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Solidarity on Trial in Fortress Europe

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Solidarity on Trial in Fortress Europe REPLACE THE SAMPLE IMAGE WITH YOUR OWN IMAGE. COVER IMAGES MUST ALWAYS APPEAR 18.17CM HIGH BY 18.17CM WIDE (SQUARE). 1. Right-click on sample cover image and select "Change Picture" 2. Click on "Browse" From a File and select the required image 3. Select the newly inserted image and go to the Picture Tools> Format tab 4. Click the arrow beneath the Crop button to expand the menu to view the crop options 5. Select "Aspect Ratio> 1:1 (Square)" (or manually crop your image to a square). 6. Resize your image to 18.17cm high and 18.17cm wide in the Size group above 7. Right-click on the newly cropped image and select "Size and Position" 8. Go to the Position tab and select "Absolute Position" and enter "1.4cm" to the right of "Page" (for Horizontal) 9. Select "Absolute Position" and enter "1.4cm" below "Page" (for Vertical) 10. In the Options section, ensure only "Lock anchor" and "Allow overlap" are selected (ticked) KEEP TITLES AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE. Maximum six words for the title and ideally six words for the subheading. Name of the country featured should be included in the main title. FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS THEN DELETE THIS TEXT BOX PUNISHING COMPASSION SOLIDARITY ON TRIAL IN FORTRESS EUROPE Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Supporters of the NGO Sea-Watch hold flags and rescue-blankets during a demonstration (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. in solidarity with the German captain of rescue vessel Sea-Watch 3, Carola Rackete, on 6 July 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode outside the Chancellery in Berlin For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org © Omer Messinger/AFP via Getty Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: EUR 01/1828/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS ACRONYMS 7 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 2. METHODOLOGY 11 USE OF TERMINOLOGY 12 3. BACKGROUND 13 4. HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS OF PEOPLE ON THE MOVE IN EUROPE 16 4.1 RESTRICTIONS TO THE RIGHT OF ASSOCIATION 17 4.2 IMPLEMENTING THE DECLARATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS WITHIN THE EU19 5. THE EU FACILITATORS’ PACKAGE: CRIMINALIZING SOLIDARITY IN EUROPE 20 5.1 THE FACILITATORS’ PACKAGE: NOT IN LINE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW AND STANDARDS PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS 21 5.2 THE FACILITATORS’ PACKAGE: THE NEED FOR REFORM 25 6. SOLIDARITY TOWARDS REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS IN THE DOCKS IN EUROPE 27 6.1 CROATIA: PROTECTING PEOPLE FROM HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AT BORDERS 28 6.1.1 THE CASE OF THE CENTER FOR PEACE STUDIES AND ARE YOU SYRIOUS 30 6.1.2 ATTEMPTS TO PENALISE SOLIDARITY AND SILENCE CRITICAL VOICES 32 6.1.3 THE CHILLING EFFECT 32 6.1.4 CONCLUSION 33 6.2. FRANCE: A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT 34 6.2.1 RESCUING LIVES IN THE MOUNTAINS 34 6.2.2 TARGETING SOLIDARITY IN NORTHERN FRANCE 44 6.2.3 CONCLUSION 46 6.3 GREECE: FRIENDS TO FOES, THE CHANGING CLIMATE TOWARDS HRDS HELPING REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS 48 6.3.1 CRIMINALIZING ASSISTANCE ON THE SHORELINE, THE CASE OF SARAH MARDINI AND SÉAN BINDER 49 6.3.2 NEW MEASURES RESTRICTING HRDS’ ACTIVITIES 52 6.3.3 CONCLUSION 53 PUNISHING COMPASSION SOLIDARITY ON TRIAL IN FORTRESS EUROPE Amnesty International 3 6.4 ITALY: RESCUING LIVES AT SEA IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN 54 6.4.1 CRIMINALIZATION OF SEA RESCUE NGOS: A SMEAR CAMPAIGN 55 6.4.2 INSTITUTIONALISING SUSPICION: A CODE OF CONDUCT TO IMPOSE UNNECESSARY CHECKS AND UNDUE RESTRICTIONS ON RESCUE NGOS 57 6.4.3 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS AGAINST RESCUE NGOS 59 6.4.4 NEW LAWS TAILORED-MADE TO TARGET RESCUE NGOS 64 6.4.5 IMPACT OF THE CRIMINALIZATION OF RESCUE NGOS 69 6.5 MALTA: REFUGEES, MIGRANTS AND RESCUERS IN THE DOCK 70 6.5.1 THE EL HIBLU 1 CASE 71 6.6 SPAIN: PREVENTING SHIPS FROM SAVING LIVES IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN 73 6.6.1 THE CASE OF THE OPEN ARMS 73 6.6.2 THE CASE OF THE AITA MARI 75 6.6.3 CONCLUSION 75 6.7 SWITZERLAND: NO PLACE FOR COMPASSION 77 6.7.1 ACCESS TO ASYLUM AND STRICT APPLICATION OF THE DUBLIN REGULATION 77 6.7.