Fæstningens Materialgård

Udgivet af Realdania Byg Realdania af Udgivet Fæstningens Fæstningens Materialgård

Fæstningens Materialgård Realdania Byg Bygninger er en del af vores kulturarv. kulturarv. vores af er en del Bygninger forfædre som vores levn, Et håndgribeligt og som vi er forpligtet videre, har givet værne om. til at ejendomsselskab for er et Byg Realdania er formål Selskabets udvikling og bevaring. en samling formidle og af opbygge at og arkitektur på byggestil gode eksempler egne tidsperioder og forskellige fra i udviklingen i Danmark samt investere at nybyggeri. eksperimenterende af helejet Realdaniaselskab. er et Byg Realdania på www.realdaniabyg.dk Læs mere ISBN: 978-87-92230-39-3 ISBN: Fæstningens Materialgård The Fortifications Depot Fæstningens Materialgård The Fortifications Depot © Realdania Byg A/S 2012 © Realdania Byg A/S 2012

ISBN: 978-87-92230-39-3 ISBN: 978-87-92230-39-3

Tekst og redaktion: Jens Christian Varming, Editors: Jens Christian Varming, Birgitte Kleis og Realdania Byg A/S Birgitte Kleis, and Realdania Byg A/S Oversat af: Martha Gaber Abrahamsen English translation: Martha Gaber Abrahamsen Omslagsfoto: Fotograf Lars Gundersen Cover photo: Lars Gundersen Layout: OAB-Tryk a/s og Realdania Byg A/S Layout: OAB-Tryk a/s and Realdania Byg A/S Bogen er sat og trykt af: OAB-Tryk a/s, Odense Printed in Denmark by OAB-Tryk a/s, Odense

Foto og illustrationer: Photos and illustrations: Fotograf Lars Gundersen. Lars Gundersen, unless otherwise indicated Øvrige: Jonas Toft, Varmings Tegnestue: Jonas Toft, Varmings Tegnestue: pp. 12, 25, 36, 51, 70, 103, and 122 s. 14, 27, 38, 53, 72, 105 og 124 Varmings Tegnestue: Varmings Tegnestue: pp. 40, 59, 63, 81, 82, 98, 99, 111, and 112 s. 42, 61, 65, 83, 84, 100, 101, 113 og 114. National Archives: pp. 16, 22, 24, 26, 29, and 33. Rigsarkivet: s. 18, 24, 26, 28, 31 og 35.

Realdania Byg er et helejet Realdaniaselskab A Realdania company Fæstningens Materialgård The Fortifications Depot

Udgivet af Realdania Byg Forord

I hjertet af København ligger det fredede anlæg, skellige energioptimerende og restaurerings- Fæstningens Materialgård, som en lille oase tekniske tiltags indpasning i bygninger fra ba- med en lukket gårdhave med roser og magnoli- rokken og klassicismen og i konstruktioner som aer. Ejendommen ligger på en hjørnegrund mod grundmur og bindingsværk. Ydermere havde Frederiksholms Kanal og med Christiansborg, forsvaret gennem årene flittigt målt husets Kongens Bryghus og Det Kongelige Bibliotek forbrug af el, vand og varme. Det datamæs- som nærmeste naboer. I 2007 købte Realdania sige grundlag for projektet var derfor uforlig- Byg Fæstningens Materialgård af Forsvarets neligt. Bygnings- & Etablissementstjeneste. Ejendom- men havde på det tidspunkt været i Forsvarets Udgivelsen af denne bog markerer afslutningen tjeneste i mere end 250 år. på restaureringen af bygningsanlægget. Det markerer samtidig også starten på anden fase Med overtagelsen ønskede Realdania Byg at af projektet ’Energirenovering af fredede byg- give det gamle anlæg nyt liv og formål som et ninger’. Det næste lange stykke tid vil forbruget attraktivt erhvervslejemål. Samtidig var der i i bygningerne blive målt for efterfølgende at et samarbejde med Kulturstyrelsen opstået et blive sammenholdt med husets forbrug før re- ønske om at gå nye veje med denne ejendom staureringen. Beregninger viser, at man samlet og bringe den ind i debatten om energi og vil spare over 20% CO2 pr arbejdsplads i for- klima. Fæstningens Materialgård skulle være hold til forbruget anno 1990, som er de tal, man udgangspunkt for et demonstrationsprojekt, arbejder ud fra. hvis hovedformål var at vise, hvordan man kan tænke energirenovering i fredede byg- Det, vi allerede nu kan tage med videre, er de ninger. erfaringer og resultater, som er gjort i restaure- ringsprocessen. En af disse er nødvendigheden Fæstningens Materialgård blev valgt fordi de af at tænke indretning i nye baner. Dette har fire bygningskroppes variation i både stil og bl.a. medført, at man har gentænkt hele kom- konstruktion gav et meget bredspektret per- pleksets planløsning flere gange. Resultatet er spektiv på udfordringen. Anlæggets karakter flere skriveborde end først beregnet og dermed gav mulighed for at afprøve og undersøge for- en gevinst for både ejer, lejer, miljø og arkitektur. Fæstningens Materialgård er et demonstrationsprojekt – ikke en standardløsning. For der findes ikke standardløsninger, når det drejer sig om fredede bygninger. Fæstningens Materialgård står nu som inspiration og eksempel på, at det kan lade sig gøre at tænke energirenovering og fredede bygninger sammen endda med uven- tede gevinster til følge.

Realdania Byg, juni 2012

5 Foreword

In the heart of Copenhagen, the Fortifications sicist buildings, in both brick and half-timbered Depot encloses a little oasis with roses and structures. Over the years, the Ministry of De- magnolias. The complex, which has heritage fense had moreover kept records of the build- status, stands along Frederiksholms Kanal, ings’ energy, water, and heat consumption, pro- with Christiansborg Palace, the King’s Brew- viding an incomparable wealth of data for the ery, and the Royal Library as its nearest neigh- project. bors. In 2007, Realdania Byg bought the Forti- fications Depot from the Ministry of Defense, The publication of this book marks the end which had used the facility for more than 250 of the process of restoring the Fortifications years. Depot. It also marks the start of the second phase of the project “Energy Conservation Realdania Byg wanted to give this historical in Historical Buildings.” For an extended pe- complex new life and a new purpose as an at- riod, energy consumption will be measured tractive rental property. In collaboration with and the results will be compared with figures the National Cultural Heritage Agency, the from before restoration, taking 1990 as the company also wanted to go new ways and baseline. Calculations show that as a whole,

make the Fortifications Depot part of the de- the expected CO2 reduction is 20 percent per bate on efficient energy and the climate. It was workplace. to be a demonstration project, aimed at show- ing how energy conservation can be applied to What we can use today are the experiences heritage buildings. gained from the restoration process. One is the necessity of rethinking how interiors are The Fortifications Depot was chosen for this laid out and used, a process that meant re- purpose because of its distinctive and diverse considering the entire complex’s floor plans character, which provided a very broad per- several times. The result is more workplaces spective of the problems involved. The suitabil- than first envisioned – an advantage for the ity of different measures for optimizing energy owner, the tenant, the environment, and the consumption and restoration techniques could architecture. be studied and tested in both Baroque and clas-

6 The Fortifications Depot is a demonstration project, not a standard model, for there are no standard models when it comes to buildings like these. It can serve as inspiration and an example of how energy conservation can be applied to heritage buildings and even bring unexpected benefits.

Realdania Byg, June 2012

Fæstningen Copenhagen’s Af /By Jens Christian København og dens fortifications and their Varming materialgårde depots

Chr. IV var kun 21 år, da han gav sig i kast med Christian IV was only 21 years of age when he at omdanne og forstærke hovedstadens svage, undertook to transform and reinforce the capi- utidssvarende befæstning. Fra 1598 til 1606 blev tal’s weak, outdated fortifications. The naval flådehavnen med Tøjhuset og Proviantgården harbor, along with its Arsenal and Provision anlagt. Næste etape påbegyndtes i 1607, hvor Yard, was laid out between 1598 and 1606. middelalderbyens gamle grave og mure blev The next phase was begun in 1607, when the omdannet til et system af bredere og dybere medieval city’s old moats and walls were trans- grave og jordvolde med små bastioner. I 1618 formed into a system of wider, deeper moats blev Christianshavn grundlagt og befæstet på and ramparts with little bastions. In 1618, the tilsvarende måde. Christianshavn quarter was founded and forti- I 1642 begyndte arbejdet på den nye Østervold fied in similar fashion. fra middelalderbyen uden om Rosenborg og In 1642, work began on the new Eastern Nyboder til den tidligere anlagte Sankt Annæ Ramparts, extending from the medieval city Skanse – efter ombygningen navngivet Citadellet beyond Rosenborg Castle and the Nyboder Frederikshavn, eller i daglig tale Kastellet. Det naval housing complex to the Sankt Annæ skulle være den største omdannelse af byen og Entrenchment, which had been laid out ear- dens befæstning, som Chr. IV udtænkte. Volden lier. The reinforced entrenchment was named var ufærdig ved kongens død i 1648. the Frederikshavn Citadel, called simply the Frederik III videreførte arbejdet på Østervold. Citadel. This was the most extensive transfor- Modsatte side: Kongstanken bag restau- Selvom volden stadig var ufærdig, da Karl X mation of the city and its fortifications envi- reringen af Fæstningens Gustav i 1658 belejrede byen, modstod den sioned by Christian IV. The ramparts were still Materialgård har været det allersidste svenske stormløb mod byen d. incomplete upon the king’s death in 1648. at genskabe og fremhæve 11. februar 1659. Det var hollandske infanteri- Frederik III continued work on the Eastern anlæggets karakter. ster ankommet med den hollandsk flåde, der Ramparts. Although they had still not been her med stor krigserfaring tilføjede svenskerne finished when Sweden’s Charles X Gustavus Opposite page: The principal goal of det sidste sviende nederlag under stormen på besieged Copenhagen in 1658, they did with- restoring the Fortifications København. stand the very last Swedish attack on the city on Depot was to recreate and Efter enevældens indførelse i 1660 kom der February 11, 1659. A Dutch fleet carrying well- highlight the complex’s atter gang i forstærkningen af voldene. Det trained and experienced infantrymen came to distinctive character.

9 10 vældige jordarbejde, hvortil hundredevis af Denmark’s aid and delivered the Swedes the arbejdere og soldater var udkommanderede, decisive blow during the storming of Copen- krævede et sted, hvor redskaber og materialer hagen. kunne opbevares og sikres mod tyveri. Et så- After the introduction of absolutism in 1660, dant sted kaldes en materialgård og kan være work was resumed on reinforcing the ramparts. en enkelt bygning eller et indhegnet område Hundreds of laborers and soldiers were com- med bygninger, f.eks. magasiner, stalde, vogn- mandeered for the enormous project, which re- porte m.m. Fæstningens Materialgård lå da ved quired a place where tools and materials could Nyboder tæt ved Østervold. Den nævnes i 1658 be stored and secured. These depots could og i grundtaksten fra 1668. I materialgården var consist of a single building or an enclosed area der oplagret sten, kalk, tømmer og planker til with warehouses, stables, wagon yards, etc. At brug for arbejdet på fæstningen og dens byg- the time, the Fortifications Depot (Fæstningens ninger, desuden talrige redskaber, hakker, spa- Materialgaard) was located at Nyboder, close to der og skubkarrer, dvs. hjulbøre i mængde. Da the Eastern Ramparts. It is mentioned in 1658 Østervold og Kastellet var fuldført omkring and in the land tax assessments for 1668. The 1665 blev opmærksomheden rettet mod den depot stored stone, lime, timber, and planks to endnu ret svage Vestervold, hvor der blev ar- be used on the fortifications and their build- bejdet til 1668. Der blev i de følgende år stadig ings, in addition to quantities of tools, picks, udført mindre forbedringer af fæstningens side spades, and wheelbarrows. After work on the mod det omgivende Sjælland. I hele perioden Eastern Ramparts and the Citadel had been Modsatte side: havde den gamle materialgård ved Nyboder completed in around 1665, attention shifted to John Huusmanns kobberstik været basis for arbejdet. the Western Ramparts, which were still quite til Resens ’Atlas Danicus’ I 1681 blev Frederiksholms Kanal anlagt og weak, where work continued until 1668. Minor fra 1677, Det Kongelige Frederiksholmskvarteret grundlagt. Et stort improvements were made in the ensuing years Bibliotek. areal i den nye bydel blev udlagt til en ny ma- to the side of the fortifications facing away from Opposite page: terialgård, som her ville ligge mere bekvemt the city. Throughout the period, the old depot John Huusmann’s for fremtidens nyanlæg mod Amager. Den at Nyboder served as the base for this work. copperplate engraving in store voldlinje, der omkranser Holmen med When the Frederiksholm quarter was laid Resen’s Atlas Danicus, syv bastioner og foranliggende enveloppe blev out, a canal was dug in 1681 separating it from 1677. Royal Library.

11 anlagt i 1685-1692. Forud var volden syd for the island of Slotsholmen. A sizable plot in the Christianshavn flyttet – i realiteten helt nyan- quarter was set aside for a new depot that was lagt. Det afspejles i materialgårdens indretning more convenient when work was begun on ved, at et stort magasinhus i svært bindings- fortifying the island of Amager. The extensive værk blev opført i 1683. Det var foreløbig den line of ramparts surrounding the Holmen naval eneste betydelige bygning på grunden, men der yard, with seven bastions behind an envelope, må også have været både stalde og vognport. was laid out between 1685 and 1692. The ram- Den dag i dag vidner det lille “Foderknægthus”, parts south of the Christianshavn quarter had Frederiksholms Kanal 28, som er fra 1684, om, already been moved – in reality completely at der må have været heste at fodre og dermed rebuilt. This was reflected at the Fortifications stalde på området stort set fra den nye mate- Depot in the addition of a sturdy half-timbered rialgårds anlæggelse. De nye voldanlæg kræ- warehouse in 1683. It was the only promi- vede som Østervold, Kastellet og Vestervold nent building on the site, but there must also en arbejdsstyrke på flere hundrede mand. De have been stables and a wagon yard. The little mange redskaber skulle opbevares sikkert i en “Stable-boy’s House” at Frederiksholms Kanal stor bygning, og hertil var det store magasinhus 28, from 1684, shows that there were undoubt- velegnet. edly horses to feed and stable on the site from Materialgården var både base for arbejdet around the time that the depot was founded. på fæstningen og for statens civile bygnings- Like the Eastern and Western Ramparts and væsen, som med tiden voksede i betydning. the Citadel, the new fortifications required Byggearbejder på Slotsholmen fik i Frederik a labor force of several hundred. Their many IV’s regeringsår større og større omfang, tools and equipment had to be stored securely og kulminerede med slottets ombygning i in a large building; the big warehouse was quite 1720’erne. I 1716 blev materialgårdens grund suitable for the purpose. delt. Civiletatens Materialgård fik rådighed The Fortifications Depot served as the center over ca. 70 % af det samlede areal, Fæstningens of operations for this work and also for the state’s Materialgård beholdt de resterende 30 %. Det public building projects, which became increas- afspejler tydeligt, at fæstningens udbygning nu i ingly important. Construction on the island of alt væsentligt var fuldført. På den tilbageblevne Slotsholmen expanded considerably during the

12 grund opførtes i 1740 Materialforvalterboligen, reign of Frederik IV and culminated in the re- Facaden på Material- som er anlæggets facade mod Frederiksholms modeling of Copenhagen Castle in the 1720s. forvalterboligen. Kanal, og som fra et arkitektonisk synspunkt The Depot’s plot was divided up in 1716. The Sophus Bengtsson, 1937, Nationalmuseet. er det mest værdifulde hus i Fæstningens Public Works Depot was given c. 70 percent of Materialgård. I 1748 byggedes det lange bin- the overall area, while the Fortifications Depot The facade of the dingsværkshus mod volden, indrettet til stald, retained 30 percent. This clearly reflects the fact Superintendent’s Residence. vognport og magasin. that the expansion of the fortifications had es- Sophus Bengtsson, 1937. Det såkaldte Chr. IV’s bryghus, bygget oven- sentially been completed. The Superintendent’s National Museum. på en muret bastion foran Tøjhuset, brændte Residence was built on the remaining space in i 1767. Bryghusfunktionen blev flyttet til et 1740 to form the complex’s facade on the canal. nyt, stort hus. Det blev placeret sydøst for Architecturally, it is the Fortifications Depot’s Fæstningens Materialgård, som måtte afgive most important building. The long Half-timbered en strimmel jord til det nye byggeri og yder- Building was added in 1748 along the ramparts ligere en strimmel til anlægget af en ny gade, to hold a stable, wagon yard, and magazine. Bryghusgade. På den afgivne jord lå det gamle Christian IV’s Brewery, built on a brick bas- magasin fra 1683, som blev nedrevet. Det blev tion in front of the Armory, burned down in erstattet af et nyt grundmuret magasin i to eta- 1767. Beer production was moved to a big new

13 Da vi kom til, lignede bygningerne hinanden for building southeast of the Fortifications Depot, meget – alle steder var der sprossede vinduer – og which had to relinquish a strip of land for the sådan har de ikke oprindeligt set ud. Vores ide var at building itself and another strip for a new street, »differentiere mellem bygningerne og genskabe deres særeg- aptly named Bryghusgade (Brewery Street). ne identitet. The old warehouse from 1683 that had stood Anders Brüel, Realdania Byg on the site was demolished and replaced by a two-story brick magazine with more or less the same capacity as the old one. It might have When we arrived, the buildings were too much alike. There looked quite suitable, but wasn’t it a bit too big were muntined windows all over the place, and this is not for needs at the time? After only three years, how it looked originally. Our intention was to differentiate the storerooms and lofts at one end of the build- buildings and recreate their distinctive identities. ing were transformed into an apartment for the Anders Brüel, Realdania Byg buildings clerk and an office with a drafting office and meeting room for the head of the corps of engineers. Storerooms and lofts were transformed into apartments for senior officials and offices in quick succession. By 1815 there were virtually no storerooms left, a clear indication that there was no longer any need for a large depot of fortifications materials or equipment. After the rim of earthworks around Copen- hagen was dismantled in 1856, there was no longer any reason to maintain a fortifications depot. The old complex did, however, live on as a military institution, as the headquarters for military authorities under various desig- nations, most recently as the Danish Defense Construction Service, until it moved and the Fortifications Depot was sold in 2007.

14 ger med nogenlunde samme kapacitet som det Observations about the history of gamle magasinhus. Det kunne se ud til at være the individual buildings meget passende, men det var måske for stort The Fortifications Depot consists of several til det aktuelle behov? Allerede efter tre år ind- buildings, each with its own character and drog man pakrum og paklofter i den ene ende history. Nonetheless, the complex forms an og indrettede bolig for bygningsskriveren og entity, on the one hand because of its yellow, kontor med tegnestue og møderum for ingeni- limewashed walls, and on the other because ørkorpsets chef. Herefter gik det slag i slag, og the buildings are all arranged around a com- pakrum og lofter inddroges til chefboliger og mon courtyard. When Realdania Byg took over kontorer. I 1815 var der stort set ingen maga- the complex, it consisted of six main buildings: sinrum tilbage, et tydeligt udtryk for, at der ikke the Superintendent’s Residence (building 1), længere var brug for oplagring i større målestok the Magazine (building 4), the Half-timbered til fæstningens brug. Building (building 11), and the Shed Building Efter fæstningens nedlæggelse i 1856 bort- (consisting of buildings 7, 8, and 9). An old out- faldt den oprindelige anledning til at oprethol- house stood by the Superintendent’s Residence de en “Fæstningens Materialgård”. Det gamle and a narrow shed at the end of the Half- anlæg fortsatte dog som militær institution, nu timbered Building; both have been renovated som domicil for den militære bygningstjeneste and preserved. A guardhouse from 1995 at the under forskellige navne, senest som “Forsvarets main entrance has been demolished. A concrete Bygningstjeneste” indtil fraflytningen og forsva- bunker with two entrances had been built under rets salg af materialgården i 2007. the courtyard during World War II, presumably as a shelter. The bunker has been preserved, but will not be discussed in the following. Bygningshistoriske iagttagelser i de enkelte bygninger Fæstningens Materialgård består af flere bygnin- The Superintendent’s Residence ger med hver sin karakter og bygningshistorie. The building was built in 1740. The exterior Alligevel fremstår anlægget som et samlet hele, was well preserved, though the original door dels på grund af den fælles farve på det gulkalkede on the canal had been in the bay farthest to the

15 Modsatte side: murværk, dels fordi alle bygninger ligger som left. There was a continuous corridor along the Fæstningens Materialgård en krans omkring en fælles gård. Ved Realdania end wall to a door on the courtyard. The corri- består af flere bygninger Bygs overtagelse bestod anlægget af seks egent- dor gave access to a three-flight main staircase med hver sin karakter og bygningshistorie. Alligevel lige bygninger: nemlig Materialforvalterboligen leading to the mansard (second) story in two fremstår anlægget som et (bygning 1), Magasinbygningen (bygning 4), bays on the courtyard. This was followed by samlet hele. Bindingsværksbygningen (bygning 11) og de two bays with a kitchen that had a good-sized sammenbyggede halvtagshuse (bygning 7, 8 og fireplace. The rest of the story was divided up Opposite page: 9). Desuden var der den gamle lokumsbygning haphazardly so that it did not completely har- The Fortifications Depot ved Materialforvalterboligen samt et smalt halv- monize with the clearly segmented long sides, consists of several buildings, each with its own character tagsskur ved gavlen af Bindingsværksbygningen each with a large, three-bay pedimented front and history. Nonetheless, (begge istandsat og bevaret), og endelig en vagt- gable in the middle. The ground floor, for ex- the complex forms an entity. bygning fra 1995 ved hovedporten (nu nedre- ample, had a spacious room that spanned four vet). Under gården blev i krigsårene 1940-45 bays, three of them under the front gable and anlagt en betonbunker med to nedgange, formo- the fourth on its right. There was a clear struc- dentlig som sikringsrum. Bunkeren er bevaret, tural weakness on the second story, as a parti- men den er ikke yderligere omtalt i det følgende. tion wall was missing under the left cheek of the front gable, which consequently rested on a beam that was not even reinforced. Only in Materialforvalterboligen a few places did the second story’s partitions Bygningen er som anført fra 1740. Huset er i rest on the ground floor’s walls; the remainder det ydre meget velbevaret, dog havde det op- rested only on the joists – yet another weak- rindeligt gadedør mod kanalen i det yderste fag ness. Later remodelings made the plan increas- til venstre. Langs gavlen var der en gennem- ingly muddled. This had especially unfortunate gående gang til en dør mod gården. Fra gan- results when the corridor was moved between gen var der adgang til en treløbs hovedtrappe 1815 and 1833 from the outermost bay to the til mansardetagen (første sal) i to fag mod går- third bay from the left, and the main staircase den. Herefter var der i to fag et køkken med was moved along with it, but by only one bay et stort køkkenildsted. Resten af etagen var af and not two. The result was a staircase with an en ret rodet opdeling, som ikke rigtig fulgte unusually confused structure, with one quarter

16 17 18 de klart opdelte langsider med de store trefags turn of the staircase and the top flight hanging kviste i midten. F.eks. var der i stueetagen en over the corridor! The kitchen fireplace on the sal (benævnt således i 1815) på fire fag, de tre ground floor was removed, resulting in yet an- under kvisten og det fjerde til højre side. I man- other unfortunate design, since there was still sardetagen var der en klar konstruktiv svaghed, a heavy brick fireplace in the kitchen on the idet der manglede en skillevæg under kvistens second story above. venstre flunke, som derved udelukkende hvile- Despite the amateurish floor plans and many de på et spær, som ikke engang var forstærket. remodelings, the building had interiors of a Mansardetagens skillevægge hviler kun undta- high quality. When the complex was restored, gelsesvis på stueetagens vægge, ellers alene på Varmings Tegnestue was asked to carry out a bjælkelaget, hvilket også er en svaghed. Senere thorough building-archeological study in order ombygninger har gjort planløsningerne sta- to clarify the building’s historical and architec- dig mere uklare. I særlig grad fik det uheldige tural values. The study showed that good car- virkninger, da gennemgangen blev flyttet mel- pentry from several periods had been preserved, lem 1815 og 1833 fra yderfaget til tredje fag fra though very little from 1740. There were da- venstre og hovedtrappen blev flyttet med, dog dos and pier panels, some of them reused and Modsatte side: ikke to fag, men kun ét fag. Resultatet blev en pieced together. Several rooms had traces of Materialforvalterboligen trappe af usædvanlig forvirret opbygning, hvor old layers of paint and decorations in the form er fra 1740. Huset er i trappens ene kvartsving og det øverste løb hang of rocailles and marbeling that clearly showed det ydre meget velbevaret, dog havde det oprindeligt over gennemgangen! Køkkenildstedet i stueeta- that the interiors had had quite a distinguished gadedør mod kanalen i det gen blev fjernet, atter en konstruktiv uheldig look. A single room had marbled panels that yderste fag til venstre. løsning, da der stadig var et tungt, muret køk- were sufficiently well preserved to be uncov- kenildsted oven på i mansardetagen. ered and conserved. As a whole, the interiors Opposite page: Alligevel har huset, næsten på trods af de in the northeast part of the ground floor had The Superintendent’s amatøragtige planløsninger og de mange om- a measure of coherence and quality that was Residence was built in 1740. The exterior was bygninger, haft interiører af høj kvalitet. I for- respected in Realdania Byg’s remodeling of the well preserved, though the bindelse med restaureringen af anlægget blev building. As there was almost nothing of high original door on the canal Varmings Tegnestue bedt om at udføre en quality to take into account in the southwest had been in the bay farthest gennemgribende bygningsarkæologisk under- part of the building, major changes were made to the left.

