Solidarity on Trial in Fortress Europe
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Issue 7 Why Evolving European SAR Policies !Reaten Merchant Shipping
ISSN 2464-9724 2019-20 Issue 7 Why Evolving European SAR Policies !reaten Merchant Shipping Why Evolving European SAR Policies !reaten Merchant Shipping Richard L. Kilpatrick, Jr.1* Abstract Operators of commercial vessels have rescued tens of thousands of migrant seafarers in the Mediter- ranean Sea since 2014. For commercial actors, swi" disembarkation of survivors is critical to ensure safety and prevent further disruption to the rescuing vessel’s primary voyage. From 2014 through 2017, European coastal states such as Italy, Malta, and Greece permitted rescued migrants to disem- bark into their territory. But recent policy changes re#ect evolving attitudes about search and rescue (SAR) responsibility. Beginning in 2018, commercial vessels and humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have performed large-scale rescues only to be denied immediate access to Mediterranean ports. !is has created alarming scenarios in which rescued migrants and ship op- erators have remained at sea for days and weeks as solutions were negotiated by politicians on an ad hoc basis. Addressing the consequences of this policy transformation, this paper examines its impact on commercial vessel contributions to migrant rescues. Highlighting the intertwined legal respon- sibilities of private vessels and public authorities, it discusses the international SAR framework and its contemporary implementation. It then surveys reactions within the shipping industry re#ecting concerns that evolving regional perspectives may drive up the risks, costs, and frequency -
The Precarious Position of NGO Safe and Rescue Operations in the Central Mediterranean
05 2 0 1 7 (NOUVELLE SÉRIE- VERSION ÉLECTRONIQUE) UNCERTAINTY, ALERT AND DISTRESS: THE PRECARIOUS POSITION OF NGO SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ADAM SMITH1 I. INTRODUCTION – II. INTERNATIONAL SAR FRAMEWORK, CURRENT CRISIS AND RESPONSES – III- OPPOSITION TO NGO DEPLOYERS – IV. LEGAL EVALUATION OF ANTI-NGO POLICIES, CURRENT AND EXPECTED – V- CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ABSTRACT: The international framework for maritime search and rescue relies on state actors establishing regions of responsibility supported by private shipmasters acting in compliance with traditional duties to rescue persons in distress at sea. Despite revisions to the framework’s founda- tional treaty, questions persist about the extent of state responsibilities and the interaction between those responsibilities and international human rights law. Over the past three years, non-govern- mental organizations (NGOs) have provided significant support to the efforts of sovereign actors responding to the migration crisis in the Central Mediterranean. Regional governments and civil society initially praised NGO operations, but in recent months these groups have come to criticize and challenge such operations. Italian authorities have threatened criminal prosecution of NGO de- ployers and proposed closing national ports to them. Libyan authorities have harassed NGO vessels and sought to exclude them from international waters. These actions are consistent with non-entrée strategies employed by Mediterranean states in recent years, but are in certain cases of questionable legality. Although controlling irregular migration is properly the responsibility of state actors, re- cent policies are inconsistent with principles of rule of law and good governance. KEYWORDS: irregular migration; maritime law; Search and Rescue regime; NGOs; Italy; Libya; human rights. -
Symposium on Covid-19, Global Mobility and International Law
doi:10.1017/aju.2020.64 SYMPOSIUM ON COVID-19, GLOBAL MOBILITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW FORTRESS EUROPE, GLOBAL MIGRATION & THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC John Reynolds* The European Union’s external border regime is a manifestation of continuing imperialism. It reinforces par- ticular imaginaries of Europe’s wealth as somehow innate (rather than plundered and extorted1) and of Europeanness itself as whiteness—euphemistically packaged as a “European Way of Life” to be protected.2 This exposes international law’s structural limitations—if not designs—as bound up with racial borders in the global context. In the wake of COVID-19 and with a climate apocalypse already underway, these realities need to be urgently ruptured and reimagined. Liberalism with Borders: Fortress Europe and International Law In the EU institutional worldview, Europe must be “shielded” from the threats of human mobility. The physical and administrative externalization of the EU border is designed to limit the scope for non-Europeans to legally access refuge in Europe. Those seeking to enter the EU from the Global South are cast in pejorative terms as presumed “economic migrants”—a loose category without mobility rights under international law—and rendered “illegal.” Europe’s access barriers for such communities contrast with both historical experiences of European colonial economic migrants who benefitted from an international legal regime “that facilitated, encouraged, and celebrated white economic migration,” and contemporary entitlements of First World passport holders whose global movement is expedited by a “robust web” of international visa agreements.3 People from the Third World—most of the world—are denied such arbitrary passport privilege. -
