DOCSLIB.ORG

Selected Telecommunications Devices for Hearing-Impaired Persons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Selected Telecommunications Devices for Hearing-Impaired Persons Selected Telecommunications Devices for Hearing-Impaired Persons December 1982 NTIS order #PB83-169292 TECHNOLOGY AND HANDICAPPED PEOPLE DECEMBER 1982 BACKGROUND PAPER #2: SELECTED TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES FOR HEARING-IMPAIRED PERSONS Virginia W. Stern, M.A. Martha Ross Redden, M. S., Ed.D. Project on the Handicapped in Science, Office of Opportunities American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. ~ ‘ - ‘ --– ‘ ---- - ~ OTA Background Papers are documents containing information that supplements formal OTA assessments or is an outcome of internal exploratory planning and evalua- tion. The material is usually not of immediate policy interest such as is contained in an OTA Report or Technical Memorandum, nor does it present options for Con- gress to consider. I J -,,\\’ - . .““ . ,),+, ‘, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES ; ,“ ,.’ Office of Technology Assessment > “ . --: Washington, D.C. 20510 ,,4 ,.. .,F .... ~,, //, ,,, ,,! . -.—... — —.———. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-600546 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword Technology exerts a powerful influence over the lives of everyone, making life easier, more fulfilling, but sometimes more painful and frustrating. This statement is especial- ly true for people with disabilities. The appropriate application of technologies to diminishing the limitations and extending the capabilities of disabled and handicapped persons is one of the prime social and economic goals of public policy. The Federal Government is deeply involved in programs that affect the develop- ment and use of technologies for disabilities. Congress and other institutions have become increasingly interested in questions of how well programs that directly or indirectly de- velop technologies and support their use have been performing. The Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources requested the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) to conduct a study of technologies for handicapped individuals. That study examined the specific factors that affect the research and development, evaluation, diffusion and marketing, delivery, use, and financing of technologies directly related to disabled people. The problems and processes of the development and use of technologies were analyzed in the context of societal allocation of resources and the setting of goals for public policy. The main report of the study Technology and Handicapped People was released in May of 1982. This case study is background paper #2 of the study. There will be a number of case studies published as part of the assessment, and each will be issued separately. The case studies were commissioned by OTA both to provide information on the specific technologies and to gain lessons that could be applied to the broader policy aspects of technology and disability. Drafts of each case study were reviewed by OTA staff; by members of the advisory panel to the overall assessment, chaired by Dr. Daisy Tagliacozzo; by members of the Health Program Advisory Committee, chaired by Dr. Sidney S. Lee; and by other ex- perts in medicine, disability policy, Government, public interest and consumer rights, and rehabilitation engineering. We are grateful for their assistance. However, respon- sibility for the case studies remains with the authors. & #. “ JOHN H. GIBBONS Director . /// Advisory Panel on Technology and Handicapped People Daisy Tagliacozzo, Panel Chair Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Harbor Campus Miriam K. Bazelon Robert Leopold Washington, D. C. Department of Psychiatry Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Tom Beauchamp Kennedy Institute—Center for Bioethics LeRoy Levitt Georgetown University Mount Sinai Hospital Monroe Berkowitz A. Malachi Mixon, III Bