Colostrum from Different Animal Species – A Product for Health Status Enhancement

Mirela AHMADI1, Oana BOLDURA1, Cornelia MILOVANOV1, Dorel DRONCA*2 1 1, Sorina POPESCU3, Ioan P 2 and Camelia TULCAN1 , Călin MIRCU , Ioan HUŢU 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,ĂDEANU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Mihai 1” of Banat Timisoara, Romania (USAMVB), Calea Aradului 119, Timisoara 300645, Romania; 2 Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, USAMVB 3 Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry, USAMVB *Corresponding authors, e-mail: [email protected]

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1)/ 2016 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb: 11949

Abstract depends very much on different factors such as: animal species, animal breed and genetical characteristics, feedingThe program, first diet. after Bovine birth colostrum is also known is used as in colostrum. different Thetherapies composition due to its of composition animal and humanin nutraceuticals, colostrum but also because the cow gives high quantity colostrum compared to other animal species ( or ewes). The immunological properties of colostrum are acknowledged in various studies. Due to its immunoglobiline content, it giveis an very alternative good information therapy in immunityabout the enhancement.nutritional composition, Colostrum especially is also used proteins. in athletes’ Thus, supplementation proteins, lipids, planminerals, with very good results in their competition performance. Dry matter composition of cow, and ewe’s colostrum can vitamins are significantly higher in colostrum right after parturition and decrease very much in time in mature milk. Lactose – in most of the studies – presents an increase in concentration from colostrum to milk. Our study reflects the highest content of dry matter in ewe colostrum, with significant decrease in goat and cow. Total lipid content was highest also in ewe’s colostrum, lower in cow’s, and the lowest in goat colostrum. In most samples, fromminerals the 6(copper, hours to manganese, 48 hours. zinc) had – the highest concentration in colostrum with a decrese from the 6 hour colostrum to the 48 hour colostrum collected after parturition. Iron composition increases in ewe colostrum Keywords: colostrum, health enhancement

INTRODUCTION nutritional composition of colostrum from The aim of this study was to associate the in nutrientsColostrum depending is considered of the “theanimal first species raw of the immunity system. andmilk” breed, after parturition,because of and feeding it varies and very genetic much differentColostrum species is of the animals secretion with ofthe the enhancement mammary characteristics. Thus, due to multivariate feeding plants, the goat colostrum should have the best hours after parturition. The nutraceutical nutrient composition, compared to bovine or componentsgland of animals of colostrum and humans are inrepresented the first 48in colostrum, but even this depends on the feeding plan (concentrated dry feed or fodder) the same time, the composition in amino acids, (Ahmadi-Vincu et al., 2005; Ruiz et al., 2014; totalprincipal proteins, by immuneenzymes, and fatty growth acids, total factors; lipids, at Sanchez-Macias et al., 2015; Alves et al., 2015). hormones, vitamins, minerals is very important 2 AHMADI et al for mammalian neonates. One of the main effects Thus, Struff and Sprotte reported that oral administrationthe ability to inhibitof bovine enterogenic colostrum endotoxemia.concentrates of colostrum on newborn babies is its bilirubinaction, which for helpsprevention in meconium of icterus. evacuation Due to (first the seems to be the main mechanism in Gram-negative immunoproteinsstool) and it also in helps its incomposition, excretion of colostrum excessive reduce the influx of lipopolysaccharides, which protects infants from infections. Total dry matter decreases very much in time. The supplements based on bovine septic shock. colostrum have been proved to lead to improved performance in athletes. Thus, Shing and his parturitionIn ewes, the (24.58). total solids Lactose are concentration lower on day on three day (17.32%) compared to the first six hours afterth administration of bovine colostrum supplements collaborators in 2006 studied the influence of three ewe colostrum was 3.74% and in the 12 week after parturition lactose content increased training.(in low dose) The to cyclistsresults for demonstrated10 weeks of exercise that to 4.30%. The ash-mineral composition in ewe’sth bovineactivity, colostrum including supplementation five days of high in intensitycyclists’ milk was 0.65% in the second week of . The total protein from ewe’s milk in the 12 week after birth was 5.33% (Oguike and Udeh, maintainingperformance the presented same heart improvements rate. in 40-km 2008). One reson for this could be the quantity of trials,The and colostral increased nutraceutical the time trial components intensity while vary colostrum from ewes compared to other species across animal species compared to human, but also ofand colostrum baby’s needs. that feeds Ewes the secreted lamb has less to provide colostrum the the breed is very important. Animal improvement and milk compared to goats or cows. The quantity high dry matter and nutrients compared to that ofoptimal other nutrientsstudied –animal so ewe’s species colostrum or to containshuman colostrummethods haveproduction in view (Dronca, even the 2007). production In table of1 colostrum. milk, and for sure this is also connected to animal Thus, goat colostrum seems to have the of general nutrients from colostrum in different animalwe presented species a collection(Banchero of et literature al., 2004; review Csapo data et in iron, compared to bovine and sheep colostrum. al., 2008; Eddleman, 2005; Hadjipanayiotou, Concentrationhighest quality in in immunoproteins retinols and tocoferols, (IgA, IgG, but IgM), also 1995; Martini et al., 2012; Sustova et al., 2007; lactoferine, proline rich peptides, other high

