“Effects of Dietary Feeds on the Growth Performance and Survivability of Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch, 1794) Fingerlings”
BY
Examinations roll no. 605 Session: 2008-2009 Registration no. HA-912
A thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (MS) in Fisheries
Previous degree: Bachelor of Science (Hon’s) in Fisheries
Department of Fisheries
University of Dhaka
Department of Fisheries University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Dhaka University Institutional Repository
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this thesis entitled, “Effects of Dietary Feeds on the Growth Performance and Survivability of Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch, 1794) Fingerlings” submitted by Md. JonayedHossain, Exam. Roll: Curzon- 605, Session: 2012-2013, Registration No.: HA-912, Session: 2008-2009 has been carried out under our supervision. This is further to certify that this is an original work and suitable in partial fulfillment for the degree of MS in Fisheries, University of Dhaka.
Anwar Hossain Shankar Chandra Mandal Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Fisheries Department of Fisheries University of Dhaka University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Md. AlamgirKabir Lecturer Department of Fisheries University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Acknowledgements
All praises belong to the Almighty Allah, who is the most gracious and the most merciful, for successful completion of the work.
I express heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my reverent teacher and research supervisor Anwar Hossain and Shankar Chandra Mandal, Assistant Professor, Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka; for his incessant supervision, designing the study, guidance and constructive criticism throughout the work. I am also beholden to him for his boundless patience for careful reading and reviewing the write-up.
I also express my heartfelt feelings for my co-supervisor Md. AlamgirKabir, Lecturer, Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka for his kind assistance to complete my thesis.
I am also indebted to Mrs. WahidaHaque, Chairperson, Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka for giving me the opportunity to use departmental laboratory, and also to Dr. Md. GhulumMostafa and Dr. Mahmud Hasan, Professor, Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka for their encouragement and assistance to complete the work.
Special thanks to Mr. Mohammad MamunChowdhury, Associate Professor, also to Dr. Mohammad ShamsurRahman, Assistant Professor, and all other teachers of Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka.
Special thanks must go to my beloved friend, Mahmud for his outmost help during laboratory works and continuous encouragement.
I am also delighted to express my wholehearted feelings of thankfulness and gratefulness to Lab attendances of the Department of Fisheries.
March, 2014 The Author
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ABSTRACT
Stinging catfish (Heteropneustesfossilis) is a highly nutritious food and contribute to the fulfillment of animal protein. Now a day, this fish are commercially cultured through the country. Fish feeds play important roles in growth, survival and development of stinging catfish. But due to inadequate knowledge on effects of feeds on growth, survival and development of stinging catfish, mass and quality production of this fish is not possible. Thus the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different feeds on growth, survival and development of stinging catfish.
There were three types of feeds used including Live Tubifex, Tubifexpowder (58% protein) and Pellet feed (20% protein) in the experiment. Feeding rates were evaluated (5%), as a percentage of fish body weight, with three replicates per treatment. All fingerlings were of the same age at stocking; with a mean weight of 8.04 ± 0.01 g. The fishes were fed twice per day at 9.30 to10.30 a.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. respectively. At the beginning of the experiment and at 7 day intervals all the fish from each aquarium were collected, counted, individually weighed (nearest mg) for 45 days. Final weights were significantly greater (p< 0.05) than initial weights in the entire feeding rate. After 45 day rearing, the mean harvesting weights of stinging catfish, Shingi were 48.53 ± 1.13g, 28.97 ± 0.24g and 25.67 ± 0.49g respectively in T1, T2, and T3. Significantly higher mean weight of fish (g) was found in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with live tubificid worm than that of others (P<0.05). The mean weights of stinging catfish, Shingi in three treatments such as T1, T2 and T3 were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other. The best survival was found in T1 (90%) among the treatments fed with live tubificid worm. The best feed conversion ratio (1.5167 ± 0.02028) was observed in T1. Significantly the highest specific growth rate (4.5833 ±0.04631) was obtained in T1.Significantly higher value (17.48 ± 0.28) of protein content was measured in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05). The objective of the present study was to assess the possibility of improving growth performance of stinging catfish fingerlings with supplemented feeds. As stinging catfish was being grown with several options of feed including three types of feeds, Live Tubifex, Tubifexpowder and Pellet feed were tested.
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Table of Content
Chapter Title Page Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Contents iii List of tables vi List of figures vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Background 1
1.2 Rationale 2
1.3 Problem statement 3
1.4 Research needs 3
1.5 Objectives 4
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 2.1 Experimental fish 5
2.2 Scientific classification of Heteropneustes fossilis, 5 (Bloch, 1794)
2.3 Collection of Samples 6
2.4 Study Place 6
2.5 Study period 6
2.6 Experimental Design 6
2.7 Feeding trial of fish 7
2.8 Apparatus and Materials 7
2.9 Experimental feed 7
2.10 Shingifingerling growth trial 8
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2.10.1 Fish sampling Procedure 8
