DOCSLIB.ORG

Modeling & Simulation As an Enabling Technology for Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modeling & Simulation As an Enabling Technology for Engineering Modeling & Simulation as an Enabling Technology for Engineering Innovation Education James F. Leathrum, Jr. and Roland R. Mielke Department of Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Engineering Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529, USA ABSTRACT needed to help build mental models and understanding of how complex systems work and are The inclusion of innovation within engineering organized. Simulation provides a cost-effective education is being identified as a crucial effort to means to determine system behavior and ensure our technological competitiveness as evident performance and to investigate life-cycle issues by the number of solicitations including engineering important to a successful system design. It is our innovation education by the National Science position that making an engineering student into an Foundation. While most work is spent on identifying innovator will be enhanced or even enabled if that how to create environments that foster innovation, student has the tools needed to conduct the process of this paper focuses on developing a technical skill set innovation. We are proposing a path for the that enables innovation when in the correct introduction of M&S skills with an emphasis on environment. The premise of this paper is that the enabling innovative ideas within existing STEM skills taught within the modeling and simulation curricula. curricula are those that enable innovative thinking. The skill set focuses on the abstract thinking, Innovation is the complex process of introducing communication, and evaluation skills. This paper novel ideas into use or practice and includes does not propose changing current engineering entrepreneurship as an integral part [1]. curricula, but rather to augment them by introducing Entrepreneurship involves the commitment of finance abstract modeling concepts early in the curriculum, and business acumen in an effort the transform the allowing students to see the generation of an new concepts of inventions into economic goods. innovative idea. This is be done through a series of The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of small modules and assignments spread throughout starting new businesses. While much is being done the curriculum. Furthermore, the modules benefit the to encourage entrepreneurship, our focus is on the existing curricula by providing a context for why the complex process of innovation, which is less students are learning the classic material. understood yet is the most vital to comprehend. Keywords: Innovation, Modeling and Simulation, This paper proposes developing new and novel Engineering Education approaches for teaching innovation in the STEM areas, especially engineering, that can be integrated into existing curricula with minimal effort. Should 1. INTRODUCTION the introduction of innovation be a heavy burden on existing curricula with little immediate rewards, it is The basis for this paper is our recognition that the unlikely the proposed work will be adopted. We also concepts and methods that comprise the discipline of believe that innovation and the associated skills need modeling and simulation are precisely the tools and an early introduction for students to embrace them skills required to conduct the process of innovation. and follow educational paths leading to innovation. Modeling skills are required to capture new ideas and As a first step in the innovation education process, systems, and then to communicate those ideas to we identify M&S as the enabling technology other groups that often have vastly different allowing the reasoning, visualization, evaluation, and backgrounds and points-of-view. Visualization is communication required in innovation. We propose core skills from M&S that should be taught to all small, multidisciplinary, connected to academic engineering students to improve the likelihood of institutions, intense workers, and visionary. Again, fostering innovation. these are characteristics, not identifying appropriate skill sets in which engineers should be educated. The proposed engineering educational evolution follows the maturation process of M&S as a This paper attempts to identify a skill set to enable discipline in its own right. This is similar to the innovative thinking in engineers when placed in an development of computer science as a discipline appropriate environment. The skill set focuses on the through the 1960's and early 1970's and the abstract thinking, communication, and evaluation recognition that the skill set was required by skills. Current engineering education is primarily engineers as well. As a result, a core competence in based on analysis, teaching design in a bottom-up computer science was introduced into engineering fashion by introducing low level theory and building curricula and became a requirement for accreditation. up to larger designs of systems that already exist. Likewise, M&S has matured over the last decade This paper does not propose changing that basic with the creation of graduate programs (Old philosophy, but rather to augment it by introducing Dominion University, University of Central Florida, abstract modeling concepts early in the curriculum, University of Alabama - Huntsville, CSU - Chico, allowing students to see the generation of an etc.), followed by the first undergraduate program innovative idea. This can be done through a series of being introduced in 2010 at Old Dominion small modules and assignments spread throughout University. Thus it follows that the time has come to the curriculum. The modules would work in the evaluate the discipline's role in engineering opposite direction from the classic bottom-up education. This paper considers the introduction of method, but would augment the existing curricula by M&S as a core competence to enable innovation providing a context for why the students are learning across all engineering disciplines. the classic material. 2. INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING 3. M&S CONCEPTS IN INNOVATION EDUCATION ENGINEERING Some work has been done attempting to introduce an Problem understanding is important in recognizing innovative environment in the engineering the intricate and nuanced issues involved with curriculum. [2-7] However, these primarily focus on identified problems. Once understanding is achieved, developing an atmosphere and that fosters the problem description requires unambiguously opportunity to be creative, but ignore the engineering documenting the problem so that it may be easily skill set that best enable engineers to be innovative in communicated. Then, recognizing that the problem a timely and cost efficient manner. Steiner does may be defined within certain known categories of attempt to identify the skills that make people problems will help support finding a solution to the innovative, but through querying managers, she problem or problem resolution. Properly really concludes on personal skills (energetic, investigating these creative processes and facilitating enthusiastic, competitive, etc.) not technical skills them through application of proven M&S tools and (potentially including abstract modeling, top-down techniques fills an existing gap in the research of design, rapid prototyping, etc.). innovation. Other works attempt to define the innovative process. We propose the following concepts as the core [8-12] But again they focus on creating an competencies in innovative engineering: atmosphere that fosters creativity or identifying what needs assessment - the act of capturing the needs techniques have worked. In attempting to identify of a problem the characteristics of teams that have been successful conceptualization - the creative act of in innovations, Petre identified that the teams were formulating an idea. visualization - the act of creating a representation allow studying concepts at a behavioral level prior to of an idea for better understanding. design. evaluation - the testing of an idea, may include engineering, manufacturing, and marketing Modeling provides a means for engineers to capture feasibility. their ideas. The simple act of model development communication - the act of presenting the idea to often promotes a better understanding of a system. It others, potentially for collaboration or marketing. also enables the definition of interfaces between While methodologies for teaching these subsystems within a system model, allowing a competencies is not addressed in this paper, the partitioning in the idea development. Then by importance of M&S to enable each is elaborated. simulating the system, a deeper understanding of system behavior is possible. Needs Assessment Needs assessment involves the definition of the Visualization requirements of a problem for which innovative ideas The ability to visualize an innovative idea is assists are sought. In engineering, this includes in idea development and is crucial to communicating development of the problem specification. the idea to potential investors. M&S utilizes Frequently this involves documentation of ideas in visualization heavily in understanding system writing. M&S attempts to formalize this process by behavior. Physical models support providing a visual capturing specifications as models. The needs are understanding of a design. Data visualization and captured as behavioral models. Developing animation provide the ability to study system executable simulations of these models then allow the behavior as a function of time. engineer to study if the proposed behavior will truly meet the needs. The model then acts as the Evaluation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MATERIALS for KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Materials for Key Enabling Technologies
    MATERIALS FOR KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Materials for Key Enabling Technologies This report is the result of a joint effort of the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS, Strasbourg, www.european-mrs.com) and of the Materials Science and Engineering Expert Committee (MatSEEC) of the European Science Foundation (ESF, www.esf.org/matseec). The report has been prepared on the occasion of the Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) initiative launched by the European Commission to give an overview of the current status and recommendations on the role Materials Science and Engineering should play in Europe for key enabling technologies. The report has been edited by Hans Richter, Vice-President of E-MRS, based on the contributions of several members. Thanks are due to Ana Helman, scientific secretary of MatSEEC, Manfred Aigringer, project manager of Gesellschaft zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und WirtschaftGFWW ( ), Hilary Crichton (ESF), and John R. Blizzard (E-MRS) for performing the final compilation, editing and reviewing work. Francesco Priolo Guenther Bauer E-MRS President MatSEEC Chair 21 June 2011 – Second edition Edited by: H. Richter, E-MRS Vice-President With the collaboration of: N. Alford, J. Amouroux, D. Barbier, G. Bauer, A. Borg, J. P. Condé, A. González-Elipe, H. G. Grimmeiss, A. Jäger-Waldau, D. J. Jarvis, T. Lippert, S. Maier, H. J. Muessig, E. Olsson, J. Perriere, L. Pfitzner, F. Priolo, H. Richter, A-C. Ritschkoff, P. Siffert, A. Slaoui, C. Vahlas Cover image: Fibre optics © Science Photo Library/Cosmos CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary 3 2. The Global Market and the EU Position for each KET 5 3.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMUNICATIONS: the Smart Grid's Enabling Technology
    NRECA-DOE SMART GRID DEMONSTRATION PROJECT | DE-OE0000222 COMMUNICATIONS: The Smart Grid’s Enabling Technology FINAL REPORT | MAY 31, 2014 NRECA-DOE SMART GRID DEMONSTRATION PROJECT | DE-OE0000222 Prepared by Maurice Martin Cooperative Research Network National Rural Electric Cooperative Association 4301 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22203-1860 and Rick A. Schmidt Power Systems Engineering 1532 W. Broadway Madison, Wisconsin 53713 for U.S. DOE/NETL Morgantown Campus 3610 Collins Ferry Road PO Box 880 Morgantown WV 26507-0880 project manager: craig miller, phd principal investigator: tom lovas The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association NRECA is the national service organization for more than 900 not-for-profit rural electric cooperatives and public power districts providing retail electric service to more than 42 million consumers in 47 states and whose retail sales account for approximately 12 percent of total electricity sales in the United States. NRECA’s members include consumer-owned local distribution systems — the vast majority — and 66 generation and transmission (G&T) cooperatives that supply wholesale power to their distribution cooperative owner-members. Distribution and G&T cooperatives share an obligation to serve their members by providing safe, reliable and affordable electric service. About CRN NRECA’s Cooperative Research Network™ (CRN) manages an extensive network of organizations and partners in order to conduct collaborative research for electric cooperatives. CRN is a catalyst for innovative and practical technology solutions for emerging industry issues by leading and facilitating collaborative research with co-ops, industry, universities, labs, and federal agencies. CRN fosters and communicates technical advances and business improvements to help electric cooperatives control costs, increase productivity, and enhance service to their consumer-members.
