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Dams and Development DAMS AND DEVELOPMENT A N E W F R A M E WO R K FOR DECISION-MAKING THE REPORT OF THE WORLD COMMISSION ON DAMS November 2000 Earthscan Publications Ltd, London and Sterling, VA First published in the UK and USA in 2000 by Earthscan Publications Ltd Copyright © World Commission on Dams, 2000 All rights reserved A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 1-85383-798-9 paperback 1-85383-797-0 hardback Printed and bound in the UK by Thanet Press, Margate, Kent Page design and layout by Page Arts, Cape Town Cover design by Page Arts, Cape Town Photo collages by Shane Smitsdorp, Cape Town Cover photographs © Gallo Images. The Image Bank: Horowitz, Ross. I-Afrika: Miller, Eric. Photo credits: Cape Argus: Schronen Johan, p226; Tromp, Dion, p66, 258; Yeld, John, p36. Cape Photo Library: Proust, Alain, p36; Stoffel-Wialliame, p72. Cosmi Corporation: p16, 19, 22, 49, 72, 80, 96, 108, 125, 134,157, 196, 250. I-Afrika: Bosch, Rodger, p14; Ingram Andrew, p96, 112; Miller, Eric, p2, 24, 96, 98, 104, 111, 114, 117, 129, 142, 153, 196, 201, 220; Pettersson, Anders, p243. IUCN -The World Conservation Union, p72, 85,87. Itaipú Binacional, p36, 68, 258. The Image Bank: Horowitz, Ross, p196, 206; Sund, Harald, p134, 149. United States Bureau of Reclamation, p36. World Bank, p96,100. World Wide Fund for Nature: Gunther, Michel, p72, 74,134,137; Harvey, Martin, p78. WWF-Canon; Burgler, Roel, p205, 212; Pratginestos, Juan, p72. Rautkari, Mauri; p145, Revesz, Tamás, p20, 210; Thorsell, James W, p212. Schafer, Kevin, p72, 92, 233; Torres, William H, p136. Earthscan Publications Ltd 120 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9JN, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7278 0433 Fax: +44 (0)20 7278 1142 Email: [email protected] http://www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd and publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper Preface Chair’s Preface Globalisation From Below f politics is the art of the possible, Ithis document is a work of art. It redefines what is possible to all of us, for all of us, at a time when water pressure on governments has never been more intense. Consider: on this blue planet, less than 2.5% of our water is fresh, less than 33% of fresh water is fluid, less than 1.7% of fluid water runs in streams. And we have been stopping even these. We dammed half our world’s rivers at unprecedent- ed rates of one per hour, and at un- precedented scales of over 45 000 Professor Kader Asmal Chair, World Commission on Dams dams more than four storeys high. The Report of the World Commission on Dams i Preface As one who authorised the next stage of one Some see in our scarcity a harbinger of of the largest dams in the Southern Hemi- troubled waters to come. They believe water sphere I can argue that nations build large scarcity inevitably locks peoples, regions and dams for sound reasons. Dams store, use and nations in a fierce, competitive struggle in divert water for consumption, irrigation, which restless millions race to the bottom in cooling, transportation, construction, mills, fear and self-interest. And thus, they main- power and recreation. Dams remove water tain, when rivers cross borders within or from the Ganges, Amazon, Danube, Nile or between nations, water scarcity leads to Columbia to sustain cities on their banks. water stress which leads to water wars. For parting – or imparting – the waters, dams are our oldest tool. Yet are they our Our Commission, and through it, this Final only tool, or our best option? Report, contradicts that sentiment. We see water as an instrument, a catalyst for peace, The World Commission on Dams has that brings us together, neither to build undertaken a rigorous, independent and dams nor tear them down but to carefully inclusive global review, testing the waters to develop resources for the long term. help you answer that question with authori- ty. But just as water scarcity drove previous Easier said than done? Not necessarily. The construction of dams, competition for water hard part here may lie in what can be ‘said’ has underscored the Commission’s work. As with intellectual honesty, vision and under- we seek water we face an escalating crisis, standing. Surprisingly such a statement has even of biblical proportions. In Ecclesiastes, rarely been attempted. Unlike every other recall the passage: aspect of our lives, large dams have long escaped deep and clear and impartial One generation passeth away, scrutiny into the process by which they and another generation cometh: emerge and are valued. This lapse is espe- but the earth abideth always... cially glaring when