2.10.2 Analysis of experimental data 8
2.10.2.1 Average Daily Gain (ADG, g/day) 8
2.10.2.2 Specific Growth Rate (SGR ,%) 9
2.10.2.3 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 9
2.10.2.4 Determination of growth performance 9
2.11 Water Quality Monitoring 10 2.11.1 Water temperature(ºC) 10
2.11.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 10
2.11.3 Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) 10
2.11.4 Conductivity 10
2.11.5 Turbidity in water 10
2.12 Analytical methods for determination of biochemical 10 composition 2.12.1 Sample preparation 11
2.12.2 Determination of Moisture Content 11
2.12.3 Determination of the protein content 12
2.13 Statistical analysis 13
3 RESULTS 3.1 Effects on the growth performance of stinging catfish 18 fingerlings fed with different feed.
3.1.1 Growth Performance 18
3.1.2 Survival rate(%) of stinging catfish fingerlings 19
3.1.3 Average Daily Gain (ADG, g/day) 20
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3.1.4 Specific Growth Rate (SGR) 21
3.1.5 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 22
3.2 Water quality parameters 23
3.2.1 Water temperature(ºC) 23
3.2.2 Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) 24
3.2.3 Turbidity in water 25
3.2.4 Water Conductivity 26
3.3 Proximate Analysis of Fish Samples 27 3.3.1 Moisture Content in Fish 27
3.3.2 Protein Content in Fish 27
4 DISCUSSION 29
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.2 Recommendations 35
REFERENCES 36
APPENDICES 42
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No. NO. 1 Weight of fish (g) (Mean ± SEM) of stinging catfish fingerlings at 45 days 18 rearing period. 2 Survival rate (%) (Mean ± SEM)of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45 days 19 rearing period 3 Average Daily Gain, ADG (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings 20 at 45 days rearing period. 4 Specific Growth Rate, SGR (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings 21 at 45 days rearing period. 5 Feed Conversion Ratio, FCR (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish 22 fingerlings at 45days rearing period. 6 Water temperature (Mean ± SEM)of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 23 45days rearing period. 7 Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish 24 fingerlings at 45days rearing period. 8 Turbidity in water (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days 25 rearing period. 9 Water Conductivity (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 26 45days rearing period. 10 Proximate composition (Mean ± SEM) at 45 days rearing period 27
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LIST OF FIGURS
Title Page Figure No No
1 DO Meter(A), Conductivity Meter(B) And Live Tubificid Worm(C). 15
2 Powder Tubificid worm (D and F) and Pellet Feed (E). 16
3 Fish Sample ( G), Electric Balance (H), Way of taking Measurement( I & J) 17
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 General background The first efforts at raising catfish were made in the early 1900's at several federal and state fish hatcheries. In the 1950's commercial catfish farming first started in Kansas and Arkansas. By 1965, there were over 7,000 acres of commercial catfish ponds in Arkansas, along with acreage in Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Kansas. From this inauspicious beginning, commercial catfish farming in Mississippi grew rapidly (Giachelli, J. W. and J. E. Waldrop. 1983).
Among the air-breathing catfishes, stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is very popular and high valued fish in Bangladesh. It is considered to be highly nourishing, palatable and tasty and well preferred because of its less spine, less fat and high digestibility in many parts of Indian subcontinent (Khan et al. 2003). Due to high nutritive value the fish is recommended in the diet of sick and convalescents. Being a lean fish it is very suitable for people for who animal fats are undesirable (Rahman et al. 1982).It can tolerate slightly brackish water. The fish adapts well to hypoxic water bodies and to high stocking densities (Dehadrai et al. 1985). Indiscriminate destructive practices have caused havoc to aquatic bio-diversity in Bangladesh (Hussain and Mazid. 2001). Presently, stinging catfish is one of the threatened fish in Bangladesh (IUCN Bangladesh. 2000).
Culture of stinging catfish, Shingi has yet been well flourished in Bangladesh due to lack of appropriate culture technique. Considering its status of threatened status, high market value and high consumer demand it is essential to develop suitable culture technique. Earlier accounts on this species include seasonal morphology of gonads in relation to the biology (Azadi and Siddique. 1986; Kuddus et al. 1995), induced breeding for fry production (Thakur et al. 1977; Saha 1998), food and feeding habits (Kuddus et al. 1995) and nutrition (Hossain et al. 1993; Anwar and Jafri. 1995). But few published literature are available on growth and production of stinging catfish in pond, cistern and net cages (Lipton. 1983; Haque et al. 1988; Narejo et al. 2005; and Khan et al. 2003). 1 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
During 1960s, the inland capture fisheries contributed about 90% of the country’s total fish production. Due to the rapid increase of aquaculture production and sharp decrease of capture fishery production, in 2007-08, the aquaculture contributed almost equally (about 40 %) as inland capture fisheries in total fish production of the country (Hossain M. A. R. 2012).
Bangladesh is endowed with one of the largest and richest inland fisheries in South Asia. Fish is the major source of protein as it yields almost 65% of animal protein in an average Bangladeshi diet (World Bank. 2006). Fisheries provide employment for about 9% of the total labor force and account for 6% of total GDP (World Bank. 2006). Shrimp farming has become the principal activity in coastal brackish aquaculture as it is one of the fastest growing export industries in Bangladesh. Inland aquaculture produces an estimated 850,000 million tons of fish annually (World Bank. 2006).
Stinging catfish commonly known as Shingi has high cultural value and consumer preference in India and Bangladesh. This is an excellent candidate for culture in derelict water bodies as it is able to live in poorly oxygenated water due to its capacity to exchange via accessory respiratory organ (Singh and Hughes. 1971).It can be stocked very densely, both on a small scale under extensive and semi-extensive conditions and on a large scale in industrialized sector and the yield per hectare are several time higher in comparison to carp species (Dehadrai et al. 1985).
1.2 Rationale Stinging catfish, Shingi is consumed by the people in Bangladesh; however it is commercially important due to its high demand for protein. The local fishermen have reported that the populations of these freshwater fish are declining from the natural water bodies due to heavy fishing pressure. There are many systems of artificial propagation developed to save this fresh water stinging catfish from extinction. There are many developed culture of our country in other species but Shingi culture is not done proper way and available. Very little work has been carried out on stinging catfish culture in Bangladesh, from this point of view I took decision to work for the effect of three different feeds on the growth and survivability of stinging catfish, Shingi.
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1.3 Problem statement The biggest problem with stinging catfish, Shingi culture is the possibility of diseases. Fish can be infected with fungal, bacterial, ulcer or worm diseases (Plumb, John A. (Editor). 1985). The fry and fingerlings have been found to be affected with dropsy and fin rot in nursery. Stinging diseases can be caused by other than living organisms such as diseases caused by too much or too little food or nutrients, oxygen depletions, gas bubble disease, toxic algae, brown blood disease, ammonia, etc.
The environment changes so rapidly or to such a degree that the fish are not able to adjust to the changes. It is, however, easy to spot infected fish as they become weak, lethargic and often come to the surface of the water to breathe. Any unusual feeding behavior of fish should be taken seriously.
Stress is the inability of fish to adapt to change. There are several causes of stress such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, improper feeding practices, rough handling, chemical toxicants, poor water quality increase in number of disease organisms and reduced ability of fish to resist infection.
1.4 Research needs Bangladesh has depended on wild aquatic resources for their diets and economic security (Rahman. 1989; Rainboth. 1990). Rural families consume fish an average of 3.5 days per week (Minkin et al.1997) and more than 70 percent of animal protein in the diet comes from fish (Institute of Nutrition and Food Science. 1983). Bangladesh’s freshwater fish populations are heavily dependent on seasonal variations in rivers and floodplain ecosystems. Flood control projects and road embankments have blocked fish migration routes and destroyed the natural spawning and feeding grounds of many fish species. Fisheries management policies have focused on increasing the production of a limited number of commercially valuable species (Minkin and Boyce. 1994).
Due to Climate change, stinging catfish stock is greatly affected because of decreasing natural habitat. Although all other country take initiative this adverse condition but our country is far away from the tract. So it is a great opportunity to open up a new window of the improvement of stinging catfish culture technique in our country. From this point 3 Dhaka University Institutional Repository of view I took decision to conduct my M.S research work for the effect of three different feeds on the growth and survivability of stinging catfish, Shingi.