    [Show full text]
  • Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies
    Ethics and Information Technology (2005) 7:111–119 Ó Springer 2006 DOI 10.1007/s10676-006-0008-0 Why we need better ethics for emerging technologies James H. Moor Department of Philosophy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Technological revolutions are dissected into three stages: the introduction stage, the permeation stage, and the power stage. The information revolution is a primary example of this tripartite model. A hypothesis about ethics is proposed, namely, ethical problems increase as technological revolutions progress toward and into the power stage. Genetic technology, nanotechnology, and neurotechnology are good can- didates for impending technological revolutions. Two reasons favoring their candidacy as revolutionary are their high degree of malleability and their convergence. Assuming the emerging technologies develop into mutually enabling revolutionary technologies, we will need better ethical responses to cope with them. Some suggestions are offered about how our approach to ethics might be improved. Introduction The main argumentation in this paper is to establish that we are living in a period of technology New technological products are emerging. We learn that promises dramatic changes and in which it is about them regularly in the news. Information not satisfactory to do ethics as usual. Major tech- technology continually spawns new and popular nological upheavals are coming. Better ethical applications and accessories. Indeed, much of the thinking in terms of being better informed and news itself is produced and transmitted through better ethical action in terms of being more proac- ever newer and more diverse information technol- tive are required. ogy.
    [Show full text]
  • Converging Technologies – Shaping the Future of European Societies
    Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno-Socio-Anthro-Philo- HLEG Foresighting the New Technology Wave Converging Technologies – Shaping the Future of European Societies by Alfred Nordmann, Rapporteur Report 2004 Geo-Eco-Urbo-Orbo-Macro-Micro-Nano- EUROPEAN COMMISSION RESEARCH Commissioner : Philippe Busquin Directorate-General for Research Director General: Achilleas Mitsos The Directorate-General for Research initiates, develops and follows the Commission’s political initiatives for the realisation of the European Research Area. It conceives and implements the necessary Community actions, in particular the Framework Programmes in terms of research and technological development. It also contributes to the implementation of the “Lisbon Strategy” regarding employment, competitiveness at international level, the economic reform and the social cohesion within the European Union. The Directorate “Knowledge-based economy and society” (Directorate K) contributes to the realisation of the European Research Area in the fields of the social sciences, economic, science and technology foresight, and the respective analyses. To this end, it monitors and encourages science and technology foresight activities, conducts the economic analyses necessary for the work of the Directorate-General, and co-ordinates policy as regards the relevant political, economic, human and social sciences. It prepares the European reports on science and technology indicators, and it contributes to the development and implementation of the Framework Programmes in these fields. It monitors the progress made in the implementation of the Lisbon strategy. It is responsible for encouraging investment in research and technological innovation. To this end, it develops policies and measures to improve framework conditions for private investment and the effectiveness of public financing instruments. The unit K 2 “Science and Technology Foresight; links with the IPTS” contributes to the development of policies and policy concepts through Foresight analyses and activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Science & Technology Trends 2020-2040
    Science & Technology Trends 2020-2040 Exploring the S&T Edge NATO Science & Technology Organization DISCLAIMER The research and analysis underlying this report and its conclusions were conducted by the NATO S&T Organization (STO) drawing upon the support of the Alliance’s defence S&T community, NATO Allied Command Transformation (ACT) and the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA). This report does not represent the official opinion or position of NATO or individual governments, but provides considered advice to NATO and Nations’ leadership on significant S&T issues. D.F. Reding J. Eaton NATO Science & Technology Organization Office of the Chief Scientist NATO Headquarters B-1110 Brussels Belgium http:\www.sto.nato.int Distributed free of charge for informational purposes; hard copies may be obtained on request, subject to availability from the NATO Office of the Chief Scientist. The sale and reproduction of this report for commercial purposes is prohibited. Extracts may be used for bona fide educational and informational purposes subject to attribution to the NATO S&T Organization. Unless otherwise credited all non-original graphics are used under Creative Commons licensing (for original sources see https://commons.wikimedia.org and https://www.pxfuel.com/). All icon-based graphics are derived from Microsoft® Office and are used royalty-free. Copyright © NATO Science & Technology Organization, 2020 First published, March 2020 Foreword As the world Science & Tech- changes, so does nology Trends: our Alliance. 2020-2040 pro- NATO adapts. vides an assess- We continue to ment of the im- work together as pact of S&T ad- a community of vances over the like-minded na- next 20 years tions, seeking to on the Alliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlocking Technology for the Global Goals
