E I A/EMP for Development Drilling of 40 Wells in KG Basin, A.P

Environmental Impact Assessment Report On Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P.

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (A Govt. of India Enterprise), Rajahmundry Asset Rajahmundry-533106

Corporate Health Safety and Environment Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) 8th Floor, SCOPE Minar, South Tower, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110092

2014 Environmental Impact Assessment Report On Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East

Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P.

2014

Authors

Dr. J. S. Sharma GM (Chem)- Head Environment, CHSE

V.R.K.S. Sarma DGM (Chem)-Head Asset HSE

V.K. Sharma AEE (Environment)- Asset HSE

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (A Govt. of India Enterprise), Rajahmundry Asset Rajahmundry-533106

Corporate Health Safety and Environment Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) 8th Floor, SCOPE Minar, South Tower, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110092

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The publication of this document was made possible with the constant encouragement, continual support and guidance of Shri N.K. Verma, Director (Exploration), Shri M.C. Das, GGM-Chief CHSE and Shri P.K. Rao, ED-Asset Manager Rajahmundry Asset.

Shri S. Gururajan GM (M), Shri P.R. Bhavana, GM (Geology), Dr. M. Ramakrishna, DGM (Geology), Shri N.S.R.Murthy DGM (Chem), Shri P.T. Rao, CE (Drilling), Shri M. K. Das, Senior Geologist, Shri I.M. Jamir, EE (Reservoir), Smt. Y. Satyavathi, Asst. Supdt and Shri A. Subbarao, Attendant grade II are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable support and inputs.

BACKGROUND

ONGC, Rajahmundry Asset prepared the necessary EIA report for the „Development Drilling in 40 wells in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh‟ as per the TORs issued vide F. NO. J-11011/31/2012-IA II (I) dated 17.07.2012 by Jan‟14 itself, and the public hearings were duly conducted at Krishna District for 5 wells and in West Godavari district for 13 wells in January and March 2014 respectively. The minutes issued in respect of the two public hearings conducted with all other relevant documents were duly included in the EIA Report.

However the public hearing in East Godavari district in respect of the remaining 22 wells out of the total of 40 wells could not be conducted despite the same was planned to be held first in March 14, then in April 14 and again in June 2014 due to the unavoidable reasons such as Samaikhya Andhra Agitation, Municipal/ Local/ General Elections and the unexpected GAIL pipeline incident respectively.

In the 21st EAC meeting held on 01.08.2014, EAC agreed to split the project – „Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P.‟ into two parts as given below and consider them separately for grant of EC:

 Part 1- Development Drilling of 18 wells in KG Basin in West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P.

This part of the project was considered by the EAC as the Public Hearings were conducted in both the districts and Minutes of Meeting were duly included in the EIA Report submitted to Ministry and the EAC members. EC has been accorded to the 18 development wells of Krishna and West Godavari district vide F. No. J-11011/31/2012- IA II (I) dated 25.11.2014.

 Part 2- Development Drilling of 22 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari district of A.P.

This part was not considered for grant of EC as the Public Hearing could not be conducted. The EAC suggested giving a separate proposal for these wells.

Subsequently, a proposal was submitted for grant of TORs in respect of Part 2 of the Project and the same was listed in the agenda of the 23rd EAC meeting held on 29.10.2014.

It was informed by EAC that in view of the decision of MoEFCC to extend validity of the TORs issued originally for a period of two years to three years, it is advised to conduct the public hearing in respect of the Part 2 of the project and submit the minutes of the same for consideration of EAC.

Accordingly, the Public Hearing in respect of Part 2 of the project titled - Development Drilling of 22 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari district of A.P. was duly conducted on 06.01.2015 at Mandapeta and the Minutes of Meeting issued by APPCB, EG District Kakinada duly uploaded in the MoEF site for consideration for grant of EC.

Issues raised during Public Hearings in respect of proposed Development Drilling activities in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML blocks in the three districts viz. East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna.

1. Issues raised at Public Hearing at Kaikaluru, Krishna District

S.L. Issue Issue raised by Reply by the ONGC to the No. specific issue 1 Land Subsidence a. Prof. G. Krishna Subsidence may be due to . Rao, Retd. Prof. of groundwater exploitation in these Geology, Andhra areas. University The Sub-committee, constituted by the Visakhapatnam. Ministry of Environment and Forests b. Sri Mente (MOEF), made the observations that Someswara Rao, land subsidence has been reported Krishna Godavari and observed in the areas where Deltala Parirakshan extensive extraction of underground Samithi. water has been carried out. Oil and c. Sri. Gopala Krishna gas reservoirs have limited aerial Raju, Krishna extents and therefore not prone to Godavari Deltala subsidence. Parirakshan ONGC has outsourced the work to Samithi. investigate indications of Land Subsidence due to Hydrocarbon Exploration in KG-PG Basin to Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University.

Notification of Award and Scope of Work for Hiring of Services to investigate indications of Land Subsidence due to Hydrocarbon Exploration in KG-PG Basin has been attached as Annexure F in this report 2 Intrusion of a. Sri. Gopala Krishna Groundwater salinity is not due to any Saline water in Raju, Krishna leakage of hydrocarbons and their agricultural fields Godavari Deltala associated produced water from the and ground water production wells. Production wells are Parirakshan constructed with many layers of casing Samithi. pipes with outer most one covering the b. Prof. G.Krishna shallow aquifers up to sufficient depths Rao, Retd. Prof. of and it protects the groundwater from Geology, Andhra any leakage effects. Ground water University contaminated wells are quite away Visakhapatnam. from the production wells. Even if there is contamination, it could be a local phenomenon and cannot be widespread as the aquifers are generally highly localized due to deltaic sedimentation pattern. Intrusion of seawater in the tube wells is due to over exploitation of groundwater. Seawater percolates into the inland parts from the seacoast. According to the Sub-committee‟s observations some studies have suggested extensive aquaculture could be a factor for groundwater salinity in the area. 3 Extracted gas is a. Sri C Venugopala ONGC is not exporting Gas to other transported to Rao, Rytu states from its operational areas in Gujarat and other Samakya Rajahmundry Asset. states. b. Sri Ghantasala Venkata Subbaraju, Sarpanch, Chatakaya Panchayat c. R. Ratnakar Rao, Advocate, Kaikaluru. 4. Request for a. R. Ratnakar Rao, Welfare projects are being taken up by employment of Advocate, ONGC as per the CSR policy in and youth and Kaikaluru. around the operational areas. establishment of In addition to the above, special ITI, Fisheries component plans for SC/ST community college, is being aided under the aegis of Polytechnic etc. ONGC

CSR spending by Rajahmundry Asset in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District for the last four financial years i.e. 2010-2014 has been attached as Annexure G in this report 5. Sea a. Prof. G. Krishna Sea encroachment and Coastal Encroachment Rao, Retd. Prof. of Erosion can be attributed to global and Coastal Geology, Andhra warming and sea level rise effect. Erosion University Visakhapatnam.

2. Issues raised at Public Hearing at Penugonda, West Godavari District

Sl. Issues Issue raised by Reply by the ONGC to the No. specific issue 1 Regarding Sri Chinnam The Asset Manager, ONGC who is the authorized person Ramireddy,, Farmer, 1st person, is responsible. Farmers for attending the Chinnamvaripalem can address a letter to the Asset grievances of the village & Chinnam Manager for redressal of any grievance farmers. Gerata Reddy, of the farmers. Farmer, Cherukota Village 2 Regarding land Sri Chinnam Land acquisition is carried under the acquisition, land Ramireddy, Farmer, supervision of the Special Grade compensation & Chinnamvaripalem Deputy Collector and compensation leftover land Village, Sri Chinnam package is given as per his beside land Gerata Reddy, recommendations based on the Acts acquired. Cherukota Village & and Rules on land acquisition. Sri Ch. Venugopal, However, compensation can be paid Vijayawada. on 10% extra land in case of partial land left over to the farmer during acquisition, which is under the scope of the Asset Manager, ONGC at Rajahmundry. 3 Regarding Sri Chinnam  If Oil and Gas reserves are found to handover of the Ramireddy, Farmer, be economically viable to draw, acquired lands and Chinnamvaripalem then land of 30 m X 30 m is obstruction for Village, Sri Chinnam sufficient for their activities and drains and Canals Gerata Reddy, remaining acquired land will be due to approach Cherukota Village handed over to the farmer after road to the well restoration of the land. If the platform area. reserves of Gas or Oil are unviable in the Well , then they close the well completely and handover the land to the land owner after land restoration. However in some cases, the farmer is given compensation for restoration on his request as some of them are proposed to establish to any activity like poultry farms etc.  Drains and Canals are diverted by providing hume pipes in laying the approach roads to avoid obstruction to the drains / canal flow to the downstream area.  They are not forcing the farmers in land acquisition. If any well falls in the land of farmers who are not interested to give their land to ONGC, they are adopting latest technology by drilling that well from other areas without causing any inconvenience to that farmer. 4 Regarding Sri Chinnam All these 8 wells will be taken up by proposing for Ramireddy, Farmer, ONGC only and not outsourced to any drilling of 8 wells in Chinnamvaripalem private oil drilling company as ONGC is Chinnamvaripalem Village, a Public Sector Company and even though one requested not to make any well was apprehensions against the ONGC. abandoned earlier. 5 Regarding drilling Farmer from Only one rig is proposed to be of 8 wells in Chinnamvaripalem established in one location only and 8 Chinammvaripale wells to be drilling from this location m which would with single rig, so as to take only 5-6 affect the village if Acres instead of 40 Acres (i.e. 5 Acres they acquired land / location X 8 locations) even though it for 8 wells. is costly for ONGC than establishing individual drilling locations at 8 places. This proposal is being adopted to save the fertile lands and also to save the Environment. 6 Regarding action Sri T. Rama Reddy, ONGC is informing the well drilling taken by ONGC Penugonda Village information to the nearest police during carrying of station. Revenue Authorities and local drilling activities. bodies in the village. 7 Regarding Sri Chinnam Venkata  ONGC is restoring the approach restoration of Ramireddy, Farmer, roads after completion of project approach roads. Eletipadu & Sri work to its original status. ONGC V.Bharadwaja, laying the roads to the original Achanta Village status i.e. Blacktop, after using the existing village roads for their vehicles after completion of the project.  ONGC has given a commitment to strengthen the existing roads before starting their project so as to move their heavy vehicles. 8 Regarding Sri V. Chandra, ONGC are taking agreement from the developments of Journalist owners of the land acquired that the House layouts in acquired land should not be used for acquired land. other purpose viz., for development of house layouts etc. 9 Compensation to Sri V. Bharadwaja, ONGC agreed to give compensation to the rodent affected Achanta Village; the rodent affected farmers as per the farmers of the Chinnam Ramireddy, recommendation of the Spl. Grade lands surrounding Chinnamvaripalem & Deputy Collector. They proposed to the well platform Chinnam Gerata take measures to control rodent area. Reddy, Cherukota menace. 10 Regarding Prof. G. Krishna Rao,  The earth is with different layers. Groundwater Retired Professor of The ground water table is available Pollution & Salt Geology, Andhra in the aquifer with varying depths at water intrusion into University & Sri M. different locations, may be ranging ground water: Krishnam Raju, from 10ft to 500 ft depth from Krishna Godavari Coastal area to upland areas. Deltala Parirakshana  The ONGC is using 5 casings with Samithi, Bhimavaram concrete cement at initial depth where generally ground water is existing to avoid entering of ground water into the well pipes and vice versa. The drilling depth is between 3.5 Km to 5.5 Km and there is no chance of entering of ground water and salt water into pipe casing and vice versa. Hence, there will not be any chance of groundwater pollution due to drilling activity of the ONGC.  ONGC referred to one of the News Paper item, in which it was reported that ground water quality is decreasing in Coastal Region of Andhra Pradesh from Bhimunipatnam to Ongole sea coast which was due to Salt water intrusion into ground water because of drawing of ground water excessively in unscientific manner. This incident occurs in all Coastal regions. 11 Regarding land Sri M.V. ONGC explained that land subsidence subsidence Suryanarayana Raju, is occurred depending on different Krishna Godavari factors and some of the areas are Deltala Parirakshana furnished as below. Samithi, Bhimavaram; i) Collapse of underground mines Prof. G. Krishna Rao, which leads to land subsidence. Retired Professor of ii) Dissolution of lime stone Geology, Andhra aquifers. University and iii) Excess withdrawal of ground Sri Kalidindi water Gopalakrishnam Raju, iv) Over extraction of Oil & Gas Member, Krishna under certain Geological factors. Godavari Deltala  There are several Geological Parirashana Samithi. factors that influence the land subsidence due to Oil & Gas exploration. Such factors are Area, age of the rock, Reservoir depth (Stretch of the Oil & Gas reservoir), Rock type, Pay thickness (i.e., Rock containing Oil & Gas), Annual production, period of Production, No. of flowing wells etc.  ONGC presented comparison between Wilmington Oil field and KG Basin with data and concluded that KG basin is not prone to land subsidence.  As per the directions of the Hon‟ble High Court, the Government of India has constituted a Expert committee. The Expert Committee has visited the KG basin area i.e., East Godavari District and submitted their report to the Government of India in which they suggested to carry the study with prominent organization like Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad regarding apprehensions of land subsidence due to Oil & Gas exploration by the Petitioners.  As per the directions of the Government of India, ONGC called for Global tenders in which four prominent institutes viz., IIT, Bombay, Osmania University, Andhra University and one foreign institute. ONGC has given the work order to Andhra University who are lowest bidder and Andhra University is proposed to carry the study based on the bench mark system and also RADAR System by tying up with South Whale Institute, Australia with timeframe of two years. The report is yet to be submitted by Andhra University. Notification of Award and Scope of Work for Hiring of Services to investigate indications of Land Subsidence due to Hydrocarbon Exploration in KG-PG Basin has been attached as Annexure F in this report 12. Regarding Prof. G. Krishna Rao,  Intrusion of Sea water into intrusion of Sea Retired Professor of Agriculture fields in Coastal areas water into Geology, Andhra is due to Global warming and this Agriculture fields University, was established by the scientists. Sri M. Krishnam Raju,  For this, ONGC presented a paper Krishna Godavari clipping published in the News Deltala Parirakshana Paper in which it was mentioned Samithi, Bhimavaram. that sea levels are rising in Krishna Godavari Deltas because of Global warming, land subsidence and Shoreline erosion caused by Aqua ponds.

3. Issues raised at Public Hearing at Mandapeta, East Godavari District

S. Issues raised Response by ONGC no. 1 The details of survey numbers, land  With regard to survey owner etc., were not incorporated in numbers of the proposed well the REIA report sites and farmers of the respective lands, informed that M/S. ONGC anticipating Oil & Gas reserves in this area and the exact location of the wells are not yet finalized and exact location of these wells will be finalized only after survey by the concerned Surveyor / Tahsildar 2 Land Subsidence  M/s. ONGC informed that there is no evidence with regard to land subsidence due to oil & gas exploration for 3 Salt water intrusion and Crop yield further examination, a work due to land subsidence order was issued to Andhra University for study on land subsidence.

Point Wise compliance of TORs for Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P. (MoEF letter F. NO. J-11011/31/2012-IA II (I) dated 17.07.2012) 1 Executive summary of project Provided (Page No. 1-7) Project description, project objectives and Provided (Page No. 1 and 8-11) 2 project benefits Site details within 1 km of the each Site details provided in page no. proposed well, any habitation, any other 12-16 and page no. 45-46. The installation/activity flora and fauna, bio diversity profile from 3 approachability to site, other activities secondary sources has been including agriculture/land, satellite imagery incorporated in page 76-92 for 10 km area. Details of forest land involved in the Not applicable 4 proposed project. A copy of forest clearance letter, applicable. Permission from the State Forest Not applicable Department regarding the impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding National Park/Wild life Sanctuary/Reserve 5 Forest/Eco sensitive area, if any. Approval obtained from the State/Central Government under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980) for the forest land should be submitted. Distance from nearby critically/severely Not applicable 6 polluted area as per Notification dated 13th January, 2010 if applicable. Does proposal involves rehabilitation and NO 7 resettlement? If yes, details thereof. Details of project cost. The total cost implications for the proposed activities are Rs 440 Cr for Development Drilling 8 of 40 Wells in West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Block KG Basin, A.P.

Details of all the facilities including CGS, Given in Table 1 on Page no. 3 GGS, OCS, produced water treatment etc. 9 to be installed, if existing facilities, give details. Environmental considerations in the Provided on Page No.93-120. selection of the drilling locations for which Development drilling activity has environmental clearance is being sought. very low pollution potential. The 10 Present any analysis suggested for EIA report outlines the EMP for minimizing the foot print giving details of the minor impacts envisaged drilling and development option considered. Baseline data collection for air, water and Primary data on air quality, 11 soil for one season leaving the monsoon water and soil in the three season in at area of 10km radius with districts around proposed centre of Oil Field as its centre covering the development drilling locations area of all proposed drilling wells. have been collected. i Topography of the project site. Give on Pg. No. 2 Ambient Air quality monitoring at 8 Ambient Air quality data given in ii locations for PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, Table 13-17 on Pg. No. 47-52 Methane and non-methane HC. Soil sample analysis (physical and Soil Quality data given in Table iii chemical properties) at the areas located at 28-32 on Pg. No. 71-76 5 locations. Ground and surface water quality in the Ground and surface water iv vicinity of the proposed wells site. quality data given in Table 23-27 on Page No. 63-71 Climatology and Meteorology including Meteorological Data given in v wind speed, wind direction, temperature Table 18-20, Fig. 7-12 on Page rainfall relative humidity etc. No.52-61 Measurement of Noise levels with 1 km Noise level Monitoring data vi radius of the proposed wells. given in Table 21-22 at Page No. 62-63 Vegetation and land use: Animal Given on Page No. 76-92 vii resources. Incremental GLC as a result of DG set Given on Page No. 96 12 operation. Potential Environmental impact envisages The EIA report outlines the EMP during various stages of project activities for potential environmental 13 such as site activation, development, impacts during different stages operation / maintenance and of drilling activity on Page No. decommissioning. 121-134 Actual source of water and „Permission‟ for Water is supplied by contractor the drawl of water from the Competent through tankers for which 14 Authority. Detailed water balance, waste contractor obtains necessary water generation and discharge. permission. Noise abatement measures and measures As Noise levels are within to minimize disturbance due to light and acceptable limits, no mitigation 15 visual intrusions in case coastally located. measures are necessary. The proposed locations are not coastally located. Treatment and disposal of waste water. The procedure is outlined in 16 Page No.124-126 and No. 128- 130 Treatment and disposal of solid waste The procedure is outlined in 17 generation Page No. 128-130 Disposal of spent oil and loose materials. The procedure is outlined in 18 Table- 48 on Page No. 132 Storage of chemicals and diesel at site. Chemicals and diesel are stored 19 as per procedures 20 Commitment for the use of WBM only. Only WBM will be used Mud make up and mud and cutting Mud along with cuttings are 21 disposal-All options considered should be stored in the lined waste pit as listed with selective option. approved by APPCB after completion of drilling activities. Hazardous material usage, storage All materials stored as per 22 accounting and disposal. approved procedures Disposal of packaging waste from site. Drums, plastic containers, bags etc. are sent to Narasapur yard 23 for further disposal through authorized agencies. Oil spill control and emergency plans in Given at Page No. 157-163 24 respect of recovery / reclamation. H2S and fugitive emissions control. No H2S is present KG 25 development wells Produced oil handling and storage. Oil produced during testing is 26 transported to GGS by tanker. Details of scheme for oil collection system Given on Page No. 26 27 along with process flow diagram and its capacity. Details of control of air, water and noise Given on Page No. 123-125 28 pollution in oil collection system. Disposal of produced/formation water Produced water is injected sub 29 surface. Whether any burn pits being utilized for No such pits are constructed. No 30 well test operations. onsite incineration attempted. Restoration and decommissioning plans All drill sites after completion will which should include mud pits and wastage be restored as per Reclamation 31 restoration also and documentation and plan as given on Page No. 131- monitoring of site recovery. 132 Measures to protect ground water and All wells are cased and 32 shallow aquifers from contamination. cemented. All waste pits have impermeable lining. Risk assessment and disaster Risk assessment and Disaster management plan for independent reviews Management Plan are given on 33 of well-designed construction etc. for Page No. 135-163 prevention of blow out. Environmental management plan and EMP is given on Page No. 121- environmental audit to be conducted. 134.Environmental audit shall be 34 conducted during drilling operations. Documentary proof of membership of NO 35 common disposal facilities, if any. Details of environmental and safety related All drilling rigs are certified for documentation within the company ISO-14001, OHSAS-18001 and including documentation and proposed ISO-9001.Documentation on occupational health and safety. Quality, Occupational health, 36 Surveillance safety programme for all Safety and Environment personnel at site. This should also include Management are duly monitoring programme for the addressed in the ISO certified environmental. QHSE Management systems for ensuring proper monitoring and continued improvement. Total capital and recurring cost for Rs 13.5 lakhs per well. 37 environmental control measures. A copy of Corporate Environment policy of Given as Annexure- B the ONGC as per the Ministry‟s O.M. No. J- 38 11013/41/2006/1A.II (I) dated 26th April, 2011 available on the Ministry‟s website. Any litigation pending against the project No litigations are pending and or any direction/order passed by any against the proposed project . 39 court of law against the project. If so details thereof. A tabular chart with index for point-wise Given as Annexure- A 40 compliance of above TORs.

The following general points should be

noted. All documents should be properly indexed, Noted i page numbered. Period/date of data collection should be Noted ii clearly indicated. Authenticated English translation of all Executive Summary of The material provided in Regional languages. Environment Impact Assessment Report in English iii and local language (Telugu) submitted to RO, APPCB of all three districts for conducting Public Hearing. The letter/application for EC should quote Given as Annexure-C iv the MoEF file No. and also attach a copy of the letter. A copy of the letter received from the Given as Annexure-D v Ministry should be also attached as an annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report. The final EIA-EMP report submitted to the Complied Ministry must incorporate the issues in this letter. The index of the final EIA-EMP vi report must indicate the specific chapter and page no. of the EIA-EMP Report where the above issues have been incorporated. While preparing the EIA report, the Complied instructions for the proponents and instructions for the consultants issued by vii MoEF vide O.M.NO.J-11013/41/2006-1A.II (I) dated 4th August, 2009, which are available on the website of this Ministry should also be followed. Certificate of Accreditation issued by the Noted but NA viii QCI to the environmental consultant should be included. E I A/EMP for Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin, A.P.

CONTENTS

List of Tables ...... vii List of Figures ...... x List of Annexure ...... xi 1. Executive Summary ...... 1 1.1. Introduction ...... 1 1.2. Project Profile ...... 2 1.3. Baseline Environmental Quality Status ...... 4 1.3.1. Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) ...... 4 1.3.2. Noise Levels ...... 5 1.3.3. Water Quality ...... 5 1.3.4. Disposal of drill cuttings ...... 6 1.3.5. Socio-economic ...... 7 1.3.6 Environmental Management Plan ...... 7 1.3.7. Post Project Management ...... 7 2. Introduction ...... 8 2.1. Present Development Scenario of Krishna-Godavari Basin 8 2.2. Purpose and Basis of the Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 17 3. Drilling Technology and Process Description ...... 19 3.1. Drilling Facilities ...... 21 3.2. General Requirements of Drilling ...... 21 (a) Drilling Mud ...... 22 (b) Power Generation ...... 23 (c) Water Requirements ...... 23 (d) Domestic Wastewater ...... 24 (e) Solid Removal ...... 24

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(f) Drill Cuttings and Waste Residual Mud...... 24 (g) Testing ...... 25 (h) Chemical Storage ...... 25 (i) Manpower ...... 25 (j) Logistics ...... 25 (k) Site Restoration...... 25 3.3 Production Testing ...... 25 4. Methodology followed for Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 27 4.1. Methodology ...... 27 4.1.1. Air Environment ...... 27 4.1.2. Noise Environment ...... 28 4.1.3. Land Environment ...... 28 4.1.4. Water Environment ...... 28 4.1.5. Biological Environment (from secondary sources) ..... 28 4.1.6. Socio-economic Environment (from secondary sources) ...... 28 4.1.7. Anticipated Environmental Impacts ...... 28 4.2. Mitigation Measures ...... 29 4.3. Environmental Management Plan ...... 29 4.4 Post Project Monitoring ...... 29 5. Protocol for Environmental Baseline Data Collection ...... 30 5.1. Air Environment ...... 30 5.2. Design of Network for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 30 5.2.1. Reconnaissance ...... 30 5.2.2. Micrometeorology ...... 31 5.3. Noise Environment ...... 31

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5.3.1. Methodology for Noise Monitoring ...... 32 5.4. Water Environment ...... 33 5.4.1. Reconnaissance ...... 33 5.4.2. Water Resources and Requirement ...... 33 5.4.3. Baseline Water Quality ...... 33 5.5. Biological Environment ...... 34 5.5.1. Biological Characteristics ...... 34 5.5.2. Species Composition ...... 35 5.5.3. Species Diversity ...... 35 5.6. Social Forestry ...... 36 5.7. Socio-economic Environment ...... 37 5.7.1. Baseline Status ...... 38 5.7.2. Socio-economic Survey ...... 38 5.7.3. Quality of Life (QoL) ...... 40 6. Baseline Environmental Quality Status ...... 43 6.1 Description of Environment ...... 43 6.1.1 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) ...... 47 6.1.2 Meteorological Conditions ...... 52 6.1.3 Noise Environment ...... 62 6.1.4 Water Quality ...... 63 6.1.5 Soil Environment ...... 71 6.1.5 Biological Environment ...... 76 6.1.5.1 Biodiversity of the Study Area ...... 76 6.1.5.2 Vegetative Composition of the Study Area ...... 77 7. Anticipated Environmental Impacts, Evaluation & Mitigation Measures ...... 93 7.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Drilling ...... 93

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7.2. Air Environment ...... 95 7.3. Noise Environment ...... 98 7.4. Land Environment ...... 99 7.5. Water Environment ...... 101 7.6. Biological Environment ...... 103 7.6.1. Terrestrial Environment ...... 103 7.6.2. Aquatic Environment ...... 104 7.6.3. Socio-economic Environment ...... 104 7.7. Environmental Impact Evaluation ...... 104 7.7.1. Ecology...... 104 7.7.2. Environmental Pollution ...... 104 7.7.3. Aesthetics ...... 105 7.7.4. Socio-economics ...... 105 7.8. Environmental Impact Statement ...... 105 7.8.1 Air Environment ...... 106 7.8.2. Noise Environment ...... 106 7.8.3. Land Environment ...... 107 7.8.4. Water Environment ...... 107 7.8.5. Biological Environment ...... 107 7.8.6. Socio-economic Environment ...... 108 7.8.7. Positive Impacts ...... 112 7.8.8. Negative Impacts ...... 112 7.9. Mitigation Measures ...... 113 7.10 Project Post monitoring Program ...... 120 8. Environmental Management Plan ...... 121 8.1. Drilling Fluids ...... 122 8.2. Air Environment ...... 123

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8.3. Noise Environment ...... 124 8.4. Land Environment ...... 124 8.5. Water Environment ...... 124 8.6. Biological Environment ...... 127 8.7. Socio-economic Environment ...... 127 8.8. Waste Management Plan ...... 128 8.8.1. Disposal Options ...... 128 8.8.2. Waste Reduction, Reuse & Recycle ...... 129 8.8.3. Waste Mud & Drill Cuttings Disposal Plan ...... 130 8.9. Environment Protection and Reclamation Plan ...... 131 8.10. Plans for Well Site Operation and or Abandonment ..... 131 8.11. Drilling Program Safety Guidelines ...... 132 8.11.1. General ...... 133 9. Risk Assessment, Emergency & Disaster Management Plan ...... 135 9.1 Introduction ...... 135 9.2 Risk Assessment Methodology...... 135 9.3 Risk Assessment ...... 138 9.3.1 Risk Associated with Design & Planning...... 139 9.3.2 Risk Associated with Approach Road ...... 139 9.3.3 Risk Associated with Drilling & Testing ...... 139 9.3.4 Risk Associated with Rig Transportation and Building/ Dismantling ...... 140 9.4 Disaster Management Plan ...... 142 9.4.1 Objective of Disaster Management Plan ...... 142 9.4.2 Disaster Management Plan: Key Elements ...... 142 9.4.3 Type of Anticipated Hazards ...... 146 9.5 Contingency Plan for Oil Spill ...... 157

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9.5.1 Action ...... 157 9.5.2 Preventing Oil Spills ...... 158

9.5.3 Mitigation Measure ...... 158

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List of Tables Table Page Description No. No. Table 1 Expected Production and Facilities to be connected 3 Range of values of critical parameters of ambient air 5 Table 2 quality Table 3 Range of values of ambient Noise level quality 5 Table 4 Range of values of critical parameters of Water quality 6 Table 5 PML Blocks in KG Basin 8 Table 6 Proposed 40 Development Locations 9 Table 7 12 Coordinates of Godavari Onland PML Block, KG basin (A) Table 7 15 Coordinates of West Godavari PML Block, KG basin (B) Table 8 Details of E&P Facilities in East Godavari District 16 Table 9 Details of E&P Facilities in West Godavari District 16 Table 10 Details of E&P Facilities in Krishna District 17 Table 11 Chemicals Used In Water Based Drilling Mud 22 Mud Additives and their Functions in Water Based 23 Table 12 Drilling Fluids Table 13 Range of values of parameters of ambient air quality 47 Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in 48 Table 14 Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (I) Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in 49 Table 15 Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (II) Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in 50 Table 16 Godavari Onland PML Block of West Godavari district Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in West 51 Table 17 Godavari PML Block of Krishna district Daily Wind Direction and Wind Speed in Kmph from 52 Table 18 Kakinada station for East Godavari and West Godavari District wells Daily Wind Direction and Wind Speed in Kmph from 54 Table 19 Gannavaram station for Krishna District wells Table 20 Monthly Meteorological Data for the Year – 2012 55 Table 21 Range of values of ambient Noise level quality 62 Ambient Noise Levels at proposed Locations in East 62 Table 22 Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District Table 23 Range of values of parameters of Water quality 63 Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari 65 Table 24 Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (I)

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Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari 66 Table 25 Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (II) Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari 68 Table 26 Onland PML Block of West Godavari District Water Quality Data at proposed locations in West 70 Table 27 Godavari PML Block of Krishna District Table 28 Range of values of parameters of soil quality 72 Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in 73 Table 29 Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (I)

Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in 74 Table 30 Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (II) Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in 75 Table 31 Godavari Onland PML Block of West Godavari District Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in 75 Table 32 West Godavari PML Block of Krishna District Table 33 Species Wise Growing Stock 79

Table 34 List of Major Shrubs & Trees 82

Table 35 List of medicinal plants 85

Table 36 List of marine fishes 91

Table 37 Impact Significance Criteria 93 Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling – 94 Table 38 Impacts/Risks Interaction 96 Table 39 Impact Significance of Air Quality during Drilling 96 Table 40 Emissions during Drilling of Development Wells Impact Significance of Waste Generation during 100 Table 41 Development drilling Impact Significance of Water Resource & Quality during 102 Table 42 Development drilling Table 43 Noise Exposure Levels to Typical Drilling Rigs 106 Characteristics of typical Solid Wastes produced at 107 Table 44 typical Drill Site (Dry Weight Basis) Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on Socio-Economic 109 Table 45 Environment 110 Table 46 Expected Change in Subjective Quality of Life 111 Table 47 Expected Change in Average Quality of Life

Classification of Wastes generated during proposed 132 Table 48 drilling and their disposal options

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137 Table 49 Consequence Factor

138 Table 50 Probability of Occurrence (Likelihood)

Table 51 Legislation 138 Table 52 Risk Assessment Criteria 138 Table 53 Risk Assessment Matrix Drilling 140 Table 54 148 Standard Operating Practices for Blowout

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List of Figures Figure Page Description No. No. Map showing proposed locations in East Godavari, West 11 Fig 1. Godavari and Krishna Districts Fig 2. Diagram of typical on-land Drilling Rig 20 Fig 3. Drilling Fluid Circulation 21 Typical schematic diagram of Production Testing at Drill 26 Fig.4 site Topographical Map showing proposed locations in East 45 Fig 5. Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna Districts Map showing proposed locations in West Godavari and 46 Fig 6. Godavari Onland PML Blocks in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District Wind Rose Diagram for 1st -9th October, 2012 at Kakinada 56 Fig 7. Station for proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block for East Godavari and West Godavari District wells Wind Rose Diagram for 10th - 18th November, 2012 at 57 Kakinada Station for proposed locations in Godavari Fig 8. Onland PML Block for East Godavari and West Godavari District wells Wind Rose Diagram for 19th - 27th December, 2012 at 58 Kakinada Station for proposed locations in Godavari Fig 9. Onland PML Block for East Godavari and West Godavari District wells Wind Rose Diagram for 19th - 27th October , 2012 at 59 Fig 10. Gannavaram Station for proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block for Krishna District wells Wind Rose Diagram for 10th- 18th November , 2012 at 60 Fig 11. Gannavaram Station for proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block for Krishna District wells Wind Rose Diagram for 19th - 27th December, 2012 at 61 Fig 12 Gannavaram Station for proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block for Krishna District wells Fig 13. Forest Distribution in East Godavari District 77 Fig 14. Forest Distribution in West Godavari District 81 Fig 15. Forest Distribution in Krishna District 84 Fig 16. Impact Network for Air Environment 114 Fig 17. Impact Network for Noise Environment 115 Fig 18. Impact Network for Water Environment 116 Fig 19. Impact Network for Land Environment 117 Fig 20. Impact Network for Socio-economic Environment 118 Fig 21. Comprehensive Impact Network 119 Fig 22. Typical Drill Site Layout 126 Fig 23. Hazard Identification: Black Box Approach 136 Fig 24. Organogram for On-site Emergency 144 Fig 25. Organogram for Off-Site Emergency 145 Fig 26. BOP Stack 147

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List of Annexure Annexure A A tabular chart with index for point-wise compliance of TORs. Annexure B Corporate Environment policy of the ONGC as per the Ministry‟s O.M.No.11013/41/2006/1A.II (I) dated 26th April, 2011 available on the Ministry‟s website. Annexure C The letter/application for EC Annexure D The letter received from the Ministry Annexure E Details of Hydrocarbon Fields Annexure F Notification of Award and Scope of Work to Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University for Hiring of Services to investigate indications of Land Subsidence due to Hydrocarbon Exploration in KG-PG Basin. Annexure G CSR spending by Rajahmundry Asset in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District Annexure H Minutes of Public Hearings of Krishna, West Godavari and East Godavari Districts

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OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LTD Project Details in Brief

Regd. Office Project Office ONGC Ltd ONGC Ltd Jeevan Bharti Building, Tower-II, 124, Godavari Bhavan, Rajahmundry Asset Indira Chowk, New Delhi-110001 Rajahmundry-533106 Tel: 91-11-23301000/23310156/23721756 Tel: 0883-2494100 Fax: 91-11-23316413 Fax: 0883-2440670

Project Title: “Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P”

Location Details:

Field / No. of wells (Anticipated PML Village S. No District Coordinates Mandal Locations)/Name/ Block (No. of wells) Target Depth(m) Lat 16 deg 48 Alamuru (3) Alamuru East Godavari min 5 sec Long 1 Mandapeta / 8/3100 Godavari Onland 81 deg 54 min 15 sec Mandapeta (5) Mandapeta Lat 16 deg 20 East min 2.66 sec Kesavadasupalem / Godavari Kesavadasupalem 2 Long 81 deg Sakhinetipalli 1/ 1800 Godavari Onland (1) 46 min 9.81 sec Lat 16 deg 23 East min 31.45 sec Kesanapalli west / Godavari 3 Long 81 deg Kesanapalli (5) Malkipuram 5/ 2500 Godavari Onland 54 min 37.78 sec Lat 16 deg 28 East min 26.87 sec Kammapalem / 7/ Godavari Kammapalem (7) 4 Long 81 deg Razole 2700 Godavari Onland Hamlet of Sivakodu 49 min 8.38 sec Lat 16 deg 37 min 49.54 sec Vygreswaram / 1/ East Godavari 5 Long 81 deg Vygreswaram (1) Ambajipeta 4000 Godavari Onland 56 min 16.96 sec Lat 16 deg 40 West min 12.60 sec Eleti Padu (2) Iragavaram Penugonda / Godavari 6 Godavari Long 81 deg 10/3350 Onland Chinnamvaripalem 47 min 21.80 Penugonda sec (8) West Lat 16 deg 16 Lakshmaneswaram Godavari Lakshmaneswaram 7 min 04.96 sec Narsapur / LSDA/2500 Godavari Onland (1) Long 81 deg

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41 min 00.65 sec Lat 16 deg 41 West min 00.97 sec Penugonda / Godavari Pittala Vemavaram 8 Long 81 deg Peravalli PGDA/3350 Godavari Onland (1) 46 min 50.75 sec Lat 16 deg 41 West min 12.30 sec Penugonda / Godavari 9 Long 81 deg Siddantham (1) Penugonda PGDB/3350 Godavari Onland 47 min 29.76 sec Lat 16 deg 31 min 40.90 sec West 10 Kaikaluru / 3/2500 Krishna Long 81 deg Kaikaluru (3) Kaikaluru Godavari 14 min 31.39 sec Lat 16 deg 27 West Krishna min 51.5 sec Pedda Kamanapudi 11 Lingala / 1/2500 Mudinepalli Godavari Long 81 deg 9 (1) min 27.05 sec Lat 16 deg 14 West Nandigama/ 1 Krishna min 26.94 sec 12 Munjuluru (1) Bantumilli /4100 Godavari Long 81 deg 8 min 51.97 sec Total 40 wells

 Project Cost: Approx. Rs. 440 Crores for drilling of 40 wells.  Water requirement: About 10 m3/day is for domestic use and 15 m3/day for operations  Water Availability: Supply through water tanks.  Site details: Agricultural land, no habitation & no other activity. There is no Forest Cover within 30 Km from the site.  HSD Consumption: D.G sets (AC-SCR Type.) have a peak diesel consumption of about 3-4 m3/day, whereas during testing operations the diesel consumption is about 0.5-2 m3/day.  Quantity of drill cuttings generated: Approximately 212 m3 of drill cuttings will be generated over a period of 40-45 days for from each well. Only Water Based Mud (WBM) will be used.  Land requirement: Approx. 5-6 acres for each location.  Time Period: Development drilling is a temporary activity. Each location takes around 3 to 4 months in normal conditions.

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1. Executive Summary

1.1. Introduction

India ranks as the world‟s 7th largest primary energy producer and the 5th largest energy consumer. The per capita consumption of energy in India is one of the lowest in the world (around 0.3 tonnes of O+OEG compared to world average of 1.8). With a population of 1.21 billion, the country‟s energy needs are expected to grow about four fold from 493 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) to 1856 MTOE by 2032. Hydrocarbon sector plays pivotal role in India‟s energy sector with a 52% share in the commercial energy basket.

Today, ONGC has been the largest producer of the oil and gas in the country, contributing 72.4% of the crude oil and 48.5% of the natural gas production. At present, over 75% of India‟s oil requirements are being met by imports and India‟s known oil and gas reserves form a mere 0.8% of the world reserves of petroleum. Given the limited reserves and growing demand, India is heavily dependent on import of crude oil and petroleum products. Current demand and supply projections indicate that the level of self-sufficiency is likely to decline below 25% over the next few years. Substantial efforts are therefore necessary to boost the development activity in the country. This will enable to discover new hydrocarbon fields and the level of crude oil and gas production can then be significantly increased in the years to come. The development drilling is a one-time activity and the operations last a very short period of 3-4 months under normal conditions.

The present report is being submitted for grant of Environmental Clearance to development drilling wells in ONGC‟s West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocks in the Krishna Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh. The plan for development of these highly prospective projects of Rajahmundry Asset is essentially driven by the need for greater energy security of India. This report comprises of baseline data on air quality status including VOCs, ambient noise levels, surface and ground water quality status, soil quality

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studies, brief on demography etc. In addition, methodology followed for preparation of this report and process descriptions of development drilling have also been discussed. The report also documents anticipated environmental impacts, evaluation and mitigation measures based on baseline data collected during study period. The environmental management plan of development drilling activities has also been delineated in the report based on impact evaluation and regulatory requirements. Topography of KG Basin

In Krishna-Godavari basin the natural processes in fluvio-marine environments carve out landforms, which are dynamic but always keep attaining equilibrium. These landforms of the basin are modified unless buried by continued fluvial processes. Such paleo-beach ridges can be seen near Amalapuram of Godavari delta. The fluvial plains are a composite of many landforms like natural levees, point bars, channel bars, abandoned channels, meander cutoffs and flood pains. The fluvial plain is constructed by three major rivers of Gautami, Vasistha and Vainatyam.

The fluvial plain of Krishna river system showed south westward migration of the drainage through Hamsala Deevi. Presently, this form is a distributory of Krishna River with major drainage to the south of Avanigadda. The overall slope of the Godavari delta is gentle towards coast. The Inter deltaic plain occupies the area between two river systems.

1.2. Project Profile

ONGC‟s Development activities are confined to two on land PML blocks, viz., West Godavari and Godavari Onland, in the Krishna Godavari Basin, Andhra Pradesh. These two PML blocks spread over in 3 districts viz., East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna Districts of Andhra Pradesh. Under the present proposal EC is sought in respect of 40 locations out of which 5 locations are of West Godavari PML Block in Krishna District and 35 locations are of Godavari Onland PML Block. Out of these 35 locations, 13 locations are falling in West Godavari District and 22 locations are falling in East Godavari District of A.P.

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The total cost implications for the proposed activities are Rs 440 Cr for Development Drilling of 40 Wells in West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Block KG Basin, A.P. The details of the proposed locations, the expected production of Oil and Gas, the expected produced water and the installations to which the proposed locations are planned to be connected are as given below in Table 1 Table 1: Expected Production and Facilities to be connected Expected Expected Proposed GCS/GGS/EPS S. PML Production Produced Locations/ Field/ facilities to be no. Block of Oil/ Gas Water Target Depth(m) Connected (m3/day) (m3/day)

Godavari Gas-2,00,000 1 Mandapeta / 3 NIL Mandapeta GCS 8/3100 Onland m /d

Godavari Gas-25,000 2 Kesavadasupalem 3 NIL Mori GCS / 1/ 1800 Onland m /d

Oil- 100 m3/d Godavari Kesanapalli west 3 Kesanapalli west / Gas-1,20,000 NIL 5/ 2500 Onland GGS m3/d

Godavari Gas-30,000 4 Kammapalem / 7/ 3 NIL Pasarlapudi GCS 2700 Onland m /d

Godavari Gas-20,000 5 Vygreswaram / 1/ 3 NIL Mandapeta GCS 4000 Onland m /d Godavari Gas-1,50,000 6 Penugonda / 3 NIL Kavitam EPS 10/3350 Onland m /d Godavari Gas-50,000 7 Lakshmaneswaram 3 NIL Narsapur GCS / LSDA/2500 Onland m /d Godavari Gas-5,000 8 Penugonda / 3 NIL Kavitam EPS PGDA/3350 Onland m /d Godavari Gas-8,000 9 Penugonda / 3 NIL Kavitam EPS PGDB/3350 Onland m /d West Gas-60,000 10 NIL Lingala GGS Kaikaluru / 3/2500 Godavari m3/d

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West 11 Oil- 20 m3/d NIL Lingala GGS Lingala / 1/2500 Godavari

West Gas-30,000 12 Nandigama / 1 3 NIL Nandigama EPS /4100 Godavari m /d

1.3. Baseline Environmental Quality Status

The baseline data provide the foundation for assessment studies since they help to identify site-specific impacts on various components of environment. The baseline status also helps relate the effects of the project activities on the environmental components and allows the identification of the parameters that need to be monitored. The information concerning these parameters for the present study has been collected directly through field measurements and from secondary data sources. The meteorological data is obtained from the IMD Centre, Hyderabad, who continuously monitors weather parameters from different established weather data collecting stations.

1.3.1. Ambient Air Quality (AAQ)

AAQ including the VOCs are monitored in respect of the fields/areas comprising the proposed locations so that the data shall be representative of the prevailing base line air quality of the operational areas of the basin for the year 2012-13. The monitoring/sampling stations were established so as to

capture locations in upwind and downwind directions for SO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5, CO, Methyl and Non Methyl Hydrocarbon, Ozone, Lead, Ammonia, Benzene and Benzopyrene etc. The 24hr average value of ambient air quality in respect of all the parameters is observed to be well within the prescribed CPCB limits in KG Basin. Range of values of parameters of ambient air quality is given in the table below:

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Table 2: Range of values of critical parameters of ambient air quality

West Godavari S. East Godavari Krishna District Parameters District (13 no. District (22 wells) (5 wells) wells) 3 3 3 1 SO2 4-8.4 µg/m 7.1-7.7 µg/m 4-7.3 µg/m 3 3 3 2 NOx 5-12 µg/m 8.6-9.3 µg/m 9-11 µg/m 3 CO 0.24-0.51 mg/m3 0.18-0.2 mg/m3 0.31-0.59 mg/m3 4 PM 2.5 11-23 µg/m3 20-28 µg/m3 16-21 µg/m3 5 PM 10 33-67 µg/m3 46-59 µg/m3 55-61 µg/m3 6 Ammonia 9-14 µg/m3 9.6-10.1 µg/m3 12-16 µg/m3 7 Ozone 9.5-11.6 µg/m3 10.9-11.3 µg/m3 10.6-12.9 µg/m3 8 Benzene 0.05-0.08 µg/m3 <0.05 µg/m3 0.05-0.07 µg/m3

1.3.2. Noise Levels

Range of values of ambient Noise level quality is as given in the table below:

Table 3: Range of values of ambient Noise level quality

West Godavari S. Noise East Godavari Krishna District District (13 no. Levels District (22 wells) (5 wells) wells) 1 Day Time 42.8-57.4 dB 48.6-56.9 dB 42.7-54.6 dB 2 Night Time 35.4-44.3 dB 40.0-44.9 dB 36.2-44.8 dB

1.3.3. Water Quality

Water consumption at the drilling sites is expected to be about 25 m3/d of which 15 m3/d will be used for mud preparation and about 10 m3/d used for drinking and domestic purposes. Waste water generation would be about 10- 15 m3/d. Most of the generated wastewater is recycled for the preparation of drilling fluid.

During the study, ground water monitoring stations were selected for water quality assessment. The parameters tested included pH, TDS, Chlorides, TSS, EC, Heavy metals and other parameters in line with the requirement of regulatory agencies.

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Samples of ground water and surface water were analyzed for base line studies at proposed new locations. Range of values of parameters of Water quality is given in the table below:

Table 4: Range of values of critical parameters of Water quality

West Godavari S. East Godavari Krishna District Parameters District (13 no. District (22 wells) (5 wells) wells) 1 pH 7.04– 7.60 7.31 – 7.62 7.22 – 7.51 2 TDS 174-699 mg/L 211-609 mg/L 217-5760 mg/L 3 TSS 4.3-9.6 mg/L 3.6-9.3 mg/L 4-8.8 mg/L 4 Pb 0.001-0.005 mg/L 0.001-0.003 mg/L 0.001-0.009 mg/L 5 Cd <0.001 mg/L <0.001 mg/L <0.001 mg/L 6 Cu 0.001-0.002 mg/L 0.001-0.002 mg/L 0.001-0.002 7 Ni <0.001 mg/L <0.001 mg/L <0.001 mg/L 8 Zn 0.001-0.17 mg/L 0.002-0.05 mg/L 0.001-0.12 mg/L 9 Cr 0.001-0.003 mg/L <0.001 mg/L 0.001-0.005 mg/L 10 Sulphide & Negligible amounts Negligible Negligible Phenolic amounts amounts Compounds 11 Oil & grease Not detected Not detected Not detected

1.3.4. Disposal of drill cuttings

ONGC carried out a project in collaboration with Central Road Research Institute, Delhi on testing of drill cuttings for their toxicity if any due to the potential presence of any toxic metals. The studies revealed the non- hazardous nature of the drill cuttings and based on the results of these studies it is recommended that the drill cuttings may be used in road making. The results are very encouraging as the cuttings show very good bonding characteristics.

In addition, this report also presents information collected from secondary data resources on biological environment, socio-economic status etc.

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1.3.5. Socio-economic

This report examines environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed activity from site clearance, preparation of the site, testing, completion/abandonment, rig dismantling and restoration. On evaluation of environmental impact it is observed that the real benefits of proposed activity can be accomplished through implementation of adequate preventive and control measures

The impact on community health due to the proposed drilling activities will be negligible but at the same time social status will improve due to increase in employment opportunities etc. There will be positive impact on transportation, communication in the region.

ONGC is operating in the study area for more than 25 years and the baseline studies carried out reflected practically no impact of ONGC operations on the environmental quality over these years. It was found that the quality of air and water is within the regulatory norms, implying that drilling activities have no significant impact on the prevailing environmental conditions.

1.3.6 Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan of ONGC provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project work. The EMP has been developed into a stand-alone system covering each stage of the drilling activity viz. disposal of unused mud, cuttings, recycling etc.

1.3.7. Post Project Management

All the drilling locations of the West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocks will be restored and covered by the native top soil if well goes dry. During drilling and after drilling air quality monitoring will be carried out.

This report also provides point-wise response to the EAC- approved MoEFs Terms of Reference.

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2. Introduction

2.1. Present Development Scenario of Krishna-Godavari Basin

ONGC has been operating in Krishna-Godavari Basin for the past 35 years. In order to exploit Hydrocarbons in the KG basin, ONGC had conducted EIA studies, based on which following Environment Clearances were accorded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests: 1. F.No.J-11011/563/2008-IA II (I) Dated 22nd April, 2010 for development drilling of 38 locations in KG Basin and establishment of two Early Production Facilities. 2. F.No.J-11011/439/2011-IA II (I) Dated 16th September, 2013 for development drilling of 24 locations in KG Basin and establishment of Early Production Facility (one) at Malleswaram, district Krishna, AP As a part of compliance of the stipulations of MoEF, various environmental monitoring activities are being carried out in the project locations continuously. The Hydrocarbon reserve data obtained from the various wells drilled so far have shown very encouraging results and hence it is planned to drill 40 development wells in West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocks of KG Basin in three districts of A.P. viz. East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna.

The details of the PML Blocks and the number of wells proposed to be drilled are as given in Table 5.The details of wells to be drilled are given in Table 6. The block coordinates are presented in Table 7 A & 7 B.

Table 5: PML Blocks in KG Basin

Sl. Work Centre Project Description Area in No. of No. Sq. Km wells 1. KG BASIN Development drilling in 2176.00 35 Godavari Onland PML Block 2. KG BASIN Development drilling in West 1278.32 5 Godavari PML Block

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Table 6: Proposed 40 Development Locations

Field / No. of wells (Anticipated PML Village S. No District Coordinates Mandal Locations)/Name/ Block (No. of wells) Target Depth(m) Lat 16 deg 48 Alamuru (3) Alamuru East Godavari min 5 sec Long 1 Mandapeta / 8/3100 Godavari Onland 81 deg 54 min 15 sec Mandapeta (5) Mandapeta Lat 16 deg 20 East min 2.66 sec Kesavadasupalem / Godavari Kesavadasupalem 2 Long 81 deg Sakhinetipalli 1/ 1800 Godavari Onland (1) 46 min 9.81 sec Lat 16 deg 23 East min 31.45 sec Kesanapalli west / Godavari 3 Long 81 deg Kesanapalli (5) Malkipuram 5/ 2500 Godavari Onland 54 min 37.78 sec Lat 16 deg 28 East min 26.87 sec Kammapalem / 7/ Godavari Kammapalem (7) 4 Long 81 deg Razole 2700 Godavari Onland Hamlet of Sivakodu 49 min 8.38 sec Lat 16 deg 37 min 49.54 sec Vygreswaram / 1/ East Godavari 5 Long 81 deg Vygreswaram (1) Ambajipeta 4000 Godavari Onland 56 min 16.96 sec Lat 16 deg 40 West min 12.60 sec Eleti Padu (2) Iragavaram Penugonda / Godavari 6 Godavari Long 81 deg 10/3350 Onland Chinnamvaripalem 47 min 21.80 Penugonda sec (8) Lat 16 deg 16 West min 04.96 sec Lakshmaneswaram Godavari Lakshmaneswaram 7 Long 81 deg Narsapur / LSDA/2500 Godavari Onland (1) 41 min 00.65 sec Lat 16 deg 41 West min 00.97 sec Penugonda / Godavari Pittala Vemavaram 8 Long 81 deg Peravalli PGDA/3350 Godavari Onland (1) 46 min 50.75 sec Lat 16 deg 41 West min 12.30 sec Penugonda / Godavari 9 Long 81 deg Siddantham (1) Penugonda PGDB/3350 Godavari Onland 47 min 29.76 sec

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Lat 16 deg 31 min 40.90 sec West 10 Kaikaluru / 3/2500 Krishna Long 81 deg Kaikaluru (3) Kaikaluru Godavari 14 min 31.39 sec Lat 16 deg 27 West Krishna min 51.5 sec Pedda Kamanapudi 11 Lingala / 1/2500 Mudinepalli Godavari Long 81 deg 9 (1) min 27.05 sec Lat 16 deg 14 West Nandigama/ 1 Krishna min 26.94 sec 12 Munjuluru (1) Bantumilli /4100 Godavari Long 81 deg 8 min 51.97 sec Total 40 wells

The operational areas in KG On-land cover 3454.32 sq.km. This is a unique basin where the hydrocarbons are discovered in the geologically oldest (250 Million years) to the youngest (5 Million years) sediments. The overall success ratio is 1:2.4. The efforts led to the discovery of 59 small-to-medium sized hydrocarbon fields (given in Annexure E) with about 234.9 MMT (Oil & Oil Equivalent Gas) of initial in-place on-land reserves as on 01.04.2013.

The current production of Oil is 800-860 Metric tons / day and of Gas is 3.2- 4.2 MMSCM/day from various facilities located in this area. The KG basin holds ample promise for additional reserve accretion and the Petroleum Ministry is keen on continuing the exploitation activity by a few more years. Thus, a number of new well locations have been identified for drilling development wells

The proposed project will lead to higher production of oil and gas from KG Basin which in turn helps in enhancing Energy Security and Economic Security of the nation.

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Fig 1: Map showing proposed locations in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna Districts

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Table 7(A): Coordinates of Godavari Onland PML Block, KG basin

Point Latitude Longitude Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. ENDAMURU-1 PML A 16 52 20.00 82 7 42.00 B 16 51 18.00 82 8 51.00 C 16 50 63.00 82 9 29.00 D 16 51 52.00 82 7 16.00 ENDAMURU-4 PML A 16 52 20.00 82 7 42.00 B 16 53 8.00 82 9 12.00 C 16 53 8.00 82 9 53.00 D 16 51 18.00 82 8 51.00 MANDAPETA PML A 16 50 16.00 81 55 8.00 B 16 48 9.00 81 56 14.00 C 16 47 43.00 81 56 47.00 D 16 46 16.00 81 56 60.00 E 16 46 1.00 81 55 46.00 F 16 46 41.00 81 54 48.00 G 16 47 0.00 81 52 13.00 H 16 49 34.00 81 52 58.00 ENUGUPALLI PML A 16 32 53.00 81 54 13.00 B 16 33 52.00 81 55 54.00 C 16 32 56.00 81 56 29.00 D 16 31 69.00 81 54 48.00 PENUMADAM-1 PML A 16 32 62.00 81 45 18.00 B 16 35 2.00 81 47 39.00 C 16 35 28.00 81 49 23.00 D 16 33 34.00 81 47 12.00 E 16 32 26.00 81 45 40.00 MEDAPADU PML A 16 30 26.00 81 43 37.00 B 16 31 38.00 81 47 3.00 C 16 30 25.00 81 47 32.00 D 16 29 6.00 81 44 6.00 ELAMANCHILI PML H 16 27 25.00 81 44 25.00 I 16 27 25.00 81 43 40.00 J 16 29 10.00 81 44 55.00 K 16 29 10.00 81 48 40.00 L 16 28 20.00 81 46 40.00 RAZOLE – 1& 2 PML A 16 29 2.00 81 45 39.00 B 16 27 44.00 81 47 25.00 C 16 25 52.00 81 45 52.00 D 16 25 37.00 81 45 50.00 E 16 25 18.00 81 45 15.00 F 16 25 47.00 81 45 20.00 G 16 26 23.00 81 44 38.00 H 16 27 25.00 81 44 25.00

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LAKSHMANESWARAM PML A 16 25 12.00 81 40 6.00 B 16 26 67.00 81 41 21.00 C 16 29 33.00 81 43 57.00 D 16 29 6.00 81 44 6.00 E 16 29 33.00 81 45 9.00 F 16 29 10.00 81 44 55.00 G 16 27 25.00 81 43 40.00 H 16 24 39.00 81 41 0.00 MANDAPETA-WEST PML A 16 44 19.39 81 51 10.45 B 16 43 55.88 81 52 35.17 C 16 41 59.15 81 54 11.64 D 16 40 34.04 81 52 53.62 E 16 42 48.60 81 51 6.24 MANDAPETA-19 PML E 16 46 15.00 81 56 50.00 H 16 47 43.00 81 58 47.00 I 16 48 18.00 81 58 21.00 J 16 47 42.00 81 58 33.00 PENUMADAM-2 PML A 16 32 52.00 81 45 18.00 B 16 35 2.00 81 47 39.00 N 16 33 25.80 81 46 0.00 ENDAMURU-7&9 PML A 16 53 14.70 82 10 25.00 B 16 54 7.60 82 12 50.10 C 16 53 19.00 82 13 9.40 D 16 52 26.10 82 10 44.30 MANEPALLI EXTN. PML A 16 30 50.00 81 50 50.00 B 16 31 15.00 81 51 16.00 C 16 32 15.00 81 52 20.00 D 16 32 15.00 81 53 0.00 E 16 30 35.00 81 53 0.00 F 16 30 20.00 81 53 46.00 G 16 30 20.00 81 51 15.00 A 16 30 50.00 81 50 50.00 KAVITAM PML –PART-A A 16 39 0.00 81 45 30.00 B 16 40 30.00 81 45 0.00 C 16 41 55.13 81 47 54.85 D 16 40 23.16 81 49 0.00 A 16 39 0.00 81 45 30.00 PART-B E 16 39 30.00 81 49 0.00 F 16 38 30.00 81 49 0.00 G 16 36 0.00 81 45 0.00 H 16 37 0.00 81 44 30.00 E 16 39 30.00 81 49 0.00 KAVITAM (ADDITIONAL AREA) PML I 16 39 0.00 81 45 30.00 J 16 40 30.00 81 45 0.00 K 16 38 37.77 81 41 23.87

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L 16 32 38.33 81 43 50.02 M 16 37 23.51 81 51 8.69 N 16 40 23.16 81 49 0.00 I 16 39 0.00 81 46 30.00 The above area is exclusive of earlier granted Part B area of16 SKM under Kavitam PML TURPUTALLU PML A 16 21 40.00 81 38 50.00 B 16 21 40.00 81 39 50.00 C 16 21 10.00 81 39 50.00 D 16 21 10.00 81 38 50.00 A 16 21 40.00 81 38 50.00 TURPUTALLU (ADDITIONAL AREA) PML E 16 25 28.20 81 41 47.41 F 16 23 4.64 81 39 29.10 G 16 20 47.35 81 36 32.34 H 16 20 16.44 81 39 26.68 I 16 23 6.76 81 42 34.37 E 16 25 28.20 81 41 47.41 The above area is exclusive of earlier granted area of12SKM under Turputallu PML ACHANTA PML A 16 33 34.00 81 47 12.00 B 16 35 11.43 81 50 45.00 C 16 37 8.16 81 50 45.00 D 16 33 51.77 81 46 42.91 E 16 35 2.00 81 47 39.00 F 16 35 28.00 81 49 23.00 A 16 33 34.00 81 47 12.00 CHINTALAPALLI EXTN. PML A 16 28 9.36 81 50 19.90 B 16 27 49.68 81 50 39.25 C 16 27 27.20 81 50 14.70 D 16 27 12.00 81 50 16.00 E 16 27 8.32 81 49 54.21 F 16 24 16.07 81 45 48.79 G 16 24 27.03 81 46 20.05 H 16 27 2.90 81 47 26.72 I 16 27 13.63 81 47 54.93 J 16 27 23.00 81 47 53.00 K 16 27 32.62 81 48 49.11 A 16 28 9.36 81 50 19.90 APPLIED MAHADEVAPATNAM PML A 16 32 31.43 81 32 22.22 B 16 34 35.99 81 34 35.08 C 16 35 9.74 81 37 42.29 D 16 36 13.28 81 38 41.36 E 16 40 50.7 81 32 46.42 F 16 36 6.04 81 28 14.14

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Table 7 (B): Coordinates of West Godavari PML Block, KG basin

Point Latitude Longitude Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. LINGALA PML A 16 27 48.75 81 8 42.13 B 16 27 20.22 81 9 46.52 C 16 29 0.00 81 11 20.90 D 16 29 9.46 81 9 55.79 KAIKALUR-3 PML A 16 26 46.00 81 8 58.00 B 16 26 48.00 81 8 4.00 C 16 24 20.00 81 9 43.00 D 16 25 6.00 81 10 27.00 E 16 26 24.00 81 9 25.00 VADALI PML A 16 25 36.00 81 8 18.90 B 16 24 48.80 81 7 31.70 C 16 24 5.40 81 8 23.90 D 16 24 51.00 81 9 8.60 NANDIGAMA PML A 16 31 12.00 81 22 3.00 B 16 34 24.00 81 23 33.00 C 16 32 25.00 81 27 54.00 D 16 28 15.00 81 26 27.00 LINGALA EXTENSION AND KAIKALUR-12 PML A 16 29 5.00 81 10 23.00 B 16 32 24.00 81 15 2.00 C 16 31 38.00 81 16 29.00 D 16 26 16.25 81 10 8.00 E 16 26 53.50 81 9 24.00 F 16 27 20.22 81 9 46.52 G 16 29 0.00 81 11 20.90 BANTUMILLI EXTN. PML A1 16 24 45.00 81 20 15.00 B1 16 26 0.00 81 21 30.00 C1 16 26 0.00 81 23 45.00 D1 16 22 30.00 81 23 45.00 E1 16 22 30.00 81 20 15.00 A1 16 24 45.00 81 20 15.00 BANTUMILLI EXTN. (ADDITIONAL AREA) PML. A 16 30 12.30 81 26 53.23 B 16 29 15.00 81 28 27.00 C 16 29 42.41 81 25 25.19 D 16 27 35.36 81 22 35.03 E 16 24 42.33 81 20 10.81 F 16 23 24.36 81 18 16.28 G 16 20 41.88 81 20 37.09 H 16 23 52.74 81 26 26.72 I 16 26 11.74 81 29 1.83 A 16 30 12.30 81 26 53.23 Remarks: The above area is exclusive of earlier granted area of 38.00 SKM under Bantumilli Extn. PML. APPLIED MALLESSWARAM PML A 16 18 25.06 81 18 34.80

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B 16 19 20.36 81 12 3.67 C 16 20 19.00 81 13 10.00 D 16 21 59.00 81 12 17.00 E 16 34 24.00 81 23 33.00 F 16 31 12.00 81 22 3.00 G 16 29 42.41 81 25 25.19 H 16 27 35.36 81 22 35.03 I 16 24 42.33 81 20 10.81 J 16 23 24.36 81 18 16.28 K 16 21 27.41 81 19 57.72 L 16 19 18.86 81 20 15.00

Table 8: Details of E&P Facilities in East Godavari District

Sr. Installation Oil Prod Gas Prod (SCM) Distance (in Kms.) No. (MT)/Day /Day From Rajahmundry

1 Mandapeta GCS 3.295 214,772 40

2 Endamuru GCS 3.576 203,108 70

3 Mori GCS 1.073 774,738 100

4 Adavipalem GCS 5.506 134,609 110

5 Ponnamanda GCS 3.661 151,295 126

6 Kesanapalli (W) 341.521 248,887 120 GGS

7 Pasarlapudi GCS 4.079 300,836 85

8 Tatipaka GCS 9.198 570,220 80

9 Gopavaram GGS 314.959 38,114 90

Table 9: Details of E&P Facilities in West Godavari District

Distance (in Sr. Oil Prod Gas Prod Installation Kms.) from No. (MT) /Day (SCM) /Day Rajahmundry

1 Narsapur GCS 1.259 129,727 85

2 Kavitam GCS 1.240 16,671 120

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Table 10: Details of E&P Facilities in Krishna District

Sr. Installation Oil Prod Gas Prod Distance (in No. (MT) /Day (SCM) /Day Kms.) from Rajahmundry

1 Lingala GGS 28.466 33,882 160

2 Kaikalur EPS 1.346 9,954 160

3 Nandigama EPS 0.946 31,667 195

2.2. Purpose and Basis of the Environmental Impact Assessment

In order to assess the impact of ongoing exploitation activity and to predict the possible impact of additional drilling, ONGC has been conducting environmental surveys on the air, water, land and socio-economic environments.

The present report has been prepared based on data collected from ONGC‟s ongoing studies in Krishna Godavari being conducted by following resource agencies.

1 Keshav Dev Malviya Institute for Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE) , ONGC, Dehradun

2 Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environmental Management (IPSHEM), ONGC, Goa.

3 NEERI, Nagpur

4 S V Enviro Labs and Consultants, Visakhapatnam (Approved laboratories)

5 Indian Meteorological Department, Hyderabad.

6 National Institute of Oceanography, Visakhapatnam

The data related to biological environment and socio economic studies are taken from secondary resources and published literature. One season base line data is considered for preparation of this report and the data is collected during Oct-Dec 2012.

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In this report the data have been presented along with the likely anticipated impacts and corresponding evaluation and mitigation measures. Accordingly environmental management plan has also been prepared and documented.

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3. Drilling Technology and Process Description Drilling operations in on land areas are generally the same irrespective of geographical area of operation. Drilling operation is carried out using an electrically operated rig. A typical drilling rig sketch is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Drilling unit for drilling of oil and gas wells consists of a derrick at the top of which is mounted a crown block and a hoisting block with a hook. From the swivel is suspended a Kelly stem which passes through a square or hexagonal Kelly bush which fits into the rotary table. The rotary table receives the power to drive it from an electric motor. The electric motor rotates the rotary table, through which passes the Kelly bush, and the rotations are transmitted to the bit as the drilling progresses, the drill pipes in singles are added to continue the drilling process. At the end of the bit life, the drill pipes are pulled out in stands and stacked on the derrick platform. A stand normally has 3 single drill pipes. After changing the bit, the drill string is run back into the hole and further drilling is continued. This process continues till the target depth is reached.

