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Geography Make This a Vital Region?

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Geography Make This a Vital Region? Why does the physical geography make this a vital region? Taking Notes Copy the graphic organizer below into your notebook Use it to record information from the chapter about the physical geography of Southwest Asia. l-afufornry Restrces Clitun+e and Veqtation Hwva.nEnironneft Iftenction Main ldeas . The Southwest Asian landforms have had a major impact on movement in the region. The most valuable resources in Southwest Asia are oil and water. Places & Terms A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE Artillery shells and sniper fire rained dowrr Golan Heights on the lands below a small plateau in southwestern Syria. Airplanes wadi bombed the military positions on the plateau itself. Families in nearby Tigris River villages huddled in their homes, hoping for the shelling to stop. Israeli Euphrates River Army engineers struggled to build a road to enable tanks to reach the Jordan River top. Thousands died in the t967 war when Syria and Israel fought for Dead Sea control of the Golan Heights, also called Al fawlan, a hilly plateau over- Iooking the |ordan River and the Sea of Galilee. This landforrn's strate- CoNwEcr ro rHE IssuEs gic location has made it the site of conflict in Southwest Asia for RESOURCES Enormous oil decades. It is one of many landforms that divide the region. reseryes have brought changes to the economic and political standing of this region. Landforms Divide the Region People sometimes picture Southwest Asia as a region of rippling sand dunes and parched land occasionally interrupted with an oasis. But the lands of Southwest Asia actually range from green coastal plains to snow-peaked mountains. Southwest Asia forms a land bridge connect- ing Asia, Africa, and Europe. As you can see on the map on page 37, the region is situated at the edge of a huge tectonic plate. Parts of the Arabian Peninsula are pulling away from Africa, and parts of the Anatolian I'eninsula are sliding past parts of Asia. Still other plates are pushing up mountains in other areas of the Asian continent. PLACE The Golan Heights are a strategic PENINSULAS AND WATERWAYS The most distinctive landform in location near the source of water in Southwest Asia is the Arabian Peninsula, which is separated from the the region How will control of continent of Africa by the Red Sea on the southwest and from the rest of this area affect those Asia by the Persian Gulf on the east. fhe Red Sea covers a rift valley cre- who live on lands ated by the movement of the Arabian plate. The Zagros, Elburz, and below the top of the Taurus mountains at the north side of the plate cut off part of the region plateau? from the south. Another irnportant landform in the region is the Anatolian Peninsula, which is occupied by the country of Turkey. It marks the beginning of the Asian continent. (See the map onpage 479.\ Both peninsulas border on strategic waterways. On the southwest side of the Arabian Peninsula are the Red Sea and a strategic opening to the Mediter ranean Sea-the Suez Canal. Goods from Asia flow through this canal to ports in Europe and North Africa. The Anatolian Peninsula is located between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. TWo narrow waterways, the Bosporus Strait and the Dardenelles Strait, are situated at the west end of the peninsula. Both straits have always been highly desirable locations for controlling trade and transportation to Russia and the interior of Asia. Farther south is a narrow passageway leading from the Arabian Sea to the Persian Gulf called the Straits of Hormuz. These straits are the BRcrcnouuo only waterway to the huge oilfields of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The Persian Gulf is also called the Because access to oil is essential to the world-wide economy, this water Arabian Gull way is very important. $:Ftfi:{'d9i r*irl$,i FEeurl"if,"ii,gc*E""}5i Much of the Arabian Peninsula is covered by plains. Because of the dry, sandy, and windy conditions, few activi' ties using the land take place here. Most of the land is barren with some low hills, ridges, and wadis, which are riverbeds that remain dry except during the rainy seasons. On the southwestern corner of the peninsula, a range of mountains-the Hejaz Mountains-pokes out of the land. People living on the Arabian Peninsula have adapted to the harsh con- ditions by living nomadic lives in search of water. The heart of Iran is a plateau surrounded by mountains. Isolated and very high, the land is a stony, salty, and sandy desert. The foothills sur' rounding the plateau are able to produce some crops. Much of the Anatolian l'eninsula is also a plateau. Sorne areas are productive for agriculture, while other areas sup- port flocks of grazing animals such as sheep and goats. The Northern Plain of Afghanistan, a well-watered agricultural area, is surrounded by Making high mountains that isolate it from Comparisons other parts of the region. 