Struff and Sprotte reported in 2008 that K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and others) is much higher in Vatankhah, 2013). quality proteins, essential enzymes, minerals (Fe, be used in clinical trials for its antibacterial effect and varies a lot in time, once colostrum turns andbovine for colostrum modulation – dueof the to itsimmune composition response – can in the first hours after parturition, and decreases human patients. Their research demonstrated in nutrients, such as vitamins, lipids and lactose is therapy on animal models that bovine colostrum into mature milk. Also, the concentration in other concentrates have the ability to neutralize The nnutrients composition of colostrum different in colostrum as compared to mature milk. pathogen Gram-negative bacteria, and also have lipopolysaccharides such as endotoxins formed by leads to enhanced immunity, sickness recovery (such as flu), allergy relief, Alzheimer and asthma Tab 1. parturition - %) Colostrum nutrient composition in various animal species (mean of first 6 hours after Measure Total Total Dry Casein Unit Proteins carbohydrates Lipids mineral content matter Lactose – Ash – BovineSpecification colostrum 3.3 2.68 4.8 3.8 0.71 12.8 6.35 4.82 3.23 8.21 0.59 24.58 % Goat colostrum 3.4 1.94 4.7 4.1 0.77 13.0 Ewe (sheep) colostrum Human colostrum 1.2 0.5 7.0 3.8 0.21 12.4

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016 3

Colostrum from Different Animal Species – A Product for Health Status Enhancement support; it is useful in anti-aging prevention Table 1. and goat colostrum [%] protection; it is very good for athletes as natural Lipids and dry matter content of cow, ewe and treatment; it is effective in oxidative stress Lipids [%] Dry matter [%] muscle, sprint capacity, in muscle recovery after intensesupplement effort, for and growth it is completely and improvement legal to use. of lean Specification 5.65 ± 0.26 12.03 ± 0.20 ͞x ± SD x ± SD 9.11 ± 0.27 21.32 ± 0.51 MATERIALS AND METHODS Cow Goat 4.88 ± 0.22 13.68 ± 0.80 Ewe colostrum from different animal species: goat, The first step in this study was to collect the – that has low concentration in the first colostrum sheep, and bovine (cow) from Timis county the other hand, colostrum composition depends used the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) as compared to late colostrum or mature milk. On (Romania). For mineral determinations, we on the animal species, the feeding programme / method. Bovine’s (cow) colostrum was collected diet, breed, quantity of the secreted colostrum, from Bălţată Românească breed, ewe’s (sheep) on the number of births for every animal. and – according to several reports on research – colostrum was collected from Ţurcană breed, and Total lipid concentration in colostrum goat’s colostrum was collected from Carpatină after birth depending on the animal species, as fourbreed. hours, We sampledand forty-eight the colostrum hours inafter the birth. first presented in significant table 1. variations at 6 hours hour after parturition, andad atlibitum six hours, twenty-