19 søgelse af huset for at afklare husets historiske there. The main staircase was demolished and og arkitektoniske værdier. Undersøgelsen af- a new three-flight staircase was recreated in slørede, at der var bevaret godt snedkerarbejde the original 1740 location. A three-bay room fra flere perioder, dog meget lidt fra 1740. Der was created along the canal by combining the er brystnings- og pillepaneler, til dels genan- corner room and the blind part of the corridor vendte og sammenstykkede. I flere rum fandtes where the street door had been bricked up after spor af gamle farvelag og dekorationer i form 1913, probably before the building was given af rocailler og marmorering, der tydeligt viste, heritage status (listed) in 1918. Now the floor at interiørerne tidligere havde haft et ret for- plan corresponds more closely than ever before nemt præg. I et enkelt rum var der marmore- to the building’s facade rhythm of three + three rede fyldinger, der var tilstrækkelig velbevarede + three bays. til at blive afdækkede og malerkonserverede. I det hele taget havde interiørerne i stueetagens nordøstlige del en vis sammenhæng og kvalitet, The Magazine som ved Realdania Bygs ombygning er blevet The building from 1768 was profoundly af- respekteret. I den sydvestlige del var der næsten fected by the transformations that took place ingenting af kvalitet at tage hensyn til, og her from the earliest years after its construction to

20 er indgrebene blevet store. Hovedtrappen er the time when it was acquired by Realdania Et væsentligt element i blevet revet ned, og trappen er blevet genskabt Byg: from a warehouse with large open rooms restaureringsprojektet har på det oprindelige sted fra 1740, hvor en ny tre- intended for storing heavy materials to apart- været at bruge den bygningshistoriske analyse som løbstrappe er blevet opbygget. Mod kanalen er ments and offices. The building was extended et redskab til at fastlægge der etableret en stue på tre fag ved sammenlæg- on the northeast in two stages: first in 1819 karakteren af den enkelte ning af hjørnestuen og den blinde del af gen- with a building a little over half its depth, flush bygnings detaljeringsgrad. nemgangen, hvor hoveddøren mod kanalen var with the facade on Bryghusgade, and then blændet efter 1913, sandsynligvis før fredningen in 1889, when the extension was made just An important element in i 1918. Efter ombygningen er planløsningerne as deep as the old one. Considering that the the restoration project was to use the historical analyses mere end nogensinde i overensstemmelse med building took on its form and appearance as as a tool for determining the husets facadeskema tre+tre+tre fag. a result of many remodelings and additions character of an individual over a period of 118 years, its exterior is amaz- building’s level of detailing. ingly regular. Even the doors and windows that Magasinbygningen were added are almost evenly apportioned on Bygningen fra 1768 er dybtgående præget af the long sides. This regularity is the result of den successive omdannelse til bolig og kontor, very evenly spaced recesses in the outer wall som har fundet sted lige fra de tidligste år efter that were simply intended to save on bricks.

21 I betragtning af, at byg- There are fifteen recesses along Bryghusgade ningen har fået sin form and eight recesses with seven wall openings over 118 år, er eksteriøret between them – gateways, doors, and hatches forbavsende regulært. – on the courtyard. Each time a wall was giv- Considering that the en a window as a section was converted from building took on its form storeroom into office or living space, this was and appearance over naturally done in a recess, where the wall was a period of 118 years, thinnest, and in principle nonbearing. its exterior is amazingly The interiors no longer reflect the original regular. warehouse function, only the building’s later use as offices, a drafting office, and apartments. The first transformation was in 1771, just three years after the warehouse was built. opførelsen og til Realdania Bygs overtagelse – At the southwest end on the courtyard, two fra magasin med store åbne rum tiltænkt op- hatches were bricked up and two others were lagring af grove materialer til bolig og kontor. changed into windows, supplemented with Bygningen er forlænget mod nordøst i to om- three windows in the recesses that had been gange; først i 1819 med et hus i godt og vel halv opened up. After this first transformation, the bredde, i flugt med facaden mod Bryghusgade; facade on the courtyard looked quite irregular, dernæst i 1889, hvor den smalle bygning gø- with its two big windows providing daylight res lige så bred som det gamle hus. Af hensyn for a drafting office on the second story. On til passagen mellem bygningerne 1 og 4, blev Bryghusgade, eight recesses were transformed hushjørnet afskåret over ca. 2 alen eller 122 into eight large windows, and the end wall cm. I betragtning af, at bygningen har fået sin was given a main entrance to the new rooms. form og fremtræden ved en lang række om- og The door opened on a stairwell with a three- tilbygninger over 118 år, er eksteriøret forbav- flight staircase. On the ground floor were a sende regulært. Selv de gennembrudte døre kitchen, a living room, and a bedroom for the og vinduer sidder i næsten jævn takt fordelt first buildings clerk, as well as a little orderly over langsiderne. Denne regelmæssighed er et room. The head of the corps of engineers had

22 Interiørerne afspejler ikke længere den oprindelige magasinfunktion, men udelukkende den senere indretning til kontorlokaler, tegnestue og boligrum.

The interiors no longer reflect the original warehouse function, only the building’s later use as offices, a drafting office, and apartments.

23 Magasinbygningen fra 1768 er dybtgående præget af den successive omdannelse til bolig og kontor.

The Magazine from 1768 was profoundly affected by the transformations.

24 resultat af ganske taktfast anbragte sparenicher his office and the corps’ drafting office on the i magasinets murværk. En spareniche er en ind- second story, which had large windows on the vendig blænding i murværket. Der er femten courtyard. nicher mod Bryghusgade og otte nicher med When quarters soon became cramped, three mellemfaldende syv muråbninger, port, døre og more bays in the Magazine were relinquished, pakhusluger mod gården. Hver gang murene er possibly as early as 1803. The Superintendent blevet gennembrudt for at anbringe et vindue i might have complained about losing so much takt med skiftet fra magasin til opholdsrum, er space, and there is some indication that this det selvfølgelig sket i en spareniche, fordi muren was considered the limit. A sturdy wall was her var tyndest og i princippet ikke-bærende. built through both stories and the attic with a Interiørerne afspejler ikke længere den oprin- party-wall parapet over the roof. This firewall delige magasinfunktion, men udelukkende den gave the drafting office, archives, office, and senere indretning til kontorlokaler, tegnestue apartment the best protection if a fire should og boligrum. Den første omdannelse fandt sted start in the stores. The firewall was moreover i 1771, kun tre år efter, at huset var bygget. Mod a clear signal: this far and no further! An office gården i den sydvestre ende blev to pakhuslu- for the Superintendent and a hall with a door ger tilmuret og to andre luger omdannet til vin- to the courtyard were laid out on the ground duer suppleret med tre vinduer i gennembrudte floor. The buildings clerk’s apartment was sparenicher. Gårdsiden blev meget irregulær at expanded with one bay on the street, and the se på efter dette første indgreb, hvor to store last two bays had a room that could be ac- vinduesåbninger gav dagslys til en tegnestue i cessed only from the hall and was not used salsetagen. Mod Bryghusgade blev otte spare- in 1815. On the second story, the corps of blændinger omdannet til otte store vinduer, og engineers was given a drafting office span- i gavlen blev muren gennembrudt til en hoved- ning three bays and spacious archives on dør ind til de nye lokaler. Bag hoveddøren blev Bryghusgade. der trapperum med en treløbstrappe, desuden The detailed plan from 1815 shows that af- var der i stueetagen køkken, stue og kammer ter a few years, almost all the storage space til 1.bygningsskriveren samt en lille ordonnans- was relinquished nonetheless. An area was stue. Ovenpå regerede ingeniørkorpsets chef fra converted into an apartment accessed from

25 Den detaljerede plan fra 1815 viser, at man efter få år inddrog næsten hele magasinet.

The detailed plan from 1815 shows that after a few years, almost all the storage space was relinquished.

Bryghusgade for the new head of the corps of engineers, Lieutenant Colonel Christoph Henrich Suckow, probably in 1809, when he was appointed to the position. The apartment was separated from the building’s other rooms in curious fashion. On the ground floor it spanned three bays on the street and one on the courtyard, and on the second story, six bays on the street and one on the courtyard. The apartment had no front door on the courtyard and was completely detached from everything else. Perhaps this is how Suckow protected his solitary private life. The apartment was the first in the building to house a senior official. When Suckow died 1818, he was succeed- ed by Lieutenant Colonel Rasmus Krag, who wanted a larger residence, as he had a family, and evidently a big one. On the ground floor, the new residence covered the entire southwest end, seven bays, to the firewall. On the second story, it occupied not only these same seven bays, but also one bay on Bryghusgade and five bays on the courtyard. The residence was occupied for more than 100 years. As noted above, a curious extension was added to the northeast end of the building after Krag took up occupancy of the entire southwest end in 1818. Just half as deep as the Magazine,

26 sit kontor over korpsets tegnestue med de store Jeg synes, det er fantastisk spændende at få mu- vinduer mod gården. lighed for at dykke ned i historien og finde ud af, Pladsen blev hurtigt for kneben og yderligere hvad der virkelig har værdi – husk på, at ikke alt har tre fag af magasinbygningen blev inddraget, »arkitektonisk værdi, bare fordi det er gammelt. muligvis allerede i 1803. Materialforvalteren Anne Lene Jørgensen, Varmings Tegnestue har muligvis knurret over at skulle afgive så stor plads. Noget tyder på, at man havde tænkt sig at stoppe her. Der bygges en kraftig mur op gen- I think it’s fantastically exciting to get the chance to delve down nem begge etager og tagrummet med en brand- into history and find out what really is valuable. Remember, kam over tagfladen. Med denne brandmur var not everything has architectural value just because it’s old. tegnestuen og arkivet samt kontor og boligrum Anne Lene Jørgensen, Varmings Tegnestue sikret bedst muligt, hvis der skulle opstå brand i magasinerne. Man signalerer med brandmuren: Hertil og ikke længere! I stueetagen indrette- des kontor til forvalteren og en forstue med dør til gården. Bygningsskriverens bolig blev udvidet med et fag mod gaden, og i de sidste to fag var der en stue, som kun havde adgang fra forstuen, og som var ubenyttet i 1815. Ovenpå fik ingeniørkorpset tegnestue på tre fag og mod Bryghusgade et stort arkiv. Den detaljerede plan fra 1815 viser, at man efter få år alligevel inddrog næsten hele magasinet. Der blev med adgang fra Bryghusgade indrettet en lejlighed til ingeniørkorpsets nye chef oberst- løjtnant Christoph Henrich Suckow, antagelig samme år som hans udnævnelse, dvs. 1809. Lejligheden havde en mærkelig afgrænsning fra husets øvrige rum. Den bestod i stueetagen af tre

27 En mærkelig tilbygning føjedes til nordøstgavlen i 1818.

A curious extension was added to the northeast end of the building in 1818.

it had a solid facade on Bryghusgade, though there were blank window openings on the second story. All light entered the extension from the courtyard. The old Magazine still had its hipped gables, but the extension was given a straight gable. The second story was used as a library and archives. A drawing in pencil on a plan from 1870 (perhaps later) shows how the extension could be expanded, as it was in 1889. Its gable on Frederiksholms Kanal was straight, like the extension’s, but its corner was canted by 122 cm to make room between the building and the Superintendent’s Residence. The draw- ings from 1870 show that the gable on the southwest had been transformed into a half- hipped gable at a time when a number of gar- rets were built at this end of the attic. Seven bays to the firewall were fully built out in the attic, and three dormers were added on the street and three on the courtyard. Four of the six dormers provided a large room with daylight from both sides. The dormers were preserved and were later supplemented with 18 others when the entire attic was fully built out. When the big apartment was vacated, the space was used for offices. This meant building a central corridor on both main stories. It had

28 fag mod gaden og et fag mod gården, i salseta- Magasinbygningen gen af seks fag mod gaden og et fag mod gården. er udvidet tre gange Lejligheden havde ingen yderdør mod gården og – sidst i 1889. var helt afgrænset fra alt andet. Suckow værnede The Magazine was måske om sit ensomme privatliv på denne måde. expanded three times Lejligheden var den første chefbolig i huset. – most recently in 1889. I 1818 tiltrådte oberstløjtnant Rasmus Krag stillingen efter Suckows død. Han ønskede en større chefbolig, da han havde familie, tilsyneladende af en betragtelig størrelse. Den nye chefbolig blev i hvert fald meget stor. Den omfattede i stuen hele den sydvestlige ende på syv fag indtil brandmuren, og i salsetagen for- uden de samme syv fag yderligere et fag mod Bryghusgade og fem fag mod gården. Denne bolig var i brug i mere end 100 år. En mærkelig tilbygning føjedes til nordøst- gavlen i forbindelse med Krags indtagelse af hele den sydvestlige ende i 1818. Husdybden var kun godt halvt så stor som magasinbygningens. Facaden mod Bryghusgade var blind og vinduesløs, dog med vinduesblændinger i overetagen. Alt lysindfald var fra gården. Det gamle magasin havde stadig sine valmede gavle i behold, men tilbygningen fik stående gavl. Overetagen blev indrettet til bibliotek og arkiv. På en plan fra 1870 er der (måske senere) med blyant indtegnet en udbygning af det smalle hus. Denne udbygning blev realiseret

29 i 1889. Den fik som nævnt afskåret hjørne a highly irregular and contorted progress espe- mod Materialforvalterboligen. Gavlen mod cially on the second story, and building it had Frederiksholms Kanal blev en stående gavl i fragmented several good interiors. A quarter lighed med gavlen på det smalle hus. Man kan of the rooms had not been affected, and when af tegningerne fra 1870 se, at gavlen mod syd- Varmings Tegnestue began its studies, they were vest var ændret til en halvvalm på et tidspunkt, considered significant and worthy of preserva- hvor man havde bygget nogle tagkamre i den- tion. The dismembered rooms as a whole had ne ende af tagetagen. Udnyttelsen af tagetagen so many fragments of what had once given omfattede de syv fag indtil brandgavlen, og der them such quality (panels, doors, ceiling cornic- var indsat tre kviste mod gaden og tre mod es) that a reconstruction could be considered. gården. Fire af de seks kviste gav dagslys til et stort gennemgående rum. Kvistene er bevaret og er senere i forbindelse med udnyttelsen af The Half-timbered Building hele tagrummet blevet suppleret med 18 kviste. The building from 1748 is a very simple ware- Da den store chefbolig blev nedlagt, benyt- house structure with thin walls. The beams tede man lokalerne til kontorer. Denne brug were supported at the third points by longitu- medførte, at en midterkorridor blev indbygget dinal sleepers borne by sturdy posts at every i begge hovedetager. Især på første sal var gan- second bay. The structure was further support- gens forløb mildt sagt irregulær og kroget, og ed by diagonal struts between the sleepers and gangens indbygning havde slået flere gode in- the posts, four struts per post. Along the outer teriører i stykker. En fjerdedel af rummene var walls, every second sleeper was connected with gået fri og blev fra begyndelsen, da Varmings a strut to the post that stood right under the Tegnestue påbegyndte den bygningsarkæolo- beam. This construction made the joists very giske undersøgelse, betegnet som væsentlige solid and gave the entire building good lateral og bevaringsværdige. De sønderlemmede rum stability. In 1748, 35 bays were used as stores: havde i stor udstrækning så mange fragmenter three large spaces covering ten bays and one bevaret af det, der engang havde givet dem kva- smaller space covering five bays. There were litet (paneler, døre, loftsgesimser), at en rekon- five bays for the wagon yard and there was a struktion kunne komme på tale. stable with six stalls at the southeast end. This

30 Bindingsværksbygningen stable housed six of the “king’s supply horses,” Bindingsværksbygningen Bygningen fra 1748 er et ret simpelt hus – which were put out to graze during the summer fra 1748 er et ret simpelt bindingsværk med tynde vægge. Indvendig outside the western city gates – in the meadows hus. Indvendig var bygningen konstrueret var bygningen konstrueret som et pakhus. where the Swedes had readied their attack on som et pakhus. Bjælkerne var understøttet i trediedelspunk- the city’s weakly fortified Western Ramparts in terne af langsgående underslagsbjælker, der 1659. In 1748, the building also had a big dor- The Half-timbered Building blev båret af kraftige stolper for hvert andet mer with hatches above the three-centermost from 1748 is a very simple fag. Konstruktionerne var yderligere under- bays, and four dormers in the roof on the court- warehouse structure. støttet med skrå kopbånd mellem under- yard. slagsbjælkerne og stolperne, fire kopbånd per In around 1800-1810, the three-bay dormer stolpe. Langs ydervæggene var hver anden was moved two bays to the southeast, and a bjælke forbundet med et kopbånd til den bin- two-bay dormer with a hatch was built over dingsværksstolpe, der stod lige under bjæl- the sixth and seventh bays from the southeast. ken. Konstruktionen gjorde bjælkelaget me- The stable remained unchanged, but was giv- get stabilt, og den gav hele bygningen en god en a fodder barn or perhaps a foal stable that

31 sideværts stabilitet. I 1748 var femogtredive spanned five bays along the ramparts. On the fag indrettet til magasinrum, tre store på ti fag courtyard, part of the former wagon yard was og et mindre på fem fag, dernæst fem fag til converted into a three-bay room, probably vognport og i den sydøstre ende en hestestald for harnesses. The rest of the wagon yard, two med seks spiltove. Stalden var indrettet til seks bays on the courtyard, was merged with three af de såkaldte “Kongens Materialheste”, der bays of the smallest storage area. The gate om sommeren var på græs uden for Vesterport was moved to the tenth and eleventh bay, i “den Store Enghave”, hvor svenskerne i 1659 where it is still found; the irregular room was havde forberedt hovedstormen på byens sva- probably the wagon yard. Then came two ge Vestervold. Bygningen havde i 1748 en stor stores, each six bays, and the rest remained kvist med luge over de tre midterste fag og fire unchanged. kviste i taget mod gården. Later changes resulted in the complete dis- Omkring år 1800-1810 flyttedes den trefags appearance of any sign of the building’s past as kvist to fag mod sydøst og en kvist over to fag a warehouse in the southeast end, where every med luge opførtes over sjette – syvende fag fra trace of the stable had also been erased. When sydøst. Hestestalden forblev uændret, dog for- Realdania Byg bought the property, the two øget med en foderlo eller måske en følstald på storage areas in the northwest end were more fem fag mod volden. Mod gården blev der af or less intact. The transverse partition wall be- den nedlagte vognport afsat et kammer på tre tween them had been moved at some point fag formodentlig til seletøj, og resten af vogn- about one bay toward the southeast. This loca- porten, to fag mod gården, blev sammenlagt tion was not changed in the current restora- med tre fag af det mindste magasinrum. Porten tion. The attic was fully built out and received blev flyttet til tiende – elvte fag, hvor den stadig light from 19 large, modern skylights, which findes, og det irregulære rum var sandsynligvis had defaced the roof. The offices on the top vognport. Herefter fulgte to magasinrum á seks floor had been constructed with a profusion fag og resten var uændret. of gypsum boards for partitions, jamb walls, Af senere ændringer noteres pakhuskarak- and sloping walls. Nothing inside showed that terens fuldstændige forsvinden i den sydøstre it was an old building. The building’s original, ende, hvor ethvert spor af den tidligere heste- robust character was apparent in a few places

32 I Bindingsværkbygningen er konstruktionen nu igen delvist synlig.

The structure of the Half-timbered Building is again partly visible.

33 I 1748 var bygningen stald også er fjernet. Ved Realdania Bygs over- on the ground floor, most clearly in the north- indrettet til magasinrum, tagelse af ejendommen var de to store maga- west end, where posts and sleepers had been vognport og en hestestald. sinrum i den nordvestre ende relativt intakte. preserved, and less clearly in the center, where Tværskillevæggen mellem dem er på et ukendt more than half of the posts had been removed. In 1748, the building was used as a magazine, tidspunkt flyttet ca. et fag mod sydøst. Denne All traces of the former floor plan and interior a wagon yard, and a stable. placering er ikke ændret ved den aktuelle re- bearing timberwork had been effaced in the staurering. Tagetagen var ved overtagelsen southeast end. fuldt udnyttet og lokalerne belyst med 19 store veluxvinduer, som havde skæmmet taget me- Three buildings now comprise get. Kontorlokalerne i tagetagen var opbygget the Shed Building: the workshop, med rigelig anvendelse af gipsplader til skil- levægge, skunkvægge og skråvægge. Her var the connecting building, intet, der viste, at man befandt sig i et gammelt and the brick shed hus. I stueetagen trådte husets oprindelige, ro- Buildings 7, 8, and 9. In 1819, a fire broke out buste karakter frem nogle steder, klarest i den in the Public Works Depot near the bound- nordvestre ende, hvor stolper og underslag var ary to the Fortifications Depot, where two bevaret, mindre klart i midten, hvor flere end wooden sheds burned down. The sheds had halvdelen af stolperne var fjernet. I den sydøst- flanked the pit that had stood at the bound- lige ende var alle spor af den tidligere indret- ary for some 150 years, filled with slaked lime, ning og indvendige bærende tømmerkonstruk- which was used both for making mortar and tion fjernet. for whitewashing brickwork. The two sheds

34 Værkstedsbygningen, were consequently rebuilt separately; the Værkstedsbygningen og mellembygningen og det new building closest to the Superintendent’s materialskuret blev bygget grundmurede materialskur Residence became a workshop (though a plan i 1819, og i 1925 blev mellembygningen tilføjet. Bygning 7, 8 og 9. I 1819 udbrød der brand from 1854 calls it a “magazine”), while the på Civiletatens Materialgård nær skellet til other was used for storage. Both were made The workshop and brick Fæstningens Materialgård, hvor to material- of brick to minimize the risk of fire and in shed were built in 1819, skure af træ antændtes og nedbrændte totalt. keeping with new legislation passed after the and the connecting building Skurene var adskilt af den store kalkkule, som great fires in Copenhagen in 1795 and 1807. By was added in 1925. lå ved skellet i omkring 150 år. Kalkkulen rum- 1925 the lime pit was gone and a connecting mede læsket kalk, som blev benyttet dels til building with a recessed two-story facade was blanding af mørtel og dels til kalkning af mur- erected. In time, the three buildings’ facilities værk. De to nedbrændte skure opførtes der- were combined. for adskilte, men den nye bygning nærmest The workshop was organized symmetri- Materialforvalterboligen blev indrettet til værk- cally with a large room in the center and

35 Det grundmurede materialskur var mod gården ganske åbent.

The brick shed was completely open on the courtyard.

36 Alle tre bygninger var ved overtagelsen i 2007 i brug som kontorer med tilhørende arkivrum m.m.

When the complex was acquired in 2007, all three buildings were used as offices with archives, etc.

sted (på en plan fra 1854 dog benævnt “magasin”), den anden blev indrettet til materialskur. Begge bygninger blev opført i grundmur for at mindske brandfaren. Efter de store bybrande i 1795 og 1807 var det i øvrigt et krav at bygge i grundmur. I 1925 var kalkkulen væk og mellembygningen med den tilbagerykkede toetagers facade blev opført. Den har med tiden medført, at de tre huses funktioner er sammensmeltede. Værkstedsbygningen var disponeret symme- trisk med et stort rum i midten med en bred port flankeret af to små vinduer. I begge gavle var der rum med dør mod gården og vinduer i gavlene. Der var ikke døre mellem de tre rum og de to yderste rum må antagelig have væ- ret materialerum til værkstedet. Denne struktur var på nær den ene tværskillevæg bevaret, da Realdania Byg købte ejendommen. Det grundmurede materialskur var mod går- den ganske åbent. Mellem to korte murvinger var der en 16,5 m bred åbning, med stolper opdelt i fem dele. Stolperne havde kopbånd side- værts og bar en svær rem. Den er bevaret og er et imponerende stykke tømmer, ca. 17,5 m langt med et tværsnit på 11”x11”. De fem åb- ninger var efter en gammel tegning at dømme uden porte. Omtrent midt i bygningen var der underslag med seks stolper og fire kopbånd pr. stolpe. Tagrummet har man kunnet belaste med

37 Jeg synes, at den gode historie er, at vi ved at gennem- double doors flanked by two small windows. føre et ordentligt forarbejde har erkendt kvaliteterne At both ends there were rooms with doors on i bygningerne – og at det er disse kvaliteter, der er the courtyard and windows on the end walls. »arbejdet videre på. There were no doors connecting the three Anne Lene Jørgensen, Varmings Tegnestue rooms, so the two outermost must have held materials for the workshop. This structure had been retained, apart from one transverse par- I think our success story is that by carrying out proper tition wall, when Realdania Byg bought the preliminary work, we acknowledged the buildings’ qualities, property. and these are the qualities that we worked on further. The brick shed was completely open on Anne Lene Jørgensen, Varmings Tegnestue the courtyard. There was a 16.5-meter-wide opening between the two short walls divided into five sections with posts. The posts had transverse struts and supported a thick head. This impressive piece of timber has been preserved: c. 17.5 meters long and with a cross section of 11 x 11 inches. Judging from an old drawing, the five openings had no gates. In about the center of the building, there were sleepers with six posts and four struts per post. The entire building had such a sturdy structure that it was possible to store a great many heavy supplies on the top floor. The very high porch roofs on both of the old buildings were also carefully conceived, high-quality structures with roof trusses under the very long beams. The buildings were designed and intended to be used by officers in the corps of engineers.