Ouest Tribune
MÉDÉA DEUX BOMBES ARTISANALES DÉTRUITES P. 2 SOLIDARITÉ EDDALIA APPELLE LES PRIVÉS À INVESTIR DANS SON SECTEUR P. 2 Jeudi 22 Août 2019 - N°7726 - Prix: 20 DA - 13, Cité Djamel Oran - Tél: 041 85 80 48 - Fax: 041 85 82 54 - www.ouestribune-dz.com DIALOGUE NATIONAL INCLUSIF LeLe panelpanel intensifieintensifie sesses rencontresrencontres Lire page 3 L’HÉCATOMBE SE POURSUIT 22 PÈLERINS SUR LES ROUTES ALGÉRIENS DÉCÉDÉS DEPUIS 74 MORTS ET PLUS LE DÉBUT DU DE 270 BLESSÉS HADJ 2019 P. 3 EN UNE SEMAINE P. 2 2 Ouest Tribune Jeudi 22 Août 2019 EVENEMENT MÉDÉA L’HÉCATOMBE SE POURSUIT SUR LES ROUTES Deux 74 morts et plus de 270 blessés bombes en une semaine artisanales Samir Hamiche Selon les services de la gendarmerie nationale, 74 personnes ont été toute la société et, en premier détruites lieu, le conducteur. tuées alors que 271 autres ont été blessées dans plus de 170 accidents eux bombes de es chiffres des acci- de la route survenus entre le 13 et 19 août de ce mois. A ce jour, tous les moyens dents de la circulation mis en œuvre pour contrer Dconfection Ldonnés par la Protec- selon le dernier bilan de la tons, le non-respect de la dis- de leur vie avec près de 3.500 cette situation chaotique artisanale ont été tion civile et la gendarmerie gendarmerie nationale. tance de sécurité et le non- personnes fauchées par la n’ont pas abouti, faisant de découvertes et nationale, sont toujours très Selon la gendarmerie, c’est respect de la priorité. Concer- route chaque année en Algé- la circulation dans la capi- détruites, mardi à élevés et alarmants notam- la wilaya de Bouira qui vient nant le nombre de morts, Ti- rie. -
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FACT SHEET Italy August 2019 The conversion into law of the bans on entry into territorial waters In August, 1,268 refugees and decree on security bis was against NGO rescue vessels. This migrants arrived in Italy by finally approved, tightening resulted in various stand-offs sea, the highest number of measures against vessels over the disembarkation of monthly sea arrivals this year conducting rescue at sea and individuals rescued at sea in the so far. leading to the issuance of multiple Central Mediterranean. KEY INDICATORS Sea Arrivals 79%* Jan-Aug, 2018-2019 Percentage of 2019 sea arrivals informed by UNHCR staff upon disembarkation 20,077 5,148* Referrals of sea arrivals with specific needs to -74% appropriate services since January 2015 657* 5,135 Monitoring visits to reception and detention facilities since April 2013 Between April 2013 and December 2016, monitoring visits were conducted jointly with Ministry of Interior, Jan - Aug 2018 Jan - Aug 2019 Prefectures, IOM, Save the Children, and Red Cross. Between April 2017 and April 2019, monitoring visits were conducted jointly with Ministry of Interior staff and independent auditors. Total 2018: 23,370 * Source: UNHCR Source: Ministry of Interior data POPULATION OF CONCERN POPULATION OF CONCERN Asylum applications Reception system First time applications Jan-Aug 2018-2019 Population of concern in reception centres 40,640 -45% 155,619 -35% 22,382 101,540 Jan -Aug 2018 Jan -Aug 2019 Total 2018: 53,440 As of 31 Aug 2018 As of 31 Aug 2019 Source: Eurostat and Ministry of Interior Source: Ministry of Interior www.unhcr.org 1 FACT SHEET > Italy / August 2019 Operational Context ■ After the Chamber of Deputies’ approval in late July, a confidence vote in Senate on 5 August confirmed the law conversion of the so-called security law decree bis, tightening rules on rescue at sea operations. -
The Human Cost of Fortress Europe
THE HUMAN COST OF FORTRESS EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES AT EUROPE’S BORDERS Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. This report is published as part of Amnesty International's campaign, S.0.S. Europe: people before borders. To find out more visit http://www.whenyoudontexist.eu First published in 2014 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2014 Index: EUR 05/001/2014 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo: Border policemen patrol the Bulgarian-Turkish border where a 30km fence is being built to prevent migrants and refugees irregularly crossing the border into Europe. -
Unhcr Position on the Designations of Libya As a Safe Third Country and As a Place of Safety for the Purpose of Disembarkation Following Rescue at Sea