    As part of Frontier 2030: Fourth Industrial Revolution for Global Goals Platform Unlocking Technology for the Global Goals In collaboration with PwC January 2020 World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 Email: [email protected] www.weforum.org © 2020 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. 2 Unlocking Technology for the Global Goals Contents About Frontier 2030: Fourth Industrial Revolution for Global Goals Platform 4 Foreword 5 Executive summary 7 Chapter 1: A decade to act: the challenge and the opportunity 8 Chapter 2: State of play: technology and the Global Goals 12 Chapter 3: Barriers to scaling and the risks of getting it wrong 23 Chapter 4: Enabling Tech for Good 29 Chapter 5: A call to action 36 Chapter 6: Conclusion 38 Annex 39 Contributors 42 Endnotes 43 Unlocking Technology for the Global Goals 3 About Frontier 2030: Fourth Industrial Revolution for Global Goals Platform The potential of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies to facilitator of networks of providers and users of technology tackle major global challenges – such as poverty, climate solutions for sustainable development; on the other, it will change, nature loss and inequality – is immense, yet this advance intentional curated efforts, partnership building, potential is far from being reached. To this end, the Forum’s government capacity development and finance to fast track Centre for Global Public Goods is scaling up efforts to new technology solutions for the Global Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Technology
    This article was downloaded by:[Forman, Paul] [Forman, Paul] On: 23 April 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 777307305] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK History and Technology An International Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713643058 The Primacy of Science in Modernity, of Technology in Postmodernity, and of Ideology in the History of Technology To cite this Article: , 'The Primacy of Science in Modernity, of Technology in Postmodernity, and of Ideology in the History of Technology', History and Technology, 23:1, 1 - 152 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07341510601092191 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510601092191 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontier Technologies for Sustainable Development: Overview
    United Nations E/2018/50 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 19 April 2018 Original: English 2018 session 27 July 2017–26 July 2018 Agenda item 5 High-level segment World Economic and Social Survey 2018: Frontier technologies for sustainable development Overview* Summary World Economic and Social Survey 2018 reviews the advances in frontier technologies — including automation, robotics, renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles, biotechnologies and artificial intelligence — and analyses their economic, social and environmental impact. These technologies present immense potentials for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, fostering growth, prosperity and environmental sustainability. They also pose significant risks of unemployment, underemployment and rising income and wealth inequality and raise new ethical and moral concerns. The Survey identifies policy measures at national levels with the capacity to both maximize the potential of these technologies and mitigate their risks, thereby striking a balance among economic efficiency, equity and ethical considerations. It makes a case for providing incentives for the development, diffusion and adoption of appropriate and enabling technologies, while increasing investments in education, skills development and social protection. Recognizing that no nation can alone manage the impact of frontier technologies, which transcend sectoral and national boundaries, the Survey calls for global collective action to confront the challenge of technological breakthroughs so as to ensure that they benefit all and that no one is left behind. It highlights the imperatives of greater international cooperation, particularly in identifying and designating the technologies most needed for sustainable development as global public goods, reflecting a commitment to shared and differentiated responsibilities among all nations. __________________ * The present overview summarizes the key findings presented in World Economic and Social Survey 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Patents and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
    Patents and the Fourth Industrial Revolution The inventions behind digital transformation | December 2017 In co-operation with Foreword Dear readers, A new era of technological development characterised by digital transformation is rapidly gathering momentum – one which is frequently referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), or, in some regions, as Industry 4.0. The consensus on 4IR is still forming but the fact that it is referred to as a ‘revolution’ implies that its impact is expected to be far-reaching. Businesses, industry, analysts, policy makers and many others are starting to discuss in greater detail its characteristics and the challenges and opportunities the revolution presents. As an organisation at the forefront of technology, the EPO has the tools and skills to support this dialogue with a clear picture of evolving trends: the EPO is one of the leading suppliers of patent information, and the solid data that we hold can help us to reliably identify and follow developments as we head into this period of great change. Our ESPACENET database, for example, provides free access online to a wealth of more than 100 million patent documents containing data about inventions and technological advances from around the world. And with PATSTAT, we have put one of the most advanced statistical tools for analysing technology trends in patents at the disposition of the public. Paired with the expertise of our patent examiners, these tools are a reliable resource for conducting meaningful studies on the emergence of technology trends and their development over time and economic regions. We have employed our data and skills to produce this publication, the EPO’s first landscaping study related to patents and 4IR technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Information Age University?
