742 patients were reportedly admitted for Survey 2010). diarrhoea in hospitals in Abyan. WHO warns that the real number  Yemen’s groundwater reserves are predicted to be used up within the of diarrhoea cases might be much higher with a risk of the next 20 to 30 years. Such uncertainty is problematic in a country outbreaks spreading (UN 21/06). where nearly ¾ of citizens live in rural areas and depend directly on  The diarrhoea outbreak in Abyan continues, with a total of 742 farming and herding for their survival (Alertnet 6/05/2011). cases reported (OCHA 20/06).  Water shortage is acute and chronic in most parts of the country. This has worsened after the 2007-2008 drought and in 2009 by Sa’ada irregular and out-of-season rainfall resulting in the country being unable  UN agencies continue to report inadequate water and sanitation to replenish its rapidly depleting water supply (IDMC 2010). This facilities for IDPs living with host families, particularly in Sa’ada, also had a detrimental impact on the livelihoods of rain-fed where the influx of IDPs and refugees has exceeded the city’s sustenance farmers and has increased rural-urban displacement capacity (USAID 17/03). (IDMC 2010).  Unsafe water sources are increasingly being used, increasing the  Over the last decades, groundwater has been over-extracted due to incidence of water borne diseases including cholera (IASC uncontrolled drilling and over-irrigation, with the latter accounting for Contingency Plan, Annex 1, 2011) about 90% of Yemen’s groundwater consumption (CAP, 2010).  Many villages rely on water trucks to deliver water supplies, and this Northern governorates dependency has been exacerbated over the last few years. With  In , heavy rains have destroyed latrines and severe diesel and petrol shortages, some water delivery companies reduced functioning of water supplies; 90% of destroyed latrines in have either doubled their prices (Guardian 26/05) or ceased delivery camps I and III have been repaired (OCHA 06/06). altogether leaving many areas without drinkable water, increasing risk of water borne disease and other health complications (Yemen Times  Fuel shortages continue to cause concern for both poor Yemeni 23/05). families and for the delivery of humanitarian activities, particularly for WASH (increasing the difficulty in accessing water via ground  Between 1995 and 2008, 2.8 million people in Yemen gained access water pumps) and health services in IDP camps in Hajjah to an improved water source (WHO 2010). However, access to Governorate (OCHA 06/06)and in Haradh (OCHA 20/06). The improved drinking water shows a downward national trend. 72% of shortage of fuel has adversely affected activities reducing water the urban population had access to improved drinking water in 2008, supplies for all three Al Mazrak camps. Usually 20-25 litres of water down from 88% in 1995; only 57% of the rural population has access per person are provided, but due to the lack of fuel an average of to improved drinking water down slightly from 60% in 1995 (WHO 12.4 liters per person was distributed to a total of 20,433 IDPs. 2010). 8,285 IDPs residing outside of the camp had better access to water  Water collection trips of over 30 minutes are common, and those through water trucking whereby they received 25 litres per day spending more than half an hour per round trip progressively collect (OCHA 20/06). However, Haradh is currently benefitting from repair less water, and eventually fail to meet their families’ minimum daily and restoration of damaged water collection points (OCHA 07/06). drinking-water needs (WHO 2010).  Services in rural areas are provided by community-based water committees which were imposed by local institutions. More than 50% Key Priorities of systems have broken down due to internal management conflicts, Most Affected Areas leading to negligence of operation and poor maintenance (WHO  Aden – need for clean water and sanitation for incoming IDPs fleeing 2011). violence (OCHA 7/06)  Zinjibar – need for clean water and sanitation for IDPs affected by Sanitation conflict (OCHA 7/06)  7.5 million people in Yemen gained access to improved sanitation  Haradh – the lack of fuel is increasing health risks due to poor WASH from 1995 to 2008. 2010 estimates show that 94% of the urban services (OCHA 20/06). population has access to improved sanitation, up from 64% in 1990.  Sa’ada – need for clean water and sanitation for incoming IDPs However, only 33% of the rural population had access to improved fleeing violence (OCHA 7/06) sanitation, up from 6% in 1990 (WHO 2010).  Sa’ana – residents are depending on ICRC generators at two water  The rapidly expanding population, expected to double by 2030, has pumping stations to reinforce the existing network and provide led to sanitation and waste management challenges (CAP, 2010). 270,000 residents with basic emergency water (ICRC 8/06).  35% or rural Yemenis still defecate in the open compared with 3% of  Hajjah Governorate – IDPs in camps and in host families. urban residents (WHO 2010).