38 mange tunge materialer, da hele bygningen har When the complex was acquired in 2007, Anlægget er blevet fredet, så kraftig en konstruktion. De meget høje halv- all three buildings were used as offices with ikke på én gang, men i flere tage på begge de gamle huse var ligeledes gen- archives, etc. and major changes had been omgange. Materialforvalter- boligen blev fredet i 1918. nemtænkte, gedigne konstruktioner med tag- made to the brick shed. The open facade had stole under de meget lange spær. Bygningerne become a brick wall with eight windows. A The complex was given er projekteret af og til brug for ingeniørofficerer. ninth window had been inserted in the short heritage status in several Alle tre bygninger var ved overtagelsen i 2007 wall facing the Half-timbered Building. A stages, not all at once. The i brug som kontorer med tilhørende arkivrum shed dormer had been added almost the en- Superintendent’s Residence m.m. og for materialskurets vedkommende har tire length of the building to provide daylight was listed in 1918. indgrebene været store. Den åbne facade blev for the fully built-out attic. There were eight lukket, grundmuret med otte vinduer. Et niende large, modern skylights in the workshop’s vindue blev indsat i den murvinge der vender roof. mod bindingsværksbygningen. Dagslysindtaget The uniform look that had been given the til den udnyttede tagetage blev etableret med facades of buildings 7 and 9 was architectur- en taskekvist i næsten hele bygningens længde. ally quite bland, and the restoration project was I værkstedsbygningens tag var der otte store based on the three buildings’ original appear- veluxvinduer. Den uniformering af facader- ance. ne på bygningerne 7 og 9, som havde fundet The complex was given heritage status in sted, var arkitektonisk temmelig kedelig, og several stages, not all at once. After heritage

39 Bræddevæggen er ikke blot et arkitektonisk greb – den skjuler den bagvedliggende installationsvæg.

The back wall with lye-treated wooden planks hides all the building’s vertical piping.

istandsættelsesprojektet har taget udgangs- legislation was passed in 1918, the punkt i de tre bygningers oprindelige udseende. Superintendent’s Residence was listed in class Anlægget er blevet fredet, ikke på én gang, A. More buildings were added in 1952, but men i flere omgange. Efter fredningslovens probably only the ones along Bryghusgade vedtagelse i 1918 blev Materialforvalterboligen and Vester Voldgade. In 1983, however, the fredet i klasse A. De øvrige bygninger blev ikke three shed buildings on the property line be- fredet. I 1952 blev fredningens omfang udvi- tween the Fortifications Depot and the Public det, formentlig kun med randbygningerne mod Works Depot were also included – not only Bryghusgade og Vester Voldgade. I 1983 omfat- the two from 1819, but also the connect-

40 Istandsættelsesprojektet har taget udgangspunkt i de tre bygningers oprindelige udseende.

The restoration project was based on the three buildings’ original appearance.

ter fredningen dog også halvtagsbygningerne ing building from 1925, as shown by the of- i skellet mod Civiletatens Materialgård, ikke ficial list from 1983. Walls and the portals bare bygningerne fra 1819, men også mellem- on Bryghusgade and Frederiksholms Kanal bygningen fra 1925, som det fremgår af teksten had been added as well. The latter portal i Fredningslisten fra 1983. Desuden omfatter is crowned with the words “Fæstningens fredningen mure og porte mod Bryghusgade Materialgaard” – the Fortifications Depot – og Frederiksholms Kanal. Over sidstnævnte the name that will hopefully remain there for port står: “Fæstningens Materialgaard”. Det bli- many years to come. ver der forhåbentligt ved med at stå i mange år.

41 42 Fæstningens The Fortifications Depot Af/By Birgitte Kleis Materialgård – Cultural Heritage – Kulturarv og klima and the Climate

1: Mål og barrierer 1: Goals and barriers Kulturarven slår dørene op Cultural heritage opens its doors Langs Frederiksholms Kanal i København ned Along Frederiksholms Kanal in Copenhagen, mod udmundingen til havneløbet ligger en where the canal runs into the fairway, lies a row perlerække af gamle gulkalkede længer under of old yellow, limewashed buildings under large store røde tegltage, med hvide småsprossede red-tile roofs with small-paned, white-framed vinduer og grønne porte. For de fleste køben- windows and green gates. For most Copen- havnere er de en særdeles velkendt del af by- hageners, they are a very familiar part of the billedet. Bygningerne synes altid at have ligget cityscape. They seem to have been there for- der men er nok svære at tidsfæste for de fle- ever, but most people probably have a difficult ste – ud over at de ligner noget fra det rigtigt time dating them – except that they look like gamle København. Det er nok også de færre- something from Copenhagen long ago. Very ste, der har haft mulighed for at komme ind few have had an opportunity to enter the com- bag murene og fornemme den særlige pitto- plex and experience the distinctive, picturesque reske stemning á la Ærøskøbing, som hersker atmosphere between the buildings and in the mellem bygningerne og i gårdrummene. Det courtyards, an atmosphere found in little Dan- er nok endnu færre, der har oplevet bygnin- ish towns like Ærøskøbing. Still fewer have ever gerne indefra, og det er der en god grund til. been inside the buildings, and for good reason. Modsatte side: De gule bygninger har De sidste gule bygninger ud mod havneløbet The last yellow buildings by the water were frem til 2007 været i har nemlig frem til 2007 været i Forsvarets eje the property of the Ministry of Defense until Forsvarets eje og dermed og dermed i hovedsagen lukket land for of- 2007, and consequently off limits to the general i hovedsagen lukket land fentligheden. Bygningerne husede oprindeligt public. The buildings originally comprised the for offentligheden. Fæstningens Materialgård, som blev bygget og Fortifications Depot, a complex that had been udvidet over en periode på mere end 200 år. erected and expanded over a period of more Opposite page: The yellow buildings Fra 1740 til 1995 er bygningerne på godt og than 200 years between 1740 and 1995. For bet- were the property of the ondt løbende blevet ombygget og indrettet i ter or worse, the buildings had been remodeled Ministry of Defense until overensstemmelse med tidens fremherskende and converted to suit the period’s prevailing 2007, and consequently off stil og ejerens konkrete behov. style and the owner’s specific needs. limits to the general public.

43 I 2007 ønskede Forsvaret imidlertid at afhæn- In 2007, the Ministry of Defense wanted to de Fæstningens Materialgårds samlede kom- sell the entire complex, consisting of four in- pleks bestående af fire selvstændige bygninger dependent buildings and a number of smaller og et antal mindre skure, der sammen med sheds, which together with walls and gates en- mure og porte omkranser et fint lille haveanlæg circled a fine little garden with chestnut trees med kastanjer og rosenbuske mod omverdenen. and rose bushes.

Umistelige kvaliteter og nyt liv Inalienable qualities and new life Straks efter erhvervelsen gik Realdania Byg As soon as Realdania Byg acquired the prop- i gang med at finde ud af, hvad bygningerne erty, it set about deciding what the buildings fremover skulle bruges til. Selskabet vurderede, would be used for. The company felt it would at det ville være mest rentabelt at indrette og be most profitable to convert and rent them out udleje bygningerne som kontorer med fælles- as offices with common facilities in the form faciliteter i form af møderum og kantine men of meeting rooms and a shared lunchroom, but på en måde, der i højere grad end tidligere, rein a manner that respected and reinforced the spekterede og styrkede bygningernes iboende buildings’ inherent qualities to a greater extent kvaliteter. Samtidig begyndte overvejelserne than before. The company also began to con- om, hvad der skulle til for at sikre de værdier, sider what it would take to ensure the heritage som man håbede at finde. For at blive i stand values that it hoped to find. In order to base til at restaurere på et kvalificeret grundlag var restoration on a solid foundation, studies had det nødvendigt først at gennemføre et opmå- to be carried out and a technical survey devised lingsarbejde og udarbejde en bygningshistorisk so that a building program could be formulat- undersøgelse, som kunne danne grundlag for ed. The goal was to determine what and where formuleringen af et byggeprogram. Man satte architectural and antiquarian values remained. sig for at finde ud af, hvad der var tilbage af ar- Because the buildings were empty when they kitektoniske og antikvariske værdier – og hvor were handed over, destructive studies could de var. Fordi bygningerne stod tomme ved be used. They included pulling down lowered overtagelsen, var det muligt at foretage såkaldte ceilings in places so that the original ceilings

44 destruktive undersøgelser. Dette betød bl.a., at could be inspected, and removing the top floor nedhængte lofter blev revet ned visse steder, så covering and several layers of floors below it man kunne tage de oprindelige lofter i øjesyn, to determine the condition of the underlying ligesom gulvbelægningen og flere lag gulve blev wooden flooring. fjernet for at konstatere tilstanden af det under- Using this information, along with old draw- liggende trægulv. ings and other historical documentation, the Sammenholdt med gamle tegninger og an- survey concluded that the four buildings had dre arkivalier konkluderede undersøgelsen, at originally had very different functions, and that de fire bygninger fra begyndelsen havde haft this had naturally influenced their original ar- meget forskellige funktioner, og at dette natur- chitecture. ligvis oprindeligt havde præget arkitekturen. Although the four buildings dated to four Uagtet at de fire bygninger var opført i hver different periods and each had been conceived sin periode og var tiltænkt hver sin funktion, with a specific function in mind, this differen- var denne differentiering stort set forsvundet tiation had largely disappeared both inside and såvel ude som inde. I takt med at pakhusluger out. As warehouse hatches and old gateways og gamle portåbninger blev lukket og erstattet had been blocked up and replaced by white- af hvide sprossede vinduer, var der sket en uni- framed, muntined windows, the buildings had formering af anlæggets bygninger. Indretningen taken on a uniform look. Converting them into af kontorer med brug af de samme materialer offices, using the same materials and same level og den samme detaljeringsgrad overalt betød, of detailing throughout, had meant that some at en del af bygningsanlæggets kvaliteter var of the complex’s qualities had disappeared or at forsvundet eller i det mindste var skjult. De least had been hidden. The original floor plans oprindelige rumforløb var ændret flere gange, had been changed several times, and fine build- og fine bygningsdetaljer og snedkerarbejder var ing details and carpentry were blurred and hid- sløret og gemt bag utallige skillevægge af gips- den behind innumerable gypsum-board parti- plader, kilometervis af kabelbakker og under lag tion walls, kilometers of cable trays, and layers af pastikmaling, nålefilt og linoleum – hvis de of acrylic paint, needle-felt carpeting, and lino- da ikke helt var fjernet og dermed gået tabt for leum – unless they had been removed entirely eftertiden. and consequently lost forever.

45 Restaurering og CO2-reduktion Restoration and CO2 reduction Intentionen med byggeprogrammet var der- The building program consequently aimed at for at gennemføre en klassisk restaurering og carrying out classical restoration and rehabili- genopretning, hvis arkitektoniske kongstanke tation with the principal architectural goal of var at genskabe de fire bygningers oprindelige recreating the original distinctive appearance særpræg og den indbyrdes forskellighed, som of the four buildings and their original mutual bygningerne var født med. diversity. Omtrent samtidig med overtagelsen af Fæst- At about the same time as Realdania Byg ningens Materialgård i 2007, fik København took over the Fortifications Depot in 2007, overdraget værtsskabet for det klimatopmøde, Copenhagen was charged with hosting the som i december 2009 skulle konkretisere og be- climate summit in December 2009 that was slutte afløseren for Kyoto-protokollen, og hvis to concretize and decide on the successor to endelige mål var at få en ny aftale i hus om en the Kyoto Protocol, its final goal being to bring

væsentlig reduktion af verdens CO2-udledning. about a new agreement on a significant reduc-

Det lykkedes som bekendt ikke, men topmødet tion in the world’s CO2 emissions. Though the gav anledning til formulering og gennemførelse summit failed, it did lead to the formulation af mange projekter, der havde ambitionen om and implementation of many projects with the

CO2-reduktion til fælles og dermed egnede sig common ambition of reducing CO2 emissions Modsatte side: til at blive præsenteret i forbindelse med top- and consequently were suitable for presenta- Destruktive undersøgelser mødet. tion at the summit. konkluderede, at de fire bygninger fra begyndelsen Det satte også tanker i gang hos Realdania Realdania Byg decided that this would be an havde haft meget forskellige Byg, som mente, at det ville være oplagt at obvious opportunity to investigate and dem-

funktioner og arkitektur. undersøge og demonstrere, hvor meget man onstrate how much CO2 emissions could be

kunne reducere CO2-udledningen i en fredet reduced in a heritage (listed) building through Opposite page: bygning gennem energirenovering. Realdania energy conservation. It took a careful look at all Destructive studies Byg valgte derfor at gennemgå sine fredede its heritage properties to find one that was suit- concluded that the four buildings had originally ejendomme for at finde en, der egnede sig til able for the purpose. The choice quickly fell on had very different functions formålet. Valget faldt hurtigt på Fæstningens the Fortifications Depot, for the obvious reason and architecture. Materialgård af den indlysende årsag, at de fire that its four buildings differed with a view to

46 47 bygninger var forskellige i såvel arkitektur og architecture, age, and structure, making it pos- alder som i konstruktion, hvorfor det var muligt sible to approach energy conservation in four at gribe energiproblematikken an på fire for- different ways. skellige måder. Choosing and rejecting Valg og fravalg A number of seemingly conflicting and very Ret hurtigt tegnede konturerne af en række central questions soon became obvious. How tilsyneladende modsatrettede og helt centrale can the cultural heritage and the climate be spørgsmål sig dog: Hvordan behandler man given equal consideration when attention kulturarven og klimaet ligeværdigt, når hensy- to the architecture is paramount? How can net til arkitekturen vejer tungest? Hvordan kan energy-conservation measures be carried out man energirenovere uden at antaste de arkitek- without compromising the buildings’ architec-

toniske og fredningsmæssige værdier? Hvordan tural and heritage values? How can CO2 emis-

kan man reducere CO2-udledningen og samti- sions be reduced yet ensure that the Working dig overholde arbejdsmiljølovens krav til inde- Environment Act’s provisions concerning the klimaet i kontorarbejdspladser? indoor air quality in office workplaces are still På den baggrund besluttede Realdania Byg met? at gøre Fæstningens Materialgård til genstand Realdania Byg decided to make the Fortifi- for demonstrationsprojektet ’Energirenovering cations Depot the subject of a demonstration i fredede bygninger’. Projektet skulle 1:1 vise, project, “Energy Conservation in Historical hvor vidtgående det er muligt at energirenovere Buildings.” The project was to demonstrate et fredet bygningskompleks under hensyntagen on a 1:1 scale the extent to which energy- til de særlige forhold, der gælder, når bygninger- conservation measures can be carried out in ne skal bruges til kontorarbejdspladser. Selv om a heritage building complex, taking account fredede bygninger i Danmark udgør under en of the special provisions in force when build- halv procent af den samlede bygningsmasse og ings are going to be used as office workplaces. altså ikke tæller meget i global sammenhæng, Although heritage buildings account for less når det gælder energibesparelser, valgte byg- than half a percent of the total building stock

48 herren at vende argumentet rundt: Hvis man in Denmark, and consequently do not account selv i en fredet bygning kan opnå en betydelig for much in a global context when it comes to

CO2-reduktion ved at energirenovere, hvor me- saving energy, the client decided to reverse the get vil det så ikke være muligt at reducere CO2- argument. If a significant CO2 reduction can be udledningen i det almindelige byggeri, som ikke achieved even in a heritage building through er underlagt skrappe fredningsbestemmelser? energy conservation, how much more could

CO2 emissions be reduced in ordinary buildings that are not subject to strict heritage regu- Tværfaglig dialog lations? Det blev besluttet at integrere energiprojektet i restaureringen på et tidspunkt, da man var i gang med projekteringen. Bygherren benyttede imid- Interdisciplinary dialogue lertid anledningen til at gå et skridt baglæns i Realdania Byg decided to integrate the energy processen og give tid til at gennemføre en for- project in the restoration work at a point when maliseret analysefase forud for det konkrete byg- planning was already under way. It took a step geprojekt. Der blev derfor nedsat en tværfaglig back in the process and made enough time arbejdsgruppe med deltagelse af arkitekter, kon- to carry out a formalized analysis before the struktionsingeniører, vvs-ingeniører, frednings- building project was begun. An interdiscipli- myndigheder og bygherre selv. Gruppen skulle nary working group was set up for the purpose fungere som projektets styrende instrument, og comprising architects, structural engineers, dens væsentligste opgave lød på at analysere HVAC engineers, the heritage authorities, and mulige CO2- og energibesparende tiltag og re- the client. The group was to serve as the pro- degøre for, hvilke energimæssige konsekvenser ject’s governing body, and its most important tiltagene ville have i forhold til fredningsværdier, task was to analyze potential measures to re- arkitektur, konstruktion, indeklima og økonomi. duce CO2 emissions and energy consumption Analysedelen mundede ud i en rapport med and clarify what consequences these measures en indkredsning af, hvilke energitiltag der ville would have for the complex’s heritage values, være mulige at gennemføre i projektets anden architecture, structure, indoor climate, and fase, der omfattede det konkrete byggeprojekt. economy.

49 The analysis phase resulted in a report that identified energy-saving measures that could be carried out in the second phase: the building project itself. The report was also intended to serve as inspiration for similar projects to re- model and convert heritage buildings into offices. The interdisciplinary working group was given adequate time – nearly a year – so that final choices could be made on the best possible foundation. To do so, it held a number of workshops that were initially spent literally in role-playing, with each participant acting out his or her own professional part. To put it simply, the client, for example, played the role of a landlord who was less concerned about how the work was done as long as the restored buildings could be rented out. The engineer was supposed to ignore how the result looked and concentrate on saving energy. The heritage authorities were supposed to do their utmost to safeguard historical values. The goal was naturally not to get the different professions to engage in a round of mud- slinging, but rather to objectively describe and provide an argument for choosing or rejecting potential measures. This proved both a challenging and an enriching process for all parties, since it was difficult, but also educational,

50 Tanken var, at rapporten også kunne fungere to be forced to verbalize why one measure som inspiration for andre lignende opgaver, could be accepted while another could not. hvor fredede bygninger ombygges og indrettes Why refuse to mount solar panels on a herit- til kontorer. age building with a tile roof? Just because of Processen i den tværfaglige arbejdsgruppe how it would look, or might there be a fun- tog det meste af et år, hvilket var helt bevidst, damental and perhaps better reason, and if so, fordi man ønskede at træffe de endelige valg ud what would it be? fra et så kvalificeret grundlag som muligt. The experiment showed that although the Gruppen holdt derfor en række møder, hvor different professions initially stuck to their own man i begyndelsen ganske bogstaveligt spillede accepted positions and reacted as expected, et rollespil – hver med sin faglige kasket på. Sat slowing down or actually blocking a dialogue, lidt på spidsen betød det, at bygherren eksem- in time it had the opposite effect. The dialogue pelvis indtog rollen som udlejeren, der var min- provided greater insight into one another’s dre optaget af, hvordan det blev konstrueret, areas of expertise, and greater mutual under- når blot de restaurerede bygninger ville kunne standing of and focus on aesthetic and techni- lejes ud. Ingeniøren skulle ignorere, hvordan cal characteristics that made it possible to find det så ud, og i stedet koncentrere sig om at spa- good solutions as a team. Since everyone had to re energi, mens fredningsmyndigheden skulle listen the others’ arguments for and against the varetage bevaringsværdierne bedst muligt. various proposals, each member of the group Modsatte side: Det blev besluttet at Formålet var naturligvis ikke faglig mudder- stepped out of his role and permitted himself integrere energiprojektet i kastning men derimod sagligt at beskrive og ar- to think in a new way. What was difficult and restaureringen på et tids- gumentere for både valg og fravalg af mulige løs- educational for the individual was to keep to his punkt, da man var i gang ninger. Det viste sig at være en både udfordrende own role’s arguments, for example keep a sharp med projekteringen. og berigende proces for alle parter, idet det var focus on architecture without thinking of her- svært, men samtidig lærerigt, at blive tvunget til itage aspects. The most important lesson was Opposite page: Realdania Byg decided to at sætte ord på, hvorfor én løsning kunne ac- that plumbing and wiring had to be taken into integrate the energy project cepteres, mens en anden ikke kunne. Hvorfor af- account right from the beginning, which meant in the restoration work at a slår man at montere solceller på en teglbeklædt, that engineers already had an important part to point when planning was fredet bygning? Handler det udelukkende om play in the sketching process. under way.

51 udseendet, eller er der en underliggende og må- Shortening the long list ske bedre grund, og hvordan ser den ud? A long list of all possible – and impossible – en- Eksperimentet viste, at selv om de forskel- ergy-saving measures was drawn up on the ba- lige faggrupper i begyndelsen nok holdt fast i sis of the building program’s description of the egne vedtagne holdninger og forventelige re- complex’s history and existing conditions, and aktioner, som bremsede eller ligefrem forhin- of an analysis of its antiquarian and architec- drede dialogen, så havde det på længere sigt tural values. The list was deliberately drawn up den modsatte effekt. Dialogen gav nemlig en without taking architecture or heritage values større indsigt i hinandens fagområder og større into account, and neither were location, physi- gensidig forståelse for og fokus på æstetiske og cal conditions, or function considered. This was tekniske egenskaber, som gjorde det muligt at done in order to provide the broadest possible finde gode løsninger i fællesskab. Når alle var foundation for the work. nødt til at høre på hinandens argumenter for Each of the measures on the long list was ac- og imod de enkelte forslag, resulterede det i, at companied by an evaluation form that the mem- den enkelte trådte ud af den fastlåste rolle og bers of the group used to analyze and justify ac- tillod sig at tænke nyt. Det svære og lærerige for cepting or rejecting measures from their expert den enkelte var at holde sig til sin egen rolles point of view. It was the client’s task to evaluate argumenter og eksempelvis være helt skarp på the energy-saving measures’ affect on whether det arkitektoniske uden at tænke fredning. Den the premises could be rented out, and on opera- vigtigste lære var, at de tekniske installationer tions and maintenance. The heritage authori- skulle tænkes ind i projektet helt fra starten, og ties were to view the measures based on their at ingeniørerne derfor havde en vigtig rolle at knowledge of building typology. The architect’s spille allerede i skitseringsprocessen. task consisted of evaluating the form, function, and integration potential of the energy-saving measures and seeing how they harmonized Grovsortering af bruttoliste with the goals of the restoration project. The På baggrund af byggeprogrammets beskrivelse structural engineer was asked to analyze the af bygningshistorie og eksisterende forhold significance of the energy-saving measures for samt af analysen af de antikvariske og arkitekto- the buildings’ existing structures, especially in

52 niske værdier blev der udarbejdet en bruttoliste Den store fordel ved at arbejde med fire forskellige over alle tænkelige – og utænkelige – energibe- bygninger var, at vi kunne tænke i at placere funktio- sparende tiltag. Listen blev bevidst udarbejdet nerne rigtigt i forhold til bygningernes egenskaber og uden hensyntagen til arkitektur og frednings- »formåen. Helt afgørende er at vi i dette projekt fik lov at lave en værdier, ligesom forslagene heller ikke tog be- dybdegående analyse af bygningernes energimæssige opførsel, liggenhed, bygningsfysiske forhold eller funk- der viste, hvor de satte energi til, og hvordan indeklimaet var. tion med i betragtning. Dette var for at have Anne Lene Jørgensen og Jesper Strunge Jensen, det bredest mulige grundlag at arbejde ud fra. Varmings Tegnestue Til alle bruttolistens forslag blev der desuden udarbejdet vurderingsskemaer, hvor gruppens deltagere hver især skulle analysere og begrun- The great advantage of working with four different buildings is de afslag eller accept af forslagene ud fra faglige that we were able to think about locating facilities correctly in betragtninger. Det var således bygherrens op- relation to the buildings’ characteristics and capabilities. What gave at vurdere de enkelte energitiltags indvirk- was completely decisive was that we were allowed to make ning på udlejningsmuligheder og på drifts- og an in-depth analysis of the buildings’ energy patterns to show vedligeholdelsesmæssige forhold. Frednings- where energy was consumed and the state of the indoor climate. myndigheden skulle se på tiltaget ud fra et be- Anne Lene Jørgensen and Jesper Strunge Jensen, varingsmæssigt synspunkt baseret på deres vi- Varmings Tegnestue den om bygningstypologi. Arkitektens opgave bestod i at vurdere form, funktion og indpas- ningsmæssige forhold i de enkelte energibesparende forslag og holde dem op mod restaure- ringsprojektets ideer. Konstruktionsingeniøren blev bedt om at analysere energiforslagenes betydning for de eksisterende konstruktioner, især i forhold til fugtbalance. Endelig spillede vvs-ingeniøren en central rolle, idet han for hver bygning skulle vurdere forslagets betydning for, hvor meget energi, der kunne spares,