The animals were fed with grass lipids and dry matter presented the highest values Ewe (sheep) colostrum, concentration of silage, and with concentrates or hay and had water from the home system. Also, the animals compared to goat and cow, maybe because the were not given nutritional supplements before quantity of sheep colostrum is lower than that parturition. We collected five colostrum samples much on the animal species, varying from 21.32% of goat or cow. Also, the total solids depend very deviationfrom five as different presented animals in this and article. for every animal species, and we calculated the mean and standard For proper hygiene, just before collecting in ewe’s colostrum to 12.03% in cow’s colostrum, whileMinerals the lipid are composition present in varieshigher fromconcentration 9.11% in ewe’s colostrum to 4.88% in goat’s colostrum. colostrum samples, we washed the udder of every animal with wather several times and dried species and for humans. Research studies on sheep in colostrum compared to milk for all animal it using paper towels. The colostrum samples colostrum indicated an increase of sodium and were stored in clean and dry sterile containers, and were transported in refrigeration conditions concentration of magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron concentration in the first 72 hours, while the to the laboratory where we froze the samples parturition to the 12th day (Goran , 2010). until analysis. Beforeo analysis, we warmed et al. C (Bain-Marie system) zinc decreases significantly from the first day after up the colostrum samples in warm water concentration in goat colostrum and compositionto approximately uniformity. 37 With the AAS method and then we homogenised the colostrum for milk presents various values depending even on solutions for analyses of copper, manganese and breed. So, the Saanen goats crosses with Peranakan we digested the colostrum and prepared the etawah goat presented the highest concentration o o EN ISO 1737:2001 method (dry at 103 C±2 C) of lactoferrin – 207mg/l, then Jawarandu goat iron, but we analysed also the dry matter with SR crosses with Peranakan etawah had 197mg/l, method (Gerber method). and Peranakanth etawah goat breed had 156mg/l and total lipid content with SR EN ISO 1737:2001 On the 8 day of goat lactation after parturition lactoferrin in the first day of lactation after birth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Rachman et al., 2015). Most of the nutrients are highly concentrated the lactoferinLipid concentration decreased significantly of colostrum by 73compared to 85% in the first hours after parturition, with severe to milk depends very much on the animal species. decrease hour by hour, with the exception of lactose Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016 4 AHMADI et al

Thus, the lipid content of bovine, sheep, goat, copper. Copper concentration also presented a decrease in all samples from 2.34 ppm to 1.81 swine and horse colostrum is significantly higheret al., 2005;than in Ahmadi milk, but et al.the, 2009;content Shrinivas of lipid etfrom al., camel2010; colostrumppm in cow from colostrum; 1.42ppm from to 1.48ppm.1.98ppm toManganese 1.03ppm Pandeycolostrum et al. is lower compared toet milk al., 2012; (Zhang Alves et in goat colostrum, and an increase in ewe al., 2015). Fatty acids present in samples from goat 5.59ppm to 5.01ppm; from 6.33ppm to 3.43ppm , 2011; Marounek concentration decreased in cow colostrum from acids, 28.2% monounsaturated fatty acids, and goat colostrum. Iron concentration presented the 4.4%colostrum polyunsaturated were made upfatty of acids 67% saturated(percent from fatty in ewe colostrum; and from 4.72ppm to 4.27 in thirty-eight determined fatty acids in colostrum highest concentration in ewe colostrum 6 hours after birth (5.47ppm), which incresed to 6.34ppm and myristic milk fat). acids The both highest in colostrum concentration and in of30-day fatty at 48 hours; iron concentration was 2.99ppm in acids was represented by palmitic, oleic, stearic, agoat variation colostrum from and 1.95ppm decreased to to1.31ppm. 2.56ppm Zinc two the Czech Republic. Similarly, the concentration concentrationdays after parturition; decreases cow from colostrum 15.56ppm presented to milk in White Shorthaired goat on a winter diet in colostrum samples compared to the 30-day goat of palmitic and myristic acids was higher in decreases7.99ppm infrom cow 7.05ppm colostrum; to from5.67ppm 9.57ppm in goat to colostrum8.61ppm in48 ewehours colostrum; after parturition. zinc concentration milk samples. Concentration of capric acid, stearicet al., 2012).acid and oleic acid increased in mature comparedWe also to analysed goat colostrum the concentration (Marounek of cooper, Kramski and his team (in 2012) presented in ofa research immunoglobilines article that fromfrom each bovine immunised colostrum. cow, right after calving, we can collect about 0.5Kg/l manganese, iron and zinc from ewe’s, goat’s givenand cow’s in ppm colostrum and the obtainedat 6, 24 anddata 48 are hours presented after inThey order administrated to establish a a modifiedmethod to vaccination produce inparturition. table 2. The concentration of minerals was HIV-1plan (pre-neutralizing and/or IgG post-conception) on a large-scale. to Their cows The AAS analysis of some mineral composition results demonstrated that obtaining anti-HIV of colostrum revealed the highest concentration from bovine colostrum concentrates of zinc, followed by manganese, then iron and is a low-cost and effective alternative to obtain Table 2. Concentration of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe from colostrum collected from sheep, goat and bovine at 6, 24 and 48 hours after birth [ppm]