During the course of drilling, cuttings are generated due to crushing action of the bit. These cuttings are removed by flushing the well with duplex/triplex mud pumps. The mud from the pump discharge through the rotary hose connected to stationary part of the swivel, the drill string and bit nozzles. The mud coming out of the bit nozzles pushes the cuttings up the hole and transports them to the surface through the annular space between the drill string and the hole. The mud not only carries away crushed rock from the bottom of the hole but it also cools the bit as it gets heated due to friction with formation while rotating. The hydrostatic head of the mud helps in balancing subsurface formation pressures thereby preventing uncontrolled flow of formation fluids into the well bore; in extreme cases this phenomenon is termed blow-out, a rare occurrence.

At the surface, the mud coming out from well along with the cuttings falls in a trough, passes through the solids control equipments i.e. shale shaker, de-sander/ de-silter and mud cleaner. These equipments remove the solids of different sizes, which get mixed with the mud during the course of drilling. The cleaned mud flows back to the suction tanks to be again pumped into the well. The drilling mud/fluid circulation is thus a continuous cyclic operation.

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Fig. 2: Diagram of typical on-land Drilling Rig

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Fig. 3: Drilling Fluid Circulation

The most suitable clay for mud preparation is bentonite, which is capable of forming highly dispersed colloidal suspensions. Various other chemicals are also used in mud preparation as per requirements dictated by the temperature/pressure conditions of the wells. The mud is continuously tested for its density, viscosity, yield point, water loss, pH value etc. to ensure that the drilling operations can be sustained without any down-hole complications.

3.1. Drilling Facilities Drilling is a temporary activity, which will continue from 3 to 4 months for each well drilled in the block under normal conditions. However, this depends upon depth of wells to be drilled. The rigs are self-contained for all routine jobs. Once the drilling operations are completed, and if sufficient indications of hydrocarbon are noticed while drilling, the well is tested by controlled well-flow. This normally takes 2-3 days. If the well is found to be successful in terms of hydrocarbon potential, it is sealed off for future development.

3.2. General Requirements of Drilling Development drilling programme requires the following common facilities:

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(a) Drilling Mud

Drilling of wells requires specially formulated mud, which basically comprises inert earth materials like bentonite, barite in water with several additives to give mud weight, fluidity and filter cake characteristics while drilling. The drilling mud has several functions like lubrication and cooling of the drill bit, balancing if subsurface formation pressure, well-bore cleaning etc. Its thixotropic property helps hold cuttings during operational stoppages. The formation of thin cake helps prevent liquid loss along well bore. Several additives are mixed into the mud system to give the required properties. Water based mud will be used to the possible extent in drilling but use of synthetic based mud may be required in case of any complexities associated with the geological formations and associated hole stability problems. The constituents of a typical water- based mud (WBM) are given in Table 11. The special additives and their functions in WBM are shown in Table 12.

Table 11: Chemicals Used in Water Based Drilling Mud Sr. No. Chemicals 1. Barite 2. Bentonite 3. Carboxy methyl cellulose 4. Mud thinner/conditioner 5. Resinated lignite 6. Non weighted spotting fluid 7. Weighted Spotting fluid 8. Extreme Pressure Lube 9. Drilling detergent 10. Caustic soda 11. Potassium chloride 12. Soda Ash

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Table 12: Mud Additives and their Functions in Water Based Drilling Fluids

Sr. Additives Functions No. 1. Sodium bicarbonate Eliminate excess calcium ions due to cement contamination 2. Sodium chloride Minimize borehole washout in salt zone 3. Groundnut shells, Minimize loss of drilling mud to formation mica of cellophane 4. Cellulose polymers or Counter thick, sticky filter cake, decrease filter starch loss to formation 5. Aluminium stearate or Minimize foaming alcohol 6. Vegetable oil Reduce torque and drag on drill string lubricant 7. Pill of oil-based mud Counter differential pressure sticking of drilling spotting fluid string; Pill is placed down hole opposite contact zone to free pipe 8. Paraformaldehyde Retard bacterial degradation in polymer fluid bactericide system; In development drilling, added to fluid left behind in casing to prevent casing string corrosion 9. Zinc compounds Counter hydrogen sulfide contamination by precipitating sulfides 10. KCl-polymer drilling Improve wellbore stability in water-sensitive fluid system shall formation. Prevents shale swelling and sloughing

(b) Power Generation

The drilling process requires movement of drill bit through the draw works, which require power. The power requirement of the drilling rig will generally met using the Diesel Generator sets in the drill site. The power requirement of a drilling rig is from three 700 KVA D.G sets (AC-SCR Type.) with a peak diesel consumption of about 3-4 m3/day, whereas during testing other operations the diesel consumption is about 0.5-2 m3/day. The exhaust stacks of the DG sets of land based rigs vent the emissions at an approximate height of 4 - 5 m from the ground level.

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daily water consumption will be 25 m3/d of which 15 m3/d will be used for mud preparation and 10 m3/d will be used for domestic purposes including drinking. Waste water generation would be about 10-15 m3/d. The total quantity of water requirement is about 1200 m3 which shall be transported from nearby sources through a contractor after due approvals. Effluent water is generally recycled for the preparation of mud as well as for cleaning of derrick floor etc. Unusable excess waste water is treated prior to the approved disposal method.

(d) Domestic Wastewater

The operating personnel in onshore drilling site accommodation (DSA) in the vicinity of the location consume fresh water for drinking and sanitation purpose. Septic tanks and soak pits are normally provided to dispose off the domestic wastewater in the base camps.

(e) Solid Removal

The rock cuttings and fragments of shale, sand and silt associated with the return drilling fluid during well drilling are separated using linear motion shale shakers and other solids removal equipment like de-sanders and de-silters. The recovered mud is reused while the rejected solids are collected and disposed of in a lined waste pit in the drill site.

(f) Drill Cuttings and Waste Residual Mud

During drilling operations, approx. 5-10 T/day of wet drill cuttings are expected to be generated from the well depending on the type of formation and depth of drilling. During drilling operations, approx 200 m3 per well of wet drill cuttings are expected to be generated from each well depending on the type of formation and depth of drilling. In addition to the cuttings 10-15 m3/day of wastewater is likely to be generated during well drilling. The waste residual mud and duly washed drill cuttings are nothing but the components of clay, sand etc. and are disposed of in an environment-friendly manner as approved by MoEF/APPCB.

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(g) Testing

Flaring facilities are available at drilling rig for burning of gaseous hydrocarbons during testing. The residual oily wastes if any after completion of testing phase are completely removed and sent to the authorized waste disposal site or oil handling installations for resource conservation.

(h) Chemical Storage

The drilling rigs have normal storage facilities for fuel oil, chemicals and the necessary tubulars and equipment. The storage places are clearly marked with safe handling instructions.

(i) Manpower

The drilling rig is manned by approx. 30 persons at anytime. The manpower operates in two 12-hour shifts with continuous operations on the rig.

(j) Logistics

Crew transfers to and from the drilling rig, materials, diesel and chemicals is done using light vehicles, trucks and trailers.

(k) Site Restoration

In case of onshore drill site, all the waste materials from the site are removed and the site is restored as near as possible to the original state. The dried residual mud and non-toxic drill cuttings are spread over the site followed by spreading of topsoil to minimize impact if any of the drilling materials

3.3 Production Testing After drilling the well to the target depth, casing pipe is lowered , cemented and then the perforation job is carried out in the expected pay zone intervals. After the activation process, the well fluid shall be flown into the separator through the production choke manifold. The well fluid thus collected in the separator, after attaining the due retention time shall separate into gas and liquid (water and oil). The separated liquid is collected into the collection tank and sent to GGS for further process. Gas separated at the top is flared into the flare pit.

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Fig 4: Typical schematic diagram of Production Testing at Drill site

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4. Methodology followed for Environmental Impact Assessment

This includes detailed characterization of existing status of environment around all proposed development drilling sites of KG basin for various environmental components viz. air, noise, water, land, biological and socio-economic. Under this scope, following is envisaged:

 To assess existing status of air, noise, water, land, biological and socio-economic components of environment

 To identify and quantify significant impacts of proposed drilling operations on various environmental components

 To evaluate proposed pollution prevention and control measures

 To prepare a pragmatic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining control technologies and or practices to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts

 To delineate post-project environmental quality monitoring programme to be pursued by ONGC.

4.1. Methodology

Keeping in view the nature of activities envisaged the area around proposed locations was studied for the above environmental aspects and also in line with approved TOR. The work carried out for each of the environmental components is briefly reported below and described in detail in subsequent sections.

4.1.1. Air Environment

 Collection of surface meteorological data like wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, rainfall etc.

 Design of ambient air quality monitoring network

 Measurement of 24 hourly average background concentrations of PM10 and PM 2.5,

SO2 , NOx, CO and hydrocarbons

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4.1.2. Noise Environment

 Establishing existing status of noise levels in residential, commercial, industrial areas and silence zones within the block area.

4.1.3. Land Environment

 Collection and assessment of representative soil samples within the study area

 Assessment of productivity and fertility of soil found within the study area

4.1.4. Water Environment

 Collection of surface and ground water resources for determining quality of water in the study area

 Assessment of biotic environment for water in terms of phytoplankton/ zooplankton (enumeration, indices and distribution)

4.1.5. Biological Environment (from secondary sources)

 Collection of data on flora and fauna including rare and endangered species within the block area

 Collation of information on wildlife sanctuaries / reserve forest if any in the vicinity of the project area

 Assessment of species diversity, density, abundance etc., in the study region

4.1.6. Socio-economic Environment (from secondary sources)

 Collection of baseline data including demographic details, such as households, population, literacy, employment pattern, general health, tribal, transport, communication and welfare facilities such as hospitals, educational institutions, project awareness amongst the public, infrastructure facilities, economic resources, cultural and aesthetic attributes etc. as per the requirements under MoEF.

4.1.7. Anticipated Environmental Impacts

 Identification of Environmental Impacts associated with drilling

 Prediction of adverse impacts due to activities related to proposed drilling

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 Assessment of adverse impacts due to the proposed activity on air, land, water, biological and on human interests.

4.2. Mitigation Measures  All equipment are operated within specified design parameters during construction, drilling and operational phases

 Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices will be provided to the workforce in noise prone areas.

4.3. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is drawn after identifying, predicting and evaluating the significant impacts on each component of the environment with a view to maximizing the benefits from proposed project. The following measures are included in EMP:

 Recommend mitigation measures required to address environmental concerns such as wildlife and habitat protection, cultural and archaeological sites protection, terrain stabilization, maintaining fresh water horizons, debris disposal and conservation of natural drainage and water flow

 Assess additional infrastructures for treatment of produced water, proposed access cuttings, sewage, solid/hazardous waste with hydro-geo morphological details

 Provide a comprehensive and detailed plan covering environmental variables to be monitored, the location and timing of sampling and the use to be made of monitoring data to ensure compliance with the applicable environmental rules/regulations throughout the life of the project

 Delineate post-closure plan coexisting with natural surroundings for abandonment of wells, rig dismantling and site completion and reclamation for abandonment.

4.4 Post Project Monitoring All the drilling locations of the PML Blocks will be restored and covered by the native top soil if well goes dry. During drilling and after drilling air quality monitoring will be carried out at the interval of two months.

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5. Protocol for Environmental Baseline Data Collection

5.1. Air Environment

Assessment of impacts on air environment and feedback for EMP requires information on existing ambient air quality status. The prime objective of ambient air quality monitoring is to assess the existing level of air pollutants in the study area. The baseline studies for air environment include reconnaissance, identification of specific air pollutants due to proposed project and measuring their existing levels in ambient air within the study area prior to implementation of the project. The data required to assess the status can be collected, analyzed and evaluated through a well-designed air quality monitoring network.

5.2. Design of Network for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

The following criteria were taken into account while designing the ambient air quality monitoring network:

 Topography of the study area

 Representation of regional background

 Populated and sensitive areas

 Prediction of maximum ground level concentrations and distances of their likely occurrence as per climatological normals.

 Representation of valid cross sectional distribution in downwind direction

The existing ambient air quality data required to assess impacts is collected through a well-designed air quality monitoring network.

5.2.1. Reconnaissance

To establish the baseline status of the regional air shed in the study region, 3 to 5 monitoring stations near the proposed activity were selected for monitoring of air quality. The proposed activities as well as site-specific parameters viz. PM10, PM2.5,

SO2, Oxides of Nitrogen, Ozone, Lead, Ammonia, BaP, Arsenic, and Nickel were identified for air quality monitoring. The concentrations of Non-methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) were also been monitored by grab sample.

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The locations were chosen on the basis of prevailing meteorological conditions. Wind direction and speed were recorded to demarcate possible zones of maximum concentrations of air pollutants.

At all the AAQM locations, High Volume Air Samplers (HVAS) were installed for continuous sampling of air on 24 hourly basis. Grab samples of HCs were collected and analyzed.

5.2.2. Micrometeorology

The micrometeorological data on wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity were collected and tabulated in Table 18- 20. The collected data have been processed to draw windroses.

The climate of study area is tropical in nature and is generally warm and humid. The general range of temperature is between 14°C to 47°C. The coldest months of the year are December January and February with the lowest temperature in December, followed by summer during the months from March to May. Rainy seasons generally start by about the end of May

5.3. Noise Environment The objective of noise monitoring survey in and around the proposed project site is to identify the existing noise sources so as to measure background noise levels and to suggest mitigation measures to alleviate adverse impact of noise. The study has been executed in the following steps:

 Reconnaissance Survey

 Identification of noise sources and measurement of noise levels

 Measurement of noise levels in residential, commercial, industrial zone and road side

A Reconnaissance survey was conducted with a view to establishing the baseline status of the environment with respect to noise levels in and around the project site.

Noise monitoring was carried out to identify and quantify so far as reasonably possible the ambient condition to predict the increase in noise levels and causes of variability of noise levels as a result of the proposed development.

The main sources of noise shall be drilling rigs and vehicular traffic. A drilling rig is a unique noise source and it can be conveniently categorized as stationary source.

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Drilling is generally a temporary activity at any place. During this period the rig can be considered as a stationary and continuous noise source.

5.3.1. Methodology for Noise Monitoring

Noise standards have been designated for different types of land use, i.e. Residential, Commercial, Industrial zone, Road side and Silence zones, as per „The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, Notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi on February 14, 2000. Different standards have been stipulated during day time (6 am to 9 pm) and night time (9 pm to 6 am).

The noise rating method as Leq i.e. equivalent sound pressure level has been adopted for the measurement of noise level in various selected sampling locations of this region. It is the energy mean of the noise level over a specified period and is expressed in terms of decibels.

 1 T  L  10log 10LP(t)/10 dtdB(A) eq  T    0 

The noise scale A-weighted network in dB (A) was used for monitoring of noise level. Leq in dB (A) denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of human ear. The average of Leq at each location is calculated using energy average formula:

n 1 Lpi/10  Energy average  10log 10  n i1 

Day night sound level (Ldn) for 24 hours equivalent sound level can be calculated as follows:

 1  16 8  Ldn  10log  10(Leq)i/10  10(Leq)j10/10  24      i1 j1 

Where,

Ldn : Day night sound level

„i‟ : Denotes the sum over the 16 hours during the daytime

„j‟ : Denotes the sum over the 8hours during the night time

th (Leq) (i) : Equivalent noise level for „i‟ hours

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th (Leq) (j) : Equivalent noise level for „j‟ hours

The impact of noise on the health of an individual depends on physical exposure of noise viz. noise level, frequency spectrum, intermittency etc. and human factors viz. sex, age, health status, type of activity, occupational effect etc. The intensity also depends on psychological and physiological state of individual.

The residential, commercial, industrial and silence zones in the study area have been identified. Some of the locations were measured which were away from the major roads / major noise sources. Equivalent noise levels (Leq) for a period of about one hour was measured at different time at each monitoring location during day time as well as night time.

5.4. Water Environment

5.4.1. Reconnaissance

Groundwater sources are being used in most of the villages for drinking and other domestic purposes. In addition to groundwater, the river water is a potential source of freshwater. The baseline surface water quality status has been tested.

5.4.2. Water Resources and Requirement

The project region receives comparatively higher rainfall in the state. There are adequate surface and ground water resources in the region. The irrigation activities in this region are depending on rainwater as well as surface water bodies mainly the rivers.

Water in the region is primarily used for irrigation

5.4.3. Baseline Water Quality

Physico-chemical parameters have been determined to ascertain the baseline status of the existing groundwater and surface water resources. The groundwater quality was assessed by collecting samples from hand pumps and bore wells at different Locations.

In order to assess the water quality of surface water, samples were collected from different locations. Samples were collected at 0.5 m depth below water surface for representing surface water quality.

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5.5. Biological Environment

Natural flora and fauna are important features of the environment. They are organized into natural communities and are sensitive to outside influences. Integrating ecological thinking into the planning process is an urgent need in the context of deterioration of natural environments, which is unwanted but direct consequence of development. Biological communities, being dependent on the condition and resources of its location may change if there is change in the environment. Hence changes in the status of flora and fauna are an elementary requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment studies. Information on flora and fauna were collected within the study area. Relevant details on aquatic life within the study area were collected from related government offices*.

*From published secondary data reference state government reports.

5.5.1. Biological Characteristics Standard procedures were adopted for phytoplankton and zooplankton counts involving preservation. Analysis of phytoplankton was done by Lacked drop (microtransect) method and counting was done as follows:

No. of phytoplankton/ml = (C x A1) / (A2 x S x V)

C : No. of organism counted

2 A1 : Area of cover strip, mm

2 A2 : Area of one strip, mm

S : No. of strips counted and

V : Volume of sample under the cover strip, ml

Analysis of zooplankton is done by Sedwick-Rafter (SR) cell. The Sedwick-Rafter cell is 50 mm long, 20 mm wide and 1 mm deep. Total area is 1000 mm² and the total volume is 1 ml. Counting of zooplankton was done as follows:

Number / ml X C Number of zooplankton  V

Where,

C : Volume of concentrate in ml

V : Volume of sample filtered in l

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The results of phytoplankton and zooplankton counts are expressed as no./100 ml and no./m3 respectively.

The nature and population of biological species in water are dependent on its physico- chemical characteristics, i.e. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, BOD, salinity and nutrient levels. Thus, the type and population of plankton species may serve as indicators of the physico-chemical quality and the trophic levels of water body. Plankton community structure of a water body can be assessed through following parameters:

5.5.2. Species Composition

The type of a group of organisms indicates the tropic conditions of aquatic environment. Similarly many organisms have been known to be favored by certain physico-chemical conditions, such as silicates for diatoms.

Presence of desmids and diatoms indicate good water conditions. Dominance of diatoms, protozoa, ciliates, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae indicate moderately tropic conditions. Presence of Euglenophyceae indicates highly eutrophic conditions. Planktonic rotifers are usually more abundant in fresh water than in estuarine water. It is believed that when crustaceans such as Copepoda, Cirripedia, Ostracoda etc. and insects outnumber other groups, the water body is considered to be enriched by organic matter. Thus, it is evident that presence of typical organisms also helps in classifying a water body into different tropic levels based on its physico-chemical characteristics.

5.5.3. Species Diversity

Diversity of plankton is determined by physico-chemical characteristics or the tropic level of the water body. In oligotrophic water, the diversity of plankton is high, while in mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions (increased pollution) the diversity of plankton decreases. The Shannon Weaver Index (d), a measure of diversity of plankton, takes into account the total as well as individual species counts in a water sample.

d = -  (ni/n) log2 (ni/n)

Where,

d = Shannon Weaver Diversity Index

ni = number of individual of each individual species in a sample

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An index value of 3 and above is generally considered to be a non-polluted water body. Values between 1 and 3 and less than 1 are believed to be mild polluted and highly polluted respectively. Lower fluctuating index values at selected points might be attributed to point and non-point sources of pollution, turbidity, tides, flow etc.

A widely accepted ecological concept enunciated that the communities with larger numbers of species (i.e. with high diversity) will have a high stability and thus can resist adverse environmental factors, providing a greater structural complexity of the food web.

In order to evaluate baseline biological characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the study area the data also generated. Water samples were preserved and enumerated for phytoplankton and zooplankton. Shannon Weaver Index was also estimated.

5.6. Social Forestry

Forests play a significant role in social and economical development of a country and improve the quality of life. The forests conserve soil and moisture and reduce floods. They provide us variety of products like timber, fuel, fodder fruits, Minor Forest Products and Raw materials for different industries. They maintain ecological balance and protect environment from pollution. Survival of all living beings depends upon survival of trees i.e. forests. Removal of forests results in surface run off, soil erosion, siltation of water bodies, floods and creates environmental pollution. Our national Forest Policy envisages that one third of total land area will be under forests to ensure environmental stability and ecological equilibrium as it is important for the survival of living beings. The Social Forestry deals with not only the afforestation of the existing degraded-forests, but also massive tree planting on lands outside the reserved forests. The programs already started during the plan period by bringing more non-forest lands like Village community lands, waste lands, Tank foreshores, Road margins, Canal banks, River and drain banks etc, under tree cover. The farmers and other section of the society, having lands not useful for agricultural purpose, shall be covered with tree by motivating these people. By afforesting all vacant government lands and private lands, the objective set in the National Forest Policy can be achieved.

Tank Foreshore Plantations: Most of the tanks in the study area are small having little foreshore areas. Babul is planted in the foreshore areas of the tanks with the receding of water

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Plantations on Community Lands: Most of the Community Lands, which are Revenue porambokes or Village waste Lands owned by Gram Panchayats are degraded in nature having hilly terrain. Plantation of Acacia and Prosopis species were found to be present here.

Roadside Avenue Plantations: Roads are well distributed throughout the district. Road-side plantations have an important place in Social forestry as these plantations improve the aesthetic value of the roads; provide shade besides-yielding fuel, fodder, small timber and other fruits to the villagers nearer to their places of living.

Canal Bank Plantations: The irrigation canals are passing through the sub urban part of district and it is a potential component for raising plantations along canal bunds. Canal banks have the added advantage of readily available water and also keep the subsurface moist and therefore rate of growth is higher and cost of growing and maintenance would be less compared to road side plantations

Group Farm Forestry Plantations: Small and marginal farmers are encouraged to take up planting with forest tree species in their own lands, which are either unproductive or under productive and where agriculture is not possible. The component had the cost sharing arrangement between the forest department and farmers. It was mainly by way of supply of seedlings free of cost. Besides this, the farmers were given incentive depending on the assessed success for the maintenance of the crop after the 2nd year of establishment.

Agriculture

Agriculture is one of the main occupations of the local people in the entire study area. It is mainly rain fed at present except some areas where irrigation is carried out by the link canals. Hot summer and good rainfall characterizes the climate of the study area. The summer season is from end of February to first week of June. The Southwest monsoon follows up to the end of September. The winter season is from October to January. The average highest temperature in the summer is 47°C and the minimum average temperature in December is 14°C

5.7. Socio-economic Environment

Reconnaissance

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The study of socio-economic component of environment is incorporating various facets viz. demographic structure, availability of basic amenities such as housing, education, health and medical services, occupation, water supply, sanitation, communication and power supply, prevailing diseases in the region as well as features such as places at tourist attraction and monuments of archaeological importance. The study of these parameters helps in identifying, predicting and evaluating the likely impacts due to project activity in that region.

5.7.1. Baseline Status

The survey has been carried out with the help of a pre-designed set of questionnaires. Adult male and female representing various communities were interviewed on judgmental or purposive basis data on following parameters has been collected for the study area.

 Demographic structure

 Infrastructure resource base

 Economic attributes

 Health status

 Aesthetic attributes

 Socio economic status with reference to quality of life

 Awareness and opinion of the people about the project

The data is generated using secondary sources viz. Census Records, District Statistical Abstract, Official Document and Primary Sources viz. field survey and field observation.

5.7.2. Socio-economic Survey Sampling Method

In order to assess and evaluate the likely impacts arising out of any developmental projects on socio-economic environment, it is necessary to gauge the apprehensions of the people in the project area. Socio-economic survey serves as an effective tool for fulfilling this requirement. Socio-economic survey was conducted in villages within the study area located in all directions with reference to the project site. Interaction was made with villagers (adults, male-female) for the collection of awareness and opinion,

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by using judgmental or purposive sampling methods representing various socio- economic sections of the community.

The respondents were asked for their awareness/opinion about the project and also of their opinion about the impacts of the project which is an important aspect of socio- economic environment viz. job opportunities, education, health care, housing, transportation facility and economic status.

The salient observations recorded during survey are:

 Economy of the region is mainly dependent on agricultural and its allied activities as their main occupation is rice cultivation in the region including the other crops i.e. tobacco, sugarcane etc

 Canals and bore wells are the main source of irrigation in the study area

 Education facilities are available in the form of primary and middle schools. In some villages, it is extended up to high school. For higher studies people avail the facility from the nearest town.

 Wood and natural gas are mainly used as fuel and selling of wood has become source of income for most of the villagers

 Quality of houses is good and mostly people have well constructed houses

 Between 3 to 6 members is the family size in the study area

 Sanitation facility is quite satisfactory in the region. Government also constructed the toilet for the poor people

 As regard to the drinking water facility people expressed satisfactory opinion with respect to quality and quantity

 Roads in the surveyed villages are in good condition, people are satisfied with the transportation facility.

 Power supply facility is used by the people for domestic as well as irrigation purpose but power cut is most frequently faced by the people in the region

 Awareness regarding the proposed project is seen in only that area which is chosen for drilling purpose. Beyond the proposed drilling site i.e. neighboring villagers are not aware about the proposed project activity

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5.7.3. Quality of Life (QoL)

An exercise has been carried out to assess the quality of life (QoL). The particulars of the concepts are as follows:

 Quality of life (QoL) is defined as a function between “objective conditions and subjective attitudes” involving a defined „area of concern‟

 The objective conditions are defined as numerically measurable artifacts of a physical event, sociological event or economic event. Objective conditions may be defined as any number, which stand for a given quantity of a variable of interest so long as it is independent of subjective opinion

 “Subjective Attitude” is primarily concerned with affective and cognitive dimensions. It is specifically concerned with „how aspects of cognition vary as objective conditions vary

 Once objective measures are obtained for each factor they are transformed to a normal scale varying from 0 to 1 (value function curve) in which 0 corresponds to the lowest or least satisfactory measures and 1 corresponds to the highest. The weight are assigned to each factor by ranked-pair wise technique by the expert group based on the secondary data and general observations

 For each objective measure, a corresponding subjective measure is developed for each individual of the sample population by asking him to rate his satisfaction scale (value function curve) is used such that 0 corresponds to the lowest level of attitudinal satisfaction and 1 corresponds to the highest level of satisfaction.

Weights are assigned to each factor using ranked pair wise comparison techniques.

The socio-economic Indicators for QoL assessment are:

 Income, employment and working conditions

 Housing

 Clothing

 Water supply and sanitation

 Health and energy

 Transportation and communication

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 Environment and pollution

 Recreation

 Social security

 Human rights

(I) Subjective Quality of Life

1 m p QoL(S)  Ql ij  W P j1 i1

Where QoL(S) is the Subjective Quality of life Index, Qlij is the Subjective Quality Index for ith factor assigned by all the respondents in an area, W is the Weights of the ith factor, m is the No. of factors and p is the No. of respondents in the sample.

(II) Objective Quality of Life

m QoL(o)  Ql i  W i1

Where QoL(o) is the Objective Quality of life Index Qli is the Satisfaction level (assigned by the expert group) for the ith Objective indicator, W is the Weights of the ith factor and m is the No. of factors.

(III) Average Quality of Life

Q L  Q L Q L  o (S) o (o) o (a) 2

The QoL index values are estimated as:

East Godavari District: QoL(s) average-0.46

QoL(o) average-0.48

QoL(a) for the study area-0.47

West Godavari District: QoL(s) average-0.44

QoL(o) average-0.46

QoL(a) for the study area-0.45

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Krishna District: QoL(s) average-0.46

QoL(o) average-0.48

QoL(a) for the study area-0.47

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6. Baseline Environmental Quality Status

6.1 Description of Environment Assessment of Environment conditions at the start of the project and the estimation of impact of the proposed project on the environment are the key factors for the success of an environment impact study. The estimated impact need to be compared with the environment conditions at the start of the project and the mitigation measures need to be planned for the residual impacts if any.

The impact assessment study is carried out prior to the implementation of the project so that the project proponent can implement the environment management plan in a sound technical, financial, and environmentally viable manner.

The success of the impact assessment depends upon two factors:

 The estimation of impact from the proposed project on the environment  An assessment of environmental conditions

These factors also help us to arrive at the post project scenario condition.

Base line data depicts the existing environmental conditions of air, water, soil etc. in and around the proposed locations. The base line studies include detailed characterization of the following environmental components which will have an impact on the environment due to setting up of development drilling activities.

 Ambient Air Quality  Meteorological Condition  Noise Levels  Water Quality: Surface and Ground Water  Soil Quality  Biological Environment

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Drilling ACTIVITY

Release of Deployment of Consumption of Wastewater Work Force Materials/Chemicals and Energy

Change in Demand for Environmental Change in Change in Trade PRIMARY IMPACTS PRIMARY deployment Infrastructural Pollution pattern Facilities Resource Economy Trade Base & Commerce

Change in Change in Impact on Impact on Environmental Income Land Use Landscape Amenity/ Health &

Distribution Pattern Recreation Aesthetics SECONDARY IMPACTS SECONDARY

Change in Economic Base and Cultural Values TERTIARY IMPACTS TERTIARY

Environmental Impacts due to Development Drilling

Collection of baseline data depicts the status of environment around the operational areas in the Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML blocks of KG Basin covering the area of all proposed 40 development wells as shown in fig 5 & fig 6.

The data generation with respect to meteorological condition, air pollution levels, noise levels, water quality, and soil quality were carried out during this period. Meteorological data has been collected from IMD Stations at Kakinada and Gannavaram.

An area within 10 Km radius as the well as its centre has been considered for base line data collection.

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Fig 5: Topographical Map showing proposed locations in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna Districts.