2 'J How are the plateaus of lran fuf;ffi#ruTF{Hftf$ Rugged mountains and Anatolia divide the land and countries. As you different? study the map on page 479, you will see that the Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan are linked with other ranges of mountains that frame southern Asia. Afghanistan is land locked and mountainous, so contact with the outside world is difficult. The Zagros Mountains on the western side of Iran help isolate that .,2 ,.)r, country from the rcst of SoLrthwest 0 250 5t !. Asia. The Elburz Mountains south of 0 250 500 kilometers the Caspian Sea cut off easy access to Lambert Conformal Conic Projection that body of water by Iran. Finally, the Taurus Mountains separate Turkey from the rest of Southwest SKILLBUI LDER: lnterpreting Maps Asia. In spite of these physical barri O PLACE The sources of two rivers are located on which landform? ers, people, goods, and ideas move g PLACE Which landforms isolate the Fertile Crescent from other through the entire region. One of the parts of the region? ways they move is by water. 488 CHAPTER 21 PI.ACE The Dead Sea The Dead Sea is a landlocked salt lake, so salty that almost nothing can live in the water. lt has been described as the world's largest spa [A spa is a place with healing waters.) For thousands of years, people have come to the edges of the landlocked sea to bathe in its mineral waters and soak in its black mineral mud. lmagine floating in water so salty that you cannot sink Salt concentration in the Dead Sea water is 3'l.5 percent, nine times higher than in the world's oceans The evaporation rate of the water is about 55 inches per year, keep- ing the water very salty despite the flow of fresh water from the Jordan River. WATER BGDIES Southwest Asia is almost completely surrounded by bodies of water. They provide vital avenues for trade and access to other parts of the region and to the rest of the world. However, because much of the region is arid, there are few rivers that flow the entire year. As you can see on the map on page 488, two of the most important rivers-the Tigris and the Euphrates supported several ancient river valley civilizations in an area called the Fertile Crescent. They included Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Chaldeans. Today, the Tigris and Euphrates flow through parts of Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. The valleys are fertile, well watered, and good for agriculture. The two rivers flow almost parallel to each other for hundreds of miles CoNwEcr ro THE ISSUES before joining at a place called Shatt al Arab. They spread out into slow f;b, nEsouncns moving water and swamps, finally emptying into the Persian Gulf. q{ Why is control of Tumbling down from the mountains of Lebanon near Mt. Hermon, water resources the Jordan River provides one o[ the most precious resources in the important in this as a region? entire region-water. Farther south, the river serves natural bound- ary between Israel and Jordan. The fordan River flows into the salty waters of the Dead Sea, a landlocked salt lake. The Dead Sea is so salty that only bacteria can live in the waters. Thousands of years ago the earth was heaved up on the south end of the area now controlled by Israel. The outlet to the sea was blocked, creating the salt lake. The Dead Sea is t,349 feer below sea level-the lowest place on the exposed crust of the earth. (See The Dead Sea, above.) Resources for a Modern World It is almost impossible to think about resources in Southwest Asia with- out including oil. It is the region's most abundant resource. Major oil Landforms and Resources 489 fields are located in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and Iraq, with natural gas fields close by. Since these fossil fuels run cars and trucks, factories, and power plants all over the world, they provide the major portion of income for nations with petroleum reserves. AN OIL-RICH REGIOSI Today, about one-half of the world's oil reserves are found in Southwest Asia, along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and at offshore drilling sites in the Gulf itself. The presence of these large reserves has made the region important because so many countries, including the United States, depend on its oil. OTHER RESOURCES The most valuable resource in parts of Southwest Asia is water. In mountainous lands such as Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, and Afghanistan, water is plentiful compared to the rest of the region.
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