Cu [ppm] Mn [ppm] Fe [ppm] Zn [ppm]

Specification6 hours ͞x ± SD x ± SD ͞x ± SD x ± SD 2.34 ± 0.10 5.59 ± 0.14 1.95 ± 0.11 15.56 ± 0.14 1.42 ± 0.09 6.33 ± 0.27 5.47 ± 0.11 9.57 ± 0.23 Cow Goat 1.98 ± 0.16 4.72 ± 0.23 2.99 ± 0.21 7.05 ± 0.28 Ewe 24 hours 1.94 ± 0.23 5.24 ± 0.31 1.45 ± 0.09 6.87 ± 0.23 1.24 ± 0.16 5.65 ± 0.21 5.98 ± 0.12 9.12 ± 0.30 Cow Goat 1.85 ± 0.08 4.31 ± 0.21 2.67 ± 0.12 6.78 ± 0.16 Ewe 48 hours 1.81 ± 0.10 5.01 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.11 7.99 ± 0.29 1.48 ± 0.12 3.43 ± 0.09 6.34 ± 0.15 8.61 ± 0.13 Cow Goat 1.03 ± 0.12 4.27 ± 0.14 2.56 ± 0.08 5.67 ± 0.15 Ewe

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016 5

Colostrum from Different Animal Species – A Product for Health Status Enhancement broadly neutralising antibodies needed as HIV-1 microbicide. Baddour used bovine colostrum treatment factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor a and b, insulin such as growth alternative therapy in prevention of Clostridium colostrumfactor, platelet contains derived calcitonine, growth factor, luteinising vascular difficilewith good results as a nonantibiotic primary or endothelial growth factor. Also, after parturition principal cause of morbidity and even mortality somatostatin, estrogen, progesterone, thyroid in older patients infection (2014). in piglets – which is the hormone releasing factor, oxytocin, prolactine, Protein and immunoglobulin composition et al., 2010). of colostrum from most of animal species stimulatingThe main hormone, enzymes and present thyroxine in (Shrinivascolostrum

protease inhibitor. is significantly increased right after calving are a-amylase, lactoperoxydase, protease and compared to milk composition. Aminoet acids al. even and coloure of colostrum is also due carotene asprotein early contentas 1949. from The bovineresearchers colostrum presented were concentration),Colostrum is andvery richretinols, in b-caroten cobalamin, (yellow B thepresented variation in studiesof amino by acids Ray Sarkarin the colostrum vitamins, ascorbic acid and tocopherols. one hour and 24 hours from calving, and also CONCLUSION of Jersey and Holstein cows (as mean) taken Colostrum composition depends on the animals species, the breed and genetical Leucine,from milk Isoleucine, taken in theHistidine 60 days and and Methionine 90 days characteristics, diet and feed plan, and also on after calving. However, the concentration of ofincreased Valine, inPhenylalanine, milk compared Arginine, with both Threonine, samples the time of milking after parturition. of colostrum (with 4% to 38%), but the content Ewe’s colostrum is the highest in total compared to colostrum by 35% to 3%. ofsolids colostrum or dry mattersecreted compared by sheep to goatcompared and cow, to TryptophanInfants need and Lysineimmunoglobulins decreased (Ig) in milkthat goatwhich and could bovine. also beTotal explained lipids from by the colostrum quantity