    Journal ofAgricultural and Applied Economics, 28,1(July 1996):1-11 @ 1996 Southern Agricultural Economics Association The Information Age University? Lynn L. Reinschmiedt Introduction As a preface to my comments today, I challenge pending changes in higher education and the indus- you to consider the following questions. Do the in- trialization of agriculture. Urban, in his 1994 Inter- formation age technological changes now taking national Agribusiness Management Association place have the potential to disrupt, or even destroy, presidential address, identified a number of forces the university as we know it? Do these changes driving this transformation. Two of these—recog- have the potential to force restructuring of the land- nition of the new role of the consumer and marked grant system? My comments today will address technological advances—are pertinent to the these questions. In doing so, however, I will not ad- changes being predicted in higher education. Two dress problems facing the land-grant system or the things are happening. First, universities are enter- agricultural economics profession per se, other ing an era in which the consumer (defined here as than those we face as a part of the overall system students and employers) will have considerably of higher education. Others are doing that or have more influence and control over the range of prod- addressed those more unique problems elsewhere. ucts provided. Second, technology is rapidly revo- A major National Research Council (NRC) initia- lutionizing the manner in which educational prod- tive is now examining the relevancy of the land- ucts are packaged and delivered. grant system in the context of today’s society; the I would like to address four critical areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things Faisal Karim Shaikh, Member, IEEE, Sherali Zeadally, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ernesto Exposito
    IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 11, NO. 2, JUNE 2017 983 Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things Faisal Karim Shaikh, Member, IEEE, Sherali Zeadally, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ernesto Exposito Abstract—Recent technological advances have led to an increase storage devices, and communications systems) efficiently and in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment.” (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and The Internet has played a major role in the flourishing designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an ICT sector. Communications over the Internet involve mainly emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, client–server connections. In some scenarios, the server may where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green fulfill the request of many users simultaneously. Traditionally, IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling human users have been the primary producers and consumers technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can of information on the Internet but with the proliferation of be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we billions of devices, this trend has shifted to those devices in also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization recent years. Currently, social networks have revolutionized the efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of way the information is generated and shared among different the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Smart Manufacturing 2. Enabling Technologies and Implementation
    IDENTIFYING PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE CHALLENGES FOR SMART MANUFACTURING Moneer Helu*, Katherine Morris, Kiwook Jung, Kevin Lyons, Swee Leong Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 U.S.A. (*) Corresponding Author: [email protected] / +1 3019753654 Abstract Smart manufacturing has the potential to address many of the challenges faced by industry. However, the manufacturing community often needs assistance to leverage available technologies to improve their systems. To assure the performance of these technologies, this paper proposes a shared knowledge base that collects problem areas, solutions, and best practices for manufacturing technology. An Implementation Risk Assessment Framework (IRAF) is also described to identify the primary weaknesses of technologies in specific manufacturing contexts. Such approaches have the potential to stimulate new ideas and drive standardization activities critical to scale up and deploy smart manufacturing technologies successfully and quickly. Keywords: Smart manufacturing; Performance assurance; Risk assessment; Standards 1. Smart manufacturing Many concerns drive manufacturing innovation, including increased global competition; increased demand for a greater variety of products that are created faster, better, and greener; and increased scarcity of technical manufacturing talent [1-4]. Smart manufacturing addresses these concerns through the combination of advanced manufacturing capabilities and digital technologies introduced into every phase of the product life cycle [1,4,5]. Digital technologies have enabled the development of cyber-physical systems that promote interoperability between systems across the enterprise [1,5,6]. Such capability allows manufacturers to generate more and better intelligence through the efficient and effective use of data and information across many manufacturing systems [7].
    [Show full text]