UNHCR POSITION ON THE DESIGNATIONS OF LIBYA AS A SAFE THIRD COUNTRY AND AS A PLACE OF SAFETY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISEMBARKATION FOLLOWING RESCUE AT SEA UNHCR POSITION ON THE DESIGNATIONS OF LIBYA AS A SAFE THIRD COUNTRY AND AS A PLACE OF SAFETY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISEMBARKATION FOLLOWING RESCUE AT SEA September 2020 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Situation of Foreign Nationals (Including Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants)................................... 3 Humanitarian Situation ................................................................................................................................. 11 International Protection Needs of Foreign Nationals Departing from/through Libya .................................. 16 Libya as a Country of Asylum ...................................................................................................................... 16 Designation of Libya as Safe Third Country ................................................................................................ 16 Designation of Libya as a Place of Safety for the Purpose of Disembarkation following Rescue at Sea ... 17 Introduction 1. This position supersedes and replaces UNHCR’s guidance on foreign nationals in Libya contained in the Position on Returns to Libya – Update II of September 2018; however, UNHCR guidance in relation to Libyan nationals and habitual residents as provided in the September -
Building Walls: Fear and Securitization in the European Union
CENTRE DELÀS REPORT 35 Fear and securitization in the European Union Authors: Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto · Pere Brunet Published by: Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau Carrer Erasme de Janer 8, entresol, despatx 9 08001 Barcelona T. 93 441 19 47 www.centredelas.org [email protected] This research is part of Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto’s doctoral thesis for the “Peace, Conflict and Development” programme at Jaume I University. Researchers: Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto, Pere Brunet Acknowledgements: Guillem Mases, Edgar Vega, Julia Mestres, Teresa de Fortuny, Cinta Bolet, Gabriela Serra, Brian Rusell, Niamh Eastwood, Mark Akkerman. Translator: María José Oliva Parada Editors: Jordi Calvo Rufanges, Nick Buxton Barcelona, September 2018 Design and layout: Esteva&Estêvão Cover photo: Stockvault; p. 11: Ashley Gilbertson/VII/Redux; p. 5: blublu.org p. 9: www.iamawake.co; p. 21: Georgi Licovski/EPA D.L.: B-19744-2010 ISSN: 2013-8032 INDEX Executive summary . 5 Foreword . 9 1 . Building walls . 12 1.1 New security policies in the border area.........................12 1.2 European border policy: towards securitization and militarisation...............................................13 1.3 The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex).........14 2 . Mental walls . 16. 2.1 Concept and practice of fortress europe.........................16 2.2 Mental walls in Europe: the rise of racism and xenophobia ......17 3 . Physical walls . 23 3.1 Walls surrounding Europe ..................................... 23 3.2 Land walls .....................................................25 3.3 Maritime walls ................................................ 30 4 . Virtual walls . 34 4.1 Virtual walls and surveillance systems ........................ 34 4.2 Systems for the control and storage of data on movements across borders................................. 34 4.3 Surveillance system for border areas: EUROSUR............... -
Un Livre Engageant Pour Construire Un Monde Plus Juste
16 SEPTEMBRE 2020 - DOCUMENT RÉSUMÉ Présence de l’autrice à Paris pour Carola Rackete s’adresse à nous. Nous sommes « la la sortie du livre génération du changement ». Activiste écolo, elle invite nos sociétés à réévaluer nos valeurs et transformer notre modèle. Cette parole engagée sera d’autant plus précieuse, à l’issue de la crise du coronavirus, dans ce que l’on appelle parfois « le monde d’après ». UN LIVRE ENGAGEANT Carola Rackete a 31 ans. Celle qu’on a appelé « Capitaine POUR CONSTRUIRE Courage », n’a pas hésité, quand, le 29 juin 2019, aux commandes du bateau de secours le Sea Watch III, elle a UN MONDE PLUS JUSTE. accosté à Lampedusa pour sauver 40 migrants. Matteo Salvini, alors ministre de l’Intérieur italien, avait interdit le débarquement. Carola Rackete est passée outre. Son geste a été salué en Europe et sur les réseaux sociaux. Les médias l’ont présentée comme une Antigone moderne. Dans ce manifeste incarné, elle nous alerte sur la planète et sur notre rôle : « Il est urgent que nous changions nos manières de faire. Fondamentalement, ce n’est pas un problème pour les humains de trouver des solutions L’AUTRICE créatives. Nous sommes une espèce très inventive ! » Il est temps d’agir, prévient-elle. De changer. Plus que Carola Rackete, pilote de navire, est née en 1988 au Nord de l’Allemagne. jamais. Multi-diplômée, elle est aussi une militante écologiste. Elle est l’autrice d’une thèse sur les albatros et les otaries. Elle s’est rendue en Arctique avec un navire de Greenpeace et a réalisé un service volontaire européen dans le parc naturel des volcans du Kamtchatka en Russie. -