53 og om indeklimaet blev acceptabelt, hvad angik relation to the moisture balance. The HVAC en- rumtemperatur og luftskifte. gineer played a key role, since he had to evalu- Første arbejdsgruppevurdering gik ud på at ate for each building how much energy could be foretage en grovsortering af bruttolisten ud fra saved by adopting the measures, and whether de vurderinger, som fremgik af skemaerne. For the resulting indoor climate’s room temperature hver af de fire bygninger var der til at begynde and air circulation were acceptable. med lige knap 40 forslag som f. eks. ideen om at The first workshop was spent shortening the udskifte de originale vinduer til nye energivin- long list based on the evaluation forms. Initially duer. Dette blev dog forkastet med det samme there were nearly 40 proposals for each of the af bygherre, arkitekter og fredningsmyndighe- four buildings, for example replacing the origi- den, fordi forslaget hverken respekterede arki- nal windows with new energy-efficient win- tekturen eller fredningen. dows. This was immediately rejected by the Heller ikke et forslag om nye vinduer med client, architects, and heritage authorities, be- aktiv indvendig solafskærmning som f. eks. cause it respected neither the architecture nor persienner kom længere i processen. Det ville the buildings’ heritage status. naturligvis minimere varmetabet og reducere The proposal for new windows with active kuldebroer, men forslaget blev ved første ar- indoor shading devices, for example blinds, got bejdsgruppevurdering afslået af fredningsmyn- no further either. It would naturally have mini- digheden, der ikke kunne acceptere integreret mized heat loss and reduced thermal bridges, solafskærmning i et historisk vindue. Heller but at the first workshop it was rejected by the ikke arkitekterne kunne gå ind for forslaget, heritage authorities, which could not accept fordi de mente, at persienner mellem vindue og integrated shading in a historical window. The forsatsvindue ville have uacceptable arkitekto- architects were also unable to accept the pro- niske konsekvenser for helheden i bygningen. posal, since they believed that blinds between Derimod anbefalede både konstruktionsinge- the outer and secondary windows would have niøren, vvs-ingeniøren og bygherren i første unacceptable architectural consequences for a omgang forslaget til videre behandling. Denne building’s overall appearance. The structural en- skulle blandt andet dokumentere, om manuelt gineer, HVAC engineer, and client, in contrast, betjente persienner på den ene side kunne af- initially approved the proposal. A further study

54 hjælpe problemer med overtemperaturer om was intended to document whether manually sommeren og på den anden side sikre et var- operated blinds could alleviate problems with metilskud om vinteren og dermed, om forsla- overheating in the summer, on the one hand, get ville have nogen målbar effekt på energi- and contribute additional heat in the winter, on forbruget. Når forslaget alligevel ikke gik videre the other, and thus if the proposal would have til anden arbejdsgruppevurdering, var det fordi any measurable effect on energy consumption. de arkitektoniske og fredningsmæssige værdier The proposal nonetheless failed to reach the vejede tungest i vurderingen og ikke måtte an- second workshop because architectural and tastes. heritage values carried greater weight in the evaluation and could not be challenged. Blower-door-test og termografering Blower-door testing and thermal Som led i indsamlingen af data om de eksiste- infrared photography rende forhold blev der gennemført to under- As part of the process of collecting data on ex- søgelser, der skulle dokumentere om de gamle isting conditions, two studies were carried out bygninger var utætte og i givet fald hvor. Den to document the old buildings’ airtightness and ene var en såkaldt blower-door-test, der ved at localize any leakage. One was a blower-door generere trykforskel mellem ude og inde kunne test, which generates a difference in building- vise, hvor utæthederne var og dermed, hvor to-outside pressure to show where air leakage energien blev brugt. Bygningstætheden bereg- was found and consequently where energy was nes ud fra, hvor meget luft der skal tilføres for used. A building’s airtightness is calculated ac- at opretholde trykket. Undersøgelsen viste, at cording to how much air must be added in der var mange utætheder i og omkring vindu- order to maintain pressure. The test showed erne – blot ikke i Materialforvalterboligen, som that there was a great deal of leakage in and viste sig at have en tæthed på højde med ny- around the windows, though not in the Su- ere byggerier. Desuden var der et generelt pro- perintendent’s Residence, which was found to blem med kolde luftstrømme ved gulvet. Bin- have airtightness on a par with that of modern dingsværksbygningen var faktisk så utæt, at det buildings. In addition, cold air currents at floor

55 overhovedet ikke kunne lade sig gøre at op- level proved a general problem. Leakage in the bygge tryk. Half-timbered Building was actually so great Disse forhold blev yderligere underbygget af that it was impossible to generate any pressure. en termografisk undersøgelse foretaget med et These conditions were further confirmed by infrarødt kamera, som dokumenterede et stort thermal infrared photography, which docu- varmetab omkring vinduer og døre – selv om- mented considerable heat loss around win- kring forholdsvis nye ovenlysvinduer – samt dows and doors – even around the fairly new ved skunkvægge og lofter med gennembryd- skylights – and at jamb walls and attics where ninger til rør og kabler. holes had been made for pipes and cables.

Energianalyse Energy analyses Frem mod andet arbejdsgruppemøde blev der Before the group’s second workshop, a com- udarbejdet en computermodel ved hjælp af puter simulation model was created using simuleringssprogrammet BSim, der beregner BSim, which calculates energy consumption energi- og indeklimaforhold. Først blev et om- and indoor climate. A large amount of data fattende datamateriale over bygningernes tem- on the buildings’ temperature conditions and peraturforhold, vand- og varmeforbrug, som water and heat consumption was incorporated forsvaret hver dag gennem mange år havde re- into the model using daily statistics that the Modsatte side: gistreret, indarbejdet i modellen. Ministry of Defense had compiled over a pe- Hele restaureringen og nyindretningen af Dernæst blev også alle eksisterende byg- riod of many years. Fæstningens Materialgård ningsdeles konstruktioner, areal og orientering Then data on all of the structures, spaces, vil give plads til 40 flere lagt ind i computermodellen og suppleret af tal and orientation of the existing buildings were arbejdspladser. for personbelastning og belysning. Dette gjorde fed into the computer model and supplement- det muligt at beregne det eksisterende energi- ed with figures for person load and lighting. Opposite page: forbrug fordelt på de enkelte bygningsdele og This made it possible to calculate the existing Restoring and converting the Fortifications Depot samtidig få et indtryk af det eksisterende ter- energy consumption for the individual building would make room for miske indeklima i et udvalg af rum fordelt på sections, and at the same time get an impres- 40 more workplaces. forskellige etager i de fire bygninger. Endelig sion of the existing thermal indoor climate in

56 57 blev de energiforslag, der var anbefalet til videre a selection of rooms on different stories in the behandling, beregnet i forhold til potentialet for four buildings. And finally, the energy meas- energibesparelse, simpel tilbagebetalingstid og ures that had been recommended for further

CO2-besparelse. Det udgjorde grundlaget for consideration were calculated in relation to andet vurderingsmøde, som resulterede i ind- their potential energy reduction, simple pay-

kredsningen af en nettoliste med beskrivelser back time, and CO2 reduction. This comprised af, hvordan det enkelte energibesparende tiltag the basis for the second workshop, which re- kunne udføres, og hvilken effekt det ville have sulted in a short list with descriptions of how i forhold til besparende effekt i energimængde, each energy-saving measure could be carried

indeklimamæssig effekt, netto CO2-besparelse out, and what effect it would have on energy

og simpel tilbagebetalingstid, ud fra nuværende reduction, indoor climate, net CO2 reduction, energipriser. and simple payback time based on current en- Formålet med den tredje vurdering var at ergy prices. foretage en kvalitativ udvælgelse blandt de af The goal of the third workshop was to make nettolistens energibesparende forslag, som a qualitative choice among the short list’s en- samlet ville kunne understøtte hinanden i ste- ergy-saving proposals, which in combination det for at gå i hver sin retning og dermed mu- would be mutually reinforcing instead of taking ligvis modarbejde hinanden. Forslagene skulle different directions and possibly counteracting desuden være fornuftige i forhold til de over- one another. The proposals would also have to ordnede retningslinjer i restaureringsprojektet harmonize with the restoration project’s overall og bygherrens indretningsønsker, og de skulle guidelines and the client’s wishes for how the kunne realiseres under hensyntagen til fred- buildings were to be converted, and moreover ningsværdierne. be achievable considering the buildings’ herit- Den fjerde og sidste vurderingsrunde blev age values. brugt til at gennemgå og korrigere det samle- The fourth and last workshop was spent rede energirenoveringsprojekt, i de tilfælde hvor viewing and amending the energy-conservation eventuelle delprojekter ikke levede op til for- project as a whole where parts of it might not

ventningerne til CO2-besparelse, energibespa- live up to expectations for CO2 and energy re- relse og til kvaliteten af indeklimaet. duction and for indoor-climate quality.

58 Energiberegninger Energy calculations og faktiske besparelser and actual reductions Resultatet af de grundige energiberegninger vi- The result of the detailed energy calculations ste, at det ville være muligt at opnå CO2-bespa- showed that it would be possible to achieve relser på næsten 20 procent ved at gennemføre CO2 reductions of nearly 20 percent by imple- energibesparende indgreb, der ikke væsentligt menting energy-saving measures that did not antastede bygningernes fredningsværdier. Det significantly impact the buildings’ heritage val- tal udgør imidlertid kun halvdelen af regnska- ues. This figure accounts for only half of the bet. Den faktiske CO2-besparelse ligger mellem balance, however. The actual CO2 reduction 4 og 8 procent, idet konsekvensen af at tætne is 4-8 percent, since when airtightness is im- bygningerne og dermed reducere varmetabet proved, reducing heat loss, room temperatures er, at rumtemperaturen samtidig øges. For at simultaneously rise. In order to meet the Dan- kunne leve op til Arbejdstilsynets krav til inde- ish Working Environment Authority’s stand- klima og komfort i kontorarbejdspladser, som ards for indoor climate and comfort in office tilsiger, at der ikke må være mere end 20-22° workplaces – specifying that the temperature og, at temperaturen om sommeren ikke må may not exceed 20-22° C. (25° C. in summer) – overstige 25°, skal der altså bruges energi på at energy must be used for cooling. køle. One example is the measure that the work- Et eksempel på dette er det energitiltag, som ing group considered most important and arbejdsgruppen efter sidste vurdering havde be- had decided to carry out after its last evalua- sluttet at gennemføre som et af de væsentligste tion: replacing the glass in the secondary win- nemlig at udskifte glasset i forsatsvinduer med dows with low-emissivity (low-E) glass. This energiglas. Det ville reducere varmeforbruget would reduce heating by 26.08 percent, but med 26,08 procent men på grund af glassets also increase the room temperature because bedre isoleringsevne samtidig øge rumtempe- of the glass’s better insulation properties. This raturen. Det betød, at behovet for at køle byg- meant that the need for cooling the building ningen i varme perioder også ville stige og sam- in hot spells would also rise, resulting in in- let medføre en øget CO2-udledning på 21,88 creased CO2 emissions of 21.88 percent. Since procent. Da energiglas samtidig har en ringere low-E glass has poorer light penetration than

59 Resultatet af de grundige lysgennemtrængning end almindeligt vindu- ordinary window glass, calculations showed energiberegninger viste, at esglas, viste beregningerne, at elforbruget ville that electricity consumption would rise by 3.75 det ville være muligt at øges med 3,75 procent, fordi der skulle bruges percent because more artificial light would be opnå CO -besparelser på 2 mere kunstig belysning. Alt i alt ville den forven- required. All in all, the expected net CO reduc- næsten 20 procent. 2 tede netto-CO2-besparelse blive 4,29 procent tion would be 4.29 percent. The result of the detailed Med til billedet hører dog også det faktum, at Another matter had to be taken into consid- energy calculations showed hele restaureringen og nyindretningen af Fæst- eration. Restoring and converting the Fortifica- that it would be possible to ningens Materialgård ville give plads til flere tions Depot would make room for more work- achieve CO reductions of 2 arbejdspladser – faktisk 40 flere arbejdspladser places – an extra 40, in fact – than the build- nearly 20 percent. – end bygningerne hidtil havde huset. Takket ings had previously accommodated. Thanks være energirenoveringen ville hver medarbej- to energy conservation, however, each worker der dog belaste energiregnskabet mindre og would have a smaller impact on the energy bal-

dermed udlede mindre CO2. Med andre ord: ance and consequently emit less CO2. In other En mere intensiv udnyttelse af en energireno- words: more intensive use of an energy-con-

veret bygning betyder et bedre CO2-regnskab served building means a better energy balance pr. arbejdsplads. per workplace.

60 2: Restaurering og 2: Restoration and energirenovering energy conservation Hierarki og helhed A hierarchy and the whole Kongstanken bag restaureringen af Fæstningens The principal goal of restoring the Fortifica- Materialgård har som nævnt været at genskabe tions Depot was to recreate and highlight the og fremhæve den kvalitet, at anlæggets bygnin- complex’s distinctive character: buildings that ger oprindeligt var af ganske forskellig karakter had originally been quite diverse and were part og underlagt et indbyrdes hierarki, som tilsam- of a hierarchy that formed a whole. After res- men dannede en helhed. Materialforvalterboligen toration, the Superintendent’s Residence was skal efter restaureringen således atter indtage sin once again to assume its natural place in this naturlige plads øverst i hierarkiet som den for- hierarchy as a distinguished building. The Mag- nemme og repræsentative bygning. Magasinbyg- azine has been unburdened of decades of office ningen er blevet befriet for årtiers kontorindret- interiors of disparate quality, so that the origi- ning af svingende kvalitet, så de oprindelige fine nal fine sequences of rooms have come into rumforløb kommer til deres ret igen, og Halvtags- their own again. The Shed Building’s original husenes oprindelige udseende er genopstået i en appearance has been reinterpreted. The Half- nyfortolket udgave. Endelig har Bindingsværks- timbered Building now looks like what it was bygningen igen fået karakter af pakhus. to begin with: a warehouse. Et væsentligt element i restaureringsprojek- An important element in the restoration pro- tet har været at bruge den bygningshistoriske ject was to use the historical analyses as a tool analyse som et redskab til at fastlægge karak- for determining the character of an individual teren af den enkelte bygnings detaljeringsgrad, building’s level of detailing, so that it suits the således at den passer til bygningens arkitektur, building’s architecture, function, and atmos- funktion og stemning. phere.

Materialforvalterboligen The Superintendent’s Residence Materialforvalterboligen er opført ud mod The Superintendent’s Residence was built Frederiksholms Kanal som en grundmu- along Frederiksholms Kanal (the name of both ret bygning i ni fag med gulkalkede facader the canal and the street) as a brick structure

61 under et rødt tegltag. Bygningen rejser sig i nine bays long, with yellow, limewashed fa- en etage over en høj kælder og med en høj cades under a red-tile roof. The building has mansardetage i taget, der prydes af en trefags one story above a high basement as well as a gavlkvist mod gade og gård. Den høje sokkel high mansard story in the roof, embellished hæver bygningen over gadens niveau og læg- with three-bay, pedimented front gables on the ger afstand til de øvrige bygninger i anlægget, street and the courtyard. The high plinth raises hvorved bygningens særlige betydning i Fæst- the building above street level and differentiates ningens Materialgård understreges. Bygningen it from the other buildings in the Fortifications var fra begyndelsen bolig for materialforvalte- Depot, emphasizing its special significance in ren men havde også udadvendte repræsenta- the complex. It originally housed the Superin- tive funktioner. Dette afspejler sig i et tydeligt tendent, but was also used for official functions, hierarki mellem etagerne med stueetagens rigt something that is reflected in the different sto- udstyrede sale og kabinetter mod gaden og ries’ clear hierarchy. The ground floor’s richly kanalen. Første sal har dannet ramme om den decorated rooms, large and small, faced the private sfære, og kælderen har haft praktiske street and canal. The second story formed the funktioner. private sphere, and the basement served practi- Den bygningshistoriske analyse fastslog, at cal needs. de bærende fredningsværdier i Materialforval- The historical analysis showed that the pri- terboligen først og fremmest er bygningens re- mary heritage values in the Superintendent’s præsentative karakter og placering i anlæggets Residence are its distinguished character and helhed og det indbyrdes forhold og hierarkiet location in the complex as a whole, and the mu- mellem etagerne. Også bygningens stilhisto- tual relationship and hierarchy of its different riske sammensatte rum og interiører har stor stories. The building’s stylistically composite betydning, ligesom de mange snedkerdetaljer, rooms and interiors are also highly significant, som oprindelige vinduesrammer og døre, bryst- as are the many carpentry details. The original nings- og lysningspaneler, skodder i vinduesni- window frames and doors, dados and reveals, cherne, samt gerichter og fodpaneler udgør en shutters in the window niches, architraves and væsentlig del af fredningsværdierne. Huset in- baseboards account for much of its heritage deholder elementer fra både barok, empire og value. The building features Baroque, Empire,

62 Materialforvalterboligen er opført ud mod Frederiksholms Kanal som en grundmuret bygning med gulkalkede facader og et rødt tag.

The Superintendent’s Residence was built along Frederiksholms Kanal as a brick structure with yellow, limewashed facades under a red-tile roof.

63 klassicisme, som lever fint side om side, hvori- and classicist elements that coexist nicely, while mod senere tilføjelser ikke på samme måde bi- later additions make no real positive contribu- drager positivt til helheden. tion to the whole.

Restaurering med mange lag Restoration with many layers Restaureringen lægger ikke ét enkelt tidsmæssigt Instead of keeping to one specific period in the snit i huset men søger i stedet både at bevare vis- building, restoration endeavored both to pre- se elementer, som de er, og foretage en delvis til- serve certain elements as they are and to par- bageføring af husets hoveddisponering. Endelig tially recreate the building’s main plan. Resto- tilføjer restaureringen også et nyt lag til husets ration also added a new layer to the building’s historie, som tager udgangspunkt i de tilstede- history, based on the styles that are present, værende stilarter men gendigter dem i en nutidig but giving them a modern reinterpretation fortolkning som et bud på, hvordan et hus fra to show how a structure from the mid-18th midten af 1700-tallet kan tage sig ud i 2012. Den century can look in 2012. The overall spatial overordnede rumlige idé har været at bevare concept was to preserve the stories’ hierarchy, hierarkiet mellem bygningens etager, etablere en establish a clear and cohesive room structure, klar og sammenhængende rumstruktur, frem- highlight and reinforce the richly appointed drage og styrke de rigt udstyrede interiører og interiors, and design a suitably distinguished endelig at udforme en trappeforbindelse og som stairwell for the eastern part of the building, passer til bygningens repræsentative karakter, i which has the fewest architectural and anti- den østlige del af bygningen, som har færrest ar- quarian values. kitektoniske og antikvariske værdier. The staircase Trappen The building’s staircase did not function opti- Bygningens eksisterende trappe fungerede ikke mally, since a person on the ground floor had optimalt, da man fra stueetagen var nødt til to walk up half a story on one staircase and then at gå en halv etage op ad én trappe og derpå enter another room to continue up the stairs

64 1. sal / 2nd story

Den overordnede rumlige Stuen / Ground floor idé har været at bevare hierarkiet mellem bygningens etager, etablere en klar og sammenhængende rumstruktur, fremdrage og styrke de rigt udstyrede interiører og endelig at udforme en trappeforbindelse.

The overall spatial concept was to preserve the stories’ hierarchy, establish a clear and cohesive room structure, highlight and reinforce the richly appointed interiors, and design a stairwell.

Kælderen / Basement 65 Den tidligere trappe blev revet ned og erstattet af en ny. Den nye trappe giver bedre cirkulation rundt på etagerne.

The old staircase was demolished and replaced by a new one. This one gives better circulation on the stories.

66 gå ind i et andet rum for at komme videre ad Den nye trappe respekterer trappen til første sal. Endelig var der øverst et husets ånd og er derfor halvt trappeløb, som ganske mærkværdigt end- opført som en trætrappe med fine snedkerdetaljer og te blindt. Trappens placering i andet og tredje profileringer fag fra østgavlen betød desuden, at det ikke var muligt at bevæge sig rundt gennem alle rum på The new staircase respects etagen. Derfor blev den tidligere trappe revet the building’s spirit, and ned og erstattet af en ny – uagtet at den var was therefore conceived as gammel og nok rummede, om ikke antikvarisk a wooden staircase with fine carpentry details and værdi, så dog en kulturhistorisk værdi, men i molding. det samlede billede vejede den arkitektoniske to the second story. At the very top was a half og funktionelle vurdering tungest. staircase, which ended curiously in a blank wall. Først blev det undersøgt, om det ville være The staircase’s location in the second and third muligt at flytte trappen et fag længere mod vest, bays from the east end wall moreover made it men den løsning viste sig at hænge dårligt sam- impossible to make a round of all the rooms on men med konstruktionen i etagedækket. Endvi- the story. This is why the staircase was demol- dere ville det betyde, at der skulle indføjes en ny ished and replaced by a new one, although the stålkonstruktion i etageadskillelsen, som ikke old one had some cultural-historical value, if harmonerede med husets materialer, og med not antiquarian. In the overall picture, architec- andre ord, ville gøre vold på bygningens egen tural and functional assessments outweighed it. vilje. Den nye trappe spænder derfor fortsat ud First the possibility of moving the staircase mellem andet og tredje fag men er vendt i for- one bay farther to the west was considered, but hold til den eksisterende trappe således, at den the arrangement proved incompatible with the giver bedre cirkulation rundt på etagerne. For floor slab’s structure. It would also have meant at overkomme den halve etage fra indgangsdø- inserting a new steel structure in the subflooring ren til stueetagen er der desuden etableret en ny that would not have harmonized with the build- udvendig trappe, der fører til den nye hoved- ing’s other materials, and in other words would dør. Den udvendige trappe er belagt med gra- have infringed on the building’s integrity. The nittrin og svarer i udtryk og materialer således new staircase consequently still takes up the

67 til både bygningens facader og til det brostens- second and third bays, but was turned in rela- belagte gårdrum. tion to the former staircase to give better circu- Også den indvendige trappe respekterer hu- lation on the stories. Steps were built at the new sets ånd og er derfor opført som en trætrappe front door, leading directly from the courtyard med fine snedkerdetaljer og profileringer, der to the ground floor. Their granite corresponds nok har hentet inspiration i barokken men alli- in expression and material to both the building’s gevel har en umiskendeligt nutidig udformning facades and the cobblestoned courtyard. – ikke som en ny trappe i et nybygget hus – The staircase inside the building also re- men én der passer præcis til Materialforvalter- spects its spirit, and was therefore conceived boligen. Intentionen er nemlig ikke at kopiere in wood with fine carpentry details and mold- den oprindelige trappe eller forsøge at bilde ing. Although it displays inspiration from the nogen ind, at den kan have set ud som den Baroque, it nonetheless has an unmistakably nye trappe men derimod at styrke og bevare modern design – not as a new staircase in a arkitektoniske værdier og tilføje nye elementer brand-new building, but one that perfectly suits i traditionelle materialer. Dermed føjer trappen the Superintendent’s Residence. The intention et lag til de mange forskellige perioders sned- was namely not to copy the original staircase kerarbejder og fortæller en historie om arki- or try to convince anyone that this is what the tektonisk ophav, og om bygningens fortsatte old one may have looked like, but rather to re- udvikling. inforce and preserve architectural values and add new elements in traditional materials. As a result, the staircase adds a layer to the carpen- Bevaringsværdige rumstrukturer try of the building’s many different periods, and I den øvrige del af Materialforvalterboligen tells a story about its architectural past and its hersker en fin og bevaringsværdig sammen- continued development. hæng mellem stueetagens fire stuer, omend mange af kvaliteterne var godt gemt bag årtiers lag af plastikmaling i farver, der ikke passede Room structures worth preserving til huset og under misforstået brede planke- There is a fine cohesion worth preserving in gulve samt skæmmet af kabelbakker på tværs the rest of the Superintendent’s Residence,

68 af vinduesnicher. Mod gaden lå oprindeligt comprising the four rooms on the second floor, I Materialforvalterboligen bygningens fornemste rum – en sal i fire fag, though many of their qualities were well hid- hersker en fin og bevarings- der var omgivet af to kabinetter og et gennem- den behind decades of acrylic paint in colors værdig sammenhæng mellem stueetagens fire gangsfag langs gavlen. Indretningen stemte that did not suit the building, under misplaced stuer, omend mange af altså ikke overens med facadens opdeling i tre wide floor planks and cable trays spanning kvaliteterne var godt gemt. gange tre fag, og da bygningsanalysen doku- window niches. What had originally been the menterede hvilke skillevægge, der var flyttet building’s finest room lay on the street side, There is a fine cohesion flere gange og hvilke, der var ældst og derfor taking up four bays and flanked by two smaller worth preserving in the vigtigst at bevare, gav det god mening at ind- rooms and a corridor along the end wall. The Superintendent’s Residence, comprising the four rooms rette tre mere ligeværdige rum en-suite mod arrangement did not correspond to the fa- on the second floor, though gaden. Dermed har man i konstruktionen af et cade’s division into three + three + three bays, many of their qualities were nyt hjørneværelse inddraget et tidligere toilet and when the building analysis documented well hidden. og et forrum i forbindelse med trappens oprin- which partition walls had been moved sev- delige placering. Værelset får lys fra to sider og eral times and which were oldest, and conse- har fin udsigt til Kongens Bryghus og havnen. quently should be preserved, it made sense to Fredningsmyndighederne har stået fast på vig- create three more equal, connecting rooms on tigheden af at bevare en gammel skorsten, som the street. A former lavatory and vestibule next nu på grund af flytningen af skillevæggen står to the original staircase were incorporated into som en fremtrædende murpille i rummets bag- the new corner room. It receives light from two væg. Skorstenen har fået en anden farve end sides and commands a fine view of the King’s