1.5 Objectives The overall objective of the present study was to investigate the growth performance of stinging catfish, shingi fed with Tubificid worms, powder form of tubificid worms and pelleted feed.
Specific Objectives were
1. To determine the average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) of shingi; 2. To determine the survival rate of shingi; 3. To determine the proximate composition of shingi; 4. To investigate the water quality parameters (temperature, DO, pH and Turbidity and conductivity).
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Chapter 2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental fish Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) was selected for the purpose of experiment due to several reasons. The culture of this fish would prove a more profitable venture for the following reasons:
1. The stinging catfish have a good market demand 2. Comparatively moderate in market price 3. It has more nutritious and medicinal value 4. Its culture involves low risk and simple management 5. They can tolerate high stocking density 6. They can tolerate poor oxygen level
2.2 Scientific classification of Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), (Bloch, 1794)
Classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub-phylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes Family: Heteropneustidae Genus: Heteropneustes Species: H. fossilis, (Bloch, 1794) Common name: Stinging catfish Local name: Shingi
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2.3 Collection of Samples Fingerlings of stinging catfish, Shingi were collected from RELIANCE AQUA RARMS at Mymensingh. Live fish were taken in oxygenated polythene bags with sample water. Then the Fingerlings were kept into tank for conditioning. The average initial length and weight of Fingerlings were measured before releasing into the aquariums.
2.4 Study Place The experiment was carried out in Aquatic laboratory of Fisheries Department, University of Dhaka.
2.5 Study period Study was carried out from September to October, 2013.
2.6 Experimental Design The experiment was design (3×3) with three replicates in Aquatic laboratory of Fisheries Department on University of Dhaka. There were nine aquariums used to complete the purpose of the experiment. All the aquariums were filled up with tap water and labeled according to experimental design. Each of the aquariums was filled up with tap water in the quantity of about 35 liters. In total 180 fingerlings of singhi were stocked in all of the aquariums and each of the aquarium containing about 20 fingerlings.
Aerator was used for 24 hour during the experimental period. At first, the Fingerlings were kept into tank for conditioning. After one day, fishes were released slowly into the aquarium and at the same time, oxygen was supplied with the help of Aerator. No feed was given on first day.
Three treatments were used for this experiment such as Treatment-1 (T1) was fed with the live tubificid worms, Treatment-2 (T2) was fed with the Powder tubificid worm and Treatment-3 (T3) was fed with Pellet feed. From the second day of stocking, feed was given at rate of 5% body weight of the fish. Feed was supplied regularly on the basis of body weight of the fish.
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2.7 Feeding trial of fish After complete of preparation of the experimental aquariums, Shingi fingerlings were released in different aquarium in different treatments. According to the fish size and weight a required amount of feed were given two times in a day into experimental aquariums. Before releasing fingerlings in aquariums I tooked the weight and length individually and applied feed 5% of their body weight.
2.8 Apparatus and Materials 1. PH meter 2. Beaker 3. DO meter 4. Digital electric balance 5. Aerators 6. Bowls 7. Measuring steel scale 8. Small beakers 9. Aquariums 10. Multiplug 11. Stinging catfish fingerlings 12. Powder tubificid worm 13. Live tubificid worm 14. Pellet feed 15. Fresh tap water 16. scoop net for collecting sample 17. Spectrophotometer
2.9 Experimental feed There were three types of feeds used in the experiment. These are as follows: Live tubificid worm was used in T1 Powder tubificid worm was used in T2 Pellet feed was used in T3
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2.10 Shingi fingerling growth trial
2.10.1 Fish sampling Procedure The experimental fish was reared for the purpose of sampling during 45 day. Before weighing, the fishes were caught with a fine mesh scoop net and their individual length and weight were recorded to the nearest centimeter and nearest gram respectively for the analysis of fish.
The final length (cm) and weight (g) of the individual fish were carefully recorded after 45 days of rearing. The final body weight of individual fish was determined by a digital electronic balance. Measuring tape and steel scale was used for measuring the lengths to know the growth rate of the experimental fish.
2.10.2 Analysis of experimental data Experimental data were collected during the rearing period for the purpose of determining the following growth parameters.
2.10.2.1 Average Daily Gain (ADG, g/day) ADG is called the development of body weight per day. ADG was determined by the following formula as suggested by Jones (1967).
ADG =
Where
T2= Final time
T1= Initial time
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2.10.2.2 Specific Growth Rate (SGR, %) The percentage of the increase of body weight per day is called SGR. SGR (%) was calculated by the following formula as suggested by Hopkins (1992).
SGR (%) =
Where, In Wt. = Natural log of weight at time T
In W1= Natural log of initial weight T= Final time t= Initial time.
2.10.2.3 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) The ratio of feed consumed by the fish and weight gain of the fish is called the FCR. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined by the following formula as suggested by Payne (1987).
FCR =
Where,
W2= Final weight
W1=Initial weight Against each respective value all statistical analyses were carried out by using the computer package SPSS (version 16).
2.10.2.4 Determination of overall growth performance Sampling was accomplished at the 15th, 30th and 45th day of the experimental period. According to this length and weight data the overall growth performance was determined.
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2.11Water Quality Monitoring
Water quality was measured daily for all unless otherwise stated. PH meter was used to measure PH. Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO; mg/L) and conductivity was measured with temperature- conductivity meter. Turbidity of experimental water was measured with spectrophotometer.
2.11.1 Water temperature (ºC) The temperature of aquarium water was recorded with help of a Conductivity meter between 9.30 to10.30 a.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. respectively
2.11.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) The dissolved oxygen (DO) of aquarium water was recorded with help of a DO meter between 9.30 to10.30 a.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. respectively
2.11.3 Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) PH meter was used to measure PH between 9.30 to10.30 a.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. respectively.
2.11.4 Conductivity The Conductivity of aquarium water was recorded with help of a Conductivity meter between 9.30 to10.30 a.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. respectively.
2.11.5 Turbidity in water To determine the value of turbidity in water, I usually used Spectrophotometer and complete the work.
2.12 Analytical methods for determination of biochemical composition The following methods were adopted for the estimation of different constituents:
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2.12.1 Sample preparation
The samples were collected from the fish sample (Shingi). Then the samples were taken for laboratory analysis to estimate the whole body percentages of moisture, protein, fat and ash. The samples were then weighted and minced in a chemical tissue grinder. Required amount of samples were taken for the determination of moisture. Rest of the minced samples was collected as completely as possible. Wet weight was recorded and dried in an oven at 100º C. Weight of the dry sample was recorded. The dry sample was then taken in a mechanical grinder. Proximate analysis was accomplished in dry sample and the values were later readjusted for weight wet.
2.12.2 Determination of Moisture Content
Principle The change of weight is estimated under certain temperature. Moisture of fish is commonly determined by drying a sample at some elevated temperature and reporting to loss in weight as moisture (AOAC. 1975) Apparatus 1. Analytical balance, 2. Drying Oven, 3. Petri dishes, 4. Desiccator, Laboratory Grinder etc. Procedure About 3g of fairly minced fish sample was taken in weighted petri dishes (pre washed & dried at 1000C). Then the petri dishes with fish sample were placed in oven at about 1050C for 5-6 hours. Each time before weighing the petri dishes containing the fish muscle was cooled in a desiccator. The difference in the weight of fresh fish and content dry weight gave the moisture content.
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Calculation
The percentage of moisture was calculated by the following equation.
Moisture factor =
2.12.3 Determination of the protein content
Principle The universally accepted method for determining total nitrogen of crude protein in fish is the “Micro-Kjeldahl” method. This involves the oxidation of organic matter with sulfuric acid in the presence of catalyst and then the formation of ammonium salts and amines from the nitrogen components of fish. The solution thus obtained in alkaline containing amines and ammonia and is distilled into standard acid. The solution is then back titrated with standard alkali and the amount of nitrogen of ammonia calculated. The nitrogen value is multiplied by 6.25 to give value for crude protein.
Reagents:
1. 40% sodium hydroxide 2. 0.01N Hydrochloric acid 3. 2% boric acid:Mixed indicator: 0.1% Bromocresol green and 0.1% of methyl red indicator was dissolved in 95% alcohol separately. Then 10 ml Bromocresol green was added with 2 ml of methyl red solution
4. Digestion mixture: 98 parts of anhydrous K2SO4 is mixed with 2 parts of
CuSO4. Phenolphthalein indicator
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Apparatus: 1. Funnel Kjeldahl flask, 2. filter paper, 3. Conical flask. 4. Protein distillation chamber 5. Burette with stand 6. Electric balance 7. Pipette
Procedure At first 1 g sample was taken for each experiment and was poured in a cleaned and dried “Micro-Kjeldahl” flask (100ml) to which 2 g of digestion mixture and 25 ml of pure concentrated sulphuric acid were added and the mixture digested by heating at 3150C for 5-6 hours till the mixture became clear. Glass beds were added to prevent bumping during digestion. The digested products were the cooled and after that 30 ml of digested product were transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask by distilled water. Then 5 ml from diluted digest was transferred in “Kjeldahl” dilution apparatus and distilled with 10 ml of 30% NaOH. The distillate was collected in excess of 2% boric acid solution with indicator and was titrated by 0.01 N HCl. A similar digestion and titration was carried out without samples (blank).
Calculation
The percentage of nitrogen was calculated from the formula:
Where, S= Titration reading for sample B= Titration reading for Blank 13 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
N= Strength of HCl (0.01 N) C= Volume made up of the digest A= Aliquots of digest taken W= Weight in g of the sample The protein content was obtained by multiplying the nitrogen value by 6.25. Therefore, % of crude protein= Nitrogen 6.25 Moister Factor.
2.13 Statistical analysis
All the structured designs and data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. This included significant results (p<0.05) were taken as rejection of the null hypothesis significance differences between the treatments. These results are displayed as superscripts.
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A B
C
Fig 1. DO Meter (A), Conductivity Meter (B) And Live Tubificid Worm (C).
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D E
F
Fig 2. Powder Tubificid worm (D and F) and Pellet Feed (E).
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G H
I J
Fig 3. Fish Sample ( G), Electric Balance (H), Way of taking Measurement( I & J)
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Chapter 3 Results
3.1 Effect of three different feeds on the growth and survivability of stinging catfish, Shingi fingerlings fed with different feed.
3.1.1 Growth Performance Weight of stinging catfish fingerlings was observed in all the treatments during the 45 day rearing period. Significantly higher weight (48.53 ± 1.13g) of Shingi was found in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with live tubificid worm than that of others(P<0.05).Significantly lower weight (25.67 ± 0.49g) of fish was observed in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with pelleted feed(P<0.05).
Table1.Weight of fish (g) (Mean ± SEM) of stinging catfish fingerlings at 45 days rearing period.
Treatment Weight of fish (g)
o day 15 day 30 day 45 day T1 8.04 ± 0 .01f 16.00 ± 0 .12d 29.58 ± 0.31b 48.53 ± 1.13a T2 8.04 ± 0 .01f 11.27 ± 0.12e 16.73 ± 0.12d 28.97 ± 0.24b T3 8.04 ± 0.01f 11.53 ± 0.18e 15.47 ± 0.26d 25.67 ± 0.49c
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.1.2 Survival rate (%) of stinging catfish fingerlings
Significantly lower survival rate of Shingi (63.33 ± 1.67%) was observed in stinging catfish at 45 days fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). The highest survival rate of stinging catfish fingerlings was (91.67 ± 1.67%) at 15 days fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05). Survival rate of this experiment T2 was higher than T3 and lower than T1.
Table 2.Survival rate (%) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45 days rearing period (Mean ± SEM).
Treatment Survival rate of fish (%)
o day 15 day 30 day 45 day
T1 100.00± 0.00a 91.67 ±1.67ab 83.33±4.41bc 83.33±4.41bc T2 100.00± 0.00a 83.33±1.67bcd 71.67 ±1.67cde 71.67 ±1.67cde T3 100.00± 0.00a 76.67 ±1.67c 65.00±2.89de 63.33±1.67e
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.1.3 Average Daily Gain (ADG, g/day)
ADG was observed of stinging catfish fingerlings in 45 days rearing period. Significantly higher Average Daily Gain (0.9667± 0.0088g/day)was detected in stinging catfish at 30 day fed with live tubificid worm than that of others(P<0.05). The lowest ADG (0.2333 ± 0.0120g/day)was found15 day fed with powder tubificid worm(P<0.05). From this observation we can conclude that the ADG value of T2 was medium.
Table 3.Average Daily Gain, ADG (Mean ± SEM) of stinging catfish at 45 days rearing period.
Treatment Average Daily Gain (ADG, g/day) 15 days 30 days 45 days T1 0.5300 ± 0.0058c 0.9667 ± 0.0088a 0.9000 ± 0.0265b T2 0.2133 ± 0.0088f 0.5467 ± 0.0088c 0.4633 ± 0.0067d T3 0.2333 ± 0.0120f 0.5167 ±0 .0088cd 0.3900 ± 0.0116e
Values are Mean ± SEM in triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.1.6 Specific Growth Rate (SGR, %) Specific growth rate (SGR, %)of stinging catfish fingerlings was observed in all the treatments during the 45 day rearing period. Significantly higher Specific Growth Rate (4.5833 ± 0.0463) was observed in stinging catfish at 15 day fed with live tubificid worm than that of others (P<0.05). Significantly lower Specific Growth Rate (2.1800± 0.0608) was determined in stinging catfish at 30 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05).
Table4. Specific Growth Rate, SGR (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45 days rearing period.
Treatment Specific Growth Rate (SGR, %) 15 days 30 days 45 days T1 4.5833 ± 0.0463a 4.3433 ± 0.0328a 3.9933 ± 0.0524b T2 2.2433 ± 0.0754e 2.4400 ± 0.0265de 2.8467 ± 0.0186c T3 2.403 ± 0.1084de 2.1800 ± 0.0608e 2.6667 ± 0.1129cd
Values are Mean ± SEM in triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.1.7 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
From this observation we can conclude that maximum FCR (1.5167± 0.0203) was found at 15 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05). Minimum FCR (4.6633 ± 0.0953) was observed at 30 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). Medium value of FCR was determined in T2 fed with powder tubificid. Significantly higher and lower Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was found in stinging catfish in T1 and T3 respectively.
Table 5. Feed Conversion Ratio, FCR (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days rearing period.
Treatment FCR
15days 30 days 45 days
T1 1.5167 ± 0.0203a 2.2267 ± 0.0167b 3.2933 ± 0.1017c T2 3.7533 ± 0.1466cd 3.8900 ± 0.0945d 4.0267 ± 0.0829d
T3 3.4700 ± 0.1890cd 4.6633 ± 0.0953e 3.9600 ± 0.1762d
Values are Mean ± SD of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.2 Water quality parameter
3.2.1 Water temperature (ºC)
The value of water temperature (Mean ± SEM) of the whole culture period (45days) in different culture water has been presented in table 6. Significantly higher value of water temperature (28.00 ± 0.00ºC) in stinging catfish culture water was measured at 15 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). In T1 and T2 the value of water temperature was found same in stinging catfish culture water.
Table 6.Water temperature (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days rearing period.
Treatment Water temperature (ºC)
0days 15 days 30 days 45 days
T1 25.00 ± 0.00e 27.60±0.00b 26.10± 0.06c 25.80±0.00d T2 25.00 ± 0.00e 27.60± 0.00b 25.80± 0.00d 25.80±0.06d
T3 25.00 ± 0.00e 28.00±0.00a 26.07 ±0.09c 25.83±0.03d
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.2.2 Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) The values of hydrogen ion concentration (PH) (Mean ± SEM) of the whole culture period at 45 days in different culture water have been presented in table 7. Significantly higher value of water PH in stinging catfish culture water was measured at 15 day fed with powder tubificid worm (P<0.05). Significantly lower value of water PH in stinging catfish culture water was determined at 15 day fed with pellet feed P<0.05).Similar Hydrogen ion concentration (6.20 ± 0.06) was found in stinging catfish fingerlings culture water in T1, T2 and T3 respectively.
Table 7.Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) (Mean ± SEM)of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days rearing period.
Treatment Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) 0days 15 days 30 days 45 days
T1 6.20±0.06cd 6.40±0.06ab 6.40±0.06ab 6.20±0.06bcd
T2 6.30±0.06bc 6.60±0.00a 6.40±0.06ab 6.20±0.06bcd
T3 6.00±0.03de 5.80±0.00e 6.20±0.00bcd 6.10±0.06bcd
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.2.3 Turbidity in water (NTUs)
The values of in water turbidity (Mean ± SEM) of the whole culture period at 45days in different culture water have been presented in table 8. Significantly higher value (0.125±0.003) of water turbidity in stinging catfish culture water was estimated at30 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). Significantly lower value (0.010±0.001) of water turbidity in stinging catfish culture water was found at 15 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05).
Table 8.Turbidity in water (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days rearing period.
Treatment Turbidity in water (nephelometric turbidity units)
0days 15 days 30 days 45 days T1 0.040±0.000d 0.010±0.001g 0.015 ± 0.001fg 0.002±0.001h T2 0.040±0.000d 0.028±0.001e 0.027±0.001e 0.018 ±0.009f
T3 0.040±0.000d 0.114±0.001b 0.125±0.003a 0.105 ±0.003c
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.2.4 Water Conductivity
The value of water conductivity (Mean ± SEM) of the whole culture period at 45days in different culture water has been presented in table 9. Significantly higher value (566.67 ± 11.79) of water conductivity was measured in stinging catfish culture water at 45 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). Significantly lower value (412.00 ± 0.58) of water conductivity was determined in stinging catfish culture water at 15 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05). The highest value of water conductivity in stinging catfish culture water was found in T3 and the lowest value of water conductivity was T1. T2 was found medium value of water conductivity in stinging catfish culture water.
Table 9.Water Conductivity (Mean ± SEM) of Stinging catfish fingerlings at 45days rearing period.
Treatment Water Conductivity
0days 15 days 30 days 45 days T1 375.00± 0.00d 412.00± 0.58cd 454.33±1.76bc 463.33±30.18bc
T2 375.00± 0.00d 412.33± 0.33cd 458.00± 0.58bc 563.00±32.50a
T3 375.00± 0.00cd 467.00±1.15b 509.00±2.08ab 566.67 ±11.79a
Values are Mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 20 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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3.3 Proximate Analysis of Fish Samples
3.3.1 Moisture Content in Fish
From the table 10, significantly higher value (76.45 ±1.01) of moisture content was measured in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05). Significantly lower value (75.02 ± 1.08) of moisture content was determined in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05).
3.3.2 Protein Content in Fish
From the table 10,significantly higher value (17.48 ± 0.28) of protein content was measured in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with live tubificid worm (P<0.05). Significantly lower value (16.50 ±0.01) of protein content was determined in stinging catfish at 45 day fed with pellet feed (P<0.05).
Table 10.Proximate composition (Mean ± SEM) at 45 days rearing period.
Treatment Proximate Composition of Shingi Moisture (%) Protein (%) T1 75.02 ± 1.08 17.48 ± 0.28 T2 76.00 ±1.15 17.30 ± 0.22 T3 76.45 ±1.01 16.50 ±0.01
Values are mean ± SEM of triplicate groups of 5 fish. Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05.