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG (assure protection to prevent infections),ensure the specific IgM (assure antimicrobial the good activity functioning such asof colostrum.was 9.11% for ewe’s colostrum and decresed to 5.65%The for mineral cow colostrum, composition and to 4.88%of colostrum for goat (Thapa, 2005). Immunoglobulins are transferred rightinternal after membranes parturition such from as intestinal colostrum mucosa) to the – but also on the animal species (sheep, goat and bovine).depends on The the Atomic time of Absorption milking after Spectroscopy parturition, newborn for animals such as bovine, goat, ovine, in colostrum presented the highest concentration babyequine; right while after for birth humans (Muller immunoglobulins and Ellinger, 1981 are quantitative analysis of four mineral composition citatedtransferred by Pandey via the et placentaal. to the newbornet al., iron and copper. 2008). of zinc,Zinc followed concentration by concentration decreases ofby manganese, 48.78% in , 2011; Stelwagen zinc concentration decreased by 19.57% in goat However, the optimum absorbtion of colostrumcow colostrum; 48 hours by after 10.03% parturition. in ewe Manganese colostrum; birthimmunoglobulins (Vasseur et al. occurs, 2010). in the first four hours and Becausedecreases ofvery immunoglobulin much at twelve hoursabsorption after 9.53%concentration in goat colostrum. decreased Copper in cow concentration colostrum by also10.37%; presented by 45.81% a decrease in ewe in colostrum; all samples and by infants’and immunological health in all animal properties, species the (Hernandez- first meal Castellanois very important et al., 2015). for newborn lambs and for The most important hormones from 4.22%.22.64% Iron in concentration cow colostrum; presented 47.97% the inhighest goat colostrum and increased in ewe colostrum by colostrum are growth factors such as: growth concentration in ewe colostrum 6 hours after hormon and growth hormone releasing birth (5.47ppm),Bulletin UASVM whichAnimal Science increased and Biotechnologies by 15.90% 73(1) / 2016 at 6 AHMADI et al

48 hours; iron concentration in goat colostrum Agents Chemother., 56(8): 4310-4319. 13. Envelope with Potential Use in Microbicides, Antimicrob decreased by 14.38% two days after parturition; (2012) Changes in the Composition of Goat Colostrum Marounek M, Pavlata L, Misurova L, Volek Z, Dvorak R and cow colostrum presented a decrease by 57(1): 28-33. 32.82% from the 6 hour milking to the 48 hour 14. MartiniDuring theM, First Iolanda Month A, of SalariLactation, F (2012).Czech J. Anim.The lipid Sci., milkingREFERENCES of colostrum after parturition. 1. Antoanela C, Scurtu M (2009) Physico-chemical and component of Massese ewe’s colostrum: Morphometric characteristics of milk fat globules and fatty acid profile, NutritionalAhmadi M, Characterization Velciov A, Riviş of A, Bovine Traşcă Colostrum, T, Hărmănescu pp. 430- M, 15. Spondias th Int. J., 24(2): 93-96. 433, 16 Symposium on Analytical and Environmental mombin l Problems, SZAB Szeged, Hungary, 28 september 2009. Oguike MA, Udeh NE (2008). Influence of 2. Research (hogAdvances, plum) 4(3-4) on colostrum, milk composition and as nutritional supplement in sport, Symposium 16. Pandeygrowth inNN, west Dar African AA, Mondal dwarf sheep, DB, Nagaraja Animal Production L (2011). Ahmadi-Vincu M, Ahmadi T, Ahmadi J (2005) Colostrum