69 væggene, fordi den til forskel fra de øvrige væg- Brewery and the harbor. The heritage authori- ge naturligvis ikke er lærredsbespændt. Skor- ties maintained the importance of preserving stenen har aldrig været bespændt med lærred, an old chimney, which because a partition wall da det jo ville have medført brandfare, dengang was moved takes the form of a prominent pier skorstenen endnu var i brug. Denne historiske on the room’s back wall. The chimney was detalje respekteres og understreges af ændrin- never covered with fabric, since it would have gen i farvevalget. posed a fire hazard when the chimney was still Også på første sal er flere oprindelige rum- in use. This historical detail was respected and forløb bevaret, og her rummer særligt de to emphasized by painting the walls and chimney kvadratiske stuer, med vinduer ud mod hver different colors. sin frontkvist, arkitektoniske og antikvariske Several of the original room layouts were værdier i form af intakte paneler og oprindelige preserved on the second story as well, where døre med fint låsetøj. Her lå boligens opholds- the two square rooms, in particular, each with rum med overdådige barokke vægdekorationer windows in the pedimented front gable, have og rødt træværk, og restaureringen har derfor architectural and antiquarian values in the form søgt at bevare og styrke rummenes barokstem- of intact panels and original doors with fine ning blandt andet gennem en nyfortolkning af fittings. This was the residence’s living room, de oprindelige farver. with sumptuous Baroque wall decorations and Til sammenligning har de rum, der flankerer woodwork painted red. Restoration endeav- de fire stuer i mansardetagen en ganske anden ored to preserve and reinforce the rooms’ Ba- og mere ydmyg stemning; det var loftrum uden roque atmosphere among other things by rein- dagslys, som sikkert har huset tyendet. De kvi- terpreting the original colors. ste, der i dag giver rummene dagslys, er først The areas that flank the four rooms on the kommet til senere. Den ydmyge atmosfære er mansard story, by comparison, have quite a helt bevidst fastholdt og understreget i restau- different and more humble atmosphere. They reringen ved hjælp af enkle bygningsdetaljer og comprised an attic without daylight, undoubt- neutrale farver på væggene, og det er især tag- edly the servants’ quarters. The dormers that konstruktionens frilagte skråbånd og bjælker, now provide daylight are a later addition. A der giver rummene karakter. deliberate effort was made to maintain and un-

70 Materialer, farver og dekorationer derline the humble atmosphere during restora- Gulvene i stueetagen er sammensat af gamle tion with the aid of simple building details and gulvbrædder fra Magasinbygningen og Mate- neutral wall colors; the bare braces and beams, rialforvalterboligen, som er slebet men i øvrigt in particular, are what give the rooms character. får lov at ligge i vekslende længder og bredder komplet med huller fra borebiller. Træværk og snedkerarbejder i Materialforvalterboligen, Materials, colors, and decorations dvs. både trappen, døre, paneler, vinduesram- The floors on the ground floor were assembled mer og lysningspaneler, er malet i samme from floorboards from the Magazine and the varme grå nuance, uanset om de stammer fra Superintendent’s Residence. They were sanded, barokken, empiren eller er nye. At den ser ud but otherwise were laid in different lengths and til at variere i tone fra rum til rum skyldes dels widths, making no effort to disguise holes made vejrets skiften og dels væggenes skiftende far- by deathwatch beetles. The woodwork and vetoner. carpentry in the Superintendent’s Residence – Alle rum har således hver sin farvetone, og staircase, doors, panels, window frames, and paletten er tydeligt inspireret af barokkens far- reveals – were painted in the same warm shade veglæde suppleret af empiretidens lettere tone of gray, regardless of whether they date to the i en nutidig arkitekts fortolkning; her er både Baroque or Empire or are new. The fact that okseblod, søgrøn, violet og babyrosa, dæmpet the color seems to vary in tone from room to blågrå og grønjord. I stueetagen er farverne i room is due partly to changes in light with the form af mat silikatmaling strøget på opspændte weather and partly to the different colors used lærredspartier med kost, mens de på første sal on the walls. er strøget direkte på de pudsede vægge, hvilket Each room has its own tone, the palette begge steder resulterer i overflader med et raf- clearly inspired by the Baroque’s love of color fineret lysspil. and the Empire’s lighter hues as interpreted by Såkaldte farvetrapper, som en konservator a contemporary architect: oxblood, sea green, har fremdraget af vægge og paneler, fører be- violet, baby pink, subdued bluish gray, and vis for, at bygningen faktisk har indeholdt alle green earth. On the ground floor, the matte sili- farverne på et eller andet tidspunkt i sit lange cate paint was applied to sections of stretched

71 En bygning skal bære præg af alle sine perioder – wall fabric with a whitewash brush, while the også den nye vi selv tilføjer. rooms on the second story were painted direct Birte Skov, Kulturstyrelsen on the plastered walls, the result in both places » being surfaces with a refined play of light. Little sections where conservators “opened a A building should bear the marks of all its periods – including window” – uncovered layers of paint in a series the traces that we ourselves leave. of small patches on walls and panels – provide Birte Skov, Danish Agency of Culture evidence that the building actually featured all the colors at some point in its long life. In one place, conservators found three layers of deco- ration in the form of ashlar and tile imitations, and in another there were hunting scenes and landscapes. None of the decorations, however, were in a state that made it possible to preserve them. Instead, they were registered and covered with light plaster, protected for future generations. In the distinguished room on the second story facing the canal, pink rocailles had been painted around doors and on all the walls, and the woodwork had at some point also been painted a fantastic red tone, which was the direct source of inspiration for the current deep- red color chosen for the walls. Interesting findings link past and present on the ground floor as well. Behind a gypsum- board partition was a distinctive little original door, which was “liberated” and restored, and now connects two rooms. A craftsman acci- dentally scraped some paint off a molded dado

72 liv. Et sted fandt man således tre lag dekora- when he walked by with a lath, and revealed tionsmaling i form af kvader- og flise-imitati- the dado’s finely marbled, painted panels. His- oner, og et andet sted udspandt sig jagt- og torical surveys demonstrated the probability landskabsscener. Ingen af dekorationerne var that the panels on the end wall in the last of dog i en sådan stand, at de kunne bevares, og the three connected rooms facing the canal de blev i stedet registreret og pudset over med had been moved at the beginning of the 19th en let puds, så de nu ligger beskyttede for ef- century from the four-bay room to their cur- tertiden. I den fine stue på første sal ud mod rent location. A decision was made to clean Frederiksholms Kanal var der malet lyserøde and retouch the dado and recreate its painted rocailler (slyngede plantemotiver) rundt om Baroque decorations from around 1740, when it døre og på alle vægflader, ligesom træværket was found in the large room. The intention was på et tidspunkt også havde haft en fantastisk naturally to give the impression of the period’s rød farve, der altså har været den direkte inspi- love of color, but this means that the Baroque rationskilde til rummets nuværende dybrøde dado is now in a room whose other furnishings, vægfarve. for example wall fabric, date to later periods, Også i stueetagen knytter interessante fund while the colors on the walls are completely fortid og nutid sammen. Bag en gipspladevæg new and have no Baroque decorations. The cli- fandt man en fin lille oprindelig dør, som nu i ent gladly admits and defends playing around befriet og restaureret tilstand forbinder to rum. with historical effects in this way, but the room Og ved et tilfælde kom en håndværker til at seems convincingly true, fanciful as it is. skrabe maling af et profileret brystningspanel, da han skulle forbi med en lægte og derved afsløredes panelets fint marmorerede, malede Common sense – felter. Bygningshistoriske undersøgelser kunne It should be obvious that it was an enormous sandsynliggøre, at panelerne, der sidder på challenge to find energy-saving measures suit- gavlvæggen i det sidste af de tre rum, som lig- able for use in a building like the Superinten- ger en-suite mod kanalen, var blevet flyttet fra dent’s Residence. Out of respect for the build- den fire fag store sal til sin nuværende place- ing’s primary heritage values, members of the ring i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet. Man valgte working group rejected proposals for modern

73 at rense og retouchere brystningspanelet og energy-efficient windows, external and internal genskabe den barokke bemaling, som pane- shading devices, and external and internal insu- let havde haft omkring 1740, da det sad i den lation – all at their very first workshop. store sal. Intentionen var naturligvis at give et The group did find, however, that in efforts

indtryk af barokkens farveglæde, og det bety- to reduce CO2 emissions it would be sensible der, at barokpanelet i dag sidder i et rum, hvis to increase the building’s airtightness, replace øvrige udstyr, som eksempelvis væglærreder, the glass in secondary windows with low-E stammer fra senere perioder, mens vægfarver- glass, install a combined heating and cooling ne er helt nye og uden barokkens vægdekora- system, control the use of artificial lighting ac- tioner. Der er med andre ord tale om en leg cording to daylight, use energy-efficient light- med de historiske virkemidler, som bygherren ing fixtures, and as part of this process install glad og gerne står ved, men rummet virker the central control of all IT systems and wa- overbevisende helstøbt – selv om det er digtet. ter, heating, and electricity consumption. The final choice of energy-saving measures was based on the realization that old buildings are Sund fornuft - capable of doing a lot on their own, and that Det siger næsten sig selv, at der har ligget en it might be a good idea to let common sense kæmpe udfordring i at finde energitiltag, der eg- prevail. The project’s point of departure was ner sig til at indgå i en bygning som Materialfor- consequently to work with the building’s own valterboligen. Respekten for bygningens bærende climatic characteristics, not against them. An bevaringsværdier har således betydet, at forslag example was the shutters inside the building om energibesparende vinduer, udvendig og ind- that naturally had a practical function in ad- vendig solafskærmning og udvendig og indven- dition to a purely aesthetical one; people in dig efterisolering alle er afvist af arbejdsgruppens the 18th century also used common sense deltagere – allerede ved første vurderingsmøde. and closed the shutters at night to keep rooms Derimod har gruppen vurderet, at det giver warm when it was cold outside. The shutters

god mening i forhold til at reducere CO2- ud- were quite effective, suggesting that perhaps ledningen at øge tætheden af bygningen, ud- removing all the panels in the reveals and skifte glasset i forsatsvinduerne til energiglas, behind radiators to insulate them and then

74 etablere et kombineret varme- og kølesystem, replacing the panels might not have much Man valgte at rense og styre kunstlysforbruget – der styres af dagslys- effect – though it is a tried and true method in retouchere brystningspanelet og genskabe den barokke indfaldet, bruge energibesparende lyskilder og creating an airtight building and reducing heat bemaling, som panelet i den forbindelse etablere en central styring af loss as a result. The blower-door test namely havde haft omkring 1740. alle it-systemer og af vand-, varme- og elfor- showed that all the window frames and panels brug. Til grund for det endelige valg af ener- – and the plastered walls as well – were per- A decision was made to giløsninger ligger en erkendelse af, at gamle fectly airtight because they had been correctly clean and retouch the dado bygninger kan meget selv, og at det er en god constructed and so well maintained over the and recreate its painted Baroque decorations from idé at lade den sunde fornuft råde. Energipro- years that there were not even any cracks in the around 1740. jektet tager således udgangspunkt i at arbejde painted surfaces. It would therefore be a com- med bygningens egne klimatiske egenskaber – plete waste of money to insulate behind the ikke imod dem. En sådan var bygningens ind- panels. This experience was a good reminder vendige skodder, der selvfølgelig havde haft that it pays to carry out specific measurements en funktion ud over den rent æstetiske – for in a building as the point of departure for eco-

75 også i 1700-tallet tænkte man sig om og luk- nomically based energy optimization, and not kede skodderne for at holde på varmen, når just rely on what is usually practical. det var koldt om natten. De fungerede ganske effektivt og gav et hint om, at ideen om at fjerne alle lysningspaneler omkring vinduer – and technological innovations og bag radiatorer for at efterisolere bag dem In another case, in contrast, high-technology og derpå sætte panelerne op igen måske ikke innovation was needed. The working group’s ville have den helt store effekt. Selv om det jo calculations showed that it would be necessary er en gængs og afprøvet metode, som bevise- to install a cooling system in order to meet the ligt har stor effekt, når det gælder om at skabe authorities’ standards for the indoor climate en tæt bygning og dermed reducere varme- in office workplaces, something that very few tabet. Blower-door-testen viste nemlig, at alle converted offices in heritage buildings actually vinduesrammer og paneler – og i øvrigt også do. The ambition was at a minimum to live up de pudsede vægge – var fuldkommen tætte, to the Working Environment Act’s lowest cat- fordi de var rigtigt konstruerede og i øvrigt så egory, C, corresponding to what is called an godt vedligeholdt gennem alle årene, at der “acceptable thermal indoor climate.” end ikke var sprækker i de malede overflader. Because of the arrangement of the rooms in Det ville altså være fuldkomment spild af pen- the Superintendent’s Residence, they cannot be ge at efterisolere bag panelerne. Oplevelsen er defined as an open office and are not required to en god påmindelse om, at det betaler sig at have mechanical ventilation, since the rooms can foretage konkrete målinger i bygningen som be supplied with fresh air simply by opening win- udgangspunkt for en økonomisk baseret ener- dows. In order to avoid high temperatures, how- gioptimering og ikke kun forlade sig på, hvad ever, it is necessary to provide cooling, but not normalt er praktisk. in the form of mechanical ventilation systems, as their over-dimensioned ducting and quite shod- dy materials would be completely incompatible – og teknologisk nybrud with the Superintendent’s Residence’s fine inte- I et andet tilfælde var der omvendt brug for et riors. This was the start of a challenging and far højteknologisk nybrud. Arbejdsgruppens be- from easy search for a combined heating/cooling

76 regninger viste nemlig, at det ville være nød- unit that on the one hand would be able to cre- vendigt at etablere køling i rummene for at ate an acceptable indoor climate by meeting the leve op til arbejdstilsynets krav til indeklimaet rooms’ heating requirements in winter and their i kontorarbejdspladser, hvilket kun ganske få cooling requirements in summer, and on the kontorer indrettet i fredede bygninger rent fak- other have dimensions corresponding to those tisk gør. Ambitionen var som minimum at leve of a traditional flat radiator that could be hidden op til arbejdsmiljølovens laveste kategori C sva- behind a radiator screen and consequently not rende til det, der kaldes et ’acceptabelt termisk mar the rooms’ proportions. indeklima’. It quickly proved obvious that a unit with Materialforvalterboligens rumdisponering these qualities and dimensions was simply not gør, at rummene ikke defineres som et stor- available on the market, and also that manufac- rumskontor og ikke er underlagt krav om me- turers that made larger, clumsier models were kanisk ventilation, man kan derfor få frisk i luft not interested in using their product-develop- i rummene blot ved at åbne vinduerne. For at ment resources for such a small project. It was undgå overtemperaturer måtte der dog køling finally possible to find a fan-coil unit that was til men altså ikke i form af mekanisk ventila- not too deep and could consequently be built tionsanlæg, hvis voldsomt dimensionerede ka- into window niches and hidden behind beauti- nalføringer i ret tarvelige materialer på ingen fully molded wooden panels designed specifi- måde kunne forenes med Materialforvalter- cally to mimic the Superintendent’s Residence’s boligens fine interiører. Det blev startskuddet other carpentry details. på en udfordrende og ikke helt let jagt på en kombineret varme/køleunit, som dels kunne skabe et acceptabelt indeklima ved at dække Plumbing rummets varmebehov om vinteren og dets The advantage – and disadvantage – of the sys- kølebehov om sommeren; dels skulle have tem is the plumbing. The advantage is that the dimensioner svarende til en traditionel plan dimension of an individual pipe is only double radiator, således at den kunne gemmes bag that of an ordinary water pipe. The disadvan- en radiatorskjuler og dermed ikke genere rum- tage is that four sets of pipes are needed for mets proportioner. every unit, because it has to both heat and cool,

77 Det viste sig hurtigt, at det var svært at finde and there might be a need to cool the air in one en unit med de egenskaber og dimensioner og place and heat it in another – simultaneously. desuden, at de producenter, som står bag større The discussion about how to install the nec- modeller, ikke var interesserede i at produktud- essary water pipes began with a proposal to let vikle deres sortiment til en så relativt lille op- steel pipes remain exposed in the rooms, but it gave. quickly became obvious to the working group Til sidst lykkedes det dog at finde en vand- that this would simply not do in a heritage båren varme/køle-unit, en såkaldt ’fan coil’, der building of this character. Installing plumbing ikke var så dyb og derfor kunne indbygges i under the wooden floors, perpendicular to the vinduesnicherne og gemmes bag smukt profi- joists – which would have to be cut through lerede træpaneler tegnet specifikt, så de mimer countless times – was initially unpalatable for Materialforvalterboligens øvrige snedkerdetal- the client, architects, and heritage authorities jer. alike. They were concerned on the one hand about whether it was aesthetically reasonable to hide a technologically complex unit in a fine Rørføringer old building that was not intended for it. On Systemets fordel – og dets ulempe – er rørfø- the other, they were concerned about having ringen. Til fordelene hører, at det enkelte rørs to integrate water pipes that presumably have a dimension kun er det dobbelte af et almindeligt shorter lifetime in a wooden floor structure that vandrør. Ulempen er, at der skal fire sæt rør til should preferably remain untouched for many hver unit, fordi den både skal køle og varme, years, without the risk of water damage. The og der kan opstå behov for at køle ét sted og group eventually chose nonetheless to have the varme et andet sted – på samme tid. plumbing laid under the floors because it could Diskussionen om føringen af de vandbæ- be placed over the joists. The system was given rende rør begyndte med et forslag om, at lade the additional safety feature of using a tube-in- stålrør føres synligt i rummene, men det blev tube arrangement, in which the water pipe is hurtigt klart for arbejdsgruppen, at det ikke incased in a second pipe and is consequently kunne gå i en fredet bygning af Materialfor- not exposed. Plumbing along the length of the valterboligens karakter. En rørføring under building can be serviced by lifting a removable

78 Det lykkedes at finde en vandbåren varme/køle-unit, ’fan coil’, der kunne indbygges bag træpaneler.

It was possible to find a fan-coil unit that could be built into the window niches.

trægulvene på tværs af de bærende bjælker, som skulle gennemskæres et utal af gange, var i første omgang heller ikke spiselig for hverken bygherren, arkitekterne, eller fredningsmyndighederne. De gjorde sig dels overvejelser om det æstetisk rimelige i at skjule et teknologisk komplekst element i en fin gammel bygning, der ikke er beregnet til det. Desuden var de be- kymrede over at skulle integrere vandførende installationer med formodet kortere levetid i en gulvkonstruktion af træ, der helst skal ligge urørt i mange år uden risiko for, at der opstår vandskader. Når gruppen i sidste ende alligevel valgte at lade rørføringen løbe i gulvet, hæn- ger det sammen med, at rørføringen kunne placeres over bjælkelaget, og at man sikrede systemet med en rør-i-rør-løsning, hvor selve det vandførende rør ligger inden i et andet rør, og derfor ikke er risikabelt at bruge. Rørførin- gen på langs af bygningen kan serviceres ved at løfte et demonterbart gulvbræt langs faca- devæggen. Eksemplet er en fin illustration af, at det handler om at værdisætte de ting, man vil værne om, og de ting man bedre kan ofre for at nå det ønskede resultat; nemlig at få krav om CO2-reduktion, fredningsværdier og indeklima til at mødes. Først som sidst har det handlet om at prioritere og træffe de valg, der gør mindst ondt.

79 Glasset i den yderste floorboard along the facade wall. This exam- vinduesramme har et ple provides an excellent illustration of the im- særligt spil af ujævnheder, portance of appreciating the features that one der har stor arkitektonisk og fredningsmæssig værdi. wants to preserve, and being willing to sacrifice others in order to achieve the desired result. In

The glass in the outer this case it was a matter of reconciling CO2 re- window frames has a ductions, heritage values, and indoor climate. distinctive play of light Above all, it meant prioritizing and making the that has great architectural decisions that are least painful. and heritage value.

Low-emissivity glass Energiglas The second major energy-saving measure in Det andet helt centrale energitiltag i Materialfor- the Superintendent’s Residence was replacing Modsatte side: valterboligen er udskiftningen af glasset i forsats- the panes in the secondary windows with low- Til grund for det endelige vinduerne med energiglas. Når man ikke også E glass. It was unfeasible to replace the glass in valg af energiløsninger kunne skifte glasset i den yderste vinduesramme, the outer window frames because the imper- ligger en erkendelse af, var det fordi, der er et særligt spil af ujævnheder fections in the old glass give a distinctive play at gamle bygninger kan i det gamle glas, der har stor arkitektonisk og of light that has great architectural and herit- meget selv, og at det er en fredningsmæssig værdi for bygningen som hel- age value for the building as a whole. Since god idé at lade den sunde fornuft råde. hed. Den kvalitet kan man ikke genskabe i en ny this quality cannot be recreated in insulating termo- eller energirude, og derfor valgte grup- or low-E glass, the group chose to concentrate Opposite page: pen at koncentrere indsatsen om forsatsruderne. its efforts on the secondary windows. One of The final choice of energy- Her var en af udfordringerne at finde et glas, der the challenges was to find glass with a maxi- saving measures was based højst var 3 mm tykt af hensyn til de eksisterende mum thickness of 3 mm to fit the dimensions on the realization that old rammers dimensioner. Desuden blev der brugt of the frames. A great deal of effort was also buildings are capable of doing a lot on their own and mange kræfter på at finde et glas med lavt jern- spent finding glass with low iron content so that it might be a good idea indhold, så det ikke syner grønt i tonen. Det valg- that it did not have a green tint. The glass that to let common sense prevail. te glas har en coatning med en svag grå toning, was chosen has a slightly grayish coating inside

80 der ligger inde i selve glasset, hvilket er vigtigt, når glasset skal kunne pudses på begge sider; her duer det ikke, hvis coatningen er monteret som en film på den ene side af glasset. Coatningen reducerer varmepåvirkningen fra solen og burde – hvis den skulle fungere optimalt – sidde i det yderste lag, men det er som nævnt ikke muligt. Energiglas i forsatsvinduerne er dog langt bedre end blot at have en indvendig solafskærmning i form af et gardin, som nok skærmer for solen men ikke reducerer varmetilskuddet til rummet i nævneværdig grad. Energiglas i forsatsvinduerne er et godt eksempel på, at en perspektiveret beslutning, der tager hensyn til mange aspekter, resulterer i det bedst tænkelige kompromis.

Forventet CO2-reduktion Når bygningen tages i brug forventes det, at energiglasset vil give en CO2-reduktion på 4,29 procent, mens den øgede tæthed af klimaskær- men vil resultere i en reduktion på 6,11 procent. Centralstyring af strømforbruget vil medføre en

CO2-reduktion på 7,50 procent, men behovet for køling vil samtidig indvirke negativt med 0,47 procent på CO2-besparelsen. Samlet forventes bygningen at nå en relativ CO2-reduktion på 6 procent i forhold til CO2-udledningen fra Ma- terialforvalterboligen inden energirenoveringen.

81 Samlet forventes bygningen the pane itself, something that is important, as at nå en relativ CO - 2 it should be possible to wash the windows on reduktion på 6 procent. both sides. The coating reduces the sun’s effect As a whole, the and should – if it is to work optimally – be ap- Superintendent’s Residence plied to the outermost layer, which as noted is expected to achieve was not possible here. Using low-E glass in the

a relative CO2 reduction secondary windows, however, was far better of 6 percent. than just having a device inside in the form of a sunshade, which would indeed keep out sunlight, but would only reduce the sun’s warming effect to a negligible extent. Using low-E glass in secondary windows is a good example of how decisions based on many aspects result in the best possible compromise.

Expected CO2 reduction When the building is ready for occupancy, low-

E glass is expected to provide a CO2 reduction of 4.29 percent, while the climate shield’s increased airtightness will result in a reduction of 6.11 percent. Central control of electricity

consumption will reduce CO2 by 7.50 percent, but the need for cooling will have a negative

effect of 0.47 percent on this CO2 reduction. As a whole, the Superintendent’s Residence is ex-

pected to achieve a relative CO2 reduction of 6

percent in comparison with its CO2 emissions before energy conservation.