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Fig 6: Map showing proposed locations in West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocks in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District

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6.1.1 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) AAQ including the VOCs are monitored in respect of the fields/areas comprising the proposed locations so that the data shall be representative of the prevailing base line air quality of the operational areas of the basin for the year 2012-13. The monitoring/sampling stations were established so as to capture locations in upwind and downwind directions for SO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5, CO, Methyl and Non Methyl Hydrocarbon, Ozone, Lead, Ammonia, Benzene and Benzopyrene etc. The 24hr average value of ambient air quality in respect of all the parameters is observed to be well within the prescribed CPCB limits in KG Basin. Range of values of parameters of ambient air quality is given in the table below:

Table 13: Range of values of parameters of ambient air quality

West Godavari S. East Godavari Krishna District Parameters District (13 no. District (22 wells) (5 wells) wells) 1 PM 10 33-67 µg/m3 46-59 µg/m3 55-61 µg/m3 2 PM 2.5 11-23 µg/m3 20-28 µg/m3 16-21 µg/m3 3 3 3 3 SO2 4-8.4 µg/m 7.1-7.7 µg/m 4-7.3 µg/m 3 3 3 4 NOx 5-12 µg/m 8.6-9.3 µg/m 9-11 µg/m 5 Lead (Pb) <0.1 µg/m3 <0.1 µg/m3 <0.1 µg/m3 6 * CO 0.24-0.51 mg/m3 0.18-0.2 mg/m3 0.31-0.59 mg/m3 7 Ammonia 9-14 µg/m3 9.6-10.1 µg/m3 12-16 µg/m3 8 Ozone 9.5-11.6 µg/m3 10.9-11.3 µg/m3 10.6-12.9 µg/m3 9. Benzene 0.05-0.08 µg/m3 <0.05 µg/m3 0.05-0.07 µg/m3 10. Benzo <0.02 ng/m3 <0.02 ng/m3 <0.02 ng/m3 Pyrene(BaP) 11. Arsenic <0.1 ng/m3 <0.1 ng/m3 <0.1 ng/m3 12. Nickel(Ni) <0.1 ng/m3 <0.1 ng/m3 <0.1 ng/m3 13. Methane 645-815 µg/m3 691-805 µg/m3 687-948 µg/m3 H/C

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14. Non- 13.8-18.5 µg/m3 13.1-13.5 µg/m3 14.1-15.9 µg/m3 Methane H/C 15. Ethane 0.05-0.14 µg/m3 0.04-0.08 µg/m3 0.07-0.11 µg/m3 16. Toluene 0.03-0.11 µg/m3 0.04-0.08 µg/m3 0.04-0.12 µg/m3 17. m-Xylene 0.02-0.1 µg/m3 0.03-0.05 µg/m3 0.03-0.10 µg/m3 * 8 hourly monitored values Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML Blocks was collected, compared with NAAQS limits and is given in the following tables below:

Table 14: Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (I) (24 Hrs average value during Oct-Dec ‘12)

S. Kesanapalli Mandapeta No Location Kesavdaspalem West (5 LIMITS (8 wells) wells) Total time of 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours monitoring 1. Particulate matter PM10 67 57 54 100 (<10 µg/m3) 2. Particulate Matter PM2.5 19 23 22 60 (<2.5 µg/m3) 3. SO2(µg/m3) 6 7.6 8.4 80 4. Oxides of N 2 12 11.0 9.7 80 (µg/m3) 5. Lead (Pb) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.0 (µg/m3) 6. * CO(mg/m3) 0.51 0.33 0.24 2.0 3 7. NH3(g/m ) 14 12.9 10.4 400 8. Ozone (O ) 3 11.2 11.6 10.9 (g/m3) 9. Benzene(µg/m3) 0.05 <0.05 <0.05 5 10. Benzo <0.02 Pyrene(BaP) <0.02 <0.02 1

ng/m3

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11. Arsenic (ng/m3) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 6 12. Nickel(Ni) ng/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 20 13. Methane H/C 645 692 699 g/m3 14. Non-Methane 13.8 14.5 16.1 H/C g/m3 15. Ethane 0.08 0.09 0.05 g/m3 16. Toluene 0.05 0.05 0.03 g/m3 17. m-Xylene 0.04 0.04 0.02 g/m3

* 8 hourly monitored values

Table 15: Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari district (II) (24 Hrs average value during Oct-Dec ‘12)

S. Kammapalem Location Vygreswaram LIMITS No (7 wells) Total time of 24 hours 24 hours monitoring 1. Particulate matter PM10 33 57 100 (<10 µg/m3) 2. Particulate Matter PM2.5 11 23 60 (<2.5 µg/m3) 3. SO2(µg/m3) 4 7.6 80 4. Oxides of N 2 5 11.0 80 (µg/m3) 5. Lead (Pb) <0.1 <0.1 1.0 (µg/m3) 6. * CO(mg/m3) 0.27 0.33 2.0 3 7. NH3(g/m ) 9 12.9 400 8. Ozone (O ) 3 9.5 11.6 (g/m3) 9. Benzene(µg/m3) 0.08 <0.05 5 10. Benzo <0.02 <0.02 Pyrene(BaP) 1

ng/m3 11. Arsenic (ng/m3) <0.1 <0.1 6 12. Nickel(Ni) <0.1 <0.1 20

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ng/m3 13. Methane H/C 815 692 g/m3 14. Non-Methane 18.5 14.5 H/C g/m3 15. Ethane 0.14 0.09 g/m3 16. Toluene 0.11 0.05 g/m3 17. m-Xylene 0.10 0.04 g/m3

* 8 hourly monitored values

Table 16: Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of West Godavari district (24 Hrs average value during Oct-Dec ‘12)

S. Penugonda Penugonda Lakshmaneswaram Location LIMITS No. (10 wells) PGDA/PGDB LSDA Total time of 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours monitoring 1. Particulate matter PM10 51 59 46 100 (<10 µg/m3) 2. Particulate Matter PM2.5 25 28 20 60 (<2.5 µg/ m3) 3 3. SO2(µg/m ) 7.2 7.7 7.1 80 4. Oxides of N 2 8.6 9.3 9.1 80 (µg/m3) 5. Lead (Pb) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.0 (µg/m3) 6. * CO (mg/m3) 0.18 0.20 0.2 2.0 3 7. NH3 (µg/m ) 9.6 10.1 10.1 400 8. Ozone (O ) 3 10.9 11.0 11.3 (g/m3) 9. Benzene <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 5 (µg/m3) 10. Benzo Pyrene (BaP) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 1 ng/m3 11. Arsenic <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 6

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(ng/m3) 12. Nickel (Ni) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 20 ng/m3 13. Methane H/C 691 751 805 g/m3 14. Non-Methane H/C 13.5 13.1 13.2 g/m3 15. Ethane 0.08 0.04 0.04 g/m3 16. Toluene 0.09 0.04 0.06 g/m3 17. m-Xylene 0.05 0.03 0.03 g/m3

* 8 hourly monitored values Table 17: Ambient Air Quality Data at proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block of Krishna district (24 Hrs average value during Oct-Dec ‘12)

S. Kaikaluru No Location field (3 Lingala Nandigama LIMITS wells) Total time of 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours monitoring 1. Particulate matter PM10 56 61 55 100 (<10 µg/m3) 2. Particulate Matter PM2.5 16 20 21 60 (<2.5 µg/m3) 3. SO2(µg/m3) 5 4 7.3 80 4. Oxides of N 2 9 11 10.5 80 (µg/m3) 5. Lead (Pb) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.0 (µg/m3) 6. * CO(mg/m3) 0.37 0.59 0.31 2.0 3 7. NH3(g/m ) 12 16 12.6 400 8. Ozone (O ) 3 10.6 12.9 11.3 (g/m3) 9. Benzene(µg/m3) 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 5 10. Benzo <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 1 Pyrene(BaP)

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ng/m3 11. Arsenic (ng/m3) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 06 12. Nickel(Ni) ng/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 20 13. Methane H/C 948 788 687 g/m3 14. Non-Methane 15.9 14.6 14.1 H/C g/m3 15. Ethane 0.11 0.08 0.07 g/m3 16. Toluene 0.12 0.07 0.04 g/m3 17. m-Xylene 0.10 0.05 0.03 g/m3

* 8 hourly monitored values

6.1.2 Meteorological Conditions The meteorological conditions and the industrial process depend and influence each other. Favorable weather conditions help the successful operations, while the operations also has an influence on the weather.

Dispersion of pollutants into the atmosphere depends on the weather conditions like wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity and also rainfall. Meteorological data has been collected from IMD Stations at Kakinada and Gannavaram and Windroses have been prepared on the basis of the data. These are presented below:

Table 18: Daily Wind Direction and Wind Speed in Kmph Station: Kakinada (For East Godavari and West Godavari District wells) Proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block

OCTOBER-2012 NOVEMBER-2012 DECEMBER-2012 DATE 0830 1730 0830 1730 0830 1730 WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS 1 VRB 4 CALM 0 ENE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 2 SW 10 CALM 0 SE 8 SSE 4 CALM 0 E 6 3 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 VRB 4 NE 4 E 6 4 S 2 SW 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 6 ENE 4 5 SW 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 2 ENE 4

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6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 7 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 9 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 S 4 10 VRB 4 SW 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 4 11 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 S 4 12 CALM 0 SW 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 S 4 13 VRB 4 NE 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 S 2 14 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 ENE 2 CALM 0 CALM 0 15 CALM 0 NE 2 CALM 0 VRB 4 VRB 2 CALM 0 16 NE 4 NE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 VRB 2 CALM 0 17 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 18 ENE 4 ENE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 19 ENE 4 ENE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 20 VRB 4 NE 6 CALM 0 ENE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 21 ENE 6 ENE 4 NE 8 NE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 22 VRB 4 NE 6 ENE 6 E 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 23 NE 4 VRB 4 VRB 4 CALM 0 ENE 4 CALM 0 24 VRB 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 25 CALM 0 VRB 2 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 26 CALM 0 ENE 6 CALM 0 E 2 CALM 0 CALM 0 27 NE 8 NE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 ENE 6 CALM 0 28 CALM 0 ENE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 29 CALM 0 NE 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 4 CALM 0 30 NE 8 ENE 10 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 4 CALM 0 31 ENE 14 ENE 14 ` CALM 0 SE 2

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Table 19: Daily Wind Direction and Wind Speed in Kmph Station: Gannavaram (For Krishna District wells) Proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block

OCTOBER-2012 NOVEMBER-2012 DECEMBER-2012 DATE 0830 1730 0830 1730 0830 1730 WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS WD WS 1 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 6 2 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 ESE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 3 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 6 E 4 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 E 4 5 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 7 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 9 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 10 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 11 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 12 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 13 CALM 0 CALM 0 ENE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 14 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 ESE 4 CALM 0 15 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 4 CALM 0 16 NNE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 17 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 18 CALM 0 CALM 0 NW 4 CALM 0 NE 4 CALM 0 19 NNE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 20 CALM 0 CALM 0 NW 4 CALM 0 ENE 4 CALM 0 21 ENE 6 CALM 0 NNE 10 E 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 22 NE 6 CALM 0 ENE 10 E 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 23 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 8 CALM 0 CALM 0 SE 4 24 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 25 CALM 0 CALM 0 NE 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 26 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 CALM 0 E 4 SE 4 27 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 28 NE 6 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 ESE 4 CALM 0 29 CALM 0 E 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 6 E 4 30 XX XX E 4 CALM 0 CALM 0 CALM 0 E 4 31 NE 8 NE 12 E 10 CALM 0

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Table 20: Monthly Meteorological Data for the Year – 2012

STATION YEAR MONTH MAX MIN RF RHI RHII KAKINADA 2012 10 32.5 24.6 86.1 78 71 KAKINADA 2012 11 30.4 22.2 406.3 83 74 KAKINADA 2012 12 30.1 20.2 0.0 80 69 GANNAVARAM 2012 10 32.3 22.7 134.4 84 78 GANNAVARAM 2012 11 30.9 20.5 215.8 87 74 GANNAVARAM 2012 12 31.2 18.9 0.0 86 70

LEGEND: WD DIRECTION OF WIND WS SPED OF THE WIND IN KILO METRE PER HOUR N NORTHERLY DIRECTION NNW NORTH NORTH WESTERLY NW NORTH WESTERLY WNW WEST NORTHWESTERLY W WESTERLY WSW WEST SOUTHWESTERLY SW SOUTH WESTERTY SSW SOUTH SOUTHWESTERLY S SOUTHERLY SSE SOUTH SOUTHEASTERLY SE SOUTH EASTERLY ESE EAST SOUTHEASTERLY E EASTERLY ENE EAST NORTHEASTERLY NE NORTH EASTERLY NNE NORTH NORTHEASTERLY VRB VARIABLE MAX MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN DEGREE CELSIUS MIN MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE INDEGREE CELSIUS RF TOTAL RAINFALL IN THE MONTH IN MILLIMETERS RHI MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN % FOR 0830 HRS IST RHII MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY N% FOR 1730 HRS IST XX DATA NOT AVAILABLE

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Fig. 7: Wind Rose Diagram for 1st - 9th October, 2012 Kakinada Station (For East Godavari and West Godavari District wells) Proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block

Wind Speed: 0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph

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Fig. 8: Wind Rose Diagram for 10th- 18th November, 2012 Kakinada Station (For East Godavari and West Godavari District wells) Proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block

0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph Wind Speed:

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Fig. 9: Wind Rose Diagram for 19th- 27th December, 2012 Kakinada Station (For East Godavari and West Godavari District wells) Proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block

Wind Speed:

0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph Asset HSE, ONGC, Rajahmundry Page 58

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Fig. 10: Wind Rose Diagram for 19th - 27th October, 2012 Gannavaram Station (For Krishna District wells) Proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block

Wind Speed:

0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph

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Fig. 11: Wind Rose Diagram for 10th- 18th November, 2012 Gannavaram Station (For Krishna District wells) Proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block

Wind Speed:

0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph

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Fig. 12: Wind Rose Diagram for 19th- 27th December, 2012 Gannavaram Station (For Krishna District wells) Proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block

Wind Speed:

0-5 Kmph 5-10 Kmph 10-15 Kmph 15-20 Kmph

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6.1.3 Noise Environment

Noise level measurement locations were identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view the land use pattern, residential areas in villages, schools, etc., the day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. Range of values of Noise levels is given in the table below Table 21: Range of values of ambient Noise level quality West Godavari S. Noise East Godavari Krishna District District (13 no. Levels District (22 wells) (5 wells) wells) 1 Day Time 42.8-57.4 dB 48.6-56.9 dB 42.7-54.6 dB 2 Night Time 35.4-44.3 dB 40.0-44.9 dB 36.2-44.8 dB

Noise levels varied from a minimum value of 42.7 dB to maximum of 57.4 dB in day time and in night time the noise levels varied from a minimum value of 35.4 dB to maximum of 44.9 dB amongst all the locations. Noise levels data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML Blocks was collected and is given in the tables below:

Table 22: Ambient Noise Levels (Base Line Data Measured During Oct-Dec 2012) at proposed Locations in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML Block of East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District

Equivalent Noise Sl. Site Location Levels in dB (A) No. Day Time Night Time Location 1 48.7 36.4 Mandapeta (8 1 Location 2 50.7 42.8 wells) Location 3 42.8 38.7 Location 1 51.6 40.5 2 Kesavadasupalem Location 2 54.3 42.0 Location 3 56.9 42.9 Location 1 57.4 43.2 Kesanapalli West 3 Location 2 55.8 42.9 (5 wells) Location 3 53.7 43.4 Location 1 52.7 43.2 Kammapalem (7 4 Location 2 48.5 35.4 wells) Location 3 50.1 42.7

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Location 1 53.0 44.3 5 Vygreswaram Location 2 49.7 40.6 Location 3 49.5 40.3 Location 1 56.7 43.3 Penugonda (10 6 Location 2 52.8 43.9 wells) Location 3 48.6 40.0 Location 1 54.1 40.1 Lakshmaneswaram 7 Location 2 53.5 43.6 / LSDA Location 3 54.6 44.9 Penugonda Location 1 56.9 44.2 8 PGDA and PGDB Location 2 54.7 43.5 Location 3 51.4 43.7 Location 1 51.2 39.7 9 Kaikaluru (3 wells) Location 2 49.8 37.4

Location 3 42.7 36.2 Location 1 54.6 42.1 10 Lingala Location 2 53.8 44.2 Location 3 54.3 40.9 Location 1 53.1 41.7 11 Nandigama Location 2 52.8 43.2 Location 3 49.2 44.8

1. Day time is reckoned in between 6 am to 10 pm 2. Night time is reckoned in between 10 pm to 6 am

6.1.4 Water Quality During the study, ground water monitoring stations were selected for water quality assessment. The parameters tested included pH, TDS, Chlorides, TSS, EC, Heavy metals and other parameters in line with the requirement of regulatory agencies.

Samples of ground water and surface water were analyzed for base line studies at proposed new locations. Range of values of parameters of Water quality is given in the table below:

Table 23: Range of values of parameters of Water quality

West Godavari S. East Godavari Krishna District (5 Parameters District (13 no. District (22 wells) wells) wells) 1 pH 7.04– 7.60 7.31 – 7.62 7.22 – 7.51 2 EC 262-1082mhos/cm 342-954mhos/cm 335-1977mhos/cm

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3 Turbidity 0.2-0.8 NTU 0.3-0.7 NTU 0.5-3 NTU 4 TDS 174-699 mg/L 211-609 mg/L 217-5760 mg/L 5 TSS 4.3-9.6 mg/L 3.6-9.3 mg/L 4-8.8 mg/L Total Alkalinity 6 74-256 mg/l 106-345 mg/l 94-887 mg/l as CaCO3 Total 7 Hardness as 110-378 mg/l 141-359 mg/l 139-1540 mg/l CaCO3 8 Calcium as Ca 26-92 mg/l 35.2-68 mg/l 34-228 mg/l Magnesium as 9 10.5-35.9 mg/l 13-46 mg/l 13.1-233 mg/l Mg Chlorides as 10 47-233 mg/l 51.6-181 mg/l 78-2130 mg/l Cl Sulphates as 11 4-31.8 mg/l 9.5-24.3 mg/l 5.2-94 mg/l SO4 Nitrate as 12 0.04-2.14 mg/l 0.041-2.49 mg/l 0.027-2.78 mg/l NO3 13 Sodium as Na 17.5-88.5 mg/l 18-55 mg/l 37.2-1024 mg/l 14 BOD 1.1-2.9 ppm 1.3-1.8 ppm 1.7-2.6 ppm Potassium as 15 1.5-5.2 mg/l 1-3.5 mg/l 1.2-16 mg/l K Sulphide & 16 Phenolic Negligible amounts Negligible amounts Negligible amounts Compounds 17 Iron as Fe 0.01-0.07 mg/l 0.01-0.09 mg/l 0.005-0.054 mg/l Chromium as 18 0.001-0.003 mg/l <0.001 mg/l 0.001-0.005 mg/l Cr 19 Lead as Pb 0.001-0.005 mg/l 0.001-0.003 mg/l 0.001-0.009 mg/l Cadmium as 20 <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l Cd 21 Copper as Cu 0.001-0.002 mg/l 0.001-0.002 mg/l 0.001-0.002 22 Nickel as Ni <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l 23 Zinc as Zn 0.001-0.17 mg/l 0.002-0.05 mg/l 0.001-0.12 mg/l 24 Fluoride as F 0.48-0.89 mg/l 0.63-0.80 mg/l 0.55-0.88 mg/l Phosphates 25 0.08-0.74 mg/l 0.06-0.49 mg/l 0.09-0.78 mg/l as PO4 26 Arsenic as As <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l <0.001 mg/l Manganese 27 0.001-0.002 mg/l 0.001-0.003 mg/l 0.001-0.006 mg/l as Mn Residual 28 Nil Nil Nil Chlorine 29 Oil & grease Not detected Not detected Not detected

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Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML Blocks was collected and compared with the Permissible Limits as per IS 10500:2012 of Drinking Water Specification and is given in the following tables below:

Table 24: Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari District (I) Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

Mandapeta (8 Kesavdasupalem S.No. LOCATION Permissible wells) Limit as per Ground Surface Ground Surface Unit IS Parameters Water Water Water Water 10500:2012

1. pH - 7.60 7.32 7.44 7.18 6.5-8.5 821 2. EC mhos/cm 718 311 372 0.5 0.4 3. Turbidity NTU 0.8 0.5 5 444 535 4. TDS mg/l 186 241 2000 5.8 6.3 5. TSS mg/l 8.4 9.6 Total 6. Alkalinity as mg/l 225 88 256 104 600 CaCO3 Total 7. Hardness mg/l 274 130 315 154 600 as CaCO3 Calcium as 8. mg/l 69.6 26 74.7 37.8 200 Ca Magnesium 9. mg/l 24.3 15.7 31.2 14.6 100 as Mg Chlorides 10. mg/l 115 47 192 86.7 1000 as Cl Sulphates 11. mg/l 26.5 4.5 31.8 5.7 400 as SO4 Nitrate as 12. mg/l 1.85 0.052 2.14 0.09 45 NO3 Sodium as 13. mg/l 42.3 17.5 61.5 41.3 Na 14. BOD ppm 1.1 2.9 1.2 2.1 Potassium 15. mg/l 4.0 1.5 5.0 2.2 as K 16. Sulphides mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.05 Phenolic 17. mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.002 Compounds Asset HSE, ONGC, Rajahmundry Page 65

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18. Iron as Fe mg/l 0.042 0.030 0.06 0.04 0.3 Chromium 19. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 as Cr 20. Lead as Pb mg/l 0.005 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.01 Cadmium 21. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 as Cd Copper as 22. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.5 Cu 23. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 24. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.001 15 Fluoride as 25. mg/l 0.62 0.48 0.73 0.61 1.5 F Phosphates 26. mg/l 0.15 0.08 0.2 0.1 as PO4 Arsenic as 27. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 As Manganese 28. mg/l 0.003 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.3 as Mn Residual 29. mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Chlorine

Table 25: Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari District (II) Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

Kesanapalli Kammapalem S.No. LOCATION Vygreswaram West (5 wells) (7 wells) Permissible Ground Surface Limit as per Ground Surface Ground Surface IS Parameters Unit Water Water Water Water Water Water 10500:2012

1. pH - 7.25 7.04 7.28 7.35 7.33 7.09 6.5-8.5

2. EC mhos/cm 590 262 1082 496 656 297

3. Turbidity NTU 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 5

4. TDS mg/l 385 174 699 307 428 192 2000

5. TSS mg/l 5.4 8.9 4.3 8.6 4.5 8.1 Total 6. Alkalinity as mg/l 183 74 192 122 204 83.0 600

CaCO3

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Total 7. Hardness mg/l 227 110 378 186 252 123 600

as CaCO3 Calcium as 8. mg/l 53.8 27.1 92 42.4 59.8 30.2 200 Ca Magnesium 9. mg/l 22.5 10.5 35.9 19.4 25.0 11.7 100 as Mg Chlorides 10. mg/l 137 62.4 233 106 153 69.3 1000 as Cl Sulphates 11. mg/l 22.8 4.0 22.6 12.5 25.4 4.5 400 as SO4 Nitrate as 12. mg/l 1.53 0.04 3.06 0.048 1.71 0.05 45 NO3 Sodium as 13. mg/l 44.2 29.7 88.5 42.6 49.2 33.0 Na

14. BOD ppm 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.7 Potassium 15. mg/l 2.0 1.0 5.2 2.0 3.0 1.0 as K

16. Sulphides mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.05 Phenolic 17. mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.002 Compounds

18. Iron as Fe mg/l 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.3 Chromium 19. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 as Cr

20. Lead as Pb mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 Cadmium 21. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 as Cd Copper as 22. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.5 Cu

23. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 24. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.002 0.001 0.17 0.04 0.002 0.001 15 25. Fluoride as mg/l 0.77 0.69 0.89 0.67 0.72 0.63 1.5

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F Phosphates 26. mg/l 0.15 0.10 0.74 0.11 0.23 0.11 as PO4 Arsenic as 27. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 As Manganese 28. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.3 as Mn Residual 29. mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Chlorine

Table 26: Water Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of West Godavari District Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

Penugonda (10 Penugonda PGDA/ Lakshmaneswar S.No. LOCATION wells) PGDB am LSDA Permissib le Limit as Surfac Surfa Ground Ground Surface Ground per IS Unit e ce Parameters Water Water Water Water 10500:201 Water Water 2

1. pH - 7.61 7.55 7.36 7.41 7.62 7.31 6.5-8.5 mho 884 403 954 342 527 342 2. EC s/cm

0.7 0.6 3. Turbidity NTU 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 5 259 219 4. TDS mg/l 542 609 211 338 2000 7.8 8.2 5. TSS mg/l 5.9 3.6 9.3 5.5 Total 6. Alkalinity as mg/l 318 137 345 108 168 106 600 CaCO3 Total 7. Hardness as mg/l 321 172 359 141 255 164 600 CaCO3 Calcium as 8. mg/l 60.4 35.2 68 35 62 37.6 200 Ca Magnesium 9. mg/l 41.5 20.4 46 13 24.3 17.0 100 as Mg Chlorides as 10. mg/l 151 68.5 181 54 88.2 51.6 1000 Cl Sulphates 11. mg/l 24.3 9.8 15.2 9.5 14.2 10.1 400 as SO4

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Nitrate as 12. mg/l 2.7 0.05 2.08 0.06 2.49 0.041 45 NO3 Sodium as 13. mg/l 45.0 23.0 55 18 30.1 20.0 Na 14. BOD ppm 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.7 Potassium 15. mg/l 3.5 1.2 3.0 1.0 3.5 1.0 as K 16. Sulphides mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.05 Phenolic 17. mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.002 Compounds 18. Iron as Fe mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.3

Chromium <0.00 19. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 as Cr 1 <0.00 mg/l 0.003 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.003 0.01 20. Lead as Pb 1

Cadmium as <0.00 21. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 Cd 1

Copper as <0.00 22. mg/l 0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.002 1.5 Cu 1 <0.00 mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 23. Nickel as Ni 1

24. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.005 0.002 15 Fluoride as 25. mg/l 0.80 0.63 0.75 0.70 0.80 0.63 1.5 F Phosphates 26. mg/l 0.43 0.12 0.49 0.08 0.26 0.06 as PO4 Arsenic as <0.00 27. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 As 1

Manganese <0.00 28. mg/l 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.3 as Mn 1 Residual 29. mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Chlorine

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Table 27: Water Quality Data at proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block of Krishna District Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

Kaikaluru field (3 S.No. LOCATION Lingala Nandigama Permissible wells) Limit as per Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface IS Parameters Unit Water Water Water Water Water Water 10500:2012 1. pH - 7.22 7.24 7.3 7.28 7.51 7.26 6.5-8.5

2. EC mhos/cm 1761 1088 1977 1114 739 335

3. Turbidity NTU 0.5 0.7 3 0.8 0.6 0.9 5

4. TDS mg/l 1095 665 5760 688 482 217 2000

5. TSS mg/l 6.4 8.8 4 8.2 5.5 8.1 Total 6. Alkalinity as mg/l 705 406 887 481 231 94 600

CaCO3 Total 7. Hardness mg/l 415 335 1540 411 284 139 600

as CaCO3 Calcium as 8. mg/l 74 58 228 72 67.2 34 200 Ca Magnesium 9. mg/l 55.8 46.1 233 50.8 28.1 13.1 100 as Mg Chlorides 10. mg/l 365 218 2130 269 173 78 1000 as Cl Sulphates 11. mg/l 20.1 12.5 94.0 18.7 28.6 5.2 400 as SO4 Nitrate as 12. mg/l 2.78 0.027 2.23 0.058 1.93 0.08 45 NO3 Sodium as 13. mg/l 122 72.6 1024 87.3 55.4 37.2 Na

14. BOD ppm 1.7 2.2 1.8 2.6 1.6 1.9 15. Potassium mg/l 5.8 1.2 16 2.2 4.5 2.0

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as K

16. Sulphides mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.05 Phenolic 17. mg/l NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 0.002 Compounds

18. Iron as Fe mg/l 0.029 0.004 0.032 0.005 0.054 0.036 0.3 Chromium 19. mg/l 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 as Cr

20. Lead as Pb mg/l 0.009 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 0.01 Cadmium 21. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 as Cd Copper as 22. mg/l 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.5 Cu

23. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 24. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.12 0.008 0.07 0.005 0.003 0.001 15 Fluoride as 25. mg/l 0.88 0.69 0.74 0.68 0.66 0.55 1.5 F Phosphates 26. mg/l 0.64 0.15 0.78 0.20 0.18 0.09 as PO4 Arsenic as 27. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 As Manganese 28. mg/l 0.006 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.3 as Mn Residual 29. mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Chlorine

6.1.5 Soil Environment During the study, soil sampling stations were selected for soil quality assessment. The parameters tested included pH, moisture %, Calcium, Magnesium, Organic matter %, SAR and other parameters in line with the requirement of regulatory agencies.

Samples of soil were analyzed for base line data generation at proposed new locations. Range of values of parameters of soil quality is given in the table below:

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Table 28: Range of values of parameters of soil quality

S. West Godavari East Godavari Krishna District (5 No. LOCATION District (13 District (22 wells) wells) wells) PARAMETERS 1. Physical Brown Colour Brown Colour Brown Colour Appearance 2. pH (1:5 Soil 7.37-8.33 8.05-8.21 8.17-7.95 water extract) 3. 375-628 E.C.(1:5 Soil 536-785 mhos/cm 428-549 mhos/cm water extract) mhos/cm

4. Moisture 11.1-14.4% 11.2-13.6% 10.2-11.4%

5. Chloride as Cl 82-126 mg/100gm 116-158 mg/100gm 114-121 mg/100gm

6. Nitrogen as N 0.09-0.18% 0.13-0.15% 0.11-0.16%

7. Calcium as Ca 98-145 mg/100gm 106-203 mg/100gm 127-152 mg/100gm 8. Magnesium as 44-58 mg/100gm 41-71 mg/100gm 49-53 mg/100gm Mg 9. Phosphorous 61-118 mg/100gm 63-68 mg/100gm 68-110 mg/100gm as P2O5 10. Potassium as 21-338 mg/100gm 255-295 mg/100gm 302-314 mg/100gm K2O 11. Sulphate as 70.3-86 mg/100gm 71-125 mg/100gm 84-86 mg/100gm SO4 12. Organic 0.66-0.88% 0.91-1.29% 0.79-1.34% matter 13. Organic 0.38-0.51% 0.47-0.75% 0.46-0.78% Carbon 14. SAR 1.81-2.05 2.01-6.85 1.99-3.24

15. Sodium 22.1-28.5% 22.0-26.0% 22.6-29.4%

Soil Quality Data at proposed locations in Godavari Onland and West Godavari PML Blocks was collected and is given in the following tables below:

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Table 29: Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari District (I) Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

S. Kesavdaspalem Kesanapalli Mandapeta (8 No. LOCATION West (5 wells) wells) PARAMETERS UNITS 1. Brown Physical - Brown Colour Brown Colour Appearance Colour 2. pH (1:5 Soil 8.08 8.01 7.37 water extract) 3. E.C.(1:5 Soil mhos/cm 445 442 375 water extract) 4. Moisture % 13.6 11.1 12.6

5. Chloride as Cl mg/100gm 102 121 82

6. Nitrogen as N % 0.10 0.18 0.14

7. Calcium as Ca mg/100gm 145 134 98 8. Magnesium as mg/100gm 44 55 46 Mg 9. Phosphorous mg/100gm 66 118 101 as P2O5 10. Potassium as mg/100gm 338 309 212 K2O 11. Sulphate as mg/100gm 78 82 70.3 SO4 12. Organic matter % 0.75 0.75 0.66 13. Organic % 0.43 0.41 0.38 Carbon 14. SAR - 1.95 1.92 1.81

15. Sodium % 28.3 28.0 26.7

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Table 30: Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of East Godavari District (II)

Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12 s. LOCATION Kammapalem (7 Vygreswaram No. wells) PARAMETERS 1. Physical - Brown Colour Brown Colour Appearance 2. pH (1:5 Soil water 8.33 7.74 extract) 3. E.C.(1:5 Soil water mhos/cm 628 401 extract) 4. Moisture % 14.4 10.0

5. Chloride as Cl mg/100gm 126 106

6. Nitrogen as N % 0.09 0.16

7. Calcium as Ca mg/100gm 132 122

8. Magnesium as Mg mg/100gm 58 50 9. Phosphorous as mg/100gm 61 107 P2O5 10. mg/100gm 294 280 Potassium as K2O 11. mg/100gm 86 74.5 Sulphate as SO4 12. Organic matter % 0.88 0.68

13. Organic Carbon % 0.51 0.38

14. SAR - 2.05 1.87

15. Sodium % 22.1 28.5

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Table 31: Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in Godavari Onland PML Block of West Godavari District. Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

S. Penugonda Penugonda Lakshmaneswaram LOCATION No. (10 wells) PGDA/PGDB LSDA PARAMETERS Unit 1. Brown Physical - Brown Colour Brown Colour Appearance Colour 2. pH (1:5 Soil water 8.10 8.21 8.05 extract) 3. E.C.(1:5 Soil water mhos/cm 536 604 785 extract) 4. Moisture % 11.2 13.6 13.0

5. Chloride as Cl mg/100gm 116 122 158

6. Nitrogen as N % 0.13 0.15 0.13

7. Calcium as Ca mg/100gm 144 106 203

8. Magnesium as Mg mg/100gm 41 44 71 9. Phosphorous as mg/100gm 65 63 68 P2O5 10. mg/100gm 295 255 276 Potassium as K2O 11. mg/100gm 82 71 125 Sulphate as SO4 12. Organic matter % 1.29 0.82 0.91

13. Organic Carbon % 0.75 0.47 0.53

14. SAR - 3.05 2.01 6.85

15. Sodium % 23.4 22.0 26.0

Table 32: Soil Analysis (Base Line Data) at proposed locations in West Godavari PML Block of Krishna District. Sampling done in Oct-Dec ‘12

S. Kaikaluru field LOCATION Nandigama No. (3 wells) PARAMETERS UNITS 1. Brown Physical - Brown Colour Appearance Colour

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2. pH (1:5 Soil 8.17 7.95 water extract) 3. E.C.(1:5 Soil mhos/cm 549 428 water extract) 4. Moisture % 11.4 10.2

5. Chloride as Cl mg/100gm 121 114

6. Nitrogen as N % 0.11 0.16

7. Calcium as Ca mg/100gm 152 127 8. Magnesium as mg/100gm 49 53 Mg 9. Phosphorous mg/100gm 68 110 as P2O5 10. Potassium as mg/100gm 302 314 K2O 11. Sulphate as mg/100gm 86 84 SO4 12. Organic matter % 1.34 0.79 13. Organic % 0.78 0.46 Carbon 14. SAR - 3.24 1.99

15. Sodium % 22.6 29.4

6.1.5 Biological Environment

6.1.5.1 Biodiversity of the Study Area

The study area consists of dominantly soil system where the irrigation is supported by network of river canals. Consistent with the variety of soils, climate and the past management the study area bears a variety with different species and composition. Essentially all are tropical vegetation identified into various ecological formations. Trees, shrubs and herbs were recorded for measuring plant‟s importance. Qualitatively, flora can be assessed by delineating the type, its habitat, unique vegetation features and interrelations with other community members. A sizable number of animal species were found to be recorded by the forest department of the area. Apart from barren lands, open grassland, herbs, shrubs, bushes and aquatic impoundments are favorable habitats for the wild animals. Besides obtaining a sufficiency of food, self-preservation

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for the animals implies the ability to protect itself against other animals which live in its surroundings, against fellows of its own or other species, against enemies which seek to harm or destroy it. Quite apart from their general alertness and quickness of movement, characters in which they are equaled only by birds, mammals possess a varied armory of weapons of offence and defense.

6.1.5.2 Vegetative Composition of the Study Area East Godavari District The detail of the growing stock of the district is as follows:

3 3 a. Total growing stock is 20.40 million M . Of this, 18.53 million M is in Dense 3 3 Forest, 1.72 million M in Open and 0.16 million M in the Scrub Forest. b. Average growing stock of the division is 63.07 M3/Ha. Canopy class-wise 3 3 average growing stocks are 75.79 M /Ha in Dense, 41.36 M /Ha in Open and 3 22.81 M /Ha in Scrub Forest.