 It is estimated that waterborne diseases are the underlying cause of about 70% of infant mortality. Urgent improvement in access to Most affected Groups quality drinking water and the availability of quality drinking water and  IDPs staying in public buildings adequate sanitation is critical to reduce the burden of waterborne  IDPs in host families diseases (CAP 2010).  Children, older person, persons with chronic illness, and persons with disabilities who are at especially high risk of water borne disease and who may have compromised access to water sources.

Priorities for Intervention  Provision of improved water sources, water supply, basic sanitation, and hygiene kits for IDPs, host famlies.  For those newly displaced in public buildings, sanitation services will quickly break down under the burden and WASH support will be needed.  Implementation of services to support especially vulnerable persons.  Equitable access to water supplies and water sources for both displaced and non displaced.

10 Sectoral pages – Protection Structural issues Current situation Women’s Rights  The ongoing fighting and ensuing displacement across the country is Access to justice is particularly difficult for poor, rural women, as they face serving to exacerbate existing protection concerns. Fears exist that severe restrictions on freedom of movement and must be accompanied by the fighting could worsen the existing humanitarian situation in the male guardians. Illiteracy, lack of awareness of their rights and their north by reducing access to vulnerable populations including 320,000 general absence in public life all further hamper women’s access to justice IDPs, and 190,000 refugees in the whole of Yemen (IRIN 27/05). (Amnesty 2009). Women are valued as half the worth of men when they  During the February conflict, the Human Rights Watch observed that testify in court or when their families are compensated if they are Yemeni security forces in Aden repeatedly used excessive force, murdered. Gender inequalities are extreme, rendering isolated women including live ammunition, against largely peaceful protesters. The highly vulnerable, putting them at higher risk during emergencies, HRW further noted that Yemeni security forces detained dozens of jeopardising their livelihoods and capacity to cope and recover during peaceful protesters in contradiction to the Yemen Code of Criminal emergencies, and exposing them to GBV (CAP, 2010). Procedures, which stipulates that individuals cannot be arrested unless apprehended in a criminal act or served with an arrest warrant. Child Protection Some detainees were released, others disappeared (HRW, 2011). The early marriage of both boys and girls is common across Yemen, with  UNHCR says concerns for the security of the 181,561 Somali many leaving school early to marry. Girls marry as young as age eight and refugees in Yemen are growing. Opposition media reports allege exposure to pregnancy and childbirth at an early age risks their health and that the Yemen government is recruiting Somali refugees as that of their children. Girls denied full education become economically and mercenaries to help put down a growing protest movement socially dependent on their husbands. (Amnesty 2009). Despite attempts demanding the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. This to raise the legal minimum for marriage to 17 (IRIN 2/10), early marriage has serious implications for the protection of refugees in the practices continue. Children are also exposed to risks of recruitment by Al short and long term. Somali refugees in Yemen are mostly urban- Houthis, tribal militias, and the Yemen Army (HRW, 14/4/11); concerns for based and granted prima facie refugee status by a government that the safety of children against child recruitment rise with increased has adopted an open door policy (IRIN 10/03). Refugees and asylum hostilities. Child trafficking is a protection concern across the country; seekers are often blamed for crimes, prostitution and spread of children are being smuggled both into Saudi Arabia and internally HIV/AIDS. Non-Somali refugees are particularly targeted with trafficked (UNHCR June 2009). harassment and intimidation (CAP 2011).  Roughly 4,000 Somali refugees were displaced due to conflict in (Religious) minorities Sana’a; many were previously employed as domestic workers and Roughly 370 Yemeni Jews live in Yemen and have been affected by now require humanitarian aid because their livelihoods have vanished internal conflict in the Sa’ada governorate as well by tensions in Amran with increased political and economic instability (OCHA 20/06). governorate. 