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From this observation in table 10, it can be understood that maximum moisture content (76.45 ±1.01) was found at T3 and minimum moisture content (75.02 ± 1.08) was found at T1. The moisture content of T1 and T3 was significantly different while the protein content of them significantly different. The moisture content (76.00 ±1.15) of T2 was found medium.
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CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION
The growth performance of Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) fingerlings was affected by live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed. In present study Singhi fingerlings was selected for analysis because of its availability and easy culture and also because of its great acceptance to all people of Bangladesh to meet their nutritional requirements. As Stinging catfish, Shingi is herbivorous fish; different kinds of feeds are supplied to determine the effect of feeding regime on the growth performance of fish. High growth performances in terms of total length, body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and average daily gain were recorded among three types of treatment.
Growth, feed efficiency and feed consumption of fish are normally governed by a few environmental factors (Brett. 1979).
Growths of fish in culture water were investigated and the results obtained from the experiment indicated that the growth rate varied in different treatments.
Growth in terms of mean harvesting weight and SGR of Stinging catfish was significantly higher in T1 than that of others (P<0.05). As T1 was given live tubificid worm but T2 and T3 were given powder tubificid worm and pellet feed respectively. However, Khan et al. (2003) observed the effect of different stocking densities on production of catfish (H. fossilis) in earthen ponds and got the production range 2080 to 3364 kg ha-1.
The highest survival of stinging catfish fingerlings were found at T1 and the lowest was at T3. Survival rate of this experiment T2 was higher than T3 but lower than T1.The percentage of survival as recorded in the present study was 90, 82 and 76 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively.
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Average daily gain (ADG), from the table 3, we found that at the end of the 45 days rearing period the highest value was achieved by fish at T1 fed with live tubificid worm. As a result the minimum ADG value was found at T3fed with powder tubificid worm. Average daily gain depends on several climatic factors including temperature, salinity, DO, light intensity, water current and other various factors such as availability of feed, stocking density, predatory fish, weed fish etc. This result indicates feed affect the average daily gain.
Specific growth rate (SGR), table 4 showed significant variations. SGR was excellent atT1 on 15 days. On the other hand the lowest amount of SGR was found on 30 days fed with pellet feed. This finding resembles the Medawars (1945) fifth law “the specific growth rate declines more and more slowly as the organism increases in age” at the various conditions. Minot (1990) was the person to recognize that for most animals the specific growth rate is highest early in life and that it typically decreases with increasing age, becoming zero in some animals.
FCR also showed same type of result as in the previous section. Significantly difference of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was found in stinging catfish in T1 because of feeding with live tubificid worm. Feed Conversion Ratio depends on many factors. To optimize the environment is the best factor. Doolgindachabaporn (1994) found that the FCR value of Crypinus carpio rages from 1.8 to 3.0 and Akand et.al. 1989 found FCR value 2.0 to 2.7 in case of singh fingerlings.
Water temperature has profound effect on growth, reproduction, and other biological activities of fishes. In experimental period temperature mean range was these fingerlings were more or less similar to the findings of Rahman (1982) who reported that the water temperature ranged from 26.06 to 31.97 c. Ali (1998), Mollah (1978) and Paul (1998) also reported the water temperature 26.06 to 31.97 c.
Environmental parameters exert an immense influence on the maintenance of a healthy aquatic environment and production of food organisms. Growth, feed efficiency and feed 30 Dhaka University Institutional Repository consumption of fish are normally governed by a few environmental factors (Brett.1979). The mean range of temperature (26.05 to 26.22 °C) in the experimental water is within the acceptable range for farming of shingi that agrees well with the findings of Haque et al. (1984) and Kohinoor et al. (1994, 2007). Boyd (1982) reported that the range of water temperature from 26.06 to 31.97°C is suitable for fish culture.
The dissolved oxygen (DO) is the most important physical factor for all aquatic organisms including fish. DO range was 6.5 to 8.4ppm. The DO content of water ranging from 6.7 to 8.3ppm was satisfactory level for fish production. Ross and Ross (1983), for satisfactory level of fish culture, the DO of our result (8.0-10.0) is well within the recommended level for fish culture.
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is very important factor in fish life. The observed pH values of water ranging from 6.02 to 6.4 indicated that the experimental water were suitable for fish culture. According to the Swingle (1967) PH6.5-9.0 ppm is suitable for the fish culture. Ali et al (1952) recorded PH value (7.5-9.5) from fresh water pond. Roy et al. (2002) obtained a pH range 7.03 to 9.03 in fish ponds located in Trishal, Mymensingh.
The Conductivity of water was recorded with help of a Conductivity meter. Significantly higher value of water conductivity was measured in stinging catfish aquarium at 45 day fed with pellet feed.
Significantly higher value of water turbidity in stinging catfish aquarium was estimated at 45 day fed with pellet feed.
Moisture content was found to be in the range of 75.05 to 76.50 %. It was observed that moisture content in singh fingerlings fed with pellet feed was the highest 76.50% than that of others (P<0.05).
Desrosier et al. (1977) in another study dealing with the amount of moisture, fat and protein in fish reported that general fish contains 70-80% moisture. Thus, moisture 31 Dhaka University Institutional Repository content in present study is in a good agreement with the values reported in all these previous studies (Siddiqui and Chowdhury. 1996); BARC. 1983; Desrosier et al. 1977, Standby et al. 1963; Rubbi et al. 1987). Moisture content of fish depends on some factors such as seasons, sex, age etc.
Venkataraman and chari (1951) made a thorough study on the seasonal variation in chemical composition of Mackeraland found that moisture and fat were subject to seasonal variation. Mohsin et al. (1990), in a study with Cirrhinus mrigal, stated that nutrient content varied due to the variation of habitat and physiological condition. In a study (Stansby et al. 1963), moisture content for fresh water fish was reported to be in the range of 72.1-83.6 %, with a mean of 77.64% and the observations were nearly to the present study. In another study, Rubbi et al. (1987) investigated the moisture content for twenty-seven species of fresh water fish, where moisture content was found to be in the range of 72.18-83.65% which is also nearly similar to the present study.
The depleted fish (after spawning) contained higher amount of moisture and lower amount of fat and protein than the spawning ones. In another study (Mohsin. 1994), worked on Cirrhimus mrigala (Hamilton) and observed that larger fish contain lower amount of moisture than those of the smaller ones.
The range of protein content was 16.50 to 17.48 %.Maximum content being present in T1 (17.48) while minimum being present in T3 (16.50%) and medium T2 (17.30%) due to using live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed respectively.