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c. The 5 species contributing maximum to the Growing Stock in the division and their contribution is given in the table below. S. Species Name Volume in Million M3 No. 1 Xylia xylocarpa 3.92 2 Pterocarpus marsupium 0.98 3 Terminalia tomentosa 0.81 4 Mangifera indica 1.33 5 Anogeissus latifolia 1.24

d. The total number of stems in the division is 64.76 million. Of these, 56.44 million fall in Dense, 7.74 million in the Open and 0.58 million in Scrub Forest. e. Average number of stems per Ha in division is 200. They are in Dense Forest - 231 /Ha, Open Forest - 187 /Ha and in Scrub Forest - 84 /Ha. f. Top 5 prominent species in terms of number of stems in the division are Xylia xylocarpa, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Tectona grandis and Cassia siamea. Non-Teak Miscellaneous Hardwood Forests species that are commonly found dominating the canopy are Xylia xylocarpa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia alata, T. arjuna, T. bellerica, Mitragyna parviflora, Ougenia dalbergeioidis, Kydia calycina, Mangifera indica, Diospyros melanoxylon, Buchnania lanzan, Dalbergia latifolia, Gmelina arborea, Lannea coromandalica, Lagerstroemia spp. Dendrocalamus strictus, Bamboosa arundinaceae etc. Such Forests are predominant in East Godavari District. Besides, these forests are rich in biodiversity and are the home for a variety of herbs, shrubs and climber that are valued for their medicinal properties.

Bamboo Forests: The predominant species of bamboo are Dendrocalamus strictus, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and Bamboosa arundinacea. Bamboosa arundinacea occurs in moist localities along the streams. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii occurs in moist localities a little away from streams and in moist valleys. Dendrocalamus

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strictus is widely distributed even in relatively drier localities. These species occur gregariously as a middle storey in the natural stands in patches. However they are seen to grow copiously in areas with relatively wide canopy openings. While Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is confined to Visakhapatnam and East Godavari the other two species are distributed all over the state. Table 33: Species Wise Growing Stock- East Godavari Catchment Forest area 6548.00 Sq. Km.

Species Volume (%) Xylia Xylocarpa 15.3 Anogeissus latifolia 9.5 Terminalia tomentosa 9.1 Pterocarpus marsupium 7.3 Miscellaneous species - 4.5 Syzygium cumini 3.3 Lannea coromandelica 2.6 Mangifera indica 2.4 Dillena pentagyna 2.2 Schleichera oleosa 2.2 Garuga pinnata 2.2 Lagerstroemiaparvifora 2.2 Cleistantus collinus 1.9 Grewia tiliaefolia 1.7 Diospyros melanoxylon 1.7 Bursera Serrate 1.6 Adina cordifolia 1.5 Madhuca longifolia & latifolia 1.5 Terminalia chebula 1.4 Terminalia belerica 1.2 Ougeinia dalbergiodes 1.1 Stereospermum suaveolens & S. Xylocarpum 0.9 Gmelina arborea 0.9 Tamarindus indica 0.9 Mitragyna parvifolia 0.7 Bridelia squamosa (B. retusa) 0.6 Dalberigia paniculata 0.7 Buchanania lanzan + B. ungustifolia 0.5

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Emblica officinalis 0.5 Sterculiaurens 0.6 Rest of species LESS FREQUENT SPECIES GROUPED BY UTILITY CLASSES Big timber species 1.5 Small timber species 1.8 Pulpable species 9.2 Fuel species and the rest 1.7 TOTAL 100.4 Source: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Facts and Figures, 2009

West Godavari District

Forest types in West Godavari district include moist deciduous forests confined mostly to Paapi hills, dry deciduous forests in agency tract and thorny forests in upland region. The forest area is more in Polavaran Buttayguden, Jediugumilli. Shrub type forest appears in Pedavegi, Chintantanlapudi mandals. The forests in Eluru division are spread over the land mass in Krishna and West Godavari districts that lies between Godavari and Krishna River. The southern half of the land area in this division is coastal plain with vast delta formed by rivers Godavari & Krishna where almost whole area is under agriculture. The forest areas of this division are confined to northern half of the land areas where they generally clothed the hills & hill slopes.

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Fig 14: Forest Distribution in West Godavari District  Total growing stock is 5.27 million M3. Of this, 4.81 million M3 is in Dense Forest, 0.42 million M3 in Open and 0.04 million M3 in the Scrub Forest.  Average growing stock of the division is 68.22 M3/Ha. Canopy class-wise average growing stocks are 85.32 M3 /Ha in Dense, 33.61 M3 /Ha in Open and 19.07 M3 /Ha in Scrub Forest.  The 5 species contributing maximum to the Growing Stock in the division and their contribution is given in the following table: S. No. Species Name Volume in Million M3 1 Xylia xylocarpa 1.46 2 Anogeissus latifolia 0.49

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3 Lannea coromandelica 0.24 4 Terminalia tomentosa 0.18 5 Dalbergia paniculata 0.17

 The total number of stems in the division is 21.46 million. Of these, 18.05 million fall in Dense, 3.21 million in the Open and 0.20 million in Scrub Forest.  Average number of stems per Ha in division is 278. They are in Dense Forest - 320 /Ha, in Open Forest - 254 /Ha and in Scrub Forest - 105 /Ha.  Top 5 prominent species in terms of number of stems in the division are Xylia xylocarpa, Anogeisus latifolia, Cleistanthus collinus, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Wrightia tomentosa. Table 34: List of Major Shrubs & Trees in West Godavari District

S. Name of Plant Family no. 1. Boerhavia diffusa Nyctanginaceae 2. Evolvulus nummularis Convolulaceae 3. Gomphrina ceosioide Amaranthaceae 4. Zizipus mauritiana Rhamnaceae 5. Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae 6. Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae 7. Tribulus zygophylaceae Zygophyllaceae 8. Altrnanthera sessilis Amarunthaceae 9. Cyanodon species Craminaea 10. Manselia minuta Marsiliaceae 11. Tamarix species Tamariaceae 12. Cida chordata Malvaceae 13 Vironia species Compositae 14 Asparagus species Liliaceae 15 Cleome gynandra Cleomaceae 16 Lantata camera Verbenaceae 17 Adathoda vasica Acanthaceae 18 Heliotropium species Boranginaceae 19 Convolvulus species Convolvulaceae 20 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae 21 Cardiospurmum halicalrum Sapindaceae

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22 Cassia species Leguminoceae 23 Cestrum species Solanaceae 24 Murraya exotica Rutaceae 25 Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae 26 Tridex proumbens Compositeae 27 Phyllanthus Euphorliaceae 28. Palmera plan Palmae 29. Moringa Moningaceae 30 Mimosops elengi Saptoceae 31 Grecia hirsuta Tiliaceae 32 Typha elephantia Typhaceae 33 Lotus Nymphaceae 34 Marsilea quadrifolia Marsiliaceae 35 Salvinia motesta Salviniaceae 36 Pistia stratiotes Araceae 37 Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaceae 38 Trapa natans Nydrocaryaceae 39 Eichhornia crassipis Potederiaceae 40 Calotropis species Ascalpidaceae 41 Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae 42 Acacia Leguminoseae 43 Delonix regia Leguminoseae

Krishna District

Krishna district which derives its name from the famous river Krishna is one of the nine districts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh and harbors a rich and varied flora. A total of 805 species of angiosperms and Pteridophytes belonging to 479 genera and 128 families have been enumerated. Forests occupy 9% of the total district area. It contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Bandar and Divi Taluks. A type of light wood known as „Ponuku‟ (Gyrocapus jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.

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Fig 15: Forest Distribution in Krishna District

The detail of the growing stock of the district is as follows:

a. Total growing stock is 0.74 million M3. Out of this, 0.55 million M3 is in Dense Forest and 0.19 million M3 in Open. b. Average growing stock of the division is 11.54 M3/Ha. Canopy class-wise average growing stocks are 19.95 M3 /Ha in Dense, 30.46 M3 /Ha in Open and 1.11 M3 /Ha in Scrub Forest. c. The 5 species contributing maximum to the Growing Stock in the division and their contribution is given in the following table:

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S. Species Name Volume in Million No. M3 1 Garuga pinnata 0.07 2 Mangifera indica 0.07 3 Lannea coromandelica 0.06 4 Gyrocarpus americanus 0.05 5 Borassus flabellifer 0.04

d. The total number of stems in the division is 4.36 million. Of these, 3.53 million fall in Dense, 0.81million in the Open and 0.02 million in Scrub Forest. e. Average number of stems per Ha in division is 68. They are in Dense Forest - 128 /Ha, Open Forest - 130 /Ha and in Scrub Forest -10 /Ha. f. Top 5 prominent species in terms of number of stems in the division are Grewia tiliaefolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Bridellia retusa, Mangifera indica and Wrightia tinctoria.

The Krishna district is rich in medicinal plants in and around the forests of Kondapalle reserve as given below in Table 35. Table 35: List of medicinal plants found in Krishna district Sl. Flora species Family Local Habitat No. Name 1 Abrus Precatorius Fabaceae Gurivinda Very common along L. hedges 2 Achyranthes Amaranthaceae Uttareni common along hedges aspera L. 3 Adhatoda zeylanica Acanthaceae Adds Planted along fences in Medic saramu plains 4 Aerva lanata (L). Amaranthaceae. Pindi kura Frequent along waste Juss. lands 5 Andrographis Acanthaceae Nela vemu Common weed in waste paniculata lands (Burnm.f.) Wall Ex Nees 6 Argemone Papaveraceae. Balurakkisa Growing abundantly in mexicana L. open waste lands 7 Asperaqus Liliaceae. Pillitheegalu A frequent herb in the racemosus Willd. forest under growth and in foot-hills.

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8 Asystasia Acanthaceae Mukka Straggling mostly gangetica (L.) T. mungera amongst bushes, And. particularly in coastal plains 9 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Vepa Common in dry areas, A.Juss. both hilly and plains. 10 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Punarnava Common in plains from L. sea coast to interiors 11 Calotropis Asclepiadaceae Jilledu Common in drier areas gigantean (L.) R. Br. 12 Cardiospermum Sap indaceae Budda Common amongst helicacabum L. busara bushes 13 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpinaceae Kasinda Common weed along L. road sides 14 Catharanthus Apocynaceae Bill ganneru Widely seen in waste roseus (L). G. Don lands of hard soils 15 Cleome gynandra Cleomaceae Vaminata Frequently as a weed in L. fields and in open waste lands of hard soils 16 Coculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Dusara Common climber in (L). Diels theega plains 17 Eclipta prostrate Asteraceae Gunta Frequent in open waste (L.) A. kalgara lands 18 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiacea Nanubalu Common weed in waste lands 19 Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae Nabhi Frequent along forest outskirts 20 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Nulithada Common in dry forests 21 Hemidesmus Periplocaceae Sugandi Common amongst indicus (L.) R.Br. pala theega bushes 22 Holarrhena Apocynaceae Tedla pala Common in the forest pubesoers (Such- outskirts Ham.) Wall Ex G. Don 23 Ichnocarpus Apocynaceae Palatheega Common in the forest frutescens (L.) outskirts R.Br. 24 Iqomoea acquatica Convolvulaceae Metha thuti Common in tanks and Forssk kada ponds

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25 Jatropha Euphorbiaceae Seema Commonly found along gossypifolia L. nepalam road sides 26 Leptadenia Asclepiadeaceae Meka Occassional on hedges reticulate (Retz.) maeani aku Wt. & Arn. 27 Martynia annua L. Martyniaceae Thelu kondi Common weed in open chettu places 28 Ocimum Lamiaceae Manchi Frequently seen in tenuiflorum L. thulasi Village house yards, often in forests 29 Pergularia daemia Asclepiadaceae Dhstapu Common along hedges (Forssk.) Chiov. theega 30 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Verbenaceae Bookena Common in the moist Greene aku localities 31 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Amudamu Cultivated mostly around L. Kondapalle 32 Solanu surrattense Solanaceae Vakudu Occasional in waste Burm. F. mulama places near sea coat 33 Strychnos nux- Loganiaceae Mushini Common in thorny scrub- vomica L. jungles 34 Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Tippa Occasional along plains (Willd.) Miers ex theega Hk. F & T. 35 Tridax procumbens Asterceae Bellam Common weed in waste L. kada lands 36 Tylophova indica Asclepiadaceae Kaka palla Common amongst (Burm. f.) Marr. bushes 37 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Vavili Parts in black cotton soils 38 Withania somnifera Solanaceae Penneru Rarely found (L.) Dunal gedda

6.1.5.3 Faunal Diversity

The role of fauna in conserving the ecological balance with respect to food chain and food web is already a known fact. Faunal diversity of the study area includes both vertebrates and invertebrates. Livestock and domestic animals recorded in the study area include cow (Bos Taurus), monkey (Macaca radiata), squirrel (Rodentia Sciurus ),

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dog (Cannis Familiaris), buffalo (Bison bonasus), cat (Felis Catus), goat (Capra Hircus), sheep (Bovidae Ovis), horse (Eqqus Caballus), etc. Wild animals are found to be present and recorded in and around the study area. The following is a brief description about the faunal diversity in each of the three districts.

1. East Godavari District

The East Godavari River Estuarine Ecosystem (EGREE) area supports a wide range of other faunal elements that include amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species, including terrestrial species that depend on coastal ecosystems. Animals such as otter, fishing cat, jackal and sea turtle are found in the creeks. Birds such as snipes, ducks, sea gulls and flamingos are common. Some winter migrant species are Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria), Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), and Long-billed Ringed Plover (Charadrius placidus). The area serves as spawning grounds for the growth and development of numerous fin and shell fish. A part of the Coringa mangroves were declared and gazetted as Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS) in 1978 with a total area of 235.70 square kilometers under the national Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Given below is the List of Fauna of Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary:

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Birds  Liza pasia  Lates calcarifer  Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea )  Mystus cavasius  Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)  Mystus vittatus  Little Green Heron (Ardea  Mystus scenghala striatus)  Mystus aor  Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii )  Mystus tengana  Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis )  Mystus gulio  Large Egret (Ardea alba)  Migalops cyprinoides  Smaller Egret (Egretta  Mugil parsia intermedia)  Mugil cephalus  Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)  Muraenosox talabon  Indian Reef Heron (Egretta  Ompak papda gularis)  Ompak binaculatus  Night Heron (Nycticorax  Ompak pabe nycticorax)  Polynemus indicus  Little Bittern (Ixotrychus minutus)  Pangasius pangasius  Chestnut Bittern (Ixobrychus  Polynemus tetradutylum cinnamoneus)  Polynemus heptadutylum  Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus  Ophioccphalus gachua sinensis)  Ophioccphalus marulius  Black Bittern (Ixobrychus  Ophioccphalus puncetatus flavicollis)  Ophioccphalus striatus  Painted Stork (Mycteria  Mastocumbellus armotus leucocephala)  Mastocumbellus pancallus

 Tetradon fluviatitis Fishes  Trapacanthus oxyeephalus  Aplochei luamelastigma  Wallango attu  Ambasis interepta

 Annabas testudinus Insects  Annabas olegolepis

 Belone caucela Banded lady-bird beetle  Beliopthulmis bodarti  Stag beetle  Colisa fasciata  Milk weed beetle  Coilinae dussimumieri  Moths  Clarius batrachus  Butterflies-Wintering monarch  Chanos ehanos  Insidious housefly  Etroplus maculatus  Mosquitoes  Elops saurus  Locust  Etroplus suratensis  Wood louse  Gobids gorius  Mandibled monster  Heteropneustis phossilis  Pale beetle grub  Liza tade  Caterpillar

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 Leaf miners  Penaeus monodon  Ticks  Crustacea Penaeus  Birch leaf roller  Penaeus semisulcatus  White Ants (Termites)  Penaeus merguiensis  Crickets  Penaeus indicus  Metapenaeus monoceros Reptiles  Metapenaeus affinis  House gecko  Metapenaeus brevicornis  Wall lizard  Metapenaeus dobsoni  Garden lizard  Parapenaeopsis hardvicki  Skink  Parapenaeopsis stylifera  Monitor lizard  Parapenaeopsis sculptilis  Fan-throated lizard  Solenocera indica  Snake skink  Acetes incidus  Striped keelback  Palaemon tempes  Olive keelback Smooth water snake Crabs  Rat snake  Scylla serrata  Dhaman  Portunus pelagicus  Greek snake  Portunus sanguinolentus  Wolf snake  Charybdis cruciata  Banded krait  Charybdis annulata  Common Sandboa  Charybdis natator  Indian krait  Mutata lunaris  Cobra  Russels viper Snails  Hook nosed sea snake  Placuna placenta  Yellow sea snake  Anandra granosa  Sawback terrapin  Meretrix meretrix  Flapshell turtle  Katelysia opima  Olive ridley sea turtle  Paphia malabarica  Hawksbill sea  Estuarine crocodile  Marsh crocodile

Amphibians  Bull frog  Pond or green frog  Toad  Skipper frog  Tree frog

Prawns

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2. West Godavari

In high forest areas wild animals such as tiger, leopard, bison, Sambar, Koel, peafowl, jungle fowl and hill mynah are seen. In degraded forest areas wild animals and birds like Shaken, Falcon, Hoopla, Babbler etc. are common.

West Godavari district stands at the top in pisciculture when compared to other districts in the State. This district has four marine villages. The list of marine fishes commonly found as per official records are given in Table 36.

Table 36: List of marine fishes in West Godavari District

S. Genus / Species Popular English Name No. 1 Caroharis sorrah Shark 2 Rhinobates granulatus Granulated shovel nose ray 3 Himantura blockeri Whip tail sting ray 4 Anadontostoma chacunda Chacunda gizzard shad 5 Colia dussunieri Gold potted graindier anchovy 6 Chrirocentras derab Silver bar, wolf herring 7 Chanosachos Milk fishes 8 Saurida tumble Greater lizard fish 9 Harpodon neherius Bombay duck 10 Arjus Jalla Small eye cat fish 11 Anguilla nebulosa Long finned eel 12 Cypselurus cyanopterus Blue spot flying fish 13 Sphyraena jello Berracuda 14 Mugil cephalus Flat head grey mullet 15 Polynemus heptadactylue Seven finger thread fin 16 Lates calcarifer Gaint sea perch, Bekti 17 Lactarius lactarius White fish 18 Elepes para Golden scad 19 Carans carangus Black tail fravelly 20 Shiomatu niger Black pomfret 21 Liognathus duseumieri Dussumier‟s pony fish 22 Lutjanus join Shaper (Jew fish) 23 Drepane pantata Spotteu sickle fish 24 Strooplus suratensis Danded butter fish 25 Sca-tephagus arugus Spotted butter fish 26 Trypencach vegina Goby 27 Auxis rochei Bullet tuna 28 Scomberomorus commerson Narrow baried seer fish 29 Instinophorus pla-typtorus Soil fish, peacock seer

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30 Khipias gladias Sword fish 31 Pesettodes erumei Indian nailout 32 Bragocephatus inermis Smooth backed blow fish 33 Upenus indicus Red mullet Indian gous fishes 34 Acetus indicus Paste shrimp 35 Panulirus polyphyrus Banded spiny lobster 36 Sepia aculata Cuttle fish 37 Saylla Serrate mudcrab

3. Krishna

Carnivorous mammalian fauna like Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears etc are found in the Krishna district. Deer, spotted deer, sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows. Birds like Widgeons, Gadwalls, Cormorants and Avocets etc. are found here.

Krishna Sanctuary is one of the few mangrove habitats in Andhra Pradesh. These dense mangrove forests are nestled on the estuary of River Krishna. The sanctuary is home to a variety of fauna as given below.

a. Mammals: Hyena, Jungle and Fishing Cat, Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) and bear (Melursus ursinus). Among the herbivorous species are Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Sambar (Cervus unicolor) and Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra) are occasionally found and are a rarity except in the interior inland forests.

b. Birds: There is good variety of birds in Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary like the Crested Serpant Eagle, Indian Roller, Wagtails, Pipits etc.

c. Reptiles: Cobra, Russels Viper, Water Snake, Rat Snake and Tree Snake, Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor), Wall Lizard (Hemidactylus species) and land tortoise (Testudo elegans) are also found. Among the amphibian fauna, the common frog (Rana species) and in the mangrove forests the amphibian otter or water cat (Lutra lutera) and the estuarine crocodiles are present.

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7. Anticipated Environmental Impacts, Evaluation & Mitigation Measures

7.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Drilling The major element involved in the process of environmental impact assessment is identification as it leads to other elements such as quantification and evaluation of impacts. Although, in general, a number of impacts can be identified while describing the project, all the impacts may not be considered significant. Hence, it is necessary to identify the critical impacts that are likely to cause significant impact on various components of environment due to proposed drilling.

A number of techniques are available for identification of impacts. In the present case for the activities proposed to be carried, adaptation of “Network Method” which involves understanding of “cause-condition-effect” relationship between an activity and environmental parameters for identification of impacts has been found to be most appealing tool. Table 37 shows the criteria adopted for classifying the impacts into five broad categories. Likely impacts from Drilling have been identified in Table 38.

Table 37: Impact Significance Criteria

Impact Significance Criteria Major Adverse When the impact is of:  high intensity  high spread (regional) or moderate spread  high or moderate duration Moderate Adverse When the impact is of  moderate intensity  high or moderate or low spread  high or moderate or low duration Minor Adverse When the impact is of:  moderate or low intensity  low spread  moderate or low duration Insignificant Adverse When the impact is of  low intensity  low spread  low duration Beneficial When the impact are positive

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Table 38: Identification of Likely Impacts from Drilling – Impacts/Risks Interaction

Environmental Sensitivities Physical Biological Socio-economic Impacts/ Risks

Forest/

Activities

&Quality

Soil& Sediments Waterresource Quality Air Flora Fauna Reserve ProtectedForests Livingcondition LocalEconomy ExistingGas & Oil Business TrafficHazardss Onsite Risks( Occupational Culture/ Archaelogical Exposure) Places Tourism/Leisure LandUse (Mudflats/ Agriculture) Drilling Site Preparation Physical √ √ √ Presence including Land acquisition/Lease Site Clearance √ √ √ √ Site Preparation √ √ Equipment √ √ √ √ Transportation Campsite √ √ √ √ √ Drilling Operation Atmospheric √ √ emissions Noise & √ √ √ √ Vibrations Waste √ √ √ generation Storage of √ √ √ Flammables Well kick √ √

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The detailed list of activities and actions described earlier in this report has been taken into consideration for generation of cause-condition-effect network (i.e. chain of events). This type of method is advantageous in recognizing the series of impacts that would be triggered by the proposed activities. Thus, this method has provided a “roadmap” type of approach to the identification of second and third order effects.

The idea was to account for the project activity and identify the types of impact, which would initially occur. The next was to select each impact and identify the secondary and tertiary impacts, which induced as a result. This process was repeated until all possible impacts were identified. The greatest advantage of this type of approach was that it allowed identifying the impacts by selecting the tracing out the events as they are expected to occur.

While identifying the impact networks for drilling operations in the study area all significant activities such as land acquisition, road/site clearance, drill site preparation, diesel generation sets, waste pits well development and work over operations have been accounted for.

The availability of energy resource (oil/gas) the end product has been considered for the purpose of economic benefits.

The identified impacts for various components of environment viz. air, noise, water, land and socio-economic are presented in Figs. 16 to 20 respectively. The comprehensive environmental impact network for proposed drilling in typical case is presented in Fig. 21. It is to be noted that in these illustrations the lines are to be read as, “has an effect on”.

7.2. Air Environment For the purpose of impact predictions on air environment emission sources can be classified into point and area sources. There are no areas sources considered for the purpose of predictions. The point sources identified are diesel generator sets at drill sites. These will be in operation 24 hours a day. Emissions from the generators will consist of mainly CO2, NOx, SO2 and suspended particles. The concentration of SO2 in the emitted gas will depend on the fuel source. Since

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diesel contains low values of sulphur, using diesel as fuel will lead to low SO2 emissions. Emissions are expected during temporary well flaring in the event gas is discovered. Impact Significance of Air Quality during Drilling has been given in Table 39.

The incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation are within the permissible limits as per the CPCB. Regular monitoring for pollution levels indicate GLC levels to be within permissible limits.

Table 39: Impact Significance of Air Quality during Drilling

Activity Impact Context Duration Intensity Significance

Local Medium Regional Short Medium Long Low Moderate High Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Drilling of Deteriora Developme tion of √ √ √ √ nt wells Air quality

Assessment of Air Quality Impacts

The detail of likely emissions (particulate and gaseous) from the above mentioned sources for drilling is given in Table 40

Table 40: Emissions during Drilling of Development Wells

Operation of rig engines DG Power S.No. Parameters Unit (including Test Flaring Generation pump requirement) 1000 HP/ 670 HP/ 1 Capacity Test Flaring# 932.5KVA 625 KVA Number of 2 Nos 2 1 1(Occasional) Stack Fuel type* HSD HSD Gas 3 Consumption** 3-4 m3/day 0.5-2 m3/day 125 M3/hr 4 Stack Height M 10 9 10 0.0762 (Flare 5 Stack Diameter M 0.305 0.254 diameter 0.3048 m) 6 Temperature 0C 325 325 20.8 7 Velocity m/s 22.4 21.6 -

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Mg/Nm3 75 75 - 8 PM 10 g/s 0.0622 0.0417 Mg/Nm3 50 50 - 9 SO2 g/s 0.0395 0.0265 Mg/Nm3 2340 2340 95 10 NOX g/s 1.9064 1.2778 0.03040 Mg/Nm3 890 890 550 11 CO g/s 0.7250 0.486 0.197

*Good quality HSD is being used for drilling activity having Total Sulphur Content 0.009% against prescribed limit 0.25 %. * Consider per day HSD consumption **Consumption is shown during Drilling Hours #the test flaring will be temporary in nature and will be for about 24 to 48 hours period depending upon the gas encountered in the well. It is expected that about 3000 m3/day of gas will be test flared with an hourly average quantity of 125 m3/hour.

2) Decommissioning of Project

The impacts on air environment during decommissioning of project will be particularly in form of dust due to dismantling operations of drilling rigs and equipments at unviable wells. Although the impacts on air environment will be short term but will require to be mitigated to minimize dust emissions. Proper air emissions control measures will be implemented during the decommissioning phase. Dust suppression system to be used on the decommissioning site and dirt track. Impact on air quality due to above project activities are discussed below.

Mitigation Measures Measures proposed to control air emissions during drilling of oil and gas wells include:  Minimization of emissions from drilling machineries, generators and optimize fuel efficiency;  Minimization of flaring and emissions from any production tests as far as possible; and  Optimization flare burner characteristics to ensure maximum burning of hydrocarbons produced during production test of wells (only in case required).

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 Generators to conform to the emission norms notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;  Cold Venting of gases will never be resorted  All test flaring will be done by elevated flaring (stack) system (If required so). 7.3. Noise Environment For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations due to different sources using model based on first principle.

Lp2 = LP1 -20 Log (r2 /r1) - Ae1,2 ………………(1)

Where Lp2 and LP1 are sound levels at points located distance r1 and r2 from the source Ae1, 2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions. Combined effect of all the sources can be determined at various locations by logarithmic addition.

It has been observed that generally all the noise sources in a rig installation are scattered in an area of about 100 m x 100 m. As the proposed drilling operations are carried out at 0.5 to 1.0 km away from the human habitation, the first approximation one can assume that for general population in the village, every drilling site is a ”point” source of noise.

The average equivalent sound level of such a point source can be estimated by measurements of noise levels at approximately 50 meters in different directions from a hypothetical source by applying equation:

Lp = Lw - 20 log r- Ae -8 …………………………(2)

Where, Lw is sound power level of the source, Lp is sound pressure level at distance r and Ae is the environmental attenuation factor. The noise level at different location can be calculated using equation (2) for averaged equivalent noise source. The asymmetry of the source gets masked in this model due to working approximation, but it is allowable for distant receptors (>1 km).

When a mechanical rig is in operation at its maximum efficiency, the drilling platform (derrick) can be assumed as the location of the hypothetical source of noise at the drill site where maximum noise levels are recorded (102 dBA).

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Further the noise levels recorded in various directions at distance 50 m can be used for estimation of magnitude of the average noise equivalent source. Noise level due to such a source works out to be 44 dBA at a distance of 1 km. As environmental attenuation, particularly due to air absorption and crops/grass/shrubs cannot be neglected the levels will work out to be less by 7 to 10 dBA depending on the nature of vegetation, relative humidity and frequency of the noise. Therefore average noise levels at about 1 km from the drilling rigs would be around 37-44 dBA. The overall background noise levels would increase by 3-4 dBA and 2-3 dBA during day and night time respectively due to drilling operations. Deployment of electrical rigs would minimize the noise levels and impact can be minimized.

Day night sound level, Ldn is often used to describe community noise exposure which includes 10 dBA night time penalty. As per WHO recommendations there is no identified risk in damage of hearing due to noise levels less than 75 dBA (Leq 8 hrs). Most of the international damage risk criteria for hearing loss permit Leq (12 hrs) up to 87 dBA. Further, WHO recommendations for community noise annoyance, permits day time outdoor noise levels of 55 dBA Leq, and night time outdoor noise level of 45 dBA Leq to meet steep criteria i.e. Leq (24 hrs) = 52.2 dBA and Ldn = 55 dBA.

The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration) to reduce hearing loss, stipulate that noise level up to 90 dBA are acceptable for eight hours exposure per day. At places except the drilling platform, continuous attendance of workers is not required. Hence, the noise levels only at the drilling platform are of concern for occupational consideration.

7.4. Land Environment During the drilling operation, two major sources of solid wastes are envisaged: (i) drill cuttings, separated on a shaker (vibrating screen) which is a part of solids handling system attached to rig and (ii) rejected drilling mud with sand and silt separated in desander and desilter:

Drill cuttings from the wells are allowed to collect in the sump below the shale shaker and removed periodically whereas mud is recovered and sent to recycling

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tanks. Around 5 to 10 T/day of drill cutting are expected to be generated depending on type of formation and drill performed. Drill cuttings are washed before leaving shale shaker for recovery of attached mud. Though some mud particles are likely to be associated with drill cuttings, the overall nature of solids will be highly inorganic.

It is anticipated that approximately 212 m3 of drill cuttings will be generated over a period of 40-45 days for from each well. It is planned to wash the drill cuttings and dispose it into lined waste pit and covered by native soil.

Mud portion, which is recovered in shale shaker, passes through desander and desilter where sand & silt are removed by centrifugal action. The sand silt generated at this unit is contaminated with mud particle and is allowed to flow to waste pit by washing it down. These solids contain mainly bentonite, barite and small portion of organics along with heavy metals. These solids accumulate at the bottom of waste pit and posses the characteristics of natural earth materials. Quantity of rejected fine sand, silt and mud is expected to be 200-250 kg/day will be generated.

In order to predict the environmental impacts due to drilling mud reject pits, simulating field conditions carried out laboratory studies. The studies included investigation of leaching potential of possible hazardous constituents from these sources. Table 41 outlines the impact significance of waste generation.

Table 41: Impact Significance of Waste Generation during Development drilling

Activity Context Duration Intensity Significance

Local Medium Regional Short Medium Long Low Moderate High Insignificant Minor Moderate Drilling of √ √ √ √ Development Wells

Subsurface soils were collected from the KG-PG Basin and experiments for investigations of leaching potential of drilling mud and wastewater were carried

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out in laboratory. Since pH and alkalinity can directly affect the solubility of many parameters, especially the metals, the comparison of the two gave some indications of the mobility of the metals. Generally, it is seen that solubility of metal decreases with increase in pH and alkalinity. On application of the drilling mud and wastewater to soils, this was found to be true as soils were alkaline in nature. The transportation of ions revealed that Na, Cl and metals would tend to be slightly elevated in subsurface soils close to the mud pits or emergency wastewater impoundments; however, most parameters will not migrate any significant distance away from the disposal/temporary storage facilities. Na, Cl was the only ions to show definite vertical migration through subsurface soils, specific conductance was used as the characteristic of zones with elevated ions.

The studies further revealed that drilling improves water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of soils. Thus, drilling mud could actually benefit vegetative production. This could be attributed to the fact that the drilling mud is, by design, impermeable suspensions of clays which form an even more impermeable contact surface between the mud and native soils.

As a result of these characteristics, the potential for leaching of constituents from mud pits is practically negligible. In mud pits migration of constituent will be dominated by surface runoff rather than by percolation of precipitation downward through the relatively impermeable drilling mud clays. Thus, neither the drill cuttings nor the barites used would cause any toxicity to the land environment. The aforesaid scenario of negligible pollution is a direct consequence of implementation and continual monitoring of the environmental parameters

Further, barite was analyzed for Cd and Hg. The results always showed the absence of these heavy metals. The various lot of barite used by ONGC has never indicated the presence of heavy metals.

7.5. Water Environment It is estimated that approximately 700 m3 of drilling fluid will be formulated during the course of one development well to be drilled. Drilling fluid or mud is basically a mixture of water, clay, polymers and weighting material with all individual components being environmentally friendly. This mud will be reused as much as possible. The mud circulation is a closed loop with the return mud going back to

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the mud tanks. At the end of drilling operations, the residual (unusable) mud is discharged in to the waste pit. The impact significance on water environment is shown in Table 42.

Table 42: Impact Significance of Water Resource & Quality during Development drilling Activity Impact Context Duration Intensity Significance

Local Medium Regional Short Medium Long Low Moderate High Insignificant Minor Moderate Major

Drilling of Impact on Development Water quality √ √ √ √ wells

In order to estimate the effects of surface water runoff/ overflow of waste from the storage pits on aquatic ecosystems, short-term bioassay studies were carried out by several institutes such as NEERI in the past. These studies revealed that the effects of toxic substances on fish food organisms are vital factors in determining whether fish can flourish or survive in polluted water, as in many cases the lower organisms upon which fish depend are even more susceptible to a poison than are the fish themselves. In order to predict the impacts, bioassay tests were conducted on algae (Scenedesmus), Zooplankton (Daphnia and Cypris) and fish (Lebistesreticulatus) on laboratory scale.