400 Jews residing in Rayda and Bait Harrash in Amran have  Some refugees have found the validity of their ID cards provided by reported increased harassment and intimidation by Salafi extremists UNCHR challenged by the Yemeni police (Yemen Times 18/06). (Yemen Times, Dec 2008, Apr and Feb 2009). In January 2007, the  Children face increasing risks to their safety, health and wellbeing Jewish community of Sa’ada was displaced with Yemeni government through exposure to conflict. Yemeni parents continue to take their support to Sana ‘a after allegedly being threatened by Al Houthi members children to demonstrations, exposing them to risk and increasing their (IDMC 2010). D isplaced Jews continue to reside in Sana'a, however vulnerability to fatal dangers, says SEYAJ Organization for Childhood inadequate livelihood opportunities, concerns over discrimination, and Protection Chairman Ahmed Al Gorashi (UNICEF 21/03) - According limited assistance increase their vulnerability (IDMC 2010). to ADRA, over 49% of those displaced during May/June fighting in The Akhdam (or Al Muhamasheen) are the more than half a million Arabic Sana'a were children (ADRA 2011) speaking Muslims who do not belong to the three main Arab tribes in Key priorities Yemen. As such, they are subject to discrimination and lack of access to Most Affected Areas basic services, economic opportunities and resources (International Dalit Solidarity Network 6/06). Roughly 100 Akhdam families were among the  Abyan, Lahj, and Aden – movement of IDPs from Zinjibar and most vulnerable people affected by the October 2008 floods in south- surrounds due to heavy fighting and militant takeover (OCHA eastern Yemen. There is concern about the Sa’ada Akhdam community 19/06). and how the conflict will increase their risk of displacement. Akhdam have  Sana’a - the protection of IDPs, mostly women and children and been among the displaced in camps and host community in Hajjah (IDMC refugees has been adversely affected by conflict (OCHA 07/06). 2010). 2,020 IDPs affected by conflict in Al-Hasaba require protection after the latest violence in the capital (OCHA 20/06). Persons with Specific Needs  Al Jawf – continues to see armed clashes and an arrival of IDPs Yemen has implemented both old age pensions and pensions for person (OCHA 07/06) 342 families since April. with disability since 1991 and 2002 respectively. However, both pension systems are funded by employees and employers and thus overlook older Most affected Groups persons and persons with disabilities working in the informal sector  Women and girls affected by GBV – according to the IASC, there (HelpAge 2010), (SSA 2011) and (Disability World 2005). Unaccompanied are concerns of a significant increase in human rights abuses and older IDPs, older female caregivers and older persons with disabilities GBV violations. Protection needs increase in all affected rural and remain vulnerable to protection violations. The overwhelming majority of urban locations (IASC contingency plan 2011). disabled Yemeni, particularly those in rural areas, remain without access to  Children – the IASC fears a significant increase in numbers of services. Women with disabilities (of whom 95% were illiterate in 1999) are separated children and a sharp increase in the number of children at greatest risk (Disability World 2005). drafted into militia groups (IASC contingency plan 2011).

 Persons with specific needs – as of June 2011, an estimated 30% Inheritance of the population, mostly older women and children, experience Family law provisions on inheritance state that a daughter should receive difficulties accessing health services (WHO, 09/06). 50/% of the share eligible by a son. In practice, men frequently take all of  Refugees. the inheritance due to their women relatives, particularly in rural areas. Some families deny their daughters access to their inheritance if they marry outside the family, or forbid their daughters to marry outside the Priorities for Intervention family to protect their property (Amnesty 2009).  Basic services for IDPs, host communities for IDPs and conflict affected communities in Sana’a, Sa’ada, Al Jawf and Abyan, and Human Rights returning refugees There are arbitrary arrests of citizens, especially in the south, as well as  Security against general violence and ongoing armed conflict arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pre-trial detention is a serious  Reunification of separated persons, especially separated children problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference  Protection of children from violence undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press, and religion are all  Protection from GBV restricted (see Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International 2011).  Redress of human rights violations  Implementation of services to support special needs for especially Documentation and Identification vulnerable persons (older persons, persons with disabilities, and IDPs often lack all basic, requirements, including documentation (CAP, minority populations). 2010).