set against much smaller All rivers runneth to the sea, scale investments. We daily squeeze and yet the sea is not full... weigh fruits and vegetables to ensure we get a fair return at the market. We rigorously The words are beautiful, haunting and, test-drive and analyse the performance of suddenly, anachronistic. For they are not motor cars before and after paying a few true due to demands and dams during our thousand dollars for one. We conduct lives. Even degraded rivers seldom totally thorough due-diligence before purchase of run, but loiter in a chain of reservoirs. In either house or business. some years our mightiest rivers – Africa’s Nile, Asia’s Yellow, America’s Colorado, Yet this century we have collectively Australia’s Murray – do not reach the sea. bought, on average, one large dam per day, and there have been precious few, if any, Compounding that shortage, one in five comprehensive, independent analyses as to persons world-wide lacks access to safe why dams came about, how dams perform drinking water. Half the world lacks sanita- over time, and whether we are getting a fair tion; millions die from waterborne diseases. return from our $2 trillion investment. Farmers compete for water with booming but stressed cities. Towns drain aquifers that Until now. took centuries to fill. Saltwater pollutes groundwater miles from the sea. In China, Pioneer efforts are bound to be controver- Mexico and India water tables fall a metre a sial. And while the World Commission on year. In a few decades, as we seek a fifth Dams is, by design, strictly advisory, make more water for 3 billion new people, one in no mistake. Our genesis, work process and three of us may struggle to drink or bathe. implications of this Final Report are by ii Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making Preface nature quite political. Our mandate involves philosophical divides of the debate. That is the most precious element on earth, and its true strength. Indeed, the assumption that, of course, involves power: who wields that the number of people who write some- it, how to share it, which ways the state may thing is inversely related to how much it better balance it. says only goes so far. Hundreds of eloquent books and publications inform the dams and Some may feel this Report makes water use development debate from one side or the decisions even more difficult; by raising the other. Written by single authors, they say bar higher, as we do, a government must much but resolve little. The WCD Final exercise more energy and creativity to reach Report is meaningful, and will be remem- a sustainable result. But in truth we make bered, not just for what it says, but for the those decisions easier; for we show clearly fact that several hundred diverse men and which, how, where and why decisions can women were directly involved in saying it. It either work well or fail to deliver. is sculpted by the expertise of members of the Commission, many of whom have For that reason I assert that we are much devoted their entire lives to engineering, more than a ‘Dams Commission’. We are a environmental, social and institutional Commission to heal the deep and self- concerns of rivers and dams. All of us were inflicted wounds torn open wherever and sensitive to the needs of human develop- whenever far too few determine for far too ment as we listened to the aspirations, the many how best to develop or use water and pain and the anguish of individual people. energy resources. That is often the nature of power, and the motivation of those who Slow to speak, our Commission was quick to question it. Most recently governments, listen. Both sides of the debate gave their industry and aid agencies have been chal- perspectives: from dam officials with an lenged around the world for deciding the obligation to govern to dam affected people destiny of millions without including the with stories to tell. By airing facts we poor, or even popular majorities of countries reached a rapprochement that began in they believe to be helping. Gland, Switzerland and continued, non- stop, through hearings, consultations, case To confer legitimacy on such epochal studies, submissions and reviews covering decisions, real development must be people- roughly one thousand large dams. centred, while respecting the role of the state as mediating, and often representing, Through this process a shared understanding their interests. In the following pages we do and truth began to emerge, and with it the not endorse globalisation as led from above thin thread with which to sew the stitches by a few men. We do endorse globalisation of reconciliation.
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