Protein content of fish, as revealed in present is in good agreement with the valued reported in these previous studies. Protein content is subjected to the variation of factors such as size, sex, habitat, physiological condition and also season (Mohsin et al. 1990, Borgstrom. 1961, Khuda et al. 1962). In a previous study (Dresosier. 1977) protein content in fish was reported to be in a range of 13-20%.
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In another study (INFS. 1980) protein content of freshwater fish was demonstrated to be 15-18%. Govindan (1985) also demonstrated a range of 9-25% protein for freshwater and marine fish.
All kinds of minerals which play important role in body structure for each organism including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and so on. In the previous study (Valverde et al. 2000). In Bangladesh, only 6 percent of the daily food intake is animal food, of which fish accounts for about 50 percent.
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Chapter 5 Conclusion and recommendations
5.1 Conclusion Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) has high cultural value and consumer preference in Bangladesh. This is an excellent candidate for culture in derelict water bodies as it is able to live in poorly oxygenated water. It is commercially important due to its high demand for protein. The stinging catfish have a good market demand. It has more nutritious and medicinal value. They can tolerate high stocking density and poor oxyzen level. In this study, the significant effects of live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed on the growth performance of singh fingerlings were investigated. Singhi fingerlings can cope with the various physico-chemical parameters including temperature, PH, DO, conductivity, turbidity and so on. From the experiment conducted it was observed that the length and weight of the singh fingerlings varied with live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed. The best growth performance was observed in fish fed with live tubificid worm. Proximate composition of Singhi fingerlings varied with live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed. Statistically significant difference between T1 and T3 was observed. For aquaculture purpose, singh fingerlings of this study suggest that Singhi fingerlings can be cultured in aquatic environment with various live tubificid worms resulting in high fish production and better economic returns.
The following conclusion may be drawn on the basis of the observation made during the rearing and feeding experiment of the Singhi in different culture water. Singhi fingerlings were the highest growth performance in T1 because of using Live tubificid worm . From the proximate composition data it can be concluded that the Singhi is comparable to other fishes as a good source of protein. The applied feeds are found to be effective for the better growth and culture fish of the experimental Singhi by determining their proximate composition.
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5.2 Recommendations
The culture of Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is needed to fulfill the protein demand of growing people of our country. To increase the production of stinging catfish, Shingiis the higher in live tubificid worm, the lower in pellet feed. Further research is needed to identify the supplement feed or live feed in which the growth rates will be the greatest. Furthermore this types of research work is deeded to conduct
To increase the production of Singhi fingerlings further research should be to identify the mechanisms which are involved in the regulation of a response to live tubificid worm, powder tubificid worm and pellet feed.
In the current study a few parameters are selected such as Weight, Survivability, Turbidity, ADG, SGR, FCR and physico-chemical parameters in culture unit.
Proximate analysis of fish fed with different feed may be conducted.
Further study on the hormone that helps to rapid growth of fish can be conducted.
Current study is totally laboratory based, so field studies are needed to clarify the actual effect of live feed, powder feed and pellet feed on singh fish.
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KHAN, M.N., SAIFUL ISLAM, A.K.M. and HUSSAIN, M.G. 2003.Marginal analysis of culture of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis): Effect of different stocking density in earthen ponds. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 6 (7): 666-670.
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APPENDICES
Case Summariesa
Food Average daily conversion Specific Growth gain (g/day) ratio rate (%) treatment Live feed for 15 day 1 .53 1.52 4.59
2 .52 1.55 4.50
3 .54 1.48 4.66
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .5300 1.5167 4.5833
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Std. Error of .00577 .02028 .04631 Mean live feed for 30 day 1 .97 2.21 4.36
2 .95 2.26 4.28
3 .98 2.21 4.39
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .9667 2.2267 4.3433
Std. Error of .00882 .01667 .03283 Mean live feed for 45 day 1 .95 3.15 4.09
2 .89 3.24 3.98
3 .86 3.49 3.91
Total N 3 3 3
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Mean .9000 3.2933 3.9933
Std. Error of .02646 .10171 .05239 Mean
Live feed powder for 15 1 .21 3.83 2.20 day 2 .23 3.47 2.39
3 .20 3.96 2.14
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .2133 3.7533 2.2433
Std. Error of .00882 .14655 .07535 Mean
Live feed powderfor 30 1 .55 3.75 2.49 day 2 .53 4.07 2.40
3 .56 3.85 2.43
44 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .5467 3.8900 2.4400
Std. Error of .00882 .09452 .02646 Mean
Live feedpowder for 45 1 .47 4.19 2.87 day 2 .47 3.97 2.86
3 .45 3.92 2.81
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .4633 4.0267 2.8467
Std. Error of .00667 .08293 .01856 Mean
Pelette feed for 15 day 1 .21 3.83 2.20
2 .24 3.39 2.44
45 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
3 .25 3.19 2.57
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .2333 3.4700 2.4033
Std. Error of .01202 .18903 .10837 Mean
Pelette feed 30 day 1 .50 4.83 2.07
2 .52 4.66 2.19
3 .53 4.50 2.28
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .5167 4.6633 2.1800
Std. Error of .00882 .09528 .06083 Mean
Pelette feed for 45 day 1 .41 3.66 2.87
46 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
2 .39 3.95 2.65
3 .37 4.27 2.48
Total N 3 3 3
Mean .3900 3.9600 2.6667
Std. Error of .01155 .17616 .11289 Mean
Total N 27 27 27
Mean .5289 3.4222 3.0778
Std. Error of Mean .04818 .18317 .17753 a. Limited to first 100 cases.