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FACILITATION 78 6.7.3 CRIMINALIZING SHELTER: THE CASES OF PASTOR NORBERT VALLEY AND VALERIE 79 6.7.4 HELPING PEOPLE AT BORDERS: THE CASES OF ANNI LANZ AND LISA BOSIA MIRRA 80 6.7.5 CONCLUSION 83 6.8 UNITED KINGDOM: THE CASE OF THE “STANSTED 15” 84 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85 TO ALL EU MEMBER STATES AND INSTITUTIONS AT EUROPEAN LEVEL 85 TO ALL EU MEMBER STATES AT NATIONAL LEVEL 86 REGARDING THE REFORM OF THE CRIME OF FACILITATION OF IRREGULAR ENTRY, TRANSIT AND STAY 86 REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS 87 REGARDING CIVILIAN RESCUE AT SEA AND COOPERATION ON MIGRATION CONTROL WITH LIBYA 87 REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF REFUGEES, ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND MIGRANTS 88 RECOMMENDATIONS SPECIFIC TO THE FOLLOWING MEMBER STATES: 88 TO CROATIA 88 TO THE EU INSTITUTIONS WITH REGARD TO CROATIA 88 TO FRANCE 89 TO GREECE 89 TO ITALY 89 TO MALTA 89 TO SPAIN 90 TO SWITZERLAND 90 PUNISHING COMPASSION SOLIDARITY ON TRIAL IN FORTRESS EUROPE Amnesty International 4 GLOSSARY TERM DESCRIPTION REFUGEE A person who has fled from their own country because they have a well-founded fear of persecution and their government cannot or will not protect them. Asylum procedures are designed to determine whether someone meets the legal definition of a refugee. When a country recognizes someone as a refugee, it gives them international protection as a substitute for the protection of their country of origin. ASYLUM-SEEKER Someone who has left their country seeking protection but has yet to be recognized as a refugee. During the time that their asylum claim is being examined, the asylum-seeker must not be forced to return to their country of origin. Under international law, being a refugee is a fact-based status, and arises before the official, legal grant of asylum. This report therefore uses the term refugee to refer to those who have fled persecution or conflict, regardless of whether they have been officially recognized as refugees. MIGRANT A person who moves from one country to another to live and usually to work, either temporarily or permanently, or to be reunited with family members. Regular migrants are foreign nationals who, under domestic law, are entitled to stay in the country. Irregular migrants are foreign nationals whose migration status does not comply with the requirements of domestic immigration legislation and rules. They are also called “undocumented migrants”. The term “irregular” refers only to a person’s entry or stay. REFOULEMENT A term used to describe the forcible return of an individual to a country where they would be at risk of serious human rights violations. Individuals in this situation are entitled to international protection; it is prohibited by international law to return refugees and asylum-seekers to the country they fled – this is known as the principle of non-refoulement. The principle also applies to other people who risk serious human rights violations such as torture and the death penalty, but do not meet the legal definition of a refugee. Indirect refoulement occurs when one country forcibly sends them to another country that subsequently sends them to a third country where they risk serious harm; this is also prohibited under international law. PUSHBACKS Expression commonly used to describe coercive practices in which authorities summarily refuse entry to people seeking protection or return individuals who have already entered the country’s territory back to the country from which they came. Pushbacks often take place at or in proximity of an international border and may involve the threat or use of force by border officials with the objective of preventing or deterring people from approaching or crossing the border. Pushbacks often involve a group of people. PUNISHING COMPASSION SOLIDARITY ON TRIAL IN FORTRESS EUROPE Amnesty International 5 TERM DESCRIPTION COLLECTIVE A term to refer to the deportation of a group of people without the application of EXPULSIONS legally established procedures and an objective examination of each case individually. Collective expulsions are prohibited under international law. HUMAN RIGHTS Someone who, individually or in association with others, acts to defend and/or DEFENDER promote human rights at the local, national, regional or international levels, without using or advocating hatred, discrimination or violence. PUNISHING COMPASSION SOLIDARITY ON TRIAL IN FORTRESS EUROPE Amnesty International 6 ACRONYMS AYS Are you Syrious BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina CMS Centre for Peace Studies (Croatia) CRS Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (France) EASO European Asylum Support Agency ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms EKANA National List of Undesirable Foreigners (Greece) ERCI Emergency Response Centre International FRA Fundamental Rights Agency HRC UN Human Rights
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