Scientifical Researches Agroalimentary Processes And 17. Bovine colostrum: A veterinary nutraceutical – Review, 1453-1399,Technologies XI(1), – Safe 33-40. food al over Europe”, Universitatea J Vet Med and Animal Health, 3(3): 31-35 „S.A.M.V.B.” Timişoara, Ed. „Agroprint” Timisoara, ISSN Composition and Isolation of Lactoferrin from Colostrum 3. Rachman AB, Maheswari RRA, Bachroem MS (2015). 3: 200-210. AbreuAlves AC,LR (2015). Alves NG, Colostrum Ascari IJ,composition Junqueira FB,of Santa Coutinho Ines and Milk of Various Goad Breeds, Procedia Food Sciences, AS, Lima RR, Perez JRO, De Paula SO, Furusho-Garcia IF, 18. of Dairy Sciences, 68(6): 3706-3716. Ray Sarkar BC, Luecke RW, Duncan CW, Ely RE, Watson sheep and passive transfer of immunity to lambs, Journal 4. Banchero GE, Quintans G, Martin GB, Lindsay DR, Milton Assoc,GI, Rykala 32(7): AJ 671-678 (1949) The amino acid composition of 19. Ruizbovine P, colostrumSesena S, andRieiro milk, I, LlanosOfficial PM J American (2014). DairyEffect Sciof 1. Metabolic and hormonal responses to a high-energy JT (2004). Nutrition and colostrum production in sheep. postpartum time and season on the physicochemical characteristics of Murciano-Granadina goat colostrum, Fertil. Dev., 16(6): 633-643. 5. Baddoursupplement LM in(2014). the final Hyperimmune stage of pregnancy, Bovine Colostrum Reprod. 20. Sanchez-Macias D, Moreno-Indias I, Castro N, Morales- . e-print deInt. la J. DiaryNuez Tech,A, Argüello 68(1): A88-96. (2015). From goat colostrum 6. for Treatment of CDI, J. Infec. Dis., Nov 7 – content,Csapo J, amino Salamon acid composition S, Loki K, and Csapo-Kiss contents Zof (2008).macro- 21. to milk: Physical, chemical, and immune evolution from andComposition micro-elements, of mare’s Acta colostrum Univ. Sapientiae and milk Alimentaria, II. Protein partum to 90 days postpartum, J. Dairy Sci., 97:10-16. 2(1): 133-148. Shing CM, Jenkins DG, Stevenson L, Coombes JS (2006) 7. SportThe influence Med., 40(9): of bovine 797-801 colostrum supplementation on 22. Shrinivasexercise performanceB, Rajesh P, Manisha in highly S trained(2010) Colostrum: cyclists, Br. all J. 8. Dronca D (2007) Ameliorarea genetică a populaţiilor de animale, Ed. Mirton, Timişoara of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1): 31-36. biolab/b120a.htm).Eddleman H (2005) Composition of Human, Cow and in one Medicine – Review article, International Journal Goats milk, Internet (http://www.disknet.com/indiana_ 23. 9. Goran GV, Crivineanu V, Rotaru E, Tudoreanu L, Hanganu Wheeler TT (2008). Immune components of bovine A (2010). Dynamics of some mineral elements in sheep Stelwagen K, Carpenter E, Haigh B, Hodgkinson A, colostrum, Buletin UASVM, Veterinary Medicine, 67(2): 24. Struff WG, Sprotte G (2008). Bovine colostrum as a 81-87. colostrum and milk, J. Anim. Sci., 87(13-suppl.): 3-9 10. 25. biologic in clinical medicine: a review – Part II: clinical RuminantHadjipanayiotou Research, M 18(3): (1995). 255-262. Composition of ewe, goat studies, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 46(5): 211-225. and cow milk and of colostrum of ewes and goats, Small FT near spectroscopy for determination of true protein 11. Hernandez-Castellano LE, Morales-delaNuez A, Sanchez- Sustova K, Ruzickova J, Kuchtik J (2007). Application of 26. Castro N (2015) The effect of colostrum source (goat vs. and casein in milk, Czech J. Anim. Sci., 52(9): 284-291. Macias D, Moreno-Indias I, Torres A, Capote J, Arguello A, Pediatr., 72(7): 579-581. 27. VasseurThapa BR E, (2005)Borderas Health F, Cue factors RI, Lefebvre in colostrum, D, Pellerin Indian D,J. sheep) and timing of the first colostrum feeding (2 h vs. 210.14 h after birth) on body weight and immune status of calf management practices in Canada that affect animal Rushen J, Wade KM, Passille AM (2010). A survey of dairy 12. artificially reared newborn lambs, J. Dairy Sci., 98: 204- 28. welfare, J. Dairy Sci., 93: 1307-1315 Kramski M, Center RJ, Wheatley AK, Jacobson JC, Alexander MR, Rawlin G, Purcell DFJ (2012). Hyperimmune Vatankhah M (2013) Relationship between Bovine Colostrum as a Low-Cost, Large-Scale Source of Immunoglobulin concentration in the ewe’s serum and BulletinAntibodies UASVM Animal with Science Broad and Biotechnologies Neutralizing 73(1) Activity / 2016 for HIV-1 7

Colostrum from Different Animal Species – A Product for Health Status Enhancement 29.

colostrum, and lamb’s serum in Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep Zhang H, Yao J, Zhao D, Liu H, Li J, Guo M (2005). Changes Iranian J. Applied Animal Sci., 3(3): 539-544 in chemical compostion of Alxa Bactrian during lactation, J. Dairy Sci., 88: 3402-3410.

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016