Pure culture of the organisms was used for the test and they were exposed separately at various dilutions of the waste. The result indicated that the waste was not toxic to algae. The growth of algae was stimulated in 30% within a period of 5 days. Among other organisms tested, the fish and Daphnia were the most resistant and susceptible to the waste. At 100% waste only 20% fish died in 48 hours.

Life cycle test with the juveniles (less than 24 hrs) of Daphnia was conducted through two generations at two nutrient fortified concentrations (50% & 80%) of waste in laboratory (31°-32°C) for 12 days. Only one juvenile was added at each concentration and control on zero day. Daphnia got matured and released 6 offspring (neonates) asexually at each toxicant level and control in fifth day. The Asset HSE, ONGC, Rajahmundry Page 102

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parent Daphnia at 80% waste died on fifth day. However, in second generation 12% more and 33% less neonates were recorded at 50% and 80% waste respectively on twelve day. It was thus concluded that the waste at 50% dilution did not impair the growth of Daphnia.

Algal bioassay of mixed algal species showed that green and blue green algal species are much more resistant to drilling pit waste and water soluble fractions of crude oil, while diatoms and desmids are highly susceptible to these wastes. When exposed to these wastes phytoplankton community is dominated by green and blue-green algae only. These studies indicate that the phytoplankton community structure would change if surface run off of waste fluids present in waste pits mixes with surface water. Since, lined pits will be used for solar evaporation of the unusable mud, the chances of run off or leaching is very low.

7.6. Biological Environment

7.6.1. Terrestrial Environment Prediction of Impact on Biological Environment due to any development drilling activity is practically difficult because:

 Living subjects has a natural variation in numbers; changes in numbers cannot always be directly attributed to changes in the environment  Most of the impacts on the living system or ecosystem take long time period to become fully visible externally. As such, the forests are getting vanished and the growing industrialization will affect the plant life due to industrial pollution load and influx of population. Therefore to minimize the adverse effect; it is proposed that the adequate management of these forest be taken up in a systematic manner.

The natural vegetation in the study area is not considerable. It will be affected due to increased pollution load; however, it will improve due to follow up of Environmental Management Plan (EMP). There are no rare and endangered plant and animal species in the study area and hence no changes are anticipated.

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7.6.2. Aquatic Environment There are no rare and endangered aquatic species and hence no change will occur. The characteristics of the water bodies may not change appreciably.

In general, due to operation of drilling, adverse impacts are anticipated in biological environment. Aquatic environment is likely to be affected more adversely than the terrestrial environment without EMP. However, with the proper follow up of EMP there will be significant improvement in biological environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

7.6.3. Socio-economic Environment Critically analyzing the existing status of socio-economic profile vis-à-vis its scenario with proposed project, the impacts of the project would be of varying nature. The predicted impacts are as follows:

 The proposed activities would generate indirect employment in the region; labor force will be required in site preparation and drilling activities, supply of raw material, auxiliary and ancillary works which will improve the economic status of the local unemployed persons.  The commissioning of project would lead to improvement in transport facilities as loose or soft surface rural roads and trails will be upgraded to facilitate movement of the drilling rig and supply vehicles

7.7. Environmental Impact Evaluation

7.7.1. Ecology Agricultural and fishing activities form the source of livelihood for residents living in proximity to the identified drilling areas of the Block. Paddy fields cover most of the area. The impacts on ecology of this area will be marginal because the land is mostly agricultural area and not falling in forest area.

7.7.2. Environmental Pollution As the EMP recommends appropriate treatment and disposal of wastes, there will be negligible adverse impact on aquatic environment.

The air quality of area under reference will not be altered. However, control measures are proposed in environment management plan to mitigate any

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adverse impact. It has been proposed to plant select trees for trapping toxic hydrocarbons. Further restoration of drill sites is ensured, consistent with prior use pattern on all well sites as per the statutory norms.

Noise levels due to transportation would not rise. The noise levels are likely to increase (5-10) dB (A) near the drill site posing occupational health problems but the nearby population will not get affected.

7.7.3. Aesthetics The proposed well sites will be restored to their former land use on abandonment such that no impacts to local aesthetics will occur. For any wells eventually put into production there would be minor facilities placed at wellhead. The other aesthetic parameters will show marginal effects.

7.7.4. Socio-economics The impact on community health due to the proposed drilling activities is negligible but the social status will improve due to increase in employment opportunities. There will be positive impact on sanitation, transportation, communication and community health in the region. There will be occupational hazards due to proposed activities but these hazards will reduce through implementation of precautionary measures suggested in EMP.

7.8. Environmental Impact Statement The impact statement focuses on the study area within block boundary of the proposed drilling sites. The five basic environmental components of concern are:

 Air Environment  Noise Environment  Water Environment  Land Environment  Socio-economic Environment For each of the above components of environment, the impacts are identified through cause-condition network predicted through appropriate mathematical models and evaluated through environmental evaluation system.

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7.8.1 Air Environment The impacts on air emissions arising out of proposed activity are mainly due to construction activity, temporary flaring during well testing and emissions from DG sets. These will have no adverse impact and it is anticipated that this will lead to only marginal increase in PM 10, PM 2.5, NOx, etc. The impact of these parameters will be negligible from the proposed activity since the terrain is plain and sufficient amount of atmospheric mixing is available in that region. The impact network for Air Environment is given in Fig. 16.

7.8.2. Noise Environment The impact of noise generated by the drilling on the general population is expected to be insignificant. Table 43 shows the expected noise levels due to drilling. On the basis of expected noise levels calculated through standard attenuation model, it is observed that the noise levels in the region would be within the standard limits (IS: 4954). The increase will only be marginal in comparison to the existing noise levels.

The estimated background noise levels in the villages near the drilling site varied between 40 and 60 dB (A) and in commercial places and highways it varied from 55 to 60 dB (A). It is estimated that the general noise levels near the drill site will vary from 45 to 80 dB (A). The impact of the noise on general population is therefore expected to be insignificant. The impact network for Noise Environment is given in Fig. 17.

Table 43: Noise Exposure Levels to Typical Drilling Rigs

Elect. Rig

(dBA) Occupational Exposure Leq (12 hrs) (on the derrick) 71 Leq (12 hrs) (within the premises) 60 Human Settlement Exposure Leq (24 hrs) (villages 1 km away) 37 Ldn (village 1 km away) 39

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7.8.3. Land Environment The proposed drilling activity will lead to temporary and minor soil erosion and loss of agricultural land. Table 44 presents analytical data of solid wastes, essentially rock cuttings, generated from drilling activity. The impact network for Land Environment is given in Fig. 19.

Table 44: Characteristics of typical Solid Wastes produced at typical Drill Site (Dry Weight Basis) Drill Cuttings

Moisture (%) 2-10 pH 7.2 Loss on ignition 19.2 Total nitrogen (%) 0.05 Total phosphorus (%) 0.10 Manganese (mg/kg) 320.0 Copper (mg/kg) 90.0 Lead (mg/kg) 8.0 Nickel (mg/kg) 70.0 Zinc (mg/kg) 45.0 Iron (%) 1.52

7.8.4. Water Environment No significant impacts on water quality are envisaged due to discharges of wastewater if properly treated as the baseline status show low dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium and nutrients.

Groundwater quality around the drilling sites shows alkaline nature with a pH range of 7.04 to 7.62. The chloride values are below the stipulated standards. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations of groundwater are well within the prescribed limits. The impact network for Water Environment is given in Fig. 18.

7.8.5. Biological Environment Vegetation in the vicinity of the drilling sites will not get affected by proposed drilling because of marginal change in ambient air quality. Re-establishment of crops by natural means is expected to adequately mitigate the impact due to emissions of pollutants.

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7.8.6. Socio-economic Environment The proposed development drilling of West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocksin KG Basin, Andhra Pradesh would create certain impacts with beneficial as well as adverse effects on the socio economic environment. The Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on Socio-economic Environment is described in Table-45 (Source: ONGC/NEERI/ Published data/report from various departments of AP Govt.) While the expected change in the subjective and the average quality of life after the implementation of EMP measures presented in Table-46 & 47 respectively. The impact network for Socio-economic Environment is given in Fig. 20.

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Table 45: Prediction of Qualitative Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment

Parameter Local Regional Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible

Employment +  + + + 

Income +   + + 

Transport + + + +  +

Education      

Medical       facilities

Communication + + +   +

Sanitation -  -  - 

Housing      

Health -  -  - 

Recreation      

Agriculture -  -  - 

Cost of living + + +   +

Business + + +   +

Per Capita + + +   + Income

Pollution -  -  -  +: Positive Impact - : Negative Impact  : Insignificant

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Table 46: Expected Change in Subjective Quality of Life

Sr. Villages QoL (s) QoL (s) After Implementation of No. EMP and Welfare Measure 0.46 0.48 1. Alamuru 0.44 0.46 2. Mandapeta 0.44 0.46 3. Kesavadasupalem 0.47 0.49 4. Antarvedi 0.45 0.47 5. Kesanapalli 0.48 6. Kammapalem 0.5 0.46 0.47 7. Vygreswaram Average 0.46 0.48

Sr. Villages QoL (s) QoL (s) After Implementation No. of EMP and Welfare Measure 1. Eleti Padu 0.45 0.47 2. Lakshmaneswaram 0.44 0.45 3. Pittala Vemavaram 0.42 0.46 4. Siddantham 0.43 0.45 5. Chinnamvaripalem 0.44 0.47

Average 0.44 0.46

Sr. No. Villages QoL (s) QoL (s) After Implementation of EMP and Welfare Measure 1. 0.45 0.48 Kaikaluru 0.46 0.47 2. Pedda Kamanapudi 0.46 0.48 3. Munjuluru

Average 0.46 0.48 QoL(s) = Subjective Quality of Life

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Table 47: Expected Change in Average Quality of Life

Sr. Villages QoL (a) QoL (a) After No. Implementation of EMP and Welfare Measure

1. Alamuru 0.46 0.48

2. Mandapeta 0.45 0.47

3. Kesavadasupalem 0.47 0.48

4. Antarvedi 0.46 0.48

5. Kesanapalli 0.47 0.5 0.47 6. Kammapalem 0.49

7. Vygreswaram 0.48 0.5 0.47 0.49 Average

Sr. Villages QoL (a) QoL (a) After Implementation No. of EMP and Welfare Measure

1. Eleti Padu 0.46 0.48

2. Lakshmaneswaram 0.45 0.47

3. Pittala Vemavaram 0.44 0.45

4. Siddantham 0.44 0.46

5. Chinnamvaripalem 0.45 0.47

Average 0.45 0.47

Sr. Villages QoL (a) QoL (a) After Implementation No. of EMP and Welfare Measure

1. Kaikaluru 0.47 0.48

2. Pedda Kamanapudi 0.46 0.49

3. Munjuluru 0.47 0.5

Average 0.47 0.49 QoL(a) = Average Quality of Life

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It is necessary to identify the extent of these impacts for further planning of control measures leading to mitigation of the adverse impacts. The impacts due to proposed project on parameters of human interest socio-economic have been assessed in term of: -

7.8.7. Positive Impacts The Positive impacts identified from proposed project are described below:  Increase in job opportunities during the construction as well as operational phase for the qualified and skilled as well as unqualified and unskilled people in the study area that may have distinctive impact on the socio- economic development of the region  lfillment of the gas demand in the industrial sector of the region which will ultimately improve the economy of the region  The construction of gas wells will be accompanied by the development of roads  Quality of life will improve by proposed project through development of infrastructure resources such as development of roads, water supply, electricity etc.  The civil amenities like medical facilities, market, education, sports and cultural activities are likely to improve in the study area  The gas exploited by drilling can be used as a domestic fuel  With the enhancement of infrastructure facilities, better employment opportunities the overall quality of life of the people will be upgraded Increase in the availability of fuel in the area  Many auxiliary and ancillary industries may develop due to the proposed project activity

7.8.8. Negative Impacts  Occupational hazards in terms of injuries & accidents may occur during movement of rig & drilling of the wells  Vehicle and drilling equipment can create noise pollution in construction phase

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 Due to influx of population and pollution that may arise out of the proposed project activity, undesirable problem on the social, economical and health status of the people may rise in the region  During construction phase of proposed project there could be added unavoidable pollution in the region if proper abatement measures are not adopted  Change in the occupational patterns within the study area, as employment will be provided only on short term basis.

7.9. Mitigation Measures  It is recommended that all equipment is operated within specified design parameters during construction and operational phases  This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing through careful planning and using high combustion efficiency, smokeless flare/ burners  It is recommended that while deploying major noise generating equipment such as diesel generators etc  It will be checked that all mufflers are in good working order and that the manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise levels  Noise barriers/shields in the form of well berm will be provided around the units wherever possible  Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices will be provided to the workforce in noise prone areas  Wherever generator noise occurs in proximity to human settlements, sound deadening barriers will be provided  The effluents (wastewater) generated during drilling operations are recommended to be collected in lined waste pits to avoid groundwater contamination  The additional manpower requirement for drilling activities will increase employment opportunities for the local population, thus improving their social status

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An Illustrative case of Typical Development Drilling

Drilling Activity

Release of Air Pollutants Primary Impacts

Change in Air Quality Deposition of Particulates Impact on Visibility on Soil, Water and Vegetation

Secondary Impact on Impact on Flora Impact on Soil Quality Impact on & Fauna Impacts Human Health Aesthetics

Impact on Agricultural Production Tertiary Impacts Impact on Economic Output Impact on Socio-Cultural Environment Fig. 16: Impact Network for Air Environment

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An Illustrative case of Typical Develpoment Drilling

Drilling Activity

Emission of Sound Primary

Impacts Change in Ambient Noise Level

Secondary Health Risks Impact on Work Output Migration of (Quantity and Quality) Impacts Population

Tertiary Impact on Economic Output Impact on Socio-Cultural Environment Impacts

Fig. 17: Impact Network for Noise Environment

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An Illustrative case of Typical Development Drilling

Activity Drilling

Primary Change .in Surface Abstraction of Release of Impacts Morphology Water Wastewater

Impact on Runoff/Seepage

Impact on Hydraulics of Impact on Water Environmental Health Water course Quality and Aesthetic Risk

Secondary Impact on Impact on Cost of Water Agricultural Impact on Impacts Aquatic Life Treatment Production Amenity

Tertiary Impact on Socio-Cultural Impact on Economic Output Environment Impacts Fig. 18: Impact Network for Water Environment

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An Illustrative case of Typical Development Drilling

Activity Drilling

Primary Abstraction of Water Disturbance of Soil Disposal of Impacts Wastewater and Sludges on Land Change in Groundwater Change in Structure Regime: Soil Moisture/ of Soil: Texture/ Addition/Removal of Water Level/Flow Permeability/Soil Substances or Heat Pattern/Salt Water intrusion Aeration To/From the soil

Secondary Impact on Soil Biota Impact on Flora and Fauna Impact on Impacts Landscape

Impact on Agricultural Impact on Production Livestock Tertiary Impact on Economic Impact on Socio- Impacts Output Cultural Environment Fig. 19: Impact Network for Land Environment

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An Illustrative case of Typical Development Drilling

Activity Drilling

Primary Deployment of Consumption of Product Output Impacts Work Force Materials/Chemicals and Energy

Change in Demand for Change in Change in Environmental Employment Infrastructural Resource Economy Trade Pollution Pattern Facilities Base and Commerce

Secondary Change in Change in Land Impact on Environmental Impact on Income use Pattern Amenity/ Health and Impacts Landscape Distribution Recreation Aesthetics

Tertiary Change in Economic Base and Cultural Values Impacts

Fig. 20: Impact Network for Socio-economic Environment

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ExploratoryAn Illustrative Drilling case in of PG Typical_ON DevelopmentN_2001/1 Block Drilling District)

Road Diesel Land Site Site Waste Well Workover Aquisition Preparation Generators Pit Development Operations Clearance Drilling

Air pollution Noise Pollution Water Pollution Land Pollution

Increase in Increase in Increase Surface Ground Estuarine Effect on Economic Increased Air Quality Aquatic Natural Leachate Soil Increase Health Temp and Particulate in Noise Water Water Water Fisheries Benefits Employment Impairment Biota Vegetation Effects Quality in Salinity Effects Odour Matter Levels Pollution Pollution Impairment and Salt Facilities Planning

IMPACT ON AIR & NOISE IMPACT ON WATER IMPACT ON LAND IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT

Fig. 21: Comprehensive Impact Network

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7.10 Project Post monitoring Program Monitoring is one of the most important components of a management system. The Continuous monitoring needs to be carried out for regulatory requirements, environmental effects and performance of EMP implementation. Development drilling is for short duration 3-4 months. During drilling waste water quality, air quality monitoring and noise monitoring will be carried out.

Occupational Health Surveillance Program: ONGC onshore operations are comes under Mine Act (Ministry of Labor) and as per Mines Act every person employed in mine should go under PME (Periodical Medical Examination) by approved medical doctor / Hospital at fixed interval i.e.

Up to 45 yrs - Once in a 05 Yrs 46 to 55 yrs - 03 yrs & > 55 yrs - 01 yr

As per plan 10 % employees are being medically examined every year and records is being kept for future reference and track.

There are ONGC Panel hospitals / Laboratories / Doctors with necessary medical facilities for PME like X-Rays, ECG, Sonography, PFT, Audiometery, Eye / ENT Surgeon / Blood / urine test etc.

ONGC Rajahmundry Asset has its own dispensaries and empanelled hospitals for employees and their family members for day to day medical problems. Ambulance is available 24 hrs.

All the work centers have First Aid Box, Stretcher and 24 Hrs. Emergency vehicles.

The main occupational health hazards may be noise at drilling rigs, and necessary guidelines are available at sites.

Free medical camps (medical checkup / eye check up) are also organized by ONGC in villages around the operational area, and accordingly patients are treated and free medicines are given. If required free operations are also done by ONGC.

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8. Environmental Management Plan

The EIA for the proposed development drilling programme has identified a number of impacts that are likely to arise during the site preparation, well testing and demobilization. The EIA has examined biophysical and socio-economic effects of the proposed activity from site clearance and preparation of the site and testing through to abandonment, demobilization and restoration. On evaluation of environmental impact it is observed that the real benefits of proposed activity can result only if the risks of pollution are minimized. This can be accomplished through implementation of adequate preventive and control measures.

Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has examined the extent to which these impacts would be mitigated through the adoption of industry standard practice and guidelines and following local legislative requirements. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) describes both generic good practice measures and site specific measures, the implementation of which is aimed at mitigating potential impacts associated with the development drilling activity.

The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project work. The EMP can be developed into a standalone document covering each stage of the development drilling activity.

For each stage of the activity, the EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective mitigation of every potential biophysical and socio-economic impact identified in the EIA. For each impact, or operation, which could otherwise give rise to impact, the following information is presented:

 A comprehensive listing of the mitigation measures.  The parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the action.  The timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met.

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The EMP comprises a series of components covering direct mitigation and environmental monitoring, an outline waste management plan and restoration plan.

ONGC is committed to the adoption of these measures and will carry out ongoing inspection to ensure their implementation and effectiveness by its contractors.

The development drilling programme has been designed to avoid or minimize impacts to the environment. Where residual impacts remain, which may have moderate or significant impacts on the environment, mitigation measures have been prescribed in this EIA, which will either reduce the impact to an acceptable level or adequately offset it.

All the Drilling Rigs deployed for development drilling operations are duly accredited as per ISO 14001:2004 standards and the effectiveness of the EMP envisaged is duly audited periodically internally as well as by external certification bodies.

Based on the impacts identified, a conceptual Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is recommended as below:

General Recommendations

The present practices for mitigation of adverse impacts and technology options that can be considered to reduce the risks of marine pollution due to routine or accidental discharges of wastes are briefly described below.

8.1. Drilling Fluids Mostly water based mud (WBM) is used as drilling fluid in development drilling to maintain hydrostatic pressure control in the well and to lubricate the drill bit. The following regulations are kept in view while preparing the EMPs.

Regulations

 The chemical additives used in the drilling fluids (WBM) will be biodegradable (mainly organic constituents) and will have toxicity of 96 hr

LC50 value > 30,000 mg/l as per mysid toxicity of test conducted on locally available sensitive sea species.

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 Hexavalent chromium compound will not be used in drilling fluids. Alternate chemicals in place of chrome lignosulfonate will be used in drilling fluids. In case, chrome compound is used, the drilling fluids and drill cuttings will not be disposed into neither canals nor open sea (for offshore wells).  WBM will be recycled to a maximum extent

Drill Cuttings

 Drill Cuttings (DC) originating from on-shore will be separated from Water Base Mud (WBM) will be properly washed and unusable drilling fluids (DF) may be disposed off in a well-designed lined pit with impervious liner. The disposal pit will be provided with a leachate collection system.  Design aspects of the impervious waste disposal pit; capping of disposal pit will be informed by the oil industry to State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at the time of obtaining consent.  In case of any problem due to geological formation for drilling, low toxicity OBM having aromatic content < 1% will be used. If the operators intend to use such OBM to mitigate specific hole problem/ SBM it will be intimated to Ministry of Environment and Forests/State Pollution Control Board.  The waste pit after it is filled up shall be covered with impervious liner, over which, a thick layer of native soil with proper top slope is provided.  Drilling wastewater including DC wash water will be collected in the disposal pit evaporated or treated and will comply with the notified standards for on-shore disposal.  Total material acquired for preparation of drill site will be restored after completion of drilling operation leaving no waste material at site. APPCB will be informed about the restoration work.

8.2. Air Environment All equipment will be operated within specified design parameters during construction, drilling and operational phases. Well testing (flaring) will be undertaken so as to minimize impacts of emissions. This can be achieved by minimizing the duration of testing through careful planning.

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Drilling activities are temporary and last for few months only and do not cause any significant impact on the environment.

8.3. Noise Environment It is recommended that while procuring major noise generating equipment such as diesel generators etc. it will be checked that all mufflers are in good working order and that the manufacturers have taken the normal measures for minimizing the noise levels.

Use of ear muffs/plugs and other protective devices will be provided to the workforce in noise prone areas. Enclosures around noise sources may be provided depending on the size of the unit.

8.4. Land Environment Soils in the region have moderate infiltration rates amenable to groundwater pollution. Considering this fact and poor ground water quality, every precaution would be taken to avoid spillages of chemicals on soils to avoid further deterioration of groundwater quality and danger to soil microbial populations in soils which are sensitive to hydrocarbon. Treated solid wastes, which have to be disposed on land, will be made on adequately prepared waste pits.

The earth cuttings (approx 212 m3) generated at drill site will be mostly inorganic in nature and shall be used for land filling and road making.

8.5. Water Environment Wastewater generated during drilling operations would be around 10-15 m3/d. Wastewater characteristics would be of varied nature and likely to contain soil particulate matter along with organics. The treatment scheme comprises of treating the raw effluent with chemicals such as Alum and Lime to facilitate desired coagulation and flocculation. Adequate settling time is ensured for the removal of the separated solid material. The treated waste water shall be reused during drilling operations. Garland drains are made to collect all waste water into the waste pit and drill site construction is such that storm water is not allowed to mix.

The mobile ETP is a single trailer mounted fully mobile facility designed in such a way that dismantling, transportation from one location to another and

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commissioning time should not exceed ten days. The plant shall not occupy area more than 6m x 9m for its installation. The plant is designed to process the drill site effluent, so as to deliver minimum 30 m3/day of treated water having the desired characteristics of treated effluent as per the standards laid down by the APPCB.

The plant has a storage tank of 10 m3 capacity for initial storage of treated water prior to its discharge/ delivery. The plant has the arrangement and capacity to draw raw effluent 150 ft. away from the plant from waste pit. The pump has one discharge pump of adequate capacity to pump treated water to water storage tank/mud tanks for mud preparation which are approximately 150 ft away from the plant.

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Fig 22: Typical Drill Site Layout

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8.6. Biological Environment In order to avoid adverse environmental impacts the discharge of the gaseous, liquid and particulate waste into the atmosphere will be minimized.

Destruction of natural habitat of animals will be very insignificant. Nesting, mating and other wildlife behavioral patterns will not be disrupted or destroyed. The removal of native vegetation has profound effects upon the natural environment and animal life. Rich and diverse vegetation in the study area will be maintained.

Attention may be given on publication of zoological articles, guides, books and monographs indicating importance of local and regional plant and animal life. Individuals who are local authorities are important resources and will not be overlooked.

 Water runoff, erosion and siltation will be minimum, because these may have chronic impacts to the biota of the area.  Special care will be taken to protect endangered and localized animals.  Whenever necessary, wildlife habitat will be re-established or restored.

The concept of sustainable development will be accepted. This concept, if accepted widely, would seem to be the only conceivable way by which negative developmental impacts can be curtailed.

8.7. Socio-economic Environment In order to mitigate the adverse impacts on social and economic aspects, due to the project, it is necessary to formulate certain EMP measures for the smooth functioning and commissioning of the project. The suggested measures are given below:

 Preference shall be given for employment of the local people during construction phase which will secure the economical life of the unemployed population on temporary basis.  Communication with the local community will be institutionalized & done on regular basis by the project authorities to provide as opportunity for mutual discussion.  Create various awareness campaigns in the community, specially related to basic health, hygiene and sanitation.

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 Vocational training programmes will be organized for the local people that may develop their capacity and skills and will be helpful for them in getting more employment opportunities.  Protection of persons against dust emissions during construction and transportation activities.  Welfare activities such as organizing medical check-up camps and extending facilities to local population will be undertaken.  Welfare measures may be decided and planned according to the priority and need of the community during development phase.  Environmental Awareness programmes will be organized to bring forth the environmental management measures being undertaken & the beneficial aspects of the proposed project for improving their quality of life.

8.8. Waste Management Plan The waste management plan (WMP) covers disposal of all wastes with further reference to offsite disposal of those wastes, which cannot be dealt with onsite. The objectives of the WMP are:

 To provide the necessary guidance for the reduction and management of wastes generated on drilling site.  To comply with all current Indian environmental regulations.  To meet industry standards on waste management and control.  To prevent occurrence of any environmental degradation within the locality due to waste handling.

8.8.1. Disposal Options The following disposal options will be available on site. However, it will be necessary to evaluate the suitability of various waste specific technologies for the site and select an option that will cause minimum environmental impact on the surrounding:

 Landfill: Non-hazardous inert drill cuttings and waste residual mud shall be disposed off by spreading, drying and covering as per Landfill guidelines (Waste mud and drill cuttings disposal plan).

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 Offsite Disposal: Wastes which cannot be handled at the drilling site will be removed to a designated offsite and suitably disposed for reuse/recycling etc.  Produced Hydrocarbon Flaring: Only gas produced during well testing will be flared via a conventional burner system during initial testing. After testing, produced HC is transported to GGS/GCS. No flaring of oil will be done at drill-site.  Sewage Disposal: A sewage disposal system will be established in the campsite during the drilling operation. Being a temporary activity the sewage will be diverted to septic tank or soak pit.  The treated liquid waste will be used, where possible, for agriculture purposes.

8.8.2. Waste Reduction, Reuse & Recycle Waste reduction effort will concentrate on reuse, recycling, minimization of packaging material, reduction in size of waste material and finally reduction of time spent on location via optimization of drilling efforts.

Plastic containers, especially those used for fluid and cementing chemicals, are prime targets for use as water containers. As some of these may contain substances, which can be harmful to humans, care will be taken to ensure that they are not removed from the drilling site intact. In general, after emptying chemical containers, which did not contain any substances, container will be punctured and eventually compacted and sent for disposal.

The drilling site will not have facilities for rinsing chemical drums containers. These containers will be fully emptied, labeled with contents and removed offsite for further handling and disposal.

Used medical wastes, inclusive of but not limited to bandage material, syringes etc., will be collected in a special collection drum to minimize manual handling. Contents of the drum will be labeled as biomedical waste and shipped offsite for treatment/ disposal.

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Waste oil and lubricants generated in the drilling process will be sent to authorized recyclers. All spent lead acid batteries will be sent for recycling to authorized waste contractors.

All waste storage area within the site will have proper bunds to prevent any escape of contaminated runoff. It shall be ensured that any runoff from such temporary storage area will channelized into the waste-water pit, adequately treated and discharged in compliance with the regulatory requirements.

8.8.3. Waste Mud & Drill Cuttings Disposal Plan The section details recommendations and proposals for isolations, containment and disposal of drilling mud and drill solids from the drilling program. The strategy recommended provides for maximum protection of the environment from any potential adverse impact of the drilling fluid and cuttings

Waste Generation at Drill Site

Drill Mud

It is estimated that approximately 700 m3 of drilling fluid will be formulated during the course of one development well (for a well of approx. 3500-4000 m) of the type to be drilled. During fluid or mud is basically a mixture of water, clay polymers and weighting material with all individual components being environmentally friendly. The mud system, being a closed loop, the mud is re- circulated and mainly retained in the well. A small quantity of residual unusable portions of mud retained in the mud tanks is disposed of at the end of drilling operations. The mud being inert material of bentonite and barite is filled in lined pits and dried. The dried mud is covered with excavated earth and native top soil.

Drill Cuttings

It is expected that approximately 212 m3 of drill cuttings will be generated during the drilling of a well. Considering a specific gravity of the cuttings as the total weight will be 400 MT. It is planned to deposit the cuttings generated in the waste pit where they will be allowed to dry and finally they will be covered with topsoil.

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8.9. Environment Protection and Reclamation Plan  Construction activities will be coordinated in consultation with landowners to reduce interference with agricultural activities.  Top soil will be stripped to color change or to plough depth and will be stored on the site. The depth of stripping will be on the basis of site specific soil survey.  If required for rig stabilization the well site will be temporarily padded with granular fill.  The drill site would be provided with sufficient sanitary facilities.  Combustible wastes generated would be burnt in a controlled manner or disposed off in an approved dump site/  Hazardous materials such as petroleum, spirit, diesel lubrication oil and paint materials required at the site during construction activities would be stored as per safety norms. To ensure that the local inhabitants are not exposed to the hazards of construction the site would be secured with manned entry posts.  It would be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles are properly maintained. The vehicle maintenance area would be so located that the contamination of surface/soil/water by accidental spillage of oil/diesel will not take place and dumping of waste oil will be strictly prohibited.  All irrigation canals and ditches encountered by the proposed well site access and well site will be maintained in a fully functional state.  No Construction material debris will be left on site.

8.10. Plans for Well Site Operation and or Abandonment  The site will be fenced in the event the well is successful. The well site will be reduced to approximately 30 m x 30 m for the production phase and all non-essential areas will be fully reclaimed.  If the well becomes operational the site will be monitored and kept in a weed free state. Weed control will be achieved through either mechanical

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control or strategic and responsible application of an appropriate herbicide.  In the event the well is unsuccessful the well bore will be cement plugged.  Any contaminated soils (e.g. by accidental spills of fuel, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, saline produced water) will be treated on site or if necessary, be removed from the site to an appropriate landfill for further bioremediation.  During site reclamation subsoil compaction will be relieved by scarifying, all topsoil will be evenly replaced.  On abandonment newly constructed access will be fully reclaimed unless specifically requested to do otherwise by the landowner.  Any irrigation ditches diverted to accommodate a well site will be realigned to their pre-well site configuration in consultation with the landowner.

8.11. Drilling Program Safety Guidelines All API, Indian Petroleum Act and Indian Mines Act shall be strictly adhered to. Drilling Contractor‟s safety guidelines shall be strictly adhered to as well as all Personnel Safety Guidelines.

The well site supervisor shall carry out regular safety checks. All crew members would be reminded frequently of working in a safe manner. If unsafe equipment or procedures are observed, operations would cease immediately and the hazard duly corrected.

The well site supervisor would ensure that the Driller and above will have a valid “Well Control Certification”. Driller and above would have sound knowledge of the API specification relevant to Well Control Practices (API RP53 and those prescribed in it) and practice the same in all aspects of the job.

Table 48: Classification of Wastes generated during proposed drilling and their disposal options

Type of Waste Disposal Options

Plastic Recycling Inert waste, such as glass, metal, Recycling construction materials Black water Treatment in packaged sewage treatment system

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and discharge to soak pit Liquid wastes (e.g. paints, solvents, Labeled, sealed in containers and disposed off-site chemicals) for further handling/disposal. Care to be taken that non-compatible liquids are not mixed Mud or cement chemicals Transported to next site Batteries Labeled, containerized and sent off-site for further handling/disposal Used medical wastes Collected, labeled as biomedical waste, and sent off-site for disposal. Review possibility of safe incineration for readily combustible items Spent oil spill containment material, Compacted, sealed, labeled and shipped off-site for absorbent etc. treatment/disposal Spent oil Note that oil from engine oil changes may be designed as „hazardous‟ based on quantity will be sent back to base for disposal Produced hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons will be transported to nearest GGS/GCS. No flaring of oil will be done at site. Drill Cuttings Solidification and burial in dedicated pit on-site (Waste mud and cuttings disposal plan) Drilling fluids Left for evaporation in lined pits.

8.11.1. General

 Low toxicity Water-based mud system having 96 h LC50 30000 mg/l.

 Water-based mud will be recycled and reused to minimize discharges.

 Drill cuttings will be thoroughly washed and separated from the mud and discharged intermittently.

 Chemical additives employed in all types of mud will have 96 h

mysid toxicity LC50 30000 mg/l.

 No oil wastes will be dumped in the sea. Oil soaked wastes will be incinerated in the rig.

 All diesel engines will be maintained well to minimize emissions.

 Barites used in mud systems will have low Cd (<3 mg/kg) and Hg (<1 mg/kg) content,

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 Sewage will be treated before discharge and will have /mg/l residual Chlorine.

 No fishing will be allowed within 200m of the drill site.