BORDER SECURITY.Pdf
COMMITTEE ON THE CIVIL DIMENSION OF SECURITY (CDS) BORDER SECURITY Special Report by Lord JOPLING (United Kingdom) Special Rapporteur 134 CDS 19 E rev. 1 fin | Original: English | 12 October 2019 134 CDS 19 E rev.1 fin TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 II. LAND BORDERS: THREE HOTSPOTS ................................................................................. 1 A. US-MEXICO BORDER .................................................................................................. 1 B. THE WESTERN BALKANS ROUTE .............................................................................. 7 C. CEUTA AND MELILLA: SPANISH ENCLAVES IN NORTH AFRICA ............................. 9 III. MARITIME ROUTES: AN UPDATE ON THE SITUATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN........ 10 IV. AIRPORT SECURITY 18 YEARS AFTER 9/11: NEW CHALLENGES ................................. 15 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 21 134 CDS 19 E rev.1 fin I. INTRODUCTION 1. In the past several years, the ability to protect the external borders of Europe has been tested by the extraordinary movement of people fleeing violence and poverty in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The security of borders has become a top priority for many Allies, from the United States -
The Development of the European Union in the Areas of Migration, Visa and Asylum After 2015. Priorities, Effects, Perspectives
Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora nr 1 (175)/2020, http://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Migracyjne/ DOI: 10.4467/25444972SMPP.20.004.11795 The development of the European Union in the areas of migration, visa and asylum after 2015. Priorities, effects, perspectives KATARZYNA CYMBRANOWICZ1 Department of European Studies and Economic Integration, Cracow University of Economics The article entitled ‘The development of the European Union in the areas of migration, visa and asylum after 2015. Priorities, effects, perspectives’ is a contribution to the public discourse on one of the biggest problems and challenges facing the European Union in the 21st century from a po- litical, economic and social perspective. The (un)controlled influx of refugees to Europe after 2015, which is the result of political destabilization and the unstable socio-economic situation in the re- gion of North Africa and the Middle East, clearly indicates that during the ‘test’, the existing refugee protection system in the European Union did not pass the ‘exam’. In connection with the above, attempts to modify it have been made at the EU level. This article is a presentation of individual so- lutions (‘Fortress Europe’, ‘Open Door Policy’, ‘Sluice’), as well as an analysis and evaluation of the possibilities of their implementation in the current difficult crisis conditions. Keywords: migrant, refugee, migration crisis, the European Union 1. Introduction Recent years have seen the largest wave of migration from North Africa and the Mid- dle East towards Europe2 since the end of World War II. The massive and uncontrolled influx of migrants to Europe has resulted in a crisis which became the greatest chal- lenge faced by the European Union (EU) in the second decade of the 21st century. -
Building Fortress Europe: the Polish-Ukrainian Frontier | Pol-Int
Pol-Int MONOGRAPH Building Fortress Europe: The Polish-Ukrainian Frontier Published: 24.10.2016 Reviewed by M.A. Johann Zajaczkowski Edited by Dr. Andriy Tyushka In the past two years, the so-called "refugee crisis" ranked high on the European political agenda. To be more precise, the very surge and scope of maritime migration flows from the turbulent terrains in the Middle East profiled domestic and EU-level politics across the European Union member states. The mere geopolitical logic of the refugees' escape routes put a worrying spotlight on the Mediterranean Sea as a natural border at the EU's southern flank. No less worrying should appear, however, the scant presence of critical voices calling to assume the responsibility 'at the EU border regime' for over 10 000 refugees, who, reportedly, had died since 2014 in their failed attempts to cross the Sea. The human facets of the tragedy either vanish under the EU-led hegemonic discourse on rational-bureaucratic models of border management or – being ipso facto part of the same discursive process – are used for delegitimizing speech acts such as the demonization of the human traffickers. [1] As a result, the policy issue as such is being incrementally dehumanized, with nasty consequences to be seen unfolding: It facilitates populist parties' attempts throughout Europe to paralyze the "rule of law-reflex" of liberal democrats, who came to form the mainstream of society. Should one succeed in coining the entirety of refugees and their movement as a sort of "fateful", "faceless mass", the tradition of inalienable human rights and enlightened individualism could be neglected much easier.