WATER PARAMETERS 47 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Case Summariesa
Water Water temperature Water pH Water turbidity conductivity treatment Live feed for 0 day 1 25.00 6.30 .04 375.00
2 25.00 6.20 .04 375.00
3 25.00 6.10 .04 375.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.0000 6.2000 .0400 375.0000
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .05774 .00000 .00000
live feed for 15 day 1 27.60 6.50 .01 411.00
2 27.60 6.40 .01 412.00
3 27.60 6.30 .01 413.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 27.6000 6.4000 .0100 412.0000
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .05774 .00058 .57735
live feed for 30 day 1 26.10 6.30 .02 457.00
2 26.00 6.50 .01 451.00
3 26.20 6.40 .02 455.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 26.1000 6.4000 .0147 454.3333
48 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Std. Error of Mean .05774 .05774 .00088 1.76383
"live feed for 45 day" 1 25.80 6.30 .00 495.00
2 25.80 6.20 .00 492.00
3 25.80 6.10 .00 403.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.8000 6.2000 .0020 463.3333
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .05774 .00058 30.17910
Live feed powderfor 0 day 1 25.00 6.20 .04 375.00
2 25.00 6.30 .04 375.00
3 25.00 6.40 .04 375.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.0000 6.3000 .0400 375.0000
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .05774 .00000 .00000
Live feedpowder for 15 day 1 27.60 6.60 .03 412.00
2 27.60 6.60 .02 413.00
3 27.60 6.60 .03 412.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 27.6000 6.6000 .0277 412.3333
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .00000 .00145 .33333
"Live feedpowder for 30 day" 1 25.80 6.40 .02 458.00
2 25.80 6.50 .03 459.00 49 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
3 25.80 6.30 .03 457.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.8000 6.4000 .0267 458.0000
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .05774 .00088 .57735
"Live feedpowder for 45 day" 1 25.70 6.30 .02 498.00
2 25.80 6.10 .02 596.00
3 25.90 6.20 .02 595.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.8000 6.2000 .0177 563.0000
Std. Error of Mean .05774 .05774 .00088 32.50128
"Pelette feed for 0 day" 1 25.00 6.00 .04 375.00
2 25.00 6.10 .04 375.00
3 25.00 6.00 .04 375.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.0000 6.0333 .0400 375.0000
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .03333 .00000 .00000
"Pelette feed for 15 day" 1 28.00 5.80 .11 469.00
2 28.00 5.80 .11 465.00
3 28.00 5.80 .12 467.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 28.0000 5.8000 .1140 467.0000 50 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Std. Error of Mean .00000 .00000 .00115 1.15470
"Pelette feed for 30 day" 1 26.10 6.20 .12 505.00
2 25.90 6.20 .13 510.00
3 26.20 6.20 .12 512.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 26.0667 6.2000 .1250 509.0000
Std. Error of Mean .08819 .00000 .00289 2.08167
"Pelette feed for 45 day" 1 25.80 6.00 .10 590.00
2 25.90 6.20 .11 552.00
3 25.80 6.10 .10 558.00
Total N 3 3 3 3
Mean 25.8333 6.1000 .1050 566.6667
Std. Error of Mean .03333 .05774 .00289 11.79454
Total N 36 36 36 36
Mean 26.1333 6.2361 .0469 452.5556
Std. Error of Mean .16973 .03545 .00694 11.37056 a. Limited to first 100 cases.
SURVIVABILITY(%)
51 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Case Summariesa
duration in day Survivability treatment Live feed for o day 1 . 100.00
2 . 100.00
3 . 100.00
TN 3 o Mean 100.0000 t Std. Error of Mean a .00000 l
Live feed for 15 day 1 . 90.00
2 . 95.00
3 . 90.00
TN 3 o Mean 91.6667 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l
Live feed for 30 day 1 . 85.00
2 . 90.00
3 . 75.00
TN 3
52 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
oMean 83.3333 t Std. Error of Mean a 4.40959 l
Live feed for 45 day 1 . 85.00
2 . 90.00
3 . 75.00
TN 3 o Mean 83.3333 t Std. Error of Mean a 4.40959 l
Live powder feed for o day 1 . 100.00
2 . 100.00
3 . 100.00
TN 3 o Mean 100.0000 t Std. Error of Mean a .00000 l
Live powder feed for 15 day 1 . 85.00
2 . 85.00
3 . 80.00
53 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
TN 3 o Mean 83.3333 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l
Live powder feed for 30 day 1 . 75.00
2 . 70.00
3 . 70.00
TN 3 o Mean 71.6667 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l
Live powder feed for 45 day 1 . 75.00
2 . 70.00
3 . 70.00
TN 3 o Mean 71.6667 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l pelleted feed for o day 1 . 100.00
2 . 100.00
3 . 100.00 54 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
TN 3 o Mean 100.0000 t Std. Error of Mean a .00000 l pelleted feed for 15day 1 . 75.00
2 . 80.00
3 . 75.00
TN 3 o Mean 76.6667 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l pelleted feed for 30 day 1 . 70.00
2 . 65.00
3 . 60.00
TN 3 o Mean 65.0000 t Std. Error of Mean a 2.88675 l pelleted feed for 45 day 1 . 65.00
2 . 65.00
3 . 60.00 55 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
TN 3 o Mean 63.3333 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.66667 l
Total N 36
Mean 82.5000
Std. Error of Mean 2.22272 a. Limited to first 100 cases.
WEIGHT (g)
Case Summariesa
duration in day weight
treatment Live feed for o day 1 . 8.04
2 . 8.04
3 . 8.05
TN 3 o Mean 8.0433
56 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
t Std. Error of Mean a .00333 l
Live feed for 15 day 1 . 16.00
2 . 15.80
3 . 16.20
TN 3 o Mean 16.0000 t Std. Error of Mean a .11547 l
Live feed for 30 day 1 . 29.75
2 . 29.00
3 . 30.00
TN 3 o Mean 29.5833 t Std. Error of Mean a .30046 l
Live feed for 45 day 1 . 50.60
2 . 48.30
3 . 46.70
TN 3
57 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
oMean 48.5333 t Std. Error of Mean a 1.13186 l
Live powder feed for o day 1 . 8.05
2 . 8.03
3 . 8.05
TN 3 o Mean 8.0433 t Std. Error of Mean a .00667 l
Live powder feed for 15 day 1 . 11.20
2 . 11.50
3 . 11.10
TN 3 o Mean 11.2667 t Std. Error of Mean a .12019 l
Live powder feed for 30 day 1 . 17.00
2 . 16.50
3 . 16.70
58 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
TN 3 o Mean 16.7333 t Std. Error of Mean a .14530 l
Live powder feed for 45 day 1 . 29.30
2 . 29.10
3 . 28.50
TN 3 o Mean 28.9667 t Std. Error of Mean a .24037 l pelleted feed for o day 1 . 8.05
2 . 8.04
3 . 8.03
TN 3 o Mean 8.0400 t Std. Error of Mean a .00577 l pelleted feed for 15day 1 . 11.20
2 . 11.60
3 . 11.80 59 Dhaka University Institutional Repository
TN 3 o Mean 11.5333 t Std. Error of Mean a .17638 l
pelleted feed for 30 day 1 . 15.00
2 . 15.50
3 . 15.90
TN 3 o Mean 15.4667 t Std. Error of Mean a .26034 l
pelleted feed for 45 day 1 . 26.50
2 . 25.70
3 . 24.80
TN 3 o Mean 25.6667 t Std. Error of Mean a .49103 l
Total N 36
Mean 18.9897
Std. Error of Mean 1.97245 60 Dhaka University Institutional Repository a. Limited to first 100 cases.
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