82 Magasinbygningen The Magazine Den første del af Magasinbygningen mod Bryg- The oldest part of the Magazine on Bryghus- husgade blev opført i 1768. Bygningen er siden gade dates to 1768. Since then, it has been udvidet to gange i længden og desuden ombyg- lengthened twice and its interior has been re- get indvendigt flere gang. Bygningen består i modeled several times. Today it consists of 18 dag af 18 fag, som står med gulkalkede facader i bays, with yellow, limewashed facades under to etager under et rødt tegltag med høj rejsning. a high-pitched red-tile roof. The roof surface Taget brydes op af en brandkam, der markerer is broken by a party-wall parapet, which de- en af ombygningerne, og af et ujævnt mønster notes one of the remodeling stages, and by an af kviste og tagvinduer både mod gaden og går- irregular pattern of dormers and skylights on den. Et af bygningens særlige karakteristika er both the street and the courtyard. One of the dens ganske lave sokkel, som skyldes, at den building’s distinctive characteristics is its very oprindeligt blev anvendt som magasin for ma- low plinth, a detail that shows it was originally terialer. Dette betød, at der skulle være direkte used as a warehouse that needed direct and og omtrent niveaufri adgang til magasinerne. more or less horizontal access to the stores. De mange udvidelser og ombygninger bety- Because of the many extensions and remode- der, at Magasinbygningen i dag er et rumligt og lings, the Magazine is a spacious and complex sammensat kompleks men også, at der findes structure, but also one with rooms of spatial både rumstrukturelle værdier og fine detaljer fra and structural values and fine details from sev- flere perioder, som er vigtige at fremdrage og eral periods that it is important to uncover and understrege. highlight. Hovedstrukturen i bygningen er angivet af The building is structured by three stairwells, tre trappeforløb – én i hver ende og én place- one at each end and one placed at a point about ret omtrent i tredjedelspunktet fra nord – der one third of the distance from the north. They opdeler bygningen i tre sektioner på tværs af divide the building into three sections perpen- bygningens længde; mens en muret længde- dicular to its length, while a brick partition wall skillevæg, der løber hele vejen gennem byg- runs the length of the building. As it clearly di- ningen, definerer bygningens klare opdeling på vides the Magazine longitudinally, this wall is langs. Længdeskillevæggen er således en af de one of the building’s most important primary

83 2. sal / 3rd floor

1. sal / 2nd floor

Stuen / Ground floor

84 væsentligste bærende bevaringsværdier i Maga- heritage values. Others are the hierarchical dif- sinbygningen, som også omfatter de hierarkiske ferences in spatiality and details between the forskelle i rumligheder og udstyr mellem den richly appointed southern section, which held sydlige rigt udstyrede del, hvor boligen lå, og an apartment, and the northern extensions, så de nordlige tilbyggede dele som rummede which held offices. There are also clear differ- kontorer. Forskellene opleves desuden tydeligt ences from one story to the next. The ground etagerne imellem; med stueetagen og første floor and second story are the most refined, salen som de fineste etager, prydet af stuk og graced with stucco and carpentry details, es- snedkerdetaljer – særligt i boligen, mens an- pecially in the apartment, while the third story den sal i højere grad bærer præg af pragmatisk more clearly reflects its pragmatic use as office kontorindretning. Generelt er der flest beva- space. As a whole, most of the heritage val- ringsværdier mod syd, men også i midten ses ues are found on the south, but the center of sammenhængende rumlige helheder, mens der the building also has cohesive spatial entities. bliver længere mellem værdierne mod nord i Heritage values are few and far between on the bygningen, hvor de fleste ændringer i forbin- north, where most of the changes were conse- delse med restaureringen således er foretaget. quently made during restoration. Modsatte side: De bevaringsmæssige værdier er imidlertid These heritage values were not uncovered, Den første del af Magasin- først kommet for en dag efter en grundig un- though, until a thorough survey had shown bygningen mod Bryghus- dersøgelse, som har vist, at der er bevaret langt that many more interior details had been pre- gade blev opført i 1768. Bygningen er siden udvidet flere interiørdetaljer end først antaget. served than had initially been assumed. to gange i længden og Da Realdania Byg overtog bygningskom- When Realdania Byg acquired the complex, desuden ombygget indven- plekset var alle oprindelige flader beklædt af all of the building’s original surfaces were cov- digt flere gang. materialer uden materialemæssige eller arkitek- ered with materials of no high material or ar- toniske kvaliteter. Bygningen var således pakket chitectural quality. The Magazine was wrapped Opposite page: ind i gipspladevægge fra kælder til kvist med up in gypsum boards from top to bottom. The The first part of the Magazine on Bryghusgade glatte døre uden profileringer på anden sal, og doors had no molding on the third story, which dates to 1768. Since then, it var også her præget af kabelbakker der ikke was moreover defaced with plastic cable trays has been lengthened twice tog hensyn til vinduesnicher og brystningspa- that took no account of window niches or dados, and its interior has been neler og kun nogenlunde gik fri af vinduerne. and only just failed to block part of the windows. remodeled several times.

85 På gulvene lå vinyl, nålefilt eller parket og ned- The floors were covered with vinyl, needle-felt hængte lofter var placeret lige akkurat over vin- carpeting, or parquet, and ceilings had been low- duernes overkant. ered to just over the top of the windows.

Stram rumlig struktur A terse spatial structure Bygningen var indrettet med en lang gang uden The building had been given a long corridor dagslys, som lå parallelt med længdeskillevæg- without daylight parallel with the brick parti- gen. Den gav nok direkte adgang til alle cel- tion wall. It did provide direct access to all the lekontorer men underdelte også rummene mod cell offices, but also subdivided the rooms along Bryghusgade i mindre, forkert proportionerede Bryghusgade into smaller, poorly proportioned rum og resulterede i en fragmenteret bygning spaces, resulting in a fragmented, unstructured uden struktur. building. Hovedintentionen med restaureringen har The main goal of the restoration was to or- derfor været at rydde op i rumstrukturerne og ganize the spatial structure and highlight the fremhæve de bevaringsværdige rum fra for- rooms from different periods that had heritage skellige perioder. Det er gjort ved at fjerne den value. This was done by removing the dark cor- mørke gang og nedrive alle nye skillevægge og ridor and demolishing all new partition walls nedhængte lofter i stueetagen og på første sal. and suspended ceilings on the ground floor and Derigennem har man genskabt en klar struk- second story. This recreated a clear structure, tur med velbelyste, velproportionerede rum på with well-lit, well-proportioned rooms on each hver side af længdeskillevæggen. side of the brick partition wall. Også den lodrette sammenhæng i bygnin- The building’s vertical cohesion was also gen er styrket og gjort tydeligere gennem en reinforced and clarified by making the plan opstramning af plandisposition. Denne indde- terser. It divides the building into smaller ver- ler bygningen i mindre vertikale enheder, der tical units, each grouped around its staircase, grupperer sig omkring hver sin trappe og der- eliminating the need for corridors that would med overflødiggør de gangforløb, som ellers vil otherwise blur the spatial structure. Adjoining sløre rumstrukturen. I tilknytning til trapperne the staircases are lavatories, a kitchenette, and a

86 I det oprindelige portfag mod nord er trappen flyttet fra midten af bygningskroppen til det nordøstlige hjørne og opført som en ny halvsvingstrappe.

In the original entrance bay on the north, the staircase was moved from the center of the building volume to the northeast corner, and given the form of a new half-turn staircase.

87 Hele bagvæggen i ligger toiletter, tekøkken og kopirum og i det copy room. In the original entrance bay on the receptionen udgøres af en oprindelige portfag mod nord er trappen flyt- north, the staircase was moved from the center skabsvæg, der lidt muntert tet fra midten af bygningskroppen til det nord- of the building volume to the northeast corner, kaldes ’julekalenderen’. østlige hjørne og opført som en ny halvsvings- and given the form of a new half-turn staircase The entire back wall in trappe lige til venstre for hovedindgangsdøren. just left of the main entrance. Moving the stair- the reception room was Flytningen af trappen har givet plads til en nød- case made space for an elevator, a necessary fitted with cabinets, vendig elevator og samtidig forbedret flugtvejs- addition, and simultaneously improved escape and has jokingly been called forholdene og fordelingen i bygningen. routes and circulation in the building. “the Advent calendar.” Anden sal ligger under taget med skrå vægge The third story, under the roof, has sloping og lavt til loftet, og her har ambitionen ligeledes walls and low ceilings. The ambition here, too, været at rydde ud i de oprindelige cellekonto- was to eliminate the original cell offices and rer og skabe flest mulige gennemlyste storrums- create the largest number of open offices with

88 kontorer i vekselvirkning med mindre kontorer light from both sides in interaction with smaller til to eller tre medarbejdere. offices for two or three employees. Resultatet er, at Magasinbygningens særlige As a result, the Magazine’s distinctive com- sammensatte karakteristika er blevet understre- posite character has been underlined, so that get således, at de mange bevarede bygnings- the many building details that have been pre- detaljer nu tydeligt hører til i bestemte velde- served now clearly belong to specific, well-de- finerede områder, der hver især forholder sig fined areas created by the brick partition wall til længdeskillevæggen og de tre trappeforbin- and the three staircases. On the other hand, delser. Konsekvensen af plandispositionen er på the plan means that all of the rooms have den anden side, at alle rum i princippet bliver through access now that the dark corridor has gennemgangsrum, nu da den mørke fordelings- disappeared. The well-proportioned rooms gang er forsvundet. De velproportionerede rum can nonetheless hold their own. There is both kan dog sagtens bære det; der er både fysisk physical and mental space to work in peace and og mental plads til at kunne arbejde i fred og quiet with the door to the next office closed, ro med døren lukket ind til næste kontor og or kept open to reap the advantages of having mulighed for at lade dørene stå åbne og drage more colleagues close by. We could call it open fordel af samværet med flere kolleger. Man kan offices in the best of all worlds. kalde det storrumskontorer på ’den fede måde’. Materials and details Materialer og detaljering A major effort was made in the Magazine, as it Også i Magasinbygningen er der gjort en stor was in the Superintendent’s Residence, to en- indsats for at sikre, at de eksisterende snedker- sure that its carpentry was preserved for later arbejder bevares for eftertiden, så man kan op- generations, so that visitors will see how its leve bygningsdetaljernes udviklingshistorie, når details evolved as they walk through the long man færdes gennem den lange bygning. For at building. In order to create harmony between skabe harmoni mellem nyt og gammelt og for old and new, and to carry on the narrative, the at videreføre den fortsatte fortælling føjer det new layer of details that restoration bought nye lag af bygningsdetaljer, som restaureringen with it was harmonized with old layers through

89 har medført, sig ind i den materialemæssige the materials that were used. All new details helhed. Dette er sket ved, at alt nyt er udført are made of wood, not so that they cannot be som snedkerværk i træ – ikke usynligt og for- identified as being new or by copying historical løjet ved at kopiere historiske stilarter – men ved styles, but giving them a modern interpretation. at oversætte historien til en moderne udgave. An example is the new wooden half-turn stair- Et eksempel er den nye halvsvingstrappe af case, which as a whole has a traditional look, træ, hvis overordnede udtryk er traditionelt, but is not as elaborate as the staircase in the men knap så elaboreret som trappen i Materi- Superintendent’s Residence, since its balusters alforvalterboligen; her er balustre og håndlister and handrail are quite simple. helt enkle. The room opposite the staircase was de- Rummet lige over for trappen er indrettet så signed to serve as a common reception room det kan fungere som fælles reception for hele for the entire building, which can be divided up bygningen, der, takket være de tre trapper, kan into several rental entities thanks to the three deles op i flere lejemål. Hele bagvæggen i rum- staircases. The entire back wall was fitted with met udgøres af en skabsvæg, der lidt muntert kal- cabinets, and has jokingly been called “the Ad- des ’julekalenderen’ på grund af de mange skabs- vent calendar” because of its many doors of lågers varierende størrelse. Her er valgt en anden different sizes. A different strategy was chosen strategi, idet detaljeringen er bevidst og umisken- here, because the detailing is deliberately and deligt moderne og gerne vedstår sig sin egen tid. unmistakably modern and gladly acknowledges Endelig ligger der en omstændelig formgiv- its own time. ningsproces bag udtrykket i de træpaneler, som The wooden panels that were chosen to man har valgt at bruge til at skjule de såkaldte conceal the fan-coil units for heating and ’fan coils’, der også her sørger for varme og cooling in this building, too, were the subject køling. Overvejelserne har gået på, om det er of a lengthy design process. Would it be aes- æstetisk og historisk i orden at iklæde et højtek- thetically and historically acceptable to give a nologisk element en kappe med et formsprog, high-tech piece of equipment a covering that som var det af en anden tid, og bygge det ind makes it look as if it came from another era by bag panelerne, som om det er en del af selve installing it behind panels as if it were part of bygningen. Eller om det er mere ærligt at be- the building itself? Or would it be more hon-

90 klæde det, men dog lade det være tydeligt, at est to cover it, but let it be clear that the unit unit’en er et fremmedelement med en formodet is a foreign body with what is presumably a begrænset levetid i forhold til resten af bygnin- shorter lifetime than the rest of the building? gen. Valget er i sidste ende faldet på et panel ud- The choice finally fell upon a panel designed formet med en enkel profilering, og unit’en er with simple molding. The units are placed in placeret i vinduesnicherne, så den ikke antaster window niches so that they do not intrude on fodpanelerne – en løsning der fungerer bedst i the baseboards – a design that works best in de rum, hvor nicherne er så dybe, at den ikke rooms where the niches are so deep that the stikker ud som en boks i rummet. units do not protrude like boxes. I tagetagen (anden sal) skifter udtrykket ka- On the third story, the building changes char- rakter fra de højloftede og højstemt fornemme acter, from high-ceilinged, distinguished rooms rum til store pragmatiske rum med mange an- to large, pragmatic ones with many potential vendelsesmuligheder og helt enkle snedkerde- uses and very simple carpentry details. Floors, taljer; såvel gulve, vægge som paneler danner walls, and panels provide a neutral background på den måde en neutral baggrund for det liv, for the activities to come. der måtte komme til at udspille sig i dem. Colors Farver In contrast to the Superintendent’s Residence, I modsætning til Materialforvalterboligen har no sources of inspiration were found here for man ikke fundet farvemæssige inspirationskil- the colors that could be used on the Magazine’s der at gå ud fra i valget af farvepaletten til væg- walls. Instead, the architects chose a palette of gene i Magasinbygningen. I stedet har arkitek- 12 nuances of cool and warm tones that were terne valgt en palet med 12 nuancer af kølige og test-painted on large sheets of cardboard and varme farver, som blev prøvemalet på store ark placed in the rooms so they could be evaluated pap og placeret i rummene, så de kunne vurde- on the site. The colors range from gray, bluish- res på stedet. Farverne veksler mellem grå, blå- green, and golden to baby-pink nuances. The grønne, gyldne og babyrosa nuancer. De kraftig- strongest colors are used in rooms with circu- ste farver er i fordelings- og gennemgangsrum lation and through traffic, with more subdued

91 Hovedintentionen med restaureringen har været at rydde op i rumstrukturerne og fremhæve de bevarings- værdige rum fra forskellige perioder.

The main goal of the restoration was to organize the spatial structure and highlight the rooms from different periods with heritage value.

og mere afdæmpede farver i hjørneværelser og tones in corner rooms and those occupied for rum, hvor man opholder sig i længere perioder longer periods. Each color was matched ac- ad gangen. Den enkelte farve er afstemt under cording to the points of the compass and light hensyntagen til verdenshjørner og lystempera- temperature, the warmest nuances in rooms tur med de varmeste nuancer i rum, der vender facing southeast and cooler nuances on the mod sydøst og kølige nuancer mod nordvest; northwest, but at least as much in keeping with men nok så meget under hensyntagen til farven the woodwork, which was the first color cho- på træværket der blev håndtonet som den før- sen and was toned by hand, and consequently ste farve og dermed i høj grad har været styren- was highly important for the choice of wall de for valget af farver til væggene. Alle vægge colors. All of the walls were given silicate paint er malet med silikatmaling strøget på med kost, applied with a whitewash brush, giving the sur- som giver en fin stoflighed i overfladen. face a fine texture. Der knytter sig i øvrigt en sjov og lærerig hi- There is an amusing and instructive story storie til bemalingen af lofterne, der på traditio- about how the ceilings were painted, in tra- nel vis er strøget over med limfarve af kogt mos, ditional fashion with distemper made from som normalt giver en helt mat overflade. Det boiled moss that normally gives a completely blev også resultatet i stueetagen og på første sal, matt surface. This was in fact the result on the

92 Her har man ikke fundet farvemæssige inspirations- kilder at gå ud fra. I stedet har arkitekterne valgt en palet med 12 nuancer af kølige og varme farver.

No sources of inspiration were found here for the colors. Instead, the architects chose a palette of 12 nuances of cool and warm tones. hvor der er næsten 3,5 meter til loftet, men så- ground floor and on the second story, where dan gik det ikke i tagetagen. Her er der nemlig the rooms are nearly 3.5 meters high, but not skråvægge og lav rumhøjde. Og i et stort gen- on the third story, which has sloping walls and nemlyst rum, der får dagslys fra kviste til begge low ceilings. In a large room with light from sider, så det pludselig ud som om limfarven skin- dormers on both sides, the distemper seemed nede så meget, at den spejlede omgivelserne. I to shine so much that it reflected its surround- første omgang bredte mystikken sig, og ingen ings. At first nobody could understand the rea- kunne greje, hvad årsagen var. Maleren blev sat son for the mystery. The painter was put to til at male prøvefelter med farveblandinger med work painting test panels using mixtures with mindre og mindre lim i, men lige meget hjalp varying amounts of size, but to no avail: the det – loftet skinnede stadig. Årsagen til proble- ceiling still shone. The problem proved to be met viste sig at være malemetoden; når limfarve the painting method. When distemper is ap- stryges på med kost, flyder den så jævnt sam- plied with a whitewash brush, it flows together men, at den, set under en skarp vinkel i et lav- so evenly that seen under a sharp angle in a loftet rum, altså ser ud som den rent optisk har low-ceilinged room, it looks as if it has a shiny en skinnende overflade. Løsningen blev at male surface. The solution was to give the ceiling on lofterne på anden sal med silikatmaling. the third story a coat of silicate paint.

93 Køling og kabler Cooling and cables Flere af energitiltagene i Magasinbygningen er Several of the energy-saving measures used in de samme som i Materialforvalterboligen, nem- the Magazine were the same as those used in lig energiglas i forsatsvinduerne og fan coils, der the Superintendent’s Residence: low-E glass in sørger for opvarmning og køling. Dog er der secondary windows and fan-coil units that pro- den særlige forskel, at de her ikke tager frisk luft vided heating and cooling. The difference here, ind udefra til køling men derimod recirkulerer however, is that instead of bringing in fresh air luften i rummet dvs. suger luften ind fra gulvni- from the outside for cooling, the units extract veau og blæser den via kølesystemet op langs air at floor level and expel it via the cooling sys- vinduerne og ud i rummet igen. Det kan lade tem along the windows and out into the room sig gøre, fordi der er så højt til loftet. Rumme- again. This recirculation is possible because the nes store luftvolumen og det faktum, at der kun ceilings are so high. Because of the rooms’ large skal være to eller tre arbejdspladser i hvert rum air volume, the fact that there will only be two og, at der ikke er fælles møderum eller kantine, or three workplaces in each room, and the ab- er også årsagen til, at arbejdsmiljøloven ikke sence of common meeting rooms and a shared stiller krav om mekanisk ventilation. Er der be- lunchroom, the Working Environment Act hov for frisk luft i rummene, foregår det ganske does not require mechanical ventilation. If the simpelt ved at åbne vinduerne, præcis som man rooms need fresh air, then windows can simply vil gøre derhjemme. be opened, just as people would do at home. Det, der fremfor alt påkalder sig opmærk- What is most noteworthy about the Maga- somhed i energiprojektet i Magasinbygningen, zine’s energy-saving project is everything that er imidlertid alt det, man ikke kan se. Bag det is not visible. Behind the sober exterior, the fine sobre ydre, de fine vægge med smukke farver walls with their lovely colors, and the high- og fyrretræsgulvene af høj kvalitet, gemmer der quality pine flooring lie an infinite quantity of sig nemlig uendelige mængder moderne tekno- modern technological equipment and kilom- logi og kilometervis af kabler, der styrer hele eters of cables that provide central control for bygningens it- og el-system centralt. Et eksem- the entire building’s IT and electrical systems. pel er bevægelsesmålere, der registrerer, om An example are the motion sensors, which reg- der er nogen, som bevæger sig i rummet, og ister if anyone is moving around in a room; if

94 Bag det sobre ydre gemmer der sig uendelige mængder moderne teknologi og kilometervis af kabler.

Behind the sober exterior lie an infinite quantity of modern technological equipment and kilometers of cables.

95 Bygningen består i dag af 18 fag, som står med gulkalkede facader i to etager under et rødt tegltag med høj rejsning.

Today the building consists of 18 bays, with yellow, limewashed facades under a high-pitched red-tile roof.

96 hvis der ikke registreres bevægelse i en periode, there is no movement for a period of time, the slukker lyset. lights turn off. Andre målere registrerer mængden af dags- Other sensors register the amount of day- lys, og hvis der er nok, kan man ikke tænde light, and if there is enough, desk lamps cannot skrivebordslampen – og så dog alligevel. Der er be turned on – at least in principle. Employees selvfølgelig mulighed for, at den enkelte med- can naturally turn lights on and off or turn the arbejder selv kan tænde og slukke for lyset el- heat up or down, but this is a deliberate choice. ler skrue op og ned for varmen, men de skal Each night the computer with the building’s vælge at gøre det aktivt. Hver nat nulstiller den intelligent control system is reset and reverts computer, der kører den intelligente styring af to the correct energy-saving settings. In other bygningen, og går tilbage til den energimæssigt words, it is a question of helping people change korrekte indstilling. Det handler med andre ord their habits. When they forget to turn off the om at guide folks adfærd, for når de glemmer light, the coffee maker, or the computer, energy at slukke lyset, kaffemaskinen eller computeren consumption doubles, on the one hand in the tæller det dobbelt i regnskabet. Dels i form af et form of higher electricity consumption, and on øget strømforbrug og dels fordi de tændte ma- the other because machines that are turned on skiner afgiver varme til bygningen, som der så give off heat, requiring energy to cool the build- skal bruges energi på at køle. Og da det koster ing. And since it costs 2.5 times as much energy 2,5 gange mere energi at køle ned end at varme to cool than to heat, it certainly pays to have op, kan det godt betale sig at styre bygningen central control for the building. This is why a centralt, og derfor er der brugt mange kræfter great deal of effort – and a lot of electricity – – og meget strøm – på, at de kommende med- was expended so that future employees do not arbejdere ikke skal bruge for meget strøm. use too much of it. Kablerne, der forbinder al det teknologiske The cables that link all this technological isenkram, er såkaldte ’state-of-the-art’ signal- hardware are state-of-the-art signal cables kabler, som formodes at have lang levetid, selv that presumably have a long life, though not om de nok ikke har lige så lang levetid som det as long as the pine floors above these thick fyrretræsgulv, de løber under i tykke bundter. bunches of wiring. This naturally gave rise to Det har selv sagt givet anledning til mange – og many lengthy deliberations about whether it

97 I forhold til bygningens oprindelige tilstand er den

forventede CO2-reduktion på 20 procent, samtidig med at det er muligt at opnå et termisk indeklimaniveau svarende til klasse C.

The expected CO2 reduction in comparison with the building’s original state is 20 percent, while it is possible to achieve a thermal indoor climate level corresponding to class C.

lange – principielle overvejelser om, hvorvidt was right to fill old heritage buildings with det er rigtigt at fylde gamle fredede bygninger high-tech components that require both ver- med højteknologiske komponenter, der kræver tical and horizontal cable-tray systems for både lodrette og vandrette føringsveje, som der which there actually is no room in the build- dybest set ikke er plads til i konstruktionen. ing’s structure. The components have to be Komponenter som skal være skjult, fungere hidden, work impeccably for years, and yet upåklageligt i årevis og alligevel tilgængelige for still be accessible for service if they do not. service, hvis de ikke gør. Den udfordring er løst This challenge was met by laying the greatest ved at lægge flest mulige kabelsamlinger under number of cables under the floorboards, which

98 gulvbrædder, der kan skrues af og i små gulv- are attached with screws to permit removal, bokse, med et lille låg af fyrretræ, der er lige til and in little boxes under the floor with a pine at løfte op. lid that can simply be lifted.

Forventet CO2-reduktion Expected CO2 reduction Set i et større perspektiv har ambitionen om at Seen in a wider perspective, the ambition to re- reducere CO2-udledningen mest muligt vejet duce CO2 emissions as much as possible was så tungt, at det har formået at få alle projektets considered so important that it spurred all par- parter til at prioritere og tænke ud af boksen. ties to consider their priorities and think inno- Det betyder, at man regner med, at energiglas- vatively. As a result, low-E glass is expected to set vil give en CO2-reduktion på 4,44 procent, give a CO2 reduction of 4.44 percent, while the mens den øgede tæthed af klimaskærmen vil climate shield’s increased air tightness will re- resultere i en reduktion på 6,11 procent. Cen- sult in a reduction of 6.11 percent. The central tralstyring af strømforbruget vil medføre en control of electricity consumption will result in

CO2-reduktion på hele 10,75 procent Den høje a CO2 reduction of a full 10.75 percent. This besparelse skyldes bygningens relativt mange high figure is due to the building’s fairly large arbejdsstationer, som omvendt betyder, at be- number of workstations, which in turn means hovet for køling samtidig indvirker negativt that the need for cooling has a negative effect of med 2,67 procent på CO2-besparelsen. Det 2.67 percent on CO2 savings. The overall result samlede resultat forventes at give et reduceret is expected to give a reduced transmission loss transmissionstab på knap 19,6 procent og en of nearly 19.6 percent and an overall relative samlet relativ CO2-reduktion på knap 24 pro- CO2 reduction of nearly 24 percent. The ex- cent. I forhold til bygningens oprindelige til- pected CO2 reduction in comparison with the stand er den forventede CO2-reduktion på 20 building’s original state is 20 percent, while it procent, samtidig med at det er muligt at opnå is possible to achieve a thermal indoor climate et termisk indeklimaniveau svarende til klasse level corresponding to class C. This is quite im- C, hvilket er ganske imponerende, når antallet pressive, considering that the number of work- af arbejdspladser samtidig øges fra 90 til 140. places will have increased from 90 to 140.