11 Sectoral pages – Shelter and NFI

Background information Key priorities Most Affected Areas  Southern Yemen – Aden, Lahj, and Abyan are experiencing substantial  Rapid assessments undertaken in August 2009 clearly displacement due to fighting. In parts of Lahj, IDPs are scattered in remote and hard highlight the need for shelter materials and NFI for IDPs in to reach villages (OCHA 20/06). camps as well as for IDPs living with host communities to expand their living space and meet minimum requirements  Northern Yemen – southern Al Jawf has seen over 350 displaced families arrive (CAP, 2010). since April as a result of ongoing Al-Houthi and anti-government tribal conflict. Tents and NFIs have been prepositioned for distribution; new families are arriving in Al-Jawf from Sana’a, Taiz, and Abyan to escape the insecurity in other parts of the country (OCHA 20/06). Recent developments  Sa’ana – shelter remains problematic for some IDPs residing with host populations (OCHA 20/06). There is limited access, limited assessments and high levels of known destruction due to the conflict remains unaddressed.  According to OCHA, nearly 10,000 IDPs from Abyan, southern Yemen, are living in relocation centres in public

schools in and around Aden (IRIN 09/06). Most affected Groups  Yemenis who live in Sana’a have fled the conflict to their  IDPs displaced by violence. ancestral villages or are hosted by relatives in areas that are  Host families sheltering IDPs, both in north and south Yemen. Pre-existing away from areas of conflict. Refugees, however, have no vulnerabilities in many host populations make it difficult for them to support the IDPs such opportunities to find temporary shelter (Yemen Times (OCHA 20/06). Families in Aden are taking in many of those who have fled the 18/06). violence in the south, but several of these households are already close to the  Most of the IDPs in Aden are living in 33 schools and other poverty line and will need support (IRIN 09/06). public buildings, while in Lahj they are living with host  Displaced refugees, including 200 displaced refugees from Sa’ana who are families (OCHA 20/06). temporarily hosted at a community centre, where they are provided with basic needs  IDPs in Abyan have sought refuge in schools, public including emergency shelter and NFIs, such as mattresses and blankets (OCHA buildings and with host families, a large percentage of whom 20/06). fled their homes without taking their own assets. Hence, they require NFIs such as clothes, blankets, mattresses, sleeping mats, kitchen sets, buckets, jerry cans and soap Priorities for Intervention (OCHA 20/06).  Data from the rapid needs assessment indicates that emergency needs for IDPs  Lack of fuel is upsetting supply and delivery of NFIs to include shelter and NFIs (OCHA 20/06) such as blankets, mattresses, plastic affected populations. sheeting, etc. Considering the small number of IDPs in Sa’ana, response can be tailored according to different situations.  Schools are being used to house IDPs impact the ongoing education to children. A solution to this needs to be explored and this may include rehabilitation of school building once the IDPs are relocated.

12 Situation Map

Source: ACAPS

Methodology & sources population figures: Figures based on 2009 estimates (from Yemen in Figures 2009) extrapolated using Government growth rates for 2010 (0.02943) and 2011 (0.02930) for the whole country (from Statistical Yearbook 2009).

Key background documents

 CAP. Humanitarian Response Plan 2011 for Yemen. http://ochaonline.un.org/humanitarianappeal/webpage.asp?Page=1930  IDMC, Yemen: A profile of internal displacement situation. 3 August 2010. International Displacement Monitoring Centre. http://www.internal- displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/1980A066F8D79669C1257774004CA8BA/$file/Yemen+-+August+2010.pdf  Human Rights Watch. Days of bloodshed in Aden. 9th of March, 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2011/03/09/days-bloodshed-aden-0.  WFP, Comprehensive Food Security Survey, Yemen, 2010, http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp219039.pdf  Amnesty International. Moment of truth for Yemen. 12th of March, 2011. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE31/007/2011/en/5fa56895- 8601-49c5-a7d0-a2fdecdfab5b/mde310072011en.pdf

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YEMEN Event Timeline

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