Air environment

 All equipment will be maintained at optimum operating condition.  Exhausts from DG sets will be controlled by adopting the CPCB standards.  Dry and dusty powders will be stored in sealed containers.  Gas flaring will be restricted to the shortest possible testing phase.

Noise Environment

 Operating crew will be protected from high noise areas using suitable ear-muffles.  Noise attenuation in the form of barriers and enclosures will be provided.

In conclusion, it is imperative that ONGC as a premier oil producer of the nation voluntarily accepts the responsibility of ensuring the protection of the environment around its operational areas so as to ensure the sustainable development of the area. Further, ONGC shall adopt best available technology to reduce the impact on environment due to oil exploitation activities.

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9. Risk Assessment, Emergency & Disaster Management Plan

9.1 Introduction Risk arises out of hazards and hazard is potential condition waiting to be converted into an unwanted event i.e. accident. Thus risk assessment is concerned with identification of hazards associated in drilling operations along with the aim of reducing, controlling and eliminating hazards from the operations. Once the hazards are identified, safeguards can be recommended, which can either prevent an event from occurring or reduce the consequences, if at all the event occurs.

Standard Management System Terminology OHSAS 18001 is an Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems, it prescribes requirements for an Occupational Health & safety (OH&S) Management system to enable the organization to formulate a policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risks, which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization. The OH&S management systems are useful to: • minimize risk to employees and others • improve business performance • assist organizations to establish a responsible image

9.2 Risk Assessment Methodology The basic steps adopted for risk assessments are mentioned below:- • Classifying the work activities into different sub-activities. • Identifying all hazards relating to each work activity / process. Consider which might be harmed and how.

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• Making a subjective estimate of risk associated with each hazard assuming that planned or existing control are in place. • Rating the risk. • Preparing a plan to deal with the issues found by the assessment. • Reviewing adequacy of action plan. Each activity or process will have a number of hazards associated with them.

Fig.23 Hazard Identification: Black Box Approach

Once hazard associated with drilling activities were identified, the level impact has been assessed based on subjective criteria. For doing this three key element have been into consideration based on risk assessment methodology. • Consequence: Nature of the harm, part(s) of the body likely to be affected • Probability of occurrence (likelihood): the likelihood that an impact due to the project activity / aspect will occur. • Legal: aid legislative compliance

The consequences on various risks have been ranked into 4 levels ranging from incidental, minor, major and fatality. Subsequently, to assign a level of

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consequence to each risk, criteria were defined for environmental consequences. Legal issues have been taken into account in the criteria sets and in many instances have been given high weightage to make an impact significant. Additionally, the results of quantitative impact prediction exercise, wherever undertaken, have also been fed into the process. The consequence ranking and criteria‟s are presented in Table 49

Table 49: Consequence Factor

Consequence Category Criteria Definition Ranking FATALITY 4 Fatality MAJOR 3 1. Permanent loss of body part 2. Permanent disability 3. Loss of property >Rs. 5 lakhs 4. Shut down of plant / facility 5. Blow out / explosion 6. Loss of more than 500 man-hours 7. Fire of more than 15 minutes duration 8. Failure of rig critical equipment like draw works, casing line etc. 9. Serious ill health resulting in loss of more than 500 man-hrs.

MINOR 2 1. Any accident not falling under any of the categories of major incident. 2. Minor ill health

INCIDENTAL 1 Near-miss

Predictions based on observation of previous similar activities have been used in the risk assessment process. It has tried possible to assess all risks associated with the activities and it will be further included as and when identified new hazards.

To assign probability of occurrence to each activity, four criteria were ranked and defined. The criteria for probability of occurrence are shown in Table 50

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Table 50: Probability of Occurrence (Likelihood)

Likelihood Category Ranking Criteria Definition FREQUENT 4 Incident is likely to occur at this facility within the next 3 months. OCCASIONAL 3 Incident is likely to occur at this facility within the next 6 months. SELDOM 2 Incident is likely to occur at this facility within the next 1 year. UNLIKELY 1 Given current practices and procedures, incidents are likely to occur at this facility within the next 5 years. Legislative compliance is considered to identify a risk and is shown in Table 51

Table 51: Legislation

Under legislation Not under legislation 10 1

The evaluation of risk has been expressed as the product of the consequence, probability of occurrence and legislation of the risk, and is given below as follows: Evaluation of Risk = Consequence X probability of occurrence X legislation The Table-52 below shows risk assessment criteria in the scale of 01-160 and will be used for delineation of preventive actions, if any, and management plans for mitigation of the risk.

Table 52: Risk Assessment Criteria

RANKING (CONSEQUENCE X SIGNIFICANCE PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE X LEGISLATION) 90-160 EXTERME RISK – must implement additional 60-80 HIGH RISK – may require additional control 30-40 MODERATE RISK – existing controls are sufficient 01-20 LOW RISK

9.3 Risk Assessment This section discusses the risks of the project activities on the human that get affected by the project. The rankings for consequence, probability of occurrence

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and legislation on criteria set earlier and the resulting risk has been recorded below for each set of risk and the same has been represented in the matrix and documented in Table 53.

9.3.1 Risk Associated with Design & Planning If site is selected on natural drainage it will create water logging and germs, mosquito etc will develop that will further spread malaria, chikun-gonia etc to nearby communities. Selection and procurement of improper machinery and equipment may create noise, emission etc that will disturb the habitants. Mitigation Measures: • Data will be analyzed properly for proper site selection. • Machinery and equipment that comply with national standard and statutory regulation will be selected for procurement.

9.3.2 Risk Associated with Approach Road Dust, smoke, emission, noise will be generated during road and may disturb surrounding communities by allergic diseases. There may be possibility of road accident during transportation of material. Free movement of children and animal will disturb due to new vehicular traffic. Mitigation Measures: • Adequate measure will be taken to avoid accident • Watering will be done to reduce dust • Machinery and equipment that will be used will comply with statutory regulations. • Provide safety equipment for worker and create safety awareness among villagers.

9.3.3 Risk Associated with Drilling & Testing Drilling activities will affect the surrounding noise, air quality and consequently receptors residing in the villages are likely to be significant, if not properly managed. Uncontrolled flow from well bore or leakage from fuel storage may create fire, explosion exposing surrounding communities to serious danger.

Mitigation Measure • Adopting Safe operating practices

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• Proper maintenance of equipment • Providing safety equipment • Job specific training to employees

9.3.4 Risk Associated with Rig Transportation and Building/ Dismantling During these processes, there may be road accident, electrocution due to large machinery comes in contact with overhead lines, human, animal etc being struck by crane, trailer, truck etc. Sometimes object may be fall from truck / trailer due to overload or improper handling. Loaded vehicle may topple due to wet soil or moving on un-compacted soil. Risks associated with these accidents are mainly physical injury, loss of life, damage of equipment.

Mitigation Measures • Adopting safe operating practice • Create awareness among workers involved in the operation. • Use appropriate vehicle for transporting machinery.

Table 53: Risk Assessment Matrix Drilling

S.l Activity Sub-Activity Risk Conse Probabilit Legality Risk quenc y Level e with existing A B C control A*B*C A DESIGN & PLANNING STAGE A. Physical Site Illness from 1 1 1 1 1 Presence of well selection/Physical Diseases site and presence/ associated Land on Lease Infrastructure A. Procurement of Procurement of Illness from 2 4 1 8 2 machinery and Machinery/Equipm disturbance equipment ent A. Natural Hazards Natural Hazards 3 1 1 3 3 (Flood/Earthqua (Flood/Earthquake) ke) B APPROACH ROAD

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B. Road Operation of Illness from 2 4 1 8 1 Exploratory Machineries disturbance &Cross Transport of Injury/fatalit 4 1 10 40 Drainage works Material/Spoil/ y from road Machinery accident B. Land filling Operation of Illness from 2 4 1 8 2 including machineries disturbance padding Transport of Injury/fatalit 4 1 10 40 Materials y from road accident Construction of Illness from 2 4 1 8 Site disturbance B. Transport of Transport of Injury/fatalit 4 1 10 40 3 Material, Spoil & Material / Spoil / y from road Machinery Machinery accident C DRILLING & TESTING ACTIVITY C. Operation & Power/Energy Illness from 2 4 1 8 1 Maintenance of generation & disturbance rig and consumption associated machinery C. Testing & Flaring Testing / Flaring of Illness from 2 4 1 8 2 of Natural Gas Natural Gas disturbance C. Workforce Discharge of Illness from 1 1 1 1 3 accommodation domestic waste diseases & sanitation water Storage / disposal Illness from 1 1 1 1 domestic food diseases waste C. Discharge of Discharge of Illness from 1 1 1 1 4 process waste process waste diseases water water C. Sourcing & Sourcing / Injury 4 1 10 40 5 Transportation Transportation on fatality from work force, work force / road Material Material accident (Equipment, chemical, fuel, water) C. Technical Accidental release Injury / 3 3 10 90 6 Emergencies of gas / liquid fatality from hydrocarbon fire explosion D DECOMMISSIONING / CLOSURE D. Transportation of Transportation of Injury 4 1 10 40 1 drilling facilities drilling facilities fatality from road accident

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D. Reclamation of Transport of Ijury fatality 4 1 10 40 2 land spoil/debris from road accident 9.4 Disaster Management Plan In view of the hazardous nature of products / process handled by the ONGC, Disaster Management Plans (DMPs) has been prepared. These plans are based on various probable scenarios like Well Blow Out, Fire, Explosion, Natural Calamities etc. The consequence arising out of such incidents are accurately predicted with the help of latest technique available by various Risk Analysis Studies. To minimize the extent of damage consequent to any disaster and restoration of normalcy is the main purpose of DMP. There are on site Emergency Plans that deal with handling of the emergency within boundary of the plants mainly with the help of industry‟s own resources. Also when the damage extends to the neighboring areas, affecting local population beyond boundaries of plant, Off-site Emergency plans is put into action in which quick response and services of many agencies are involved e.g. Government, Fire Services, Civil defence, Medical, Police, Army, Voluntary organizations etc.

9.4.1 Objective of Disaster Management Plan The following are the main objective of Disaster Management Plan: 1. Safeguarding lives both at installations and in neighborhood. 2. Containing the incident & bringing it under control. 3. Minimizing damage to property & environment. 4. Resuscitation & treatment of causalities. 5. Evacuating people to safe area. 6. Identifying persons and to extend necessary welfare assistance to causalities. 7. Finally when situation is controlled, efforts are to be made to return to normal or near normal conditions.

9.4.2 Disaster Management Plan: Key Elements Following are the key elements of any DMP: Basis of the plan Accident prevention procedures / measures • Accident/ emergency response planning procedures

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• Recovery procedure A broad outline of responsibilities and duties of different team members concerning the emergency management plan are given in following figure

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Fig 24: Organogram for On-site Emergency

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Fig 25: Organogram for Off-Site Emergency

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9.4.3 Type of Anticipated Hazards The following are the major disasters likely to be happened during the drilling/production activity: 1) Well Blowout 2) Fire / Explosion

3) Gas Leakage (H2S, Natural Gas etc.) 4) Oil Spills

9.4.3.1 Well Blow Out Blow-out (uncontrolled gushing of oil & gas) is the worst situation, which may arise at oil wells during drilling, work-over operations, perforation, and reservoir studies at active wells etc. or due to some unforeseen reasons. A blow out, though rare, is the worst accident that can occur in a drilling operation that is often accompanied by fire and explosion exposing workers to serious danger to their lives, burns and poisoning. To understand the failure modes resulting to formation of kick and subsequent blow outs we have to understand the safety systems installed for blow out prevention. Prevention of blow outs rests primarily on control of any kick in the well bore. A kick means entry of formation fluids into well bore in large enough quantity to require shutting in the well under pressure. Once a kick is detected, steps can be taken to control entry of formation fluids into the well bore by over balancing the expected bottom hole pressure with properly conditioned mud and operation of safety valves i.e. BOP, whereby the space between the drill pipes and the casings can be closed and well itself shut off completely. Several instruments are provided on a drilling rig for detection of kicks. a) Instrumentation in Mud System Continuous monitoring of condition of mud in the well provides information useful for well control. The following instruments and equipments are used in the drilling mud system for this purpose: • A pit level indicator registering increase or decrease in drilling mud volume. It is connected with an audio-visual alarm near the drillers control panel.

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• A trip with float-marking device to accurately measure the volume of mud going in to the well. This is useful to keep the well feed with required quantity of mud at all times. • A gas detector or explosi meter installed at the primary shale shaker together with an audio-visual alarm at the drillers control panel to indicate the well presence of gas-cut mud in the well. • The kick in the well is prevented by keeping the hydrostatic head of the drilling fluid greater than the formation pressure. The primary control can be lost in the following situations: • While tripping, if the well is not kept full with the required volume of mud. • If there is reduction in hydrostatic pressure in the well due to swabbing, which may be caused if the drilling string is pulled out too fast or by a balled-up or clogged bit, which is indicated by insufficient filling of mud. • If there is loss of circulation, which may be caused either due to running in too fast, thereby, causing the weak horizons of the well to break or while drilling through a formation with cracks or cavity. b) BOP Stack

In a well, after the surface casing blow-out prevention (BOP) equipment is installed and maintained before resuming drilling Annular preventer for closing the well regardless of size / shape of the drill string in the hole or no string in the hole.

• The spool is double ram preventer, blind ram for closing against open hole as well as pipe ram for closing against drill pipes. • Drilling spool located below the double ram preventer provided with choke and kill lines which are connected to the choke and kill manifold. A non-return valve is provided in the kill line. Fig 26: BOP Stack

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Table 54: Standard Operating Practices for Blowout

Sl.No. Action Details of action Action to be taken by 1 Declaration of well „Out of If the I/C of the DIC of the Rig control‟ operation of the Rig feels the well is out of control and could not be brought under control through normal procedure, emergency should be declared. 2 Switch-off the Power Immediately after DIC of the Rig the Blowout is declared, switch off the Main power system, which can cause the ignition. 3 Ensure personal safety Call all personnel DIC of the Rig from the Rig floor area. Ensure whether all the persons reported or not. If anybody is entrapped try to rescue. 4 First Aid If anybody is DIC of the Rig injured, carry out the first aid and send him to the nearest hospital 5 Communication to control rook Report the DIC of the Rig Emergency to Base Control Room. 6 Communication to senior officers Base control room Base control has to communicate room the Emergency to all the key personnel. 7 Activation of SOP Based on the Asset Manager information received and also after visiting the site, seeing the gravity of situation,

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SOP for dealing the emergency has to be activated. 8 Make water supply arrangements Make arrangement I/C Fire to connect water Services line / spray water on the wellhead, if the well not on fire. 9 Relief Camps People are to be Head HR evacuated from the premises of 1000 meters. If there is release of Toxic gas like H2S, relief camps are to be organized with all facility for the evacuated people till be well is controlled. 10 Crude Oil Containment Make trenches to Asset CMT collect the crude Head and subsequently transport to nearest GGS. 11 Remove the Rig equipment Remove all the Head RCMT of unwanted the Area equipment around the wellhead to protect them from the danger of fire and also to create access to the wellhead. 12 Establish Communication center In-built Head RCMT of at site communication the Area room has to be mobilized and made operational 13 Manning of communication Personnel should Head infocom center be deployed on round the clock basis to the communication centre at the problem site 14 Establish Base control room Establish Concerned communication services Head control room in the

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base with the all type of communication facilities. Control room should work on round the clock basis. 15 Establish First Aid centre First aid centre& Head Medical medical support has Services to be established. 16 Care of casualties Nearest hospital / Head medical Care centre should Services be alerted for receiving the emergency cases. 17 Cordoning of area Boundary has to be Head Security fixed all around the problem area and has to be declared as restricted area. 18 Mobilize the Blowout Blow-out control LM(Logistics) equipment as directed by RCMT should be mobilized. 19 Control equipment from RCMT Transport LM(Logistics) location equipment for the mobilization of personnel, equipment, removal of debris etc., are to be provided as desired by Head- RCMT 20 Accommodation/Food/Beverages Accommodation for Head HR all CMT Experts at nearest possible location. 21 Action plan for controlling Based on the Head CMT blowout condition of the well Operations on the surface and Sub-surface & the available data, workout step-by- step detailed action plan with bar charts. 22 Insurance related matters Reporting of Re. of Finance incident to the underwriters, also

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supplementation of required data to them communication of other decision / advise etc., to Head CMT-Ops, claims, pursue of claims. 23 Construct leveled Surface A leveled surface LM(Works) with required hardening has to be provided at a place required by Head RCMT to place the officer/rest/store room etc. 24 Pumping arrangements and fill Dig pits as LM(Works) water suggested by head RCMT, Lay the pipeline, and arrange pumps to pump the water from the main source to water pits. 25 Install Fire Pump Install fire pumps, Head-RCMT Monitors at required places and test them on load. 26 Pin point the As per the action Head CMT equipment./expertise / special plan identify the operations services which is not available equipment, workout with RCMT expertise and services required for each operation also. 27 Directional drilling Find out Directional Head Drilling drilling services as Services desired by Head CMT. Operations could be provided by local team or not. 28 Snubbing services Find out if snubbing Head CMT unit can carry out Operations snubbing services required or not. 29 Safety during operations Safety of the Head CMT personnel, Operations equipment etc. is to

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be taken care with out compromise during control operations. 30 Monitoring of the plan Action plan has to Corporate be monitored on communication day-today basis; constraints if any. 31 Press Briefing Every day or once Asset in three days press Manager/CC briefing are to be organized in consultation with Head CMT operations, Asset Manager. 32 VIP Visits VIP Visits should be Asset Manager planned in such a way that control operation should not be hampered and also safety of the VIPs should be taken seriously. 33 Review meeting Review meeting Asset Manager with regard to progress, constraints if at all should be organized every two days. All the responsible persons noted above should attend the meeting.

9.4.3.2 Fire Fire is one of the major hazards, which can result from storage tanks. Fire prevention and code enforcement is one of the major areas of responsibility for the fire service. Hence the facility should be equipped with: • Fire hydrant and monitor nozzle installation • Water supply • Foam system • Water fog and sprinkler system of Mobile Firefighting equipment or First aid appliances

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• Proper dyke area should be provided for the storage of chemicals. In the event of a fire, the fire in the dyke area should be addressed first so as to minimize the heat input to the tank • A wind direction pointer should also be installed at storage site, so that in an emergency the wind direction can be directly seen and downwind population cautioned. • Shut off and isolation valves should be easily approachable in emergencies • Hydrocarbon detectors to be installed at strategic locations near the units and pipelines handling hydrocarbons at higher temperatures and pressures to assess any leak • Storage areas must be adequately separate from buildings process areas and other dangerous substances • These measures should be backed up by relief systems such that the combination of vessel design, protection, quality control and relief eliminates the possibility of complete vessel failure

Action Plan for Fire Fighting General: As soon as fire is noticed, shout “FIRE” “FIRE” “FIRE” or “AAG” “AAG” “AAG”. Try to eliminate the fire by using proper portable fire extinguishers.

Installation Manager: He should ensure regularly the working status of fire equipments / its maintenance through fire section and see that they are kept in their respective places as per the need. As soon as, the fire accident is reported, rush to site and take charge of the situation. Inform Mines Manger besides Area Manager as well Fire Manager.

Shift In-charge: If situation demands sound “Hooter”; call on the nearest Fire Services and Hospital attending doctor. Inform Installation Manager / Field Manager / Surface

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Area Manager. Give instructions to the assembled staff and get the best out of them. Drilling Officials: Remove other inflammable materials to the safer distance. Remove important documents to a safer place. The first aid trained persons should be ready to give first aid to the injured persons and move them to the hospital if required. Get well acquainted with the location of the wells.

Electrical Officials: No naked flame should be allowed. Generator should be stopped. Electrical lines are required to be de-energized. See that uninterrupted supply of water from tube well to the fire services.

Mechanical Officials: Get the instruction from the Shift In-charge to act accordingly to stop the equipments and ready to carry out repair jobs if required like pump problems of fire services etc. Help production officials in removing inflammable materials.

Transport Officials: Get vehicles parked at a safer distance. See that approach road is clear for fire services vehicle to the approach the accident site.

Security at Gate: To prevent unauthorized entry of persons / vehicles inside the area of responsibility and also to ensure no abnormal activity by unauthorized persons is allowed.

Fire Officials: On arrival they fight fire with the assistance of site staff in extinguishing the fire. If the situation still proves to be beyond control, then the help from the nearest agencies could be taken.

Fire Control Room:

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A fire control room will be set up for smooth functioning of fire fighting/ rescue operations at the site of incident. Manager (F.S)/ one fire officer or senior most person of fire section will be I/C of that control room. Mean while one Fire officer will take charge of Control Room of Central Fire Station to assist/ back support for required fire equipments / man power. Incharge control room of Central fire Station will be responsible for arranging of man power and equipments if required at site.

Area Manager: (In Case of Major Fire) • Pre-identified source of additional water to be used for uninterrupted supply of water. • If situation demands, pits be dug to store sufficient water, pipeline be laid to carry water from the sources to water pits. • Maintenance party to remain to attend any problem. Besides special maintenance team is immediately sought from the workshop. • Arrangements to provide flameproof lights at a safer distance. • Arrangements to provide mud and chemicals necessary to control situation. • Arrangements for food, water, temporary rest rooms or tents for the officials on the round the clock duty at site. • To keep ready fleet of jeeps, tractors, crane to meet demand.

9.4.3.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Natural Gas Leakage Hydrogen sulfide is a colourless, flammable, extremely hazardous gas with “Rotten egg” smell.

9.4.3.3.1 Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide gas to Health: Low concentrations irritate the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system e.g. burning / tearing of eyes, cough, and shortness of breath. Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause eye inflammation, headache, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, digestive disturbances and weight loss.

Measures • Do not panic

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• Check the wind direction and evacuate all personnel to safe breathing area. • Put on 30 Min. breathing apparatus set

• Come back to that site in two (use buddy system), with portable H2S

detector and monitor the H2S level in the atmosphere. • Stop the source of leakage (i.e. close the well) • Remove victim, if any to fresh air, if breathing, maintain victim at rest & administer oxygen, if available, if person is not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately or start mechanical/ automatic resuscitator. Call ambulance and sent victim to hospital or doctor. • Avoid & extinguish all naked flames • Pull out all inflammable material i.e. HSD, Gas Cylinders, Chemicals etc. from the premises of well / installation. . • Warn nearby ONGC installation/ testing sites. • Pull out all possible equipment to safe distances. • Call for fire tender and start spraying water on the sources of leakage to

dissolve H2S in water. • Evacuate personnel in 500 mts area from down wind direction. • Warn nearby inhabitants, if required. • Keep in touch with control room for all instruction. • Cordon off the area & do not allow entry of any unauthorised person.

9.4.3.3.2 Effect of Natural gas on Human Health: A colorless, odorless, flammable gas, mainly methane and may cause flash fire.  Electrostatic charge may be generated by flow, agitation etc.  No occupational exposure limits established.  Provide local exhaust ventilation system. Ventilation equipment should be explosion-resistant if explosive concentrations of material are present.

Eye Protection: Eye protection not required, but recommended. Clothing: Protective clothing is not required. Gloves: Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves.

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Respirator: Under conditions of frequent use or heavy exposure, respiratory protection may be needed. Respiratory protection is ranked in order from minimum to maximum. Consider warning properties before use.

9.5 Contingency Plan for Oil Spill Oil spills occur despite prevention efforts. Oil spills happen on land and in water, during monsoon, testing, pipeline leakage etc. They vary in size, from just a few hundred liters to the thousand of liters. Preparing a timely and co-ordinated response to such an emergency of undefined magnitude that can happen anywhere, at any time, and in any kind of weather is an enormous challenge that requires significant planning and training.

9.5.1 Action When the information of disaster has been flown to all the designated components of the system, every part has to function and coordinated goal shall be achieved according to the prescribed duties and responsibilities.

I. Immediate step: As soon as the concerned personnel receive the alarm, all shall work simultaneously for the following steps to be taken to carry out the operation.

II. First Information Report (FIR): Control room of surface team shall be treated as nodal point for converging / diverging the information in / from all the components of the system.

III. Pumping: Concerned Installation Manager shall take immediate steps for shut down or stopping of pumping / compressor unit and the affected pipeline sector shall be isolated. He shall inform HES, SM, ASM, and LM (W), I /C Security and I /C Fire.

IV. Search: Area Manager / Installation Manager shall organize for sending a search party of the skilled personnel to the site and the team shall coordinate with installation in-charge and communicate the data / information regarding location of accident/ disaster and magnitude of the same.

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V. Administration: Administration coordinator has to arrange for mobilization of fire brigade, safety and security team and medical team if required (as in case of red disaster). In case of red disaster, he has to take steps for evacuation and rescue operations.

VI. Firefighting: In-Charge Fire and Security section shall have to immediately assess the situation and mobilize fire fighting equipments from in-house resources and outside agencies if needed. The incident site should be cordoned off by the security to avoid any untoward incident.

VII. Repair operation: LM (W) shall coordinate and I/C maintenance in C & M division shall organize and supervise operation for repairing and restoring the normal operational conditions. The line should be buried in presence of security personnel.

Control Room E & T control room of Asset will be the nodal point of converging / diverging the information. Duty officer shall coordinate the information flow between site and management team.

9.5.2 Preventing Oil Spills • To have sufficient storage facilities to prevent the discharge of all kind of oil into the water. • To have adequate facilities for inspection of pipeline, pressure vessel, storage tank etc. to avoid leakage, sabotage. • To have adequate facilities for testing of well.

9.5.3 Mitigation Measure The following are the mitigation measures for oil spill: a) Monitoring of pipe line, oil storage tank etc. b) Using mechanical and chemical method, fresh oil will be lifted in tanker and sent to nearby GGS. Contaminated oil (if mixed with water) will be

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collected in the tanker and will be sent to nearby effluent treatment plant and oil is separated from water by using skimmers and chemical. c) Biological methods will be used for cleaning up contaminated soil.

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Oil Spill From Pipe Line Leakage Detailed Activities

Installation Manager

SITE Area Manager

Asset Manager Asset Control Room

GM-Support HES Co-ordinator Manager

Civil External Agency I/C Corporate Head HSE Authority GAIL Dowleswaram Communication Workshop

Step I Site to Head Engineering Service (HES)

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Other HES Agencies

GAIL Individual Concerned with Field

Asset Authorities Co-ordinator LM (W) Resources

I/C I/C I/C I/C I/C Technical Cell (C&M) Logistic Pipe Line Store Security Maintenance

Step II Location Manager (Works) to Co-ordinate

Individual concerned External Resources with field & Agencies

Co-ordinator

I/C Search Party Repair Party I/C

Logistic Stores/ SK

Step III Co-ordination at Maintenance Level

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E I A/EMP for Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin, A.P.

Area Manager/ Installation Co- I/C Logistic ordinator

In-charge Security

Drawing / Map Section

Concerned Installation In-Charge/ Area Manager

Site

Step IV Search Team

In-charge Search Party Pipe line Co- I/C Logistic ordinator

I/C Security

Dowleshwaram Individual Team Work Shop if Member required Staff/ Worker/ Agencies Site Co- ordinator

Site

Step V Repair Team

Asset HSE, ONGC, Rajahmundry Page 162

E I A/EMP for Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin, A.P.

Control Search Room Party Monitor

Repair Party Monitor

I/C Pipe Line Maintenance

LM (Works)

HES

Asset Manager

Step VI Communication

Co-ordinator

GM (Support Service)

Local Police Security Gram Panchayat Authorities

Site Medical Team

Control Room

Step VII Evacuation Procedure

Asset HSE, ONGC, Rajahmundry Page 163

ANNEXURE – A

Point Wise compliance of TORs for Development Drilling of 40 wells in KG Basin in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna districts of A.P. (MoEF letter F. NO. J-11011/31/2012-IA II (I) dated 17.07.2012) 1 Executive summary of project Provided (Page No. 1-7) Project description, project objectives and project Provided (Page No. 1 and 8-11) 2 benefits Site details within 1 km of the each proposed Site details provided in page no. 12- well, any habitation, any other installation/activity 16 and page no. 45-46. The bio 3 flora and fauna, approachability to site, other diversity profile from secondary activities including agriculture/land, satellite sources has been incorporated in imagery for 10 km area. page 76-92 Details of forest land involved in the proposed Not applicable 4 project. A copy of forest clearance letter, applicable. Permission from the State Forest Department Not applicable regarding the impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding National Park/Wild life 5 Sanctuary/Reserve Forest/Eco sensitive area, if any. Approval obtained from the State/Central Government under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980) for the forest land should be submitted. Distance from nearby critically/severely polluted Not applicable 6 area as per Notification dated 13th January, 2010 if applicable. Does proposal involves rehabilitation and NO 7 resettlement? If yes, details thereof. Details of project cost. The total cost implications for the proposed activities are Rs 440 Cr for Development Drilling of 40 Wells in 8 West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Block KG Basin, A.P.

Details of all the facilities including CGS, GGS, Given in Table 1 on Page no. 3 9 OCS, produced water treatment etc. to be installed, if existing facilities, give details. Environmental considerations in the selection of Provided on Page No.93-120. the drilling locations for which environmental Development drilling activity has very clearance is being sought. Present any analysis low pollution potential. The EIA report 10 suggested for minimizing the foot print giving outlines the EMP for the minor details of drilling and development option impacts envisaged considered. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for Primary data on air quality, water and one season leaving the monsoon season in at soil in the three districts around 11 area of 10km radius with centre of Oil Field as its proposed development drilling centre covering the area of all proposed drilling locations have been collected. wells. i Topography of the project site. Give on Pg. No. 2 ii Ambient Air quality monitoring at 8 locations for Ambient Air quality data given in

PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, Methane and non- Table 13-17 on Pg. No. 47-52 methane HC. Soil sample analysis (physical and chemical Soil Quality data given in Table 28-32 iii properties) at the areas located at 5 locations. on Pg. No. 71-76 Ground and surface water quality in the vicinity of Ground and surface water quality iv the proposed wells site. data given in Table 23-27 on Page No. 63-71 Climatology and Meteorology including wind Meteorological Data given in Table v speed, wind direction, temperature rainfall relative 18-20, Fig. 7-12 on Page No.52-61 humidity etc. Measurement of Noise levels with 1 km radius of Noise level Monitoring data given in vi the proposed wells. Table 21-22 at Page No. 62-63 vii Vegetation and land use: Animal resources. Given on Page No. 76-92 12 Incremental GLC as a result of DG set operation. Given on Page No. 96 Potential Environmental impact envisages during The EIA report outlines the EMP for various stages of project activities such as site potential environmental impacts 13 activation, development, operation / maintenance during different stages of drilling and decommissioning. activity on Page No. 121-134 Actual source of water and „Permission‟ for the Water is supplied by contractor drawl of water from the Competent Authority. through tankers for which contractor 14 Detailed water balance, waste water generation obtains necessary permission. and discharge. Noise abatement measures and measures to As Noise levels are within acceptable minimize disturbance due to light and visual limits, no mitigation measures are 15 intrusions in case coastally located. necessary. The proposed locations are not coastally located. Treatment and disposal of waste water. The procedure is outlined in Page 16 No.124-126 and No. 128-130 Treatment and disposal of solid waste generation The procedure is outlined in Page 17 No. 128-130 Disposal of spent oil and loose materials. The procedure is outlined in Table- 18 48 on Page No. 132 Storage of chemicals and diesel at site. Chemicals and diesel are stored as 19 per procedures 20 Commitment for the use of WBM only. Only WBM will be used Mud make up and mud and cutting disposal-All Mud along with cuttings are stored in options considered should be listed with selective the lined waste pit as approved by 21 option. APPCB after completion of drilling activities. Hazardous material usage, storage accounting All materials stored as per approved 22 and disposal. procedures Disposal of packaging waste from site. Drums, plastic containers, bags etc. are sent to Narasapur yard for further 23 disposal through authorized agencies. Oil spill control and emergency plans in respect of Given at Page No. 157-163 24 recovery / reclamation. 25 H2S and fugitive emissions control. No H2S is present KG development

wells Produced oil handling and storage. Oil produced during testing is 26 transported to GGS by tanker. Details of scheme for oil collection system along Given on Page No. 26 27 with process flow diagram and its capacity. Details of control of air, water and noise pollution Given on Page No. 123-125 28 in oil collection system. Disposal of produced/formation water Produced water is injected sub 29 surface. Whether any burn pits being utilized for well test No such pits are constructed. No 30 operations. onsite incineration attempted. Restoration and decommissioning plans which All drill sites after completion will be should include mud pits and wastage restoration restored as per Reclamation plan as 31 also and documentation and monitoring of site given on Page No. 131-132 recovery. Measures to protect ground water and shallow All wells are cased and cemented. All 32 aquifers from contamination. waste pits have impermeable lining. Risk assessment and disaster management plan Risk assessment and Disaster 33 for independent reviews of well-designed Management Plan are given on Page construction etc. for prevention of blow out. No. 135-163 Environmental management plan and EMP is given on Page No. 121- 34 environmental audit to be conducted. 134.Environmental audit shall be conducted during drilling operations. Documentary proof of membership of common NO 35 disposal facilities, if any. Details of environmental and safety related All drilling rigs are certified for ISO- documentation within the company including 14001, OHSAS-18001 and ISO- documentation and proposed occupational health 9001.Documentation on Quality, and safety. Surveillance safety programme for all Occupational health, Safety and 36 personnel at site. This should also include Environment Management are duly monitoring programme for the environmental. addressed in the ISO certified QHSE Management systems for ensuring proper monitoring and continued improvement. Total capital and recurring cost for environmental Rs 13.5 lakhs per well. 37 control measures. A copy of Corporate Environment policy of the Given as Annexure- B ONGC as per the Ministry‟s O.M. No. J- 38 11013/41/2006/1A.II (I) dated 26th April, 2011 available on the Ministry‟s website. Any litigation pending against the project and or No litigations are pending against the 39 any direction/order passed by any court of law proposed project . against the project. If so details thereof. A tabular chart with index for point-wise Given as Annexure- A 40 compliance of above TORs.

The following general points should be noted. i All documents should be properly indexed, page Noted

numbered. Period/date of data collection should be clearly Noted ii indicated. Authenticated English translation of all material Executive Summary of The provided in Regional languages. Environment Impact Assessment Report in English and local language iii (Telugu) submitted to RO, APPCB of all three districts for conducting Public Hearing. The letter/application for EC should quote the Given as Annexure-C iv MoEF file No. and also attach a copy of the letter. A copy of the letter received from the Ministry Given as Annexure-D v should be also attached as an annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report. The final EIA-EMP report submitted to the Complied Ministry must incorporate the issues in this letter. The index of the final EIA-EMP report must vi indicate the specific chapter and page no. of the EIA-EMP Report where the above issues have been incorporated. While preparing the EIA report, the instructions Complied for the proponents and instructions for the consultants issued by MoEF vide O.M.NO.J- vii 11013/41/2006-1A.II (I) dated 4th August, 2009, which are available on the website of this Ministry should also be followed. Certificate of Accreditation issued by the QCI to Noted but NA viii the environmental consultant should be included.

ANNEXURE – B

ANNEXURE - C

APPENDIX- I (See paragraph – 6) FORM – I (1) BASIC INFORMATION:-

Sl. ITEM DETAILS 1 NAME OF THE PROJECT(S) Exploration of Oil and gas (40 Development wells) East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna Dts of A.P. 2 SL. NO, IN SCHEDULE 1 (B) 3 PROPOSED CAPACITY/ Block Area :- PEL-1A 1518.50sq km, AREA/LENGTH/TONNAGE TO BE ML Blocks(4) 101.60sq km HANDLED/ COMMAND No. of Well (s) :- 5 AREA/LEASE AREA/NUMBER OF PEL-1B 2108.00 sq km WELL TO BE DRILLED ML Blocks(4) 184.00sq km No of Wells:- 35 Total 40 wells in Block PEL-1A and 1B

4 NEW /EXPANSION/ MODERNISATIONThe Wells are Development Wells 5 EXISTING CAPACITY/ AREA -- 6 CATEGORY OF PROJECT i.e. “A” “A” OR “B” 7 DOES IT ATTRACT THE GENERAL General Conditions. CONDITIONS? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY 8 DOES IT ATTRACT THE SPECIFIC Not Applicable. CONDITIONS? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY 9 LOCATION As Per Tables 1,2 and 3

PLOT/SURVEY/KHASRANO. Onland drilling locations VILLAGE Lingala, kaikalur,Nandigama of Krishna Dt and Mandapeta, Kesavdas palem, Kammapalem,Kesanapalli(West), Vygreswaram in East Godavari Dt and Penugonda of in West Godavari Dt of A.P. TEHSIL --- DISTRICT Krishna ,East and West Godavari Dts Of A.P. STATE Andhra Pradesh 10 NEAREST RAILWAY STATION/ --- AIRPORT ALONGWITH DISTANCE IN KMS. 11 NEAREST TOWN, CITY, DISTRICT --- HEADQUARTERS ALONGWITH

DISTANCE IN KMS. 12 VILLAGE PANCHAYAT, ZILA PARISHAD, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION LOCAL BODY (COMPLETE POSTAL ADDRESS WITH TELEPHONE NOS. TO BE GIVEN) 13 NAME OF THE APPLICANT ED-Asset Manager,ONGC Ltd, Rajahmundry 14 REGISTERED ADDRESS 124- JEEVAN BHARTI TOWER –II, INDIRA CHOWK, CANNAUGHT PLACE, NEW DELHI 15 ADDRESS FOR ED- Asset Manager, ONGC Ltd., Godavari CORRESPONDENCE: Bhavan, Base Complex, Rajahmundry Pin 533 106 (AP) Ph 0883- 2424348 Fax No : 0883-2434386

NAME A A Khan DESIGNATION(OWNER/PARTNER ED-Asset Manager /CEO) ADDRESS ED- Asset Manager, ONGC Ltd., Godavari Bhavan, Base Complex, Rajahmundry Pin 533 106 (AP) Ph 0883- 2424348 Fax No : 0883-2434386

PIN CODE 533 106 E- MAIL TELEPHONE NO. Ph 0883- 2424348 FAX NO. Fax No : 0883-2434386 16 DETAILS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES NOT APPLICABLE EXAMINED, IF ANTY. LOCATION OF THESE SITES SHOULD BE SHOWN ON A TOPOSHEET 17 INTERLINKED PROJECTS NIL 18 WHETHER SEPARATE NOT APPLICABLE APPLICATION OF INTERLINKED PROJECT HAS BEEN SUBMITTED 19 IF YES, DATE OF SUBMISSION NIL 20 IF NO, REASON NOT APPLICABLE 21 WHETHER THE PROPOSAL NOT APPLICABLE INVLOVES APPROVAL/ CLEARANCE/UNDER: IF YES, DETAILS OF THE SAME AND THEIR STATUS IS TO BE GIVEN: (A) THE FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 ? (B) THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION)

ACT, 1972? (C) THE CRZ NOTIFICATION, 1991? 22 WHETHER THERE IS ANY GOVERNMENT ORDER/ POLICY RELEVENT/ RELATING TO THE SITE? 23 FOREST LAND INVLOVED (HECTARES) NIL WHETHER THERE IS ANY NOT APPLICABLE LITIGATION PENDING AGAINST In proposed project no litigation or THE PROJECT AND/ OR LAND IN court case of any nature is pending in WHICH THE PROJECT IS any court of law in India. PROPOSED TO BE SET UP?

(A) NAME OF THE COURT. (B) CASE NO. (C) ORDERS/ DIRESTION OF THE COURT, IF ANY AND ITS RELEVENCE WITH THE PROPOSED PROJECT.

* Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for manufacturing, mining, release area and production capacity for mineral production, area for miners exploration, length for linear transport infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.)

(II) Activity

1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, etc.)

Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of S.No. Information/Checklist Yes/No information data confirmation 1.1 Permanent or temporary change in Yes Temporary change in land use land use, land cover or topography including increase in intensity of land use (with respect to local land use plan) 1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation Yes Site leveling ,Hardening and fencing and buildings? 1.3 Creation of new land uses? Yes For drilling purpose 1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. Yes Normally soil testing is not essential for bore houses, soil testing? shallow/temporary foundation for deployment of rig 1.5 Construction works? Yes Foundation for drilling rig deployment, surface

hardening and chemical shed 1.6 Demolition works? No 1.7 Temporary sites used for construction No works or housing of construction workers? 1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or Yes Temporary sheds of working staffs doing shift earthworks including linear duties structures, cut and fill or excavations 1.9 Underground works including mining Yes Oil well drilling or tunneling? 1.10 Reclamation works? Yes Site reclamation charges are being paid to the land owners 1.11 Dredging? No ----- 1.12 Offshore structures? No ----- 1.13 Production and manufacturing No processes?

1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or Yes Mechanical and drilling spares drilling chemicals in materials? temporary sheds.

1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of Yes Solid waste/drilled cuttings will be confined within solid waste or liquid effluents? 1500 cu. mtrs. Waste pit. 1.16 Facilities for long term housing of Yes Drilling DSA – Temporary\ operational workers? Crew are operating in 14 days ON/OFF Pattern from their respective home towns 1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during Yes New roads as per operational requirements construction or operation? 1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or Yes New roads in the vicinity of Drill sites other transport infrastructure wherever required. including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc? 1.19 Closure or diversion of existing No ------transport routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements? 1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or No pipelines? 1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, No ------realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers? 1.22 Stream crossings? No ------1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water from Yes Surface/Ground water may be utilized for ground or surface waters? operational purpose 1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land No ------surface affecting drainage or run-off? 1.25 Transport of personnel or materials Yes Operating personnel transported from temporary

for construction, operation or accommodation to work sites decommissioning? 1.26 Long-term dismantling or No ------decommissioning or restoration works? 1.27 Ongoing activity during No ------decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment? 1.28 Influx of people to an area in either No ------temporarily or permanently? 1.29 Introduction of alien species? No ------1.30 Loss of native species or genetic No ------diversity? 1.31 Any other actions? NIL ------

2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply):

Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) S.No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No with source of information data 2.1 Land especially undeveloped or Yes 4 acres per site agricultural land (ha) 2.2 Water (expected source & competing Yes 30 cu. Mtrs /Day per well users) unit: KLD 2.3 Minerals (MT) NIL ------2.4 Construction material – stone, Yes Sand/stone/cement aggregates, sand / soil (expected source – MT) 2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) No ------2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels Yes Electricity and 3000 L /Day per well Diesel (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), for running captive gen. sets) energy (MW) 2.7 Any other natural resources (use No ------appropriate standard units)

3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health.

Details thereof (with approximate S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous No ------(as per MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna, and water supplies) 3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease No ------vectors (e.g. insect or water borne diseases) 3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing No ------living conditions? 3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by No ------the project e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc., 3.5 Any other causes NIL ------

4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month) Details thereof (with approximate S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes Yes Drill cutting generated about 225 cu. Mtrs per well 4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or commercial No ------wastes) 4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Waste Yes 1.Burnt oil Management Rules) 2.Lead Acid Batteries 3.Oil Filters 4.4 Other industrial process wastes No

4.5 Surplus product NIL 4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from effluent No treatment

4.7 Construction or demolition wastes Yes Drill cuttings shall be used for in surface hardening within drill site area 4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment NIL ------4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials NIL ------4.10 Agricultural wastes NIL ------4.11 Other solid wastes NIL ------

5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)

Details thereof (with approximate S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from Yes Emissions from captive stationary or mobile sources gen. sets(4 X 750 K Watts) 5.2 Emissions from production processes NIL ------5.3 Emissions from materials handling including NIL ------storage or transport 5.4 Emissions from construction activities including NIL ------plant and equipment 5.5 Dust or odours from handling of materials including NIL ------construction materials, sewage and waste 5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste NIL ------5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in open air (e.g. NIL ------slash materials, construction debris) 5.8 Emissions from any other source Nil

6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No possible) with source of information data 6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. engines, Yes Noise levels within ventilation plant, crushers permissible limits(PPE will be provided) 6.2 From industrial or similar processes NIL ------6.3 From construction or demolition NIL ------6.4 From blasting or piling NIL ------6.5 From construction or operational traffic NIL ------6.6 From lighting or cooling systems NIL ------6.7 From any other sources NIL ------

7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

Details thereof (with approximate S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of No As per EIA Report hazardous materials 7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water No or the land (expected mode and place of discharge) 7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the No ------land or into water 7.4 From any other sources No ------7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of pollutants No ------in the environment from these sources?

8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment

S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approx. quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc from storage, No handling, use or production of hazardous substances 8.2 From any other causes Yes Blow Outs 8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing No ------environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst etc)?

9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environ. effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality

Details thereof (with approximate S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 9.1 Lead to development of supporting. Yes Socio economic facilities, ancillary development or development development of the area. stimulated by the project which could have impact Direct and indirect

on the environment e.g.: employment is enhanced

• Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.) • housing development • extractive industries • supply industries • other 9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an No ------impact on the environment 9.3 Set a precedent for later developments Yes Development and production of oil and gas facilities 9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other NIL ------existing or planned projects with similar effects

(I) Environmental Sensitivity

S.No. Areas Name/ Aerial distance (within 15 Identity km.)Proposed project location boundary 1 Areas protected under international conventions, No ------national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value 2 Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological No reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests

3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive No ------species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration 4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters No ------5 State, National boundaries No ------

Pre-feasibility Report for Development Drilling Of 40 Wells In ML of PEL Block-1A & B, KG on land During 2012-17

Introduction:

India's demand for petroleum products is growing at a rapid rate, having virtually doubled from 30 MMT in 1980-81 to almost 70 MMT in 1995-96. Current estimates indicate that it would reach a level of about 200 MMT by 2012-13. With a view to meeting this growing demand, the new hydrocarbon policy aims at encouraging investment in oil exploration and production.

India is heavily dependent on Imports to meet the rapidly growing demand for petroleum products. Current demand and supply projections indicate that the level of self- sufficiency is likely to decline to about 30% over the next few years. Substantial efforts are therefore, necessary to boost indigenous oil and gas production, to minimise imports and improve the balance of payment in the years to come. India‟s oil and gas demand is growing. But the oil and gas production is significantly low compared to consumption volume. This demand and production gap is fulfilled through import. Uncertainty of international oil prices contributes to threaten energy security of India. In the recent past, crude oil prices have crossed significantly all projections, estimates, and forecasts in spite of absence of any major international geopolitical disturbance. Way the international prices have been increasing; it is a real burden to oil importing countries.

Rajahmundry Asset is entrusted with the optimal exploitation of 41 on land fields consisting of around 144 exploitable reservoirs.

During the period 2012-17 (40) development locations are planned to be taken up for drilling to augment production from the existing oil and gas pools of the established fields, For which PEL/ML are obtained (details enclosed IN Tables 1 and 2)

Project Description

1.1 Description of Area

Project Region Block Title Block Area Remarks (Sq. Km.) Onshore area in PEL Block 1A 1518.50 sq. The map of the block is given in West Godavari & km Figure 1 and the coordinates of the Krishna districts of block are given in Table 1. Andhra Pradesh ML Blocks (4 Blocks) 101.60 sq. km

PEL Block 1B The map of the block is given in Onshore area in 2108.00sq km Figure 2 and the coordinates of the East & West block are depicted in Table 2. Godavari districts ML Blocks of Andhra Pradesh (4 Blocks) 184.00 sq km

1.2 Proposed Project The new development locations are firmed up for drilling to enhance oil and gas production from new reservoirs and increase recovery factor from the existing established oil and gas fields. During the period 2012-17 (40) development locations are planned to be taken up for drilling which falls in the ML areas of PEL block 1A & B in KG Basin On land . A list of the development locations is enclosed as Table 3

1.3 Project Justification

It is expected that the proposed development drilling activities lead to augment the production of hydrocarbons, in the present scenario of growing demand of oil and gas in the country.

1.4 Drilling Operations ONGC owned electrical type rigs are proposed to be deployed for undertaking drilling in the block. The technical details of the proposed drilling activity are given below:

Well location / Depth No. of wells to be drilled 24 Duration of Drilling 2-3 months for each well Qty. of drilling fluid. About 700 M3 for each well Qty. of cuttings, cu.m. 225M3 for each well Qty. of drlg. Waste water, cu.m. 1000 M3 for each well Location Details Given in Table 2 Distance of Block boundry from the coast On land Locations line Formation pressure Hydrostatic

Test flaring, duration 2 to 3 days Flare Details: Confined to the oil pit

1.4.1 Details of the drilling rig proposed to be deployed

Type of rig Electrical Rig Drilling mud composition Water based Drilling Fluid Power generator type & nos. AC – SCR Type. (06 Nos.) Diesel consumption @ 3- 4 M3 / Day per day per well Qty. of fresh water requirement & source 1000 M3. Transported from nearby source through contractor Manpower on rig 25 per shift of 12 Hrs. Two shifts / day Material requirement & Mobilization From ONGC base in Rajahmundry / Narasapur Details of solids handling system on rig Shale Shakers - 1200 GPM Capacity Desander – 1200 GPM Capacity Desilter – 1200 GPM Capacity Details of Sewage treatment facility, if any Not applicable Waste Pit availability & Size 30’ x 33’ x 5’ - 2 Nos. 38’ x 33’ x 5’ – 1 No. 23’ x 20’ x 5’ – 1 No. Oil Pit availability & Size 3’ x 3’ x 4’ – 1 No.

3 The quantity of drill cuttings generated will be around 225 m . The quantity of wastewater produced will be about 15-20 m3/day. The rig will be provided with solids handling system comprising Shale shakers (1200 GPM), Desander (1200 GPM) and Desilter (1200 GPM) and Degasser with vacuum pump.

Drilling operations will be carried out using an electrical type drilling rig. Drilling unit for drilling of oil and gas wells consists of a derrick at the top of which is mounted a crown block and a hoisting block with a hook. From the swivel is suspended a Kelly stem passes through a square or hexagonal Kelly bush which fits into the rotary table. The rotary table receives the power to drive it from an electric motor. The electric motor rotates the rotary table which passes through the Kelly bush and the rotations are transmitted to the bit as the drilling progresses, the drill pipe in singles are added to continue the drilling process. At the end of the bit life, the drill pipes are pulled out in stands and stacked on the derrick platform. A stand normally has 3 single drill pipes. After changing the bit, the drill string is run back into the hole and further drilling is continued. This process continues till the target depth is reached.

and transports them to the surface through the annular space between the drill string and the hole. The mud not only carries away crushed rock from the bottom of the hole but it also cools the bit as it gets heated due to friction with formation while rotating. The mud also helps in balancing subsurface formation pressures and by forming a cake on the walls of the well diminishes the possibility of crumbling or caving of the well bore.

At the surface, the mud coming out from well along with the cuttings falls in a trough, passes through the solids control equipments i.e. shale shaker, de-sander and de-silter. These equipments remove the solids of different sizes which get mixed with the mud during the course of drilling. The cleaned mud flows back to the suction tanks to be again pumped into the well. The drilling mud/fluid circulation is thus a continuous cyclic operation. The most suitable clay for mud preparation is bentonite which is capable of forming highly dispersed colloidal solutions. Various other chemicals are also used in mud preparation as per requirements dictated by the temperature/pressure conditions of the wells. The mud is continuously tested for its density, viscosity, yield point, water loss, pH value etc. to ensure that the drilling operations can be sustained without any down hole complications.

1.5 Drilling Facilities

Drilling is a temporary activity which will continue for about 45 days for each well in the block. The rigs are self-contained for all routine jobs. Once the drilling operations are completed, the well is tested by perforation in the production casing. This normally takes 2-3 days. The well will be connected to production installation and put on regular production.

1.6 General Requirements of Drilling

Development drilling programme requires the following common facilities:

a. Drilling muds

Drilling of wells requires specially formulated muds which basically comprise inert earth materials like bentonite, barite in water with several additives to give mud weight, fluidity and filter cake characteristics while drilling. The drilling muds have several functions like lubrication and cooling of the drill bit, balancing subsurface formation, bringing out the drill cuttings from the well bore, thixotropic property to hold cuttings during non-operations, formation of thin cake to prevent liquid loss along well bore etc. Several additives are

mixed into the mud system to give the required properties. The constituents of water based mud (WBM) are given in Table 4. The special additives and their functions in WBM are shown in Table5. b. Power Generation

The drilling process requires movement of drill bit through the draw works which require power. The power requirement of the drilling rig will be met by using the six Diesel Generator sets with a diesel consumption of about 06 Kl/day. The exhaust stacks of the DG sets are likely to vent the emissions. c. Water requirements

The water requirement in a drilling rig is mainly meant for preparation of drilling mud apart from washings and domestic use. While the former consumes the majority of water requirement, the water requirement for domestic and wash use is very less. The daily water consumption will be 25 m3/d of which 15 m3/d will be used for mud preparation and 10 m3/d will be used for domestic purposes including drinking. d. Domestic wastewater

The operating personnel in the drilling rigs will operate from drill site accommodation (DSA) in the vicinity of the location. Suitable soak pits will be available at the DSA. e. Solids removal

The rock cuttings and fragments of shale, sand and silt associated with the return drilling fluid during well drilling will be separated using shale shakers and other solids removal equipment like desanders and desilters. The recovered mud will be reused while the rejected solids will be collected and discharged into the waste pit. f. Drill cuttings and waste residual muds

During drilling operations, approx 225 m3 per well of wet drill cuttings are expected to be generated from each well depending on the type of formation and depth of drilling. In addition to the cuttings 15-20 m3/day of wastewater is likely to be generated during well

drilling. The waste residual muds and drill cuttings which contain clay, sand etc. will be disposed into the waste pit.

g. Testing

Testing facilities will be available at drilling rig for separation of liquid phase and burning of all hydrocarbons during testing. The test flare boom will be located at a distance from the drilling rig.

h. Chemical storage

The drilling rig will have normal storage facilities for fuel oil, required chemicals and the necessary tubulars and equipment. The storage places will be clearly marked with safe operating facilities and practices.

i. Manpower

The drilling rig will be operated by approx. 30 persons on the rig at anytime. The manpower will operate in two shifts with continuous operations on the rig.

j. Logistics

Crew transfers to and from the drilling rig, materials, diesel and chemicals will be through light vehicles, trucks and trailers.

1.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is carried in and around the drill sites and production Installations regularly. The pollutants are found to be well below the prescribed CPCB Limits

1.8 Project Investment

The total cost of drilling 40 development wells will be approximately around Rs. 440crores

Table 1 showing the coordinates of PEL 1A and ML Blocks

Co-ordinates Area as Latitude Longitude S. Name of the Block on No. Boun- 01.08.2011 dary Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. points KRISHNA GODAVARI (ONLAND) 1 ONLAND-1A 1518.50 A 16 10 22.20 81 11 40.00 ED: 28.12.2003 SKM D8 16 10 22.20 80 57 0.00 D7 16 24 0.00 80 57 0.00 D6 16 24 0.00 81 0 0.00 D5 16 35 42.00 81 0 0.00 D4 16 35 42.00 81 3 2.00 D3 16 38 6.00 81 3 2.00 D2 16 38 6.00 81 9 18.00 D1 16 43 34.00 81 9 18.00 E 16 45 0.00 81 15 0.00 F 16 50 14.00 81 20 53.00 F1 16 32 57.65 81 26 42.38 F2 16 34 24.00 81 23 33.00 F3 16 31 12.00 81 22 3.00 F4 16 29 15.00 81 26 27.00 F5 16 31 8.89 81 27 19.13 G 16 21 30.00 81 30 35.00 Coastline from point G to point A

A 16 10 22.00 81 11 40.00 ML Areas 7.60 SKM A 16 27 48.75 81 8 42.13 LINGALA B 16 27 20.22 81 9 46.52 (ED 21.12.1999 1 C 16 29 0.00 81 11 20.90 10 Yrs) D 16 29 9.46 81 9 55.79 A 16 26 46.00 81 8 58.00 KAIKALURU-3 B 16 25 48.00 81 8 4.00 2 (ED 03.01.1987 9.00 SKM C 16 24 20.00 81 9 43.00 20 Yrs.) D 16 25 6.00 81 10 27.00 E 16 26 24.00 81 9 25.00

30.00 SKM A 16 29 5.00 81 10 23.00 LINGALA B 16 32 24.00 81 15 2.00 3 EXTENSION AND C 16 31 38.00 81 15 29.00 KAIKALUR-12 D 16 26 16.25 81 10 8.00 E 16 26 53.50 81 9 24.00 F 16 27 20.22 81 9 46.52

G 16 29 0.00 81 11 20.90

4 NANDIGAMA 55.00 SKM A 16 19 18.00 81 7 22.00 (ED: 31.1.2000 B 16 21 59.00 81 12 17.00 20 Yrs.) C 16 20 19.00 81 13 10.00 D 16 16 45.00 81 9 8.00 E 16 17 0.00 81 6 34.00

Table 2 Coordinates of PEL-1B Block and ML areas in KG onland KG Basin

Co-ordinates Area as Latitude Longitude S. Name of the Block on No. Boun- 01.08.2011 dary Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. points PEL Block 1B F7 16 47 10.30 81 21 53.85 F6 16 47 6.00 81 48 12.00 ONLAND-1B 2108.00 1 F5 16 50 52.50 81 48 12.00 ED:13.01.2004 SKM

F4 16 51 2.00 82 0 0.00

F3 16 52 38.00 82 0 0.00

F2 16 52 44.00 82 5 56.00

F1 16 54 16.73 82 5 55.50

D' 16 55 9.00 82 14 33.00

Y15 16 50 58.64 82 16 15.20

Y14 16 50 41.00 82 13 22.00

Y13 16 46 48.00 82 13 24.00

Y12 16 46 48.00 82 12 24.00

Y11 16 45 31.50 82 12 24.00

Y10 16 45 31.50 82 10 54.00

Y9 16 44 51.00 82 10 54.00

Y8 16 44 51.00 82 6 28.00

Y7 16 43 36.00 82 6 28.00

Y6 16 43 36.00 82 4 24.00

Y5 16 42 16.00 82 4 24.00

Y4 16 42 16.00 82 2 18.00

Y3 16 39 24.00 82 2 18.00

Y2 16 39 24.00 82 14 46.50

Y1 16 33 2.00 82 14 46.50

C' 16 33 0.30 82 14 41.70

B' 16 31 48.50 82 9 48.60

X1 16 30 3.00 82 8 0.00

X 16 33 0.00 82 6 18.00 2

X3 16 31 30.00 82 3 24.00

X 16 34 51.00 82 1 9.00 4

X 16 29 3.00 81 50 47.00 5

X6 16 26 38.00 81 52 8.00

X7 16 26 6.00 81 51 58.00

X8 16 26 14.00 81 51 47.00

X9 16 25 1.00 81 50 30.00

X10 16 23 50.00 81 50 30.00

X11 16 23 58.00 81 49 42.00

X12 16 22 24.00 81 47 15.00

X13 16 22 3.00 81 47 15.00

X14 16 21 27.00 81 47 30.00

X15 16 19 48.00 81 43 40.00

X16 16 18 30.00 81 43 3.00 E 16 21 30.00 81 30 35.00

E1 16 31 8.89 81 27 19.13

E2 16 32 25.00 81 27 54.00

E3 16 32 57.65 81 26 42.38 F7 16 47 10.30 81 21 53.85 ML Areas A 16 50 16.00 81 55 8.00

B 16 48 9.00 81 56 14.00 C 16 47 43.00 81 56 47.00 40.00 MANDAPETA SKM D 16 46 16.00 81 56 50.00 1 (ED 14.02.1994,

20 Yrs.) E 16 46 1.00 81 55 46.00 F 16 46 41.00 81 54 48.00 G 16 47 0.00 81 52 13.00

H 16 49 34.00 81 52 58.00 2 KESAVADASUPALEM 25.50 SKM A 16 19 48.00 81 43 40.00 B 16 21 27.00 81 47 30.00

C 16 22 3.00 81 47 15.00 D 16 23 26.00 81 50 30.00

E 16 22 15.00 81 50 30.00 22 15.00 81 50 30.00 F 16 18 30.00 81 43 3.00

3 ADAVIPALEM- 95.00 SKM A 16 25 1.00 81 50 30.00 PONNAMONDA B 16 24 50.00 81 50 40.00 (ED:30.7.1996, 20 Years) C 16 25 9.00 81 51 4.00 D 16 26 6.00 81 51 58.00

E 16 26 38.00 81 52 8.00 F 16 29 39.00 81 57 47.00 G 16 23 50.00 81 57 0.00

H 16 22 15.00 81 50 30.00

4 LAKSHMANESWARAM 23.50 SKM A 16 25 12.00 81 40 6.00 B 16 26 57.00 81 41 21.00

C 16 29 33.00 81 43 57.00 D 16 29 6.00 81 44 6.00

E 16 29 33.00 81 45 9.00

F 16 29 10.00 81 44 55.00 G 16 27 25.00 81 43 40.00 H 16 24 39.00 81 41 0.00

Table 3

Status of development locations being taken up for drilling during 2012-17

S.No Field / No. of wells PEL Coordinates ML Status ML Area (Anticipated Locations) / Well Block in Sq.KM Name 1 KAIKALURU / 3 1A Not Available as in Kaikalur Area / 9.0 Locations are anticipated to be in Lingala Extn ML 30.0 released during Area 2012-17

2 LINGALA / 1 1A ---do-- Lingala ML Area 7.6 3 NANDIGAMA / 1 1A ---do-- Nandigama ML Area 55.0 4 PENUGONDA / 10 1B ---do-- Grant of ML under process 5 MANDAPETA / 8 1B ---do-- Mandapeta 40.0 6 KESAVADASUPALEM / 1 1B ---do-- Kesavadasupalem ML 25.5 Area 7 KESANAPALLI WEST / 5 1B ---do-- Adavipalem and 95.0 Ponnamanda ML Area 8 KAMMAPALEM / 7 1B ---do-- Grant of ML under process 9 VYGRESWARAM / 1 1B ---do-- Grant of ML under process 10 Lakshmaneswaram / LSDA 1B Lat 16 deg 16 Lakshmaneswaram ML 23.5 min04.96 sec Long Area 81 deg 41 min 00.65sec 11 Penugonda /PGDA 1B Lat 16 deg 41 min Grant of ML under … 00.97 sec Long 81 process deg 46 min 50.75 sec 12 Penugonda / PGDB 1B Lat 16 deg 41 min Grant of ML under … 12.30 sec Long 81 process deg 47 min 29.76 sec Total 40 wells

Table 4 Ingredients of Water Based Drilling Fluid S. No Chemicals 1. Barite

2. Bentonite 3. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose

4. Mud Thinner / Conditioner 5. Resinated Lignite

6. Non-Weighted Spotting Fluid

7. Weighted Spotting Fluid

8. EP Lube

9. Drilling Detergent 10. Caustic Soda

11. Potassium Chloride 12. Soda Ash

Table 5 Special Additives and their Functions in Water-based Drilling Fluids

S. No. Chemicals Function 1. Sodium bicarbonate Eliminate excess calcium ions due to cement contamination 2. Sodium chloride Minimize borehole washout in salt zone 3. Groundnut shells, mica Minimise loss of drilling mud to formation of cellophane 4. Cellulose polymers or Counter thick, sticky filter cake, decrease starch filter loss to formation 5. Aluminium stearate Minimize foaming 6. Vegetable oil lubricant Reduce torque and drag on drill string

7. Pill of oil-based mud Counter differential pressure sticking of spotting fluid drilling string; Pill is placed down hole opposite contact zone to free pipe

ANNEXURE D

ANNEXURE E

Details of Hydrocarbon Fields

The Hydrocarbon reserve data obtained from the various wells drilled so far have shown very encouraging results in West Godavari and Godavari Onland PML Blocks of KG Basin in three districts of A.P. viz. East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna. The overall success ratio is 1:2.4. The efforts led to the discovery of 59 small-to-medium sized hydrocarbon fields with about 234.9 MMT (Oil & Oil Equivalent Gas) of initial in- place on-land reserves as on 01.04.2013. These fields are given below:

S. Hydrocarbon Fields S. Hydrocarbon Fields No. No. 1 Achanta 31 Mandapeta 2 Adivipalem 32 Manepalli 3 Adavipeta East 33 Medapadu 4 Bandamurlanka-N 34 Mori 5 Bantumilli 35 Mullikipalle 6 Bantumilli South 36 Mukkamala 7 Bhimanapalli 37 Mummidivaram 8 Chintalapalli 38 Nandigama 9 East Rangapuram 39 Narasapur 10 Elamanchili 40 North Penugonda 11 Endamuru 41 Palakollu 12 Enugapalli 42 Pasarlapudi 13 Geddanapalli 43 Pendurru 14 Gokarnapuram 44 Penugonda 15 Gopavaram 45 Penumadam 16 Kaikalur-Vadali 46 Ponamanda 17 Kammapalem 47 Rangapuram 18 Kavitam 48 Razole 19 Kaza 49 Sirikattapalli 20 Kesanapalli 50 Sitaramapuram 21 Kesanapalli West 51 South Mahadevapatnam 22 Kesavadasapalem 52 Suryaraopeta 23 Koravaka 53 Tatipaka-Kadali 24 Lakshmaneswaram 54 Turputallu 25 Lakshminarasimhapuram 55 Uppidi 26 Lankapalem 56 Vanadurru South 27 Lingala 57 Vygreswaram 28 Magatapalli 58 Vygreswaram Southwest 29 Mahadevapattanam 59 West Kesavadasupalem 30 Malleswaram

ANNEXURE F

ANNEXURE G

CSR spending by Rajahmundry Asset in East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna District

East Godavari district S. No. Year Total Amount Spent (In lakhs) 1 2010-11 241 2 2011-12 592 3 2012-13 298 4 2013-14 560

West Godavari district

S. No. Year Total Amount Spent (In lakhs) 1 2010-11 28 2 2011-12 49.17 3 2012-13 60.52 4 2013-14 129

Krishna district

S. No. Year Total Amount Spent (In lakhs) 1 2010-11 8.6 2 2011-12 22.22 3 2012-13 24.47 4 2013-14 28.5

Area of Activity Examples of the facilities/infrastructure provided S. related to CSR using CSR fund No. spending School Infrastructure Class room furniture, computers, Benches, Compound 1 wall etc. High School/College Almirahs, ceiling fans, tube lights, electrification and lab 2 Infrastructure equipment etc. 3 Village Infrastructure Providing street lights etc. Financial assistance to conduct the Officials Sports 4 Sports Development Meets etc. To support and encourage and create employment to 5 Welfare local artisans, musicians and artists, conduct medical camp for Animal Husbandry etc. Installation of RO/ Installing the RO Plant including bore well, power supply 6 Drinking Water Facility initial cost etc. 7 Sanitation Sanitation facilities for ladies etc. Free training in Hotel Management for poor SC/ST/BC 8 Vocational Training students, Financial Assistance to run the training programmes etc.