99 Halvtagshusene The Shed Building De såkaldte Halvtagshuse blev bygget i 1819 Two of the three structures that make up to- op ad bagvanten ind mod Civiletatens Materi- day’s Shed Building were erected in 1819 on the algård med ensidig taghældning og kun lysind- property line with Public Works Depot. They tag fra øst og i gavlene. De to bygninger blev have a shed roof and light intake only from i 1925 forbundet af en mellembygning. Den the east and at the end walls. The two were sydligste del af Halvtaghusene var oprindeligt linked by a connecting building in 1925. The et åbent materialskur. I taget blev der omkring southern structure was originally an open store. 1970 tilføjet en taskekvist i næsten hele tagets A shed dormer extending almost the entire udtrækning. Remmen, der bærer taget, var length of the roof was added in around 1970. stadig synlig ved restaureringens begyndelse, The head that supports the roof was still vis- selv om åbningerne for længst var muret til og ible when restoration began, although openings erstattet af otte sprossede vinduer. Værksteds- had long since been bricked up and replaced bygningen mod nord havde i begyndelsen en by eight muntined windows. The workshop on port i facadens midte, to døre og to mindre the north initially had a gate in the middle, two vinduer. doors, and two small windows.

Skuret genskabt Recreating the shed I lighed med bygningsanlæggets øvrige byg- Like the other buildings in the complex, this ninger har også Halvtagshusenes indre ændret one had also changed character and use over karakter og brug gennem årene – fra store og the years: from large, open spaces for stor- åbne arealer, hvor man oplagrede materialer ing materials and machines to little cell of- og maskiner, til små cellekontorer forbundet af fices linked by a dark corridor deep inside the en mørk gang længst inde i bygningen op mod building at the back wall. This building was yet bagvanten. I øvrigt var det også her et sandt another treasure trove of gypsum-board walls gipspladevæggenes paradis meget langt i udtryk – very different indeed from the original sim- fra de oprindeligt enkle og ganske rå bygninger. ple, rather coarse structures. It is curious that it Det kan til en vis grad undre, at de overhovedet was considered to have heritage value, but the

100 De såkaldte Halvtagshuse blev bygget i 1819. De to bygninger blev i 1925 forbundet af en mellembygning.

Two of the three structures that make up today’s Shed Building were erected in 1819. The two were linked by a connecting building in 1925.

1. sal / 2nd story

Stuen / Ground floor

101 reason is naturally that it is part of a historical whole. At the south end, the ground floor had been converted into special fireproof archives behind 60-cm-thick concrete walls resting on a concrete deck. Destructive surveys showed that some of the original bearing timberwork (apart from a single post) was still enclosed in the lon- gitudinal partition wall. The thick, sturdy joists were also intact. The timberwork comprises one of the Shed Building’s primary heritage values, while the others are its design, namely the division into three clear building volumes and light intake from only one side.

Reconstruction or something completely new All these heritage values pointed directly to the intention behind restoration: to recreate the three original buildings’ characteristics as more or less open sheds, with their heavy bearing structures clearly visible in the large open rooms, which with the aid of large expanses of glass have close visual and physical contact with the courtyard. The relatively few heritage values that have been preserved paved the way for giving all changes made to the Shed Building an un-

102 er fredet, men årsagen er naturligvis, at de ind- equivocally contemporary idiom, and integrat- går som en del af en historisk helhed. ing modern additions in rooms whose propor- Længst mod syd var der i stueetagen ind- tions endeavor to reinterpret those of the old rettet et særligt brandsikkert arkiv bag 60 cm sheds. tykke betonmure og et betondæk. Under de This strategy did, however, give rise to a destruktive undersøgelser viste det sig, at en del number of discussions of a principle nature af den oprindelige bærende tømmerkonstruk- among the client, architects, and heritage au- tion (på nær én stolpe) stadig fandtes indmuret thorities about whether there are really enough i længdeskillevæggen; ligeledes viste det sig, at original elements left to justify the building be- bjælkelaget med dets kraftige dimensioner var ing restored to something that could be con- intakt. Tømmerkonstruktionerne udgør en af sidered original. Should the building be left as de bærende bevaringsværdier i Halvtagshuse- it is, and if so, what value would this have? Or ne, mens de øvrige værdier knytter sig til selve should one accept the fact that the three struc- bygningens udformning nemlig opdelingen i tures that make up the Shed Building had been tre tydelige bygningsvolumener og det ensidige remodeled so radically that they could just as lysindtag. well be transformed into something completely new? More concretely, the discussion centered Modsatte side: Tilbageføring eller helt nyt on whether it was admissible to give the Tømmerkonstruktionerne udgør en af de bærende Alle peger de direkte på hensigten bag restau- ground floor its original appearance if only bevaringsværdier i Halv- reringen; at genskabe bygningernes karakteri- very few physical traces remained of it, with- tagshusene, mens de øvrige stika som mere eller mindre åbne skure, med out being consistent and doing the same with værdier knytter sig til selve de kraftige bærende konstruktioner stående frit the second story. If consistency were the bygningens udformning. synlige i store åbne rum, der ved hjælp af store choice, then the shed dormer – which has glaspartier står i nær visuel og fysisk kontakt heritage status – would have to be removed, Opposite page: The timberwork comprises med gårdrummet. since it had been added quite late in the build- one of the Shed Building’s De forholdsvis få bevarede fredningsværdier ing’s life. This, in turn, would mean that the primary heritage values, har åbnet mulighed for, på den ene side at lade entire roof structure that had been demol- while the others are its alle ændringer i Halvtagshusene få et entydigt ished when the dormer was added would design.

103 nutidigt formsprog, og på den anden side inte- have to be rebuilt. The result of a consistently grere de moderne tilføjelser i rum, hvis propor- implemented strategy would also mean that tioner søger at gendigte de gamle skures. the space on the second story could not be Den strategi har imidlertid givet anledning til used for workplaces because there would not en række principielle diskussioner mellem byg- be enough daylight. herre, arkitekter og fredningsmyndigheder om, hvorvidt der reelt er nok oprindelige elementer tilbage til at begrunde en tilbageførsel til noget Simple and contemporary oprindeligt? Skal man i stedet lade bygningerne The discussion ended in a commonsensical være, som de er – og hvad vil værdien være af at solution that accommodates the largest pos- gøre det? Eller skal man erkende, at Halvtags- sible number of heritage, architectural, and husene er så voldsomt ombyggede, at man lige practical interests. The system of posts was Materialerne i Halvtags- så godt kan bygge dem om til noget helt nyt? preserved, the rooms take on new architec- husene er generelt enkle Mere konkret har diskussionen gået på, tural life through contemporary furnishings og prunkløse; her er ingen hvorvidt man kan tillade en meget voldsom and modern windows, and the second story stuklofter eller forfinede tilbageføring af stueetagen til en oprindelighed, can be used because the shed dormer was snedkerdetaljer. som der altså kun er sparsomme fysiske spor til- preserved, though in a modified version, so The materials used in the bage af, uden at tage konsekvensen og dermed that now its length corresponds to that of Shed Building as a whole gøre det samme på første sal. Hvis man skulle the series of large full-length windows on the are simple and unostenta- være konsekvent, ville det betyde, at taskekvi- ground floor. tious. There are no stuccoed sten – som jo er fredet – burde fjernes, idet den The plan is simple and clear. The entire ceilings or refined carpentry. først er tilføjet ganske sent i forhold til bygnin- ground floor of the original building on the gens alder. Det ville igen medføre, at hele den south is a single open office, while the original oprindelige tagkonstruktion, som blev ødelagt, building on the north has one large room and da kvisten kom til, skulle retableres. Resulta- a meeting room at the end wall. The smaller tet af en konsekvent gennemført strategi ville connecting building, which has few heritage også betyde, at arealet på første sal ikke kunne values, holds secondary service facilities such anvendes til arbejdspladser, fordi der ikke ville as lavatories, a kitchenette, and a copy room, være dagslys nok. and also serves as connecting space between

104 Enkel og nutidig Det er vores kæphest, at man skal lade bygningen Enden på diskussionen er snusfornuftig og til- vise, hvad den kan, før man griber til moderne tek- godeser flest mulige interesser såvel frednings- niske løsninger, for traditionel byggeteknik og mate- mæssige, arkitektoniske som anvendelsesmæs- »rialer kan virkelig noget. sige. Stolpeværket er bevaret, rummene får nyt Birte Skov, Kulturstyrelsen arkitektonisk liv gennem nutidig indretning og nye glaspartier, og første sal kan udnyttes, fordi kvisten er bevaret omend i en tillempet udgave, Our golden rule is to let a building show what it can do before så dens udtrækning svarer til det store glasparti we resort to modern technical measures, since traditional i stueetagen. building techniques and materials do work. Plandispositionen er enkel og overskuelig; Birte Skov, Danish Agency of Culture hele stueetagen i den sydlige bygning er udlagt som ét storrumskontor, mens den nordlige bygning er indrettet med et stort rum og et mø- derum ud mod gavlen. Den mindre bygning i midten, som ikke rummer fredningsværdier, er indrettet med sekundære servicefunktioner som toiletter, tekøkken og kopirum, ligesom den også agerer fordelingsrum mellem de to trapper, der fører til første sal, hvor planløsnin- gen er gentaget. Hvor porten sad i den nordlige bygning, sidder nu en ny port i form af to vældige glasskyde- døre, som kan skydes helt til side langs den indvendige side af ydermuren. Dermed forstyrrer den hverken brugen af rummet eller kommer i karambolage med det udvendige solgardin, som styres automatisk af, hvor meget sol og dermed hvor meget varme der kommer ind i rummet.

105 I forhold til den oprindelige the two staircases that lead to the second story, bygning er den forventede where the floor plan is repeated. CO -reduktion 20 procent 2 The gate in the building on the north was re- og samtidig opnås et termisk indeklimaniveau svarende placed by two large sliding glass doors mount- til klasse C. ed on the inside of the wall. This means that they neither interfere with the use of the room

The expected CO2 reduction itself nor block the sunshade on the facade that is 20 percent in comparison is controlled automatically by the amount of with the building as it was, sunlight – and consequently heat – that the and at the same time results in a thermal indoor climate room receives. In the building on the south, the corresponding to class C. I den sydlige bygning optager glaspartiet hele glass-enclosed section has five posts, each bay fem stolpefag, og her består hvert fag af et fast consisting of a fixed window and a sliding door parti og en skydedør adskilt af solide I-jern af separated by sturdy steel I-beams. The glass is stål. Glasset er korsopdelt med en lodret deling divided into four, vertically in the center and på midten og en vandret deling højt oppe, og horizontally higher up, and sunshades on the også her sørger udvendige solgardiner for at re- facade help reduce overheating in the summer ducere overophedningen om sommeren. Glas- here as well. The windows and doors rest on væggen står ned på nye groft tilhuggede granit- new, coarsely dressed granite steps the entire trin i hele fagets bredde, og ingen er i tvivl om, width of the bay, and there is no doubt that this Modsatte side: at dette er et nutidigt arkitektonisk greb. is a contemporary architectural touch. I lighed med bygningsan- læggets øvrige bygninger har også Halvtagshusenes indre ændret karakter og Materialer og overflader Materials and surfaces brug gennem årene. Materialerne i Halvtagshusene er generelt enkle The materials used in the Shed Building as a og prunkløse; her er ingen stuklofter eller forfi- whole are simple and unostentatious. There Opposite page: nede snedkerdetaljer, og intet pussenusset har are no stuccoed ceilings or refined carpentry, Like the other buildings in the complex, this one had fået lov at overleve. Gulvene i stueetagen er and no cute little details have been allowed to also changed character and således glittede betongulve, som udstøbes på survive. The ground floor has glazed concrete use over the years. stedet og slibes, så betonens tilslag af en særlig floors cast in situ and polished so that the special

106 107 Hensigten bag restaureringen: At genskabe bygningernes karakteristika som mere eller mindre åbne skure.

The intention behind restoration: to recreate the three original buildings’ characteristics as more or less open sheds.

108 slags sand træder frem, mens der ligger træ- sand used in the aggregate is clearly discernible, planker på gulvene på første sal. Alle vægge er while wooden planks were used on the second ganske enkelt malet hvide på nær bagvæggen, story. The walls were simply painted white, the der får lov at stå som en rå, ludbehandlet bræd- only exception being the back wall, where lye- devæg med en lille afstand mellem de enkelte treated wooden planks were mounted, leaving brædder. Det er ikke bare et arkitektonisk greb, little spaces between them. This is not just an for væggen skjuler en bagvedliggende installati- architectural touch; the wall hides all the build- onsvæg, som klarer hele den lodrette rørføring ing’s vertical plumbing. Boards set at an angle i bygningen og, som ved hjælp af kantstillede at the top and bottom ensure ventilation for the brædder foroven og forneden sørger for venti- rooms. lationen af rummene. Speeding up energy savings Turbo på energibesparelser Because there were relatively few primary Det er lykkedes at få gennemført mange af de heritage values to take into account, it proved energitiltag, som oprindeligt blev foreslået på possible to carry out many of the energy- bruttolisten, og det har selvsagt kunnet lade sig saving measures that had originally been pro- gøre fordi, der netop kun er relativt få bærende posed on the long list. All existing and new bevaringsværdier at tage hensyn til. Alle eksi- windows were given new low-E glass with sterende og nye vinduespartier er således forsy- argon fill, while the secondary windows in net med nye superlavenergiglas, mens der er sat the little connecting building were fitted with energiglas i forsatsrammerne på den lille mel- low-E glass. It was also possible to provide the lembygning. Det har også været muligt at ef- entire tall back wall with internal insulation, terisolere indvendigt på hele den høje bagmur, and insulate the deck on the ground floor and ligesom terrændækket er efterisoleret og forsy- then install floor heating. Like the other build- net med gulvvarme. Som i de øvrige bygninger ings, the Shed Building naturally only uses er der naturligvis udelukkende energibespa- low-energy lighting fixtures that are centrally rende lyskilder, som sammen med alle øvrige controlled, like the rest of the electrical and IT el- og it-installationer styres centralt. equipment.

109 Forenklet ventilation Simplified ventilation Det er imidlertid særligt to ting, som påkalder sig Two features, in particular, are noteworthy and opmærksomhed og adskiller sig fra forholdene not found in the Superintendent’s Residence or i Materialforvalterboligen og Magasinbygningen. Magazine. Because the Shed Building was con- Fordi Halvtagshusene indrettes som storrums- verted into open offices that must accommo- kontorer, hvor mange mennesker skal opholde date a large number of employees, the Working sig, fordrer arbejdsmiljøloven, at der etableres Environment Act requires mechanical ventila- mekanisk ventilation. Her havde man egentligt tion. Actually a decentralized ventilation sys- valgt et såkaldt decentralt ventilationsanlæg med tem with mechanical recycling and cooling had mekanisk genvinden og køling, som håndterer been chosen. It would have cooled the rooms kølingen af rummene om sommeren og flytter in the summer and shifted the heat from the ex- varmen fra udsugningsluft over til indblæsnings- haust air to the intake air in the winter. In order luften om vinteren. For at sikre en korrekt var- to ensure correct heat control in the different mestyring i de forskellige lejemål, omfattede løs- rental entities, the system would have consisted ningen flere anlæg og en masse kanalføringer på of several units and a great deal of ducting un- spidsloftet, således at der ikke var mulighed for at der the roof peak, making it impossible to use bruge bygnings spidsloft som depot. this area as storage space. Der var med andre ord brug for en time-out til In other words, the ventilation system had at gentænke ventilationsanlægget. Med hjælp fra to be reconsidered. With the aid of an exter- en ekstern energiingeniør fandt man frem til en nal energy engineer, a very simple solution was såre fornuftig løsning, der udnytter, at der under found that takes advantage of an old World gården ligger en gammel bunker fra krigens tid, War II bunker that is naturally cool the year hvor der er naturligt koldt året rundt. Den er et round. The bunker is the perfect place to put optimalt sted at placere selve køleanlægget, der the cooling system that will provide the Shed skal forsyne Halvtagshusene og Bindingsværks- Building and the Half-timbered Building with bygningen med frisk luft. Som en sidegevinst fresh air. An added bonus is that most of the giver den mulighed for at afvikle hovedparten complicated plumbing with large-dimensioned af den komplicerede rørføring med store dimen- pipes can be laid underground along the Shed sioner under jorden langs med Halvtagshusene. Building. Many pipes, but smaller ones, run into

110 Rummene får nyt arkitektonisk liv gennem nutidig indretning og nye glaspartier, og første sal kan udnyttes, fordi kvisten er bevaret.

The rooms take on new architectural life through contemporary furnishings and new glass enclosures, Dermed er det mange, men mindre rør, der løber the building, cast in the cement floor and up and the second story can ind i bygningen – støbt ind i betongulvet – og behind the plank wall. be used because the shed frem til installationsrummet bag bræddevæggen. dormer was preserved. District cooling Fjernkøling At about this time, the local power company, Omtrent samtidig kom en henvendelse fra Kø- Københavns Energi, contacted Realdania Byg benhavns Energi, der spurgte, om man ville være and asked if it would be interested in linking interesseret i at koble sig på deres nye fjernkø- up the Fortifications Depot to its new district- ling, som er en langt mere CO2-venlig måde at cooling system, which is a much more CO2 producere køling på, end hvis den skulle have friendly way of producing cooling than do- været produceret lokalt i Fæstningens Material- ing so locally. This needed careful considera- gård. Også det krævede overvejelser, idet tilbud- tion, since though the offer was tempting, as it det nok var fristende, fordi man ad den vej kunne would mean reducing CO2 emissions consid- komme langt ned i CO2-udledning men også var erably, it also conflicted with one of the pro- et opgør med et af hele projektets kongstanker, ject’s principal goals: seeing how much CO2 som jo handler om at se på, hvor meget man emissions could be reduced by optimizing the kan reducere CO2-udledningen ved at optimere buildings themselves, not by changing supply selve bygningen – ikke ved at skifte forsynings- sources. If this had been an ambition, Realda- kilder. Hvis det havde været en ambition, kunne nia Byg could just as well have installed a wind

111 man nemlig lige så godt have stillet en vindmølle turbine in the courtyard or used vertical earth op i gården eller have lavet vertikale jordborin- drilling, resulting in an energy requirement of ger, som ville have resulteret i et energibehov almost nothing at all. The decision to link up på næsten nul. Når man alligevel har besluttet to the district-cooling system was made none- at koble sig på fjernkølingen, handler det om, at theless because it so clearly makes sense in a det er indlysende fornuftigt set i et større sam- wider social perspective, although it is a gift to

fundsmæssigt perspektiv – også selv om der er the CO2 balance.

tale om en foræring til CO2-regnskabet.

The expected CO2 reduction Forventet CO -reduktion 2 External sunshades are expected to give a CO2 Man regner med, at den udvendige solafskærm- reduction of 7.25 percent, while low-E glass

ning vil give 7,25 procent forventet CO2-reduk- with argon fill will give aCO 2 reduction of tion, mens superlavenergivinduerne medfører en 8.13 percent. Insulating the entire back wall

CO2-reduktion på 8,13 procent. Ved at efteriso- will reduce CO2 emissions by a full 13.49 per- lere hele bagvæggen opnås ifølge beregningerne cent, and increasing the air tightness will give

en CO2-reduktion på hele 13,49 procent, og ved a reduction of 6.77 percent. There is an ex-

at skabe øget bygningstæthed nås en reduktion pected CO2 reduction of 3.72 percent if a cen- på 6,77 procent. Endelig vil centralstyringen af trally controlled electrical system is installed.

strøm medføre en forventet CO2-reduktion på In contrast, the necessary cooling and venti- 3,72 procent. Modsat vil den nødvendige køling lation will have a negative effect on expected

og ventilation påvirke den forventede CO2-be- CO2 reductions of 10.5 percent. As a whole, it sparelse negativt med 10,5 procent. Samlet set is possible to achieve a reduced transmission er det muligt at opnå et reduceret transmissions- loss of 39 percent and a total expected rela-

tab på 39 procent og en samlet forventet relativ tive CO2 reduction of nearly 17 percent. The

CO2-reduktion på knap 17 procent. I forhold til expected CO2 reduction is 20 percent in com-

den oprindelige bygning er den forventede CO2- parison with the building as it was, and at the reduktion 20 procent og samtidig opnås et ter- same time results in a thermal indoor climate misk indeklimaniveau svarende til klasse C. corresponding to class C.

112 Bindingsværksbygningen The Half-timbered Building I 1748 blev en lang bindingsværksbygning op- In 1748, a long Half-timbered Building was ført langs Vester Vold, der lå hvor Vester Vold- erected along the Western Ramparts, where a gade løber i dag. Bindingsværksbygningen er 45 street that bears their name runs today: Vester fag lang og ni fag dyb, men hvert fag er ganske Voldgade. The Half-timbered Building is 45 smalle, kun lidt over en meter. Bygningen ori- bays long and nine bays deep, but each bay is enterer sig entydigt mod gården med to hejse- quite narrow, just over a meter. It is oriented kviste, der bryder den store teglhængte tagflade entirely toward the courtyard, with two front med høj rejsning. gables that originally held hoists in the large, Bygningen skulle bruges som materialbyg- high-pitched tile roof. ning, men der blev også plads til en mindre he- The building was used as a warehouse, but stestald i den østlige ende af bygningen. Derfor there was also room for a small stable at the var hovedparten af bygningen opdelt i fire store east end. Most of the building was divided into rum, med en åben rumstruktur, uden mange four large spaces with an open plan and with- bærende skillevægge, hvilket var muligt takket out many bearing partition walls, a construc- være bygningens kraftige tømmerkonstruktion, tion made possible by the building’s sturdy med to parallelle rækker tæt placerede stolper, timberwork, with two dense, parallel rows der bar et langsgående dragerværk. of posts supporting beams the length of the Siden 1800-tallet har bygningen undergået building. store forandringer, blandt andet flytning af den The building has undergone major changes ene frontkvist, og flytning af døre, som bety- since the beginning in the 19th century. One of der, at kun få døre sidder, som da huset blev the front gables as well as doors were moved, as opført. Nogle af de oprindelige luger er des- a result of which only a few doors now remain uden erstattet af vinduer, og der er tilføjet nye in their original places. Some of the original sprossevinduer. Værst er det dog indvendigt, hatches were moreover replaced by windows, hvor halvdelen af de oprindelige stolper var and new muntined windows were added. The fjernet, og i 2007 da Realdania Byg overtog det most damaging changes, however, were made samlede bygningskompleks, var den engang inside, where half of the original posts were enkle rumstruktur og detaljeringsgrad, som har removed. In 2007, when Realdania Byg took

113 1. sal / 2nd story

Stuen / Ground floor

114 passet godt til de oprindelige funktioner, erstat- over the entire building complex, the once sim- tet af en rumstruktur, der virkede fragmenteret. ple room structure and level of detailing that Tilføjede detaljer af nyere dato, som eksempel- had suited the building’s original functions had vis snedkerværk og glasdøre med alu-rammer, been replaced by a confused, fragmented floor bidrog ikke positivt til det arkitektoniske hel- plan. Recent details, such as carpentry and glass hedsbillede. I den institutionsagtige kontorind- doors with aluminum frames, made no positive retning på første sal var det svært at få øje på contribution to the architectural whole. It was arkitektoniske kvaliteter nearly impossible to catch sight of any architectural qualities in the institution-like offices on the second story. Nyt – og rigtig gammelt Bindingsværksbygningens bærende værdier er således få og har af den årsag været væsentlige New – and really old at fremdrage og styrke. De omfatter frem for Since the Half-timbered Building’s primary alt pakhuskarakteren, hvis enkle konstruktioner heritage values are few in number, it was im- og uforfinede detaljer er blevet styrket, og de to portant to uncover and underline them: the langsgående dragerværk og stolpekonstruktio- building’s warehouse character, with simple nen, som er blevet retableret, hvor stolper og structures and rustic details. The two parallel kopbånd var fjernet. Også to oprindelige tvær- rows of posts supporting beams the length of Modsatte side: Bindingsværksbygningen gående bindingsværksvægge og de to hejsekvi- the building were recreated in places where er 45 fag lang og ni fag ste i facaden er blevet vurderet bevaringsværdi- posts and braces had been removed. Two origi- dyb, men hvert fag er ge. Ambitionen har været at gøre konstruktio- nal transverse half-timbered walls and the two ganske smalle, kun lidt nen til bygningens særlige kendetegn, og her er front gables had been judged worthy of pres- over en meter. man gået så konsekvent til værks, at bygningen ervation. The ambition was to make the build- nu kun indeholder bygningsdele, der stammer ing’s structure its distinctive feature, and the Opposite page: The Half-timbered Building fra opførelsen og nye tilføjelser anno 2012. work was carried out with such consistency is 45 bays long and nine Denne angrebsvinkel blev genstand for in- that the building now contains only what it had bays deep, but each bay teressante betragtninger om forholdet mellem when it was erected as well as new additions is quite narrow, just over nyt og gammelt. Arkitekterne foreslog nemlig, made in 2012. a meter.

115 Ambitionen har været at This approach led to interesting delibera- gøre konstruktionen til byg- tions about the relationship between old and ningens særlige kendetegn. new. The architects namely proposed that the The ambition was to make new posts that were to take the place of the the building’s structure its ones that had been removed could be made of distinctive feature. steel, so that the changes were understandable and a contrast was created between old and new. The fact that the steel columns could be at de nye stolper, der skulle opføres som erstat- imbedded in the ground, and thus create the ning for de gamle tømmerstolper, kunne være transverse stability that the rather loose-jointed af stål, så de nye indgreb blev forståelige, og building needed, spoke in favor of this proposal. der opstod et kontrastfyldt møde mellem nyt The heritage authorities, however, believed og gammelt. At man samtidig kunne indstøbe that because the building’s structure had been stålsøjlerne og dermed skabe den tværstabilitet, highlighted as one of its primary heritage val- som den gamle, lidt leddeløse bygning havde ues, it was necessary to remain true to the origi- brug for, talte til fordel for forslaget. nal structural principle and recreate the missing Fredningsmyndighederne mente dog, at i og wooden posts. Their viewpoint gained support med stolpekonstruktionen netop var udpeget in the end when it became obvious that the som en af de bærende fredningsværdier, måtte lunchroom that was to hold the steel columns man være tro mod det oprindelige konstrukti- would end up with five steel columns and nine onsprincip og retablere de manglende træstolper. wooden posts. The overall impression was Deres synspunkt fik i sidste ende opbakning, da most important here. det blev åbenbart, at kantinerummet, som stålsøj- The architects, in contrast, found support lerne i givet fald skulle opføres i, ville ende med for their proposal that the central stairwell in at have fem stålsøjler og ni træstolper, så her ve- the middle of the long building be given an un- jede hensynet til helhedsindtrykket tungest. mistakably modern look. This is where traffic Til gengæld vandt arkitekterne gehør for moves to the shared lunchroom and pantry at deres forslag om, at give det centrale trappe- one end, and a number of meeting rooms at rum midt i den lange bygning et umiskendeligt the other, while a steel staircase leads to the

116 En af genistregerne i projektet er at samle fælles servicefunktioner under ét tag.

One of the strokes of genius in the project was the decision to bring together common service facilities under one roof.

117 moderne udtryk. Her fordeles trafikken til den open offices on the second story. The stairwell fælles kantine og anretterkøkken i den ene ende also holds three large boxes, rather like pieces og til en række møderum i den anden, mens of furniture, each in its own corner of the alen ståltrappe fører op til storrumskontorer på most square space. The boxes hold cloakrooms første sal. Trapperummet optages i øvrigt af and lavatories and are faced with old recycled tre bokse, der står som møbler – en i hvert sit floorboards, but reused in a contemporary idi- hjørne af det næsten kvadratiske rum. Boksene om. The meeting rooms are closed off by light indeholder garderobe og toiletter og er beklædt glass walls on the central corridor, and divided med genbrugte gamle gulvbrædder – men altså by light partitions to form two meeting rooms bearbejdet i et nutidigt formsprog. Møderum- on each side of the corridor. This still makes it mene skærmes af lette glasvægge ud mod en possible to view the two rows of wooden posts central gang og opdeles af lette skillevægge as a whole. således, at der er to møderum på hver side af gangen. På den måde kan de to rækker af træ- stolper nemlig stadig opfattes i deres helhed. Invisible dormers Perhaps the project’s boldest contribution is found on the Half-timbered Building’s second Usynlige kviste story, but it is more or less invisible, at least from Projektets måske dristigste indslag findes på the outside. In order to provide light for innu- første sal i Bindingsværksbygningen – men er merable cell offices and a long corridor along omtrent usynligt i hvert fald udefra. For at skaffe the roof on the south, the fine old tile roof had lys til de utallige cellekontorer og en lang gang been riddled with skylights like a Swiss cheese. langs den sydvendte tagflade var det fine gamle There was broad agreement that they had to tegltag efterhånden blevet gennemhullet som en go, but it was still necessary to get daylight into schweizerost af tagvinduer. Der var bred enig- the second story if it was to be used, and how hed om, at de måtte væk, men der var jo stadig could that be done if the goal was a calm roof behov for at få dagslys ind i tagetagen, hvis den surface? skulle kunne udnyttes – og hvordan gør man The final solution to the problem was found det, hvis man samtidig vil have en rolig tagflade? indirectly, but it was clear from an early stage

118 Den endelige løsning blev fundet ad nogle that a new light intake had to be designed as omveje, men det stod ret tidligt fast, at et nyt a long, narrow, horizontal panel if the goal of lysindtag måtte udformes som et langt, smalt maintaining a calm roof surface with the two og vandret felt, hvis intentionen om at opret- front gables as the dominant feature was to be holde en rolig tagflade med de to hejsekviste met. A model was quickly found on the south som det dominerende træk skulle indfris. Mod that all could accept: a long skylight along the syd fandt man hurtigt en model, som alle kunne ridge turret as the primary source of daylight. tilslutte sig – nemlig et langt rytterlys langs tag- But since employees must to be able to look ryggen som den primære dagslyskilde, men da out a window, customary solutions were not der er krav om, at man fra arbejdspladser også enough. skal kunne se ud, måtte man tænke ud over de Work started with a proposal to mount tile gængse løsninger. slats over ordinary skylights in horizontal bands I første omgang arbejdede man med et forslag at specific intervals (just as on the ridge turret) om at montere tegllameller hen over alminde- so there would still be some visibility. This delige tagvinduer i vandrette bånd med mellem- sign, however, would make it impossible to rum (ligesom ved tagryggen), så der stadig ville keep the windows clean unless a skylight that være delvist udsyn. Men med den løsning ville opened inward could be found. And there is det ikke være muligt at holde vinduerne rene simply nothing like this on the market: it would medmindre man kunne finde et indadgående not be tight! Other proposals involved techni- tagvindue. Og et sådan findes simpelthen ikke cally complicated solutions with mechanical på markedet, fordi de ikke er tætte! Andre for- and movable parts to ensure that the slats could slag involverede teknisk komplicerede løsnin- be lifted when the windows had to be washed, ger med mekaniske og bevægelige dele, der but they proved too complex. skulle sikre, at tegllamellerne kunne løftes, når Finally, a very simple solution was found vinduerne skulle rengøres, men de viste sig at in collaboration with an external architectural være for komplekse. consultant. Two long sections of vertical win- Til sidst fandt man i samarbejde med en eks- dows that open inwards mounted on top of tern arkitektrådgiver frem til en ganske simpel high jamb walls are hidden by horizontal tile løsning. To lange partier af lodrette indadgående slats that match the tiles on the rest of the roof.

119 vinduer, der er monteret ovenpå høje skunk- The spaces between the slats ensure a view of vægge, skjules af vandrette lameller af teglsten, the courtyard, and the windows are easy to som svarer til tagets øvrige teglbeklædning. wash, as they open inwards. The disadvantage Mellemrummet mellem lamellerne sikrer udsy- is a receded space that will naturally attract net til gårdrummet, og de indadgående vinduer leaves in autumn, snow in winter, and nestlings kan nemt rengøres. Omkostningen er en indad- in spring. gående kvist, hvor efterårets løvfald, vinterens This proposal naturally goes much farther sne og forårets fugleunger givetvis vil søge hen. than what is normally possible in a heritage Dette forslag rækker naturligvis langt ud building, but all parties agreed on the value of over, hvad der normalt er muligt indenfor en making an experiment with a window design fredning, men alle parter var enige om værdien that had never been seen before and was adapt- af at lave et eksperiment med en vinduesløs- ed especially for this specific place. ning, der aldrig før er set og er tilpasset netop dette konkrete sted. Common service facilities One of the strokes of genius in the entire Fortifi- Fælles servicefunktioner cations Depot project was the decision to bring En af genistregerne i hele projektet i Fæstnin- together common service facilities, such as the gens Materialgård er beslutningen om at samle lunchroom and meeting rooms, under one roof Modsatte side: fælles servicefunktioner som kantine og mø- instead of apportioning them among the indi- Bindingsværksbygningens derum under ét tag i stedet for at fordele dem vidual buildings. This brings life to the court- bærende værdier omfatter ud på de enkelte bygninger. Dels giver det liv yard in the course of the day, when people walk frem for alt pakhuskarak- i gårdrummet i løbet af dagen, når mennesker to and from meetings and lunch. Most impor- teren. går til og fra møder og frokost; dels – og vig- tantly, combining facilities that require ventila- tigst – tæller det at samle funktioner, der kræ- tion for short periods but with high efficiency Opposite page: The Half-timbered ver et kortvarigt men højt ventilationsbehov, has a positive effect on the CO balance in two 2 Building’s primary positivt i CO2-regnskabet på to måder: For det ways. First of all, mechanical ventilation does heritage value is the første undgår man at skulle etablere mekanisk not have to be installed in the buildings with building’s warehouse ventilation i de bygninger, hvor der ikke er no open offices or common meeting rooms. character.

121 storrumskontorer og ingen fælles møderum. Secondly, it is not necessary to install internal For det andet behøver man ikke at efterisolere insulation in large parts of the Half-timbered indvendigt i store dele af Bindingsværksbyg- Building’s ground floor because there are not ningens stuetage, fordi der ikke skal være ar- going to be any workplaces there. The example bejdspladser. Eksemplet dokumenterer, at der documents that a great deal can be gained on er meget at vinde på energikontoen blot ved at the energy balance simply by thinking things tænke sig om og finde de rigtige funktioner til through and finding the right facilities for the de rigtige bygninger. right buildings.

Forventet CO2-reduktion Expected CO2 reduction Mange af de energitiltag som er gennemført i Many of the energy-saving measures that were Halvtagshusene går igen i Bindingsværksbyg- carried out in the Shed Building were repeated ningen herunder energiglas i de eksisterende in the Half-timbered Building, including install- forsatsrammer og superlavenergiruder i alle nye ing low-E glass in the secondary frames and vinduer. I møderummene og kantinen i stueeta- low-E glass with argon fill in all new windows. Modsatte side: gen foregår ventilationen ved hjælp af såkaldte In the meeting rooms and lunchroom on the Samlet giver energitiltagene konvektorgrave i gulvet, hvorfra der blæses ground floor, trench convectors in the floor et reduceret transmissions- frisk luft ind i rummene, mens man på første blow fresh air into the rooms. On the second tab på 57 procent og en sal bruger skunkvæggene til at føre ventilati- story, the roof space holds the equipment samlet forventet relativ onsinstallationerne. Via træpaneler langs gulvet that provides ventilation for the two open of- CO2-reduktion på 17 procent. blæses luften ind i de to storrumskontorer på fices on each side of the stairwell. The kitchen hver side af trapperummet. Der er foretaget and auxiliary areas were insulated inside, but it Opposite page: indvendig efterisolering i køkkenet og i birum, was impossible to insulate elsewhere, because In all, the energy-saving men derudover har det ikke været muligt at the original half-timbered walls were naturally measures give a reduction efterisolere, fordi hensynet til de eksisterende given highest priority. This is why the joints in the transmission loss of 57 percent and a total bindingsværksvægge naturligvis er prioriteret between the timbers and the compartments højest. Derfor har man blot helt traditionelt were simply filled out in the traditional way, expected relative CO2 reduction of 17 percent. tætnet fugerne mellem bindingsværk og tavl with surprisingly good results: the increased

122 med overraskende god virkning til følge, idet man regner med, at den øgede tæthed medfø- rer en forventet CO2-reduktion på 7,27 procent. Centralstyring af strømmen giver ifølge beregningerne en forventet CO2-reduktion på 7,59 procent, mens køling og ventilation ven- tes at indvirke negativt med 7,7 procent på den forventede CO2-besparelse. Samlet giver energitiltagene et reduceret transmissionstab på 57 procent og en samlet forventet relativ CO2-reduktion på 17 procent. Men bygningens funk- tionsændring betyder, at der vil være et øget

CO2-forbrug på 20 procent i forhold til den oprindelige bygning. Dog er det muligt at opnå et indeklimaniveau svarende til klasse C.

3: Erfaringer og opfølgning

International bevågenhed Fæstningens Materialgård er på grund af sin åbne og transparente proces ganske særegen i Europa, og derfor har det vakt opmærksomhed, når projektet er blevet præsenteret i internatio- nale sammenhænge. I foråret 2011 var Fæstnin- gens Materialgård således et af indlæggene på en UNDP-konference i Dubrovnik om kulturarv og klima. Her var der en positiv modtagelse af bud- skabet om at huske den sunde fornuft i iveren

123 Det kræver køling og koster nogle føringsveje under airtightness is expected to give a CO2 reduction

gulvet at få CO2-reduktion, fredningsværdier og ar- of 7.27 percent. bejdsmiljø til at mødes. Det er et simpelt spørgsmål The centrally controlled electrical system is om ’give and take’. expected to give a CO reduction of 7.59 per- » 2 Martin Funch, Strunge Jensen Rådgivende Ingeniører cent, while cooling and ventilation are expected to have a negative effect of 7.7 percent on the

expected CO2 reduction. In all, the energy- Getting CO2 reductions, heritage values, and the working saving measures give a reduction in the trans- environment to harmonize requires cooling, and this means mission loss of 57 percent and a total expected that some plumbing has to be hidden under the floor. It is relative CO2 reduction of 17 percent. While the simply a question of give and take. building’s new function will result in an increase

Martin Funch, Strunge Jensen Rådgivende Ingeniører in CO2 emissions of 20 percent in comparison with the original building, it will still be possible to achieve a thermal indoor climate level corresponding to class C.

3: Experiences and follow up

International interest Because of the open and transparent process of restoring the Fortifications Depot, the project is quite distinctive in Europe and consequently attracted some attention when it was presented in international forums. In the spring of 2011, the Fortifications Depot was one of the topics at a UNDP conference on cultural heritage and climate held in Dubrovnik. The project’s mes- sage – remember to use common sense in zeal-

124 efter at spare energi, for ofte glemmer man at ous efforts to save energy – was given a positive bruge de helt banale – men gode – løsninger. reception, since often quite banal, but good, Fæstningens Materialgård er imidlertid også measures are often forgotten. genstand for et stort anlagt og EU-finansieret The Fortifications Depot is also the subject of forskningsprojekt, der handler om at bygge a large-scale, EU-financed research project to bro mellem bevarelse af historiske bygninger build a bridge between the work of preserving og beskyttelse af klima gennem energieffekti- historical buildings and efforts to protect the vitet. Hovedformålet er at udvikle metoder til climate through energy efficiency. The main at renovere fredede bygninger i Europa ved at goal is to develop methods of renovating herit- formulere et sæt vurderingskriterier, der kan age buildings in Europe by formulating a set of bruges før og efter indgrebet. evaluation criteria that can be used before and Projektet bærer overskriften ’Efficient Energy after the work is carried out. for EU Cultural Heritage – ’3ENCULT’ – og lø- Efficient Energy for EU Cultural Heritage – ber fra oktober 2010 til marts 2014. Det omfat- 3ENCULT – runs from October 2010 to March ter otte cases, som analyseres af et antal arbejds- 2014. It comprises eight case studies carried out grupper, der har hvert sit formål. En gruppe har by a number of working groups, each with its til opgave at finde redskaber, der kan bruges til specific purpose. One group finds tools that can at identificere de bygningsmæssige kvaliteter i be used to identify the architectural qualities of en fredet elle bevaringsværdig bygning, en an- a building that has been given heritage status or den gruppe opsamler de mulige energimæssige is worthy of preservation. Another compiles a tiltag, og en tredje ser på, hvilke produkter der list of potential energy-saving measures, while kan indgå i energirenoveringer. Helt centralt er yet another looks at the products that could be selvfølgelig også den gruppes arbejde, der hand- used in energy-conservation projects. The work ler om at lave energiberegninger, og endelig er of the group that makes energy calculations is der grupper, som sørger for at følge fremdriften naturally of key importance. Other groups fol- i de otte cases og formidle resultaterne af dem. low the progress of the eight case studies and Fra Danmark deltager Kunstakademiets Ar- publish their results. kitektskoles Institut for Teknologi, som er invi- The Danish participant is the Royal Danish teret med i projektet på grund af sine erfaringer Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture’s

125 med bevaringsprogrammerne SAVE, der hand- Institute of Technology, which was invited ler om kortlægning og registrering af bevarings- because of its experience with SAVE (Survey værdier i byer og bygninger og SUIT, der drejer of Architectural Values in the Environment) sig om bæredygtig udvikling i historiske by- and SUIT (Sustainable development of Urban kvarterer. historical areas through an active Integration Her satte man sig for at finde et dansk pro- within Towns). jekt, der kunne egne sig som case, og som ikke The institute went about finding a Danish var længere fremme end, at EU-projektet 3EN- project that could be used as a case study but CULT kunne nå at øve indflydelse på dets ud- was still at a stage where 3ENCULT would vikling. Det viste sig ikke at være muligt, men have time to influence it. When this proved så rettede man opmærksomheden mod Fæst- impossible, attention was turned to the For- ningens Materialgård, der ganske vist ved 3EN- tifications Depot, though by the time 3EN- CULTs begyndelse allerede var ved at blive rea- CULT began, it was already in progress and liseret og derfor ikke umiddelbart kunne nå at could consequently not benefit from the EU få glæde af EU-projektet. project. Omvendt kunne 3ENCULT udnytte erfarin- 3ENCULT, in contrast, would be able to gerne i Fæstningens Materialgård, og her har make use of experiences gained in the Fortifi- det vist sig, at det danske projekt på sin vis har cations Depot project, which in a way had an- foregrebet den centrale arbejdsmetode i 3EN- ticipated the key work method used in 3EN- CULT, som nemlig også opererer med en liste CULT. It namely operates with a list of possible over mulige energirenoveringstiltag i den ene energy-conservation measures and heritage vægtskål og bygningsværdier i den anden vægt- values that must be weighed against one an- skål. Mens energitiltagene let kan omsættes i other. While energy-saving measures can easily sammenlignelige tal, forholder det sig ander- be transformed into comparable figures, it is a ledes med bygningsværdierne, hvor man hidtil different matter with heritage values, for which har manglet et anvendeligt redskab til værdi- no useful tool has been found yet for assessing sætning af dem. their worth. Den store åbenhed og transparens i det dan- The great openness and transparency of ske projektets tværfaglige udvælgelsesproces og the Danish project’s interdisciplinary selection

126 Projektets måske dristigste indslag findes på første sal i Bindingsværksbygningen – vinduet.

Perhaps the project’s boldest contribution is found on the Half-timbered Building’s second story – the window.

den rapport, som er resultatet af processen, har process and the report that it produced con- derfor vakt behørig opmærksomhed i EU-pro- sequently attracted due attention in the EU jektet. Dette skyldes, at den netop tegner om- project because it specifically outlines the tools ridset af det nødvendige redskab, som skal til that are necessary for identifying and valuating for at kunne identificere og værdisætte de byg- architectural and heritage values, providing a nings- og bevaringsmæssige værdier og dermed proper basis for decision making. for at kunne kvalificere afvejningen. Evaluations Evaluering While the Fortifications Depot project’s Mens der allerede på nuværende tidspunkt er transparency and the description of how the stor ros til transparensen og procesbeskrivelsen process was carried out have received consid- af realiseringen af Fæstningens Materialgård fra erable praise, 3ENCULT has also expressed

127 En vigtig lære er, at det er nødvendigt at finde løsninger, som passer præcis til den pågældende fredede bygning, og at standardløs- ninger ofte ikke duer.

An important lesson is that it is necessary to find measures that are suited specifically to the heritage building in question, and that standard solutions often do not work.

3ENCULT, er der på et konceptuelt plan også some criticism on a conceptual level. They kritikpunkter. De handler om, hvorvidt Fæst- center on whether the Fortifications Depot ningens Materialgård forholder sig til – og for- takes a stand on, and lives up to, essential løser – helt centrale begreber indenfor restau- concepts in restoration: originality, authentic- rering: nemlig originalitet, autenticitet, identitet ity, identity, and narrativity. 3ENCULT finds og narrativitet – eller fortælleværdi. Her er det that the Fortifications Depot has been frozen holdningen, at Fæstningens Materialgård er fik- in a far too homogeneous overall look; its seret i et for homogent udtryk, der i det ydre exteriors are unable to tell the entire history ikke evner at fortælle hele historien om byg- of the complex’s origins, long development, ningsanlæggets oprindelse, dets lange udvikling and special function. In other words, the odor og særlige funktion. Man savner med andre ord of tar and a glimpse of the hoists are miss- et spor af tjærelugt og et glimt af hejseværk i de ing in the finely renovated buildings, though fint renoverede bygninger, der nu ellers overbe- they otherwise live on quite convincingly as visende lever videre som rammer om moderne a framework for modern workplaces with a arbejdspladser med godt indeklima og godt good indoor climate and good energy bal- energiregnskab. ance.

128 Målinger Measurements På længere sigt skal 3ENCULT i samarbejde In the long term, 3ENCULT will carry out med projektets danske ingeniører forestå må- measurements of the Fortifications Depot’s linger af de klimatiske parametre i Fæstningens climatic parameters in collaboration with the Materialgård. Det er planen at måle på bygnin- project’s Danish engineers. The plan is to fol- gernes drift i tre sæsoner og sammenholde tal- low the buildings’ operations for three seasons lene med de beregnede data. Resultaterne vil and compare the figures with data estimates. indgå i en rapport som forventes offentliggjort The results will be included in a report that is om fire til fem år. expected to be published in four or five years’ Selv om det ikke er en ønskesituation set fra time. en udlejers synsvinkel, leger bygherren med Although this is not an ideal situation for a ideen om at lade et lejemål stå tomt i en perio- landlord, the client is toying with the idea of de, og lade det centrale computersystem styre letting one rental entity remain empty for a pe- det, som om det bliver brugt optimalt i energi- riod and having the central computer system mæssig henseende. De tal, der kommer ud af control it as if it were being used optimally with det, kan derpå sammenlignes med et naboleje- regard to energy consumption. The resulting mål, hvor medarbejderne skruer op og ned for figures could then be compared with those of varmen og glemmer at slukke for lyset, når de an adjacent rental entity where employees turn går hjem. Dermed kan man få et dækkende bil- the heat up and down and forget to turn off the lede af, hvad den menneskelige faktor betyder lights before they go home. This would give a for energiregnskabet. comprehensive picture of what the human fac- tor means for the energy balance. Den gode historie I 2007 gik deltagerne ind i projektet med hver A good story deres faglige forudsætninger og ekspertise, og In 2007, each of the participants began work nu omtrent fem år senere er alle et sæt værdi- on the project with his or her professional fulde erfaringer rigere. Den vigtigste er, at selv background and expertise, and now – some om det tværfaglige samarbejde har været en five years later – all are a number of valuable

129 omstændelig, tidskrævende og dyr proces har experiences richer. Most importantly, although den alligevel kunnet betale sig, fordi den har re- interdisciplinary cooperation was a laborious, sulteret i et projekt, der er realiseret på et højt time-consuming, and expensive process, it still kvalificeret grundlag. paid off because it resulted in a project based on En anden vigtig lære er, at det er nødvendigt the best possible foundation. at finde løsninger, som passer præcis til den på- Another important lesson is that it is neces- gældende fredede bygning, og at standardløs- sary to find measures that are suited specifically ninger ofte ikke duer, fordi hver bygnings fysik to the heritage building in question, and that og ’stofskifte’ er særegent og skal behandles standard solutions often do not work because som sådan. Og lige i forlængelse heraf står erfa- every building’s physical condition and “me- ringen, at meget er vundet ved at udnytte byg- tabolism” are distinctive and must be treated ningens egne klimatiske egenskaber – lytte til as such. Similarly, a great deal was gained by det den selv kan – og så arbejde med det ikke exploiting a building’s own climatic character- imod det. istics: listening to what it can do itself and then Det helt oplagte spørgsmål er selvfølgelig, working with it, not against it. om alt dette kan betale sig set i et samfunds- An obvious question is naturally whether all økonomisk perspektiv. Det korte svar er, at det this can pay off in a socioeconomic perspective. kan det ikke, som dagens energipriser ser ud. The short answer is that it cannot, consider- Dertil er varme-køleunits, avancerede kabler ing today’s energy prices. It is too expensive to og central computerstyring for kostbare at an- install and operate heating and cooling units, skaffe og drive. Men graver man lidt dybere, advanced cable systems, and central computer bliver billedet mere nuanceret, for det koster control. But if we go a bit deeper, we see a more ikke noget at tænke sig om, når man skal fast- nuanced picture, since it does not cost anything lægge hvilke funktioner, der egner sig til at to do some careful thinking when decisions are være i en given bygning, og når man beslut- made on what facilities are suitable for a given ter, hvilke energitiltag bygningen kan bære og building and what energy-saving measures the drage nytte af. building can accommodate and benefit from.

Der ligger halvdelen af CO2- besparelserne. This is where half of the CO2 reduction lies. Og det er en god historie at give videre. And that is a good story to tell others.

130 Fæstningens Materialgård er ganske særegen i Europa, og derfor har det vakt opmærksomhed.

The project is quite distinctive in Europe.

131 132 Udgivet af Realdania Byg Realdania af Udgivet Fæstningens Fæstningens Materialgård