diting Since the onslaught of desktop publishing Editing a text for publication has three basic phases. back in the dark days of the mid-1980s, Developmental editing addresses broad issues of the graphic designersE have taken on roles formerly content and the structure of a work; indeed, it can occupied by distinct trades, such as typesetting include judging a work’s fitness for publication in the and mechanical pasteup. Designers are often first place. Copy editing (also called line editing or expected to be editors as well. Every project manuscript editing) seeks to root out redundancies, should have a true editor, a person with inconsistencies, grammatical errors, and other flaws the training and disposition to judge the appearing across the body of the work. The copy correctness, accuracy, and consistency of editor-who must study every word and sentence-is not written content. Neither a project’s author nor expected to question the overall meaning or structure its designer should be its editor, who is rightly a of a work, nor to alter an author’s style, but rather neutral party between them. If a project team to refine and correct. Proofreading, which checks the includes no properly trained editor, try to find correctness, consistency, and flow of designed, typset one. If that fails, make sure that someone is pages, is the final stage. Depending on the nature of responsible for this crucial role, for the failure the project and its team, each of these phases may go to edit carefully is the source of costly and through several rounds. embarrassing errors. rial Arial, sometimes marketed The Arial typeface comprises or displayed in software many styles: Regular, Italic, A as Arial MT, is a realist Medium, Medium Italic, sans-serif typeface and set Bold, Bold Italic, Black, of computer fonts. Fonts Black Italic, Extra Bold, from the Arial family are Extra Bold Italic, Light, Light packaged with all versions Italic, Narrow, Narrow Italic, of Microsoft Windows from Narrow Bold, Narrow Bold Windows 3.1 onwards, some Italic, Condensed, Light other Microsoft software Condensed, Bold Condensed, applications,[2] and Extra Bold Condensed. The extended Apple’s macOS[3] and many PostScript 3 computer Arial type family includes printers.[4] The typeface more styles: Rounded (Light, was designed in 1982, by Regular, Bold, Extra Bold); Robin Nicholas and Patricia Monospaced (Regular, Saunders, for Monotype Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique). Typography.[5] It was created Many of these have been to be metrically identical issued in multiple font to the popular typeface configurations with different Helvetica, with all character degrees of language support. widths identical, so that Arial Black. a document designed in Helvetica could be displayed and printed correctly without having to pay for a Helvetica license. erning K Kerning is an adjustment Working in a page layout of the space between two program, a designer can letters. The characters of choose to use metric kerning the Latin alphabet emerged or optical kerning as well as over time; they were never adjusting the space between designed with mechanical letters manually where or automated spacing in desired. A well-designed mind. Thus some letter typeface requires little or no combinations look awkward additional kerning, especially without special spacing at text sizes. considerations. Gaps occur, for example, around letters whose forms angle outward or frame an open space (W, Y, V, T).

In metal type, a kerned letter extends past the lead slug that supports it, allowing two letters to fit more closely together. In digital fonts, the space between letter pairs is controlled by a kerning table created by the type designer, which specifies spaces between problematic letter combinations. ize Attempts to standardize the A letter also has a horizontal a typeface that has the measurement of type began measure, called its set width. proportions you are looking in the eighteenth century. The The set width is the body of for, such as condensed, Spoint system is the standard the letter plus a sliver of space compressed, wide, or used today. One point equals that protects it from other extended. 1/72 inch or .35 millimeters. letters. The width of a letter Twelve points equal one pica, is intrinsic to the proportions the unit commonly used to and visual impression of the measure column widths. typeface. Some typefaces have a narrow set width, and Typography can also be some have a wide one. measured in inches, millimeters, or pixels. You can change the set width Most software applications let of a typeface by fiddling with the designer chooswe a its horizontal or vertical scale. preferred unit of measure; This distorts the line weight picas and points are standard of the letters,however, forcing defaults. heavy elements to become thin, and thin elements to become thick. Instead of torturing a letterform, choose Adjusting the overall spacing Birds of the World Book, of a group of letters is called 2007. Author: Les Beletsky. tracking or letterspacing. By Publisher: The Johns Hopkins expanding the tracking across University. Art Director: a word, line, or entire block of Charles Nix. Designers: text, the designer can create a Charles Nix, Whitney Grant, more airy, open field. In blocks and May Jampathom. This of text, tracking is usually book, set in Adobe Caslon and applied in small increments, Caslon 540, uses tracked small creating a subtle effect not capitals for caption headings. noticeable to the casual reader. Occasionally, a single word or phrase is tracked for emphasis, especially when CAPS or small caps are used within a line. Negative tracking, rarely desirable in text sizes, can be used sparingly to help bring up a short line of text. White type on a black background is considered more legible when it is tracked.

Tracking The distance from the 10-pt type is set with 12 pts baseline of one line of type to of line spacing. another is called line spacing. It is also called leading, in reference to the strips of lead used to separate lines of metal type. The default setting in most layout and imaging software is 120 percent of the type size. Thus

Line Spacing

Designers play with line more open text block. As spacing in order to create leading increases, lines of distinctive typographic type become independent arrangements. Reducing the graphic elements rather than standard distance creates parts of an overall visual a denser typographic color, shape and texture. while risking collisions between ascenders and descenders. Expanding the line spacing creates a lighter, Paragraphs do not occur in space between paragraphs of the letter’s cap height. An nature. Whereas sentences (paragraph spacing) is another em is thus proportional to the are grammatical units intrinsic standard device. On the web, size of the type; if you change to the spoken language, a paragraph is a semantic unit the point size or column paragraphs are a literary (the

tag in html) that is width, the indents will remain convention designed to typically displayed on screen appropriately scaled. divide masses of content into with space inserted after appetizing portions. Indents it. A typical indent is an em have been common since the space, or a quad, a fixed unit seventeenth century. Adding of space roughly the width

aking ParagraphsM

Alternatively, you can use the to make a break when the tab key to create an indent of text has just begun. Despite any depth. A designer might the ubiquity of indents and use this technique in order paragraph spacing, designers to align the indents with a have developed numerous vertical grid line or other page alternatives that allow them element. Avoid indenting the to shape content in distinctive very first line of a body of text. ways. An indent signals a break or separation; there is no need olden

GNo book about typography Some graphic designers are would be complete without a fascinated with the golden discussion of the golden section, section and use it to create a ratio (relationship between two various grids and page formats- numbers) that has been used in indeed, entire books have been Western art and architecture for written on the subject. Other more than two thousand years. designers believe that the The formula for the golden golden section is no more valid section is a : b = b : (a+b). This as a basis for deriving sizes and means that the smaller of two proportions than other methods, elements (such as the shorter such as beginning from standard side of a rectangle) relates to the industrial paper sizes, or dividing larger element in the same way surfaces into halves or squares, that the larger element relates or simply picking whole-number to the two parts combined. In page formats and making logical other words, side a is to side b divisions within them. as side b is to the sum of both sides. Expressed numerically, the ratio for the golden section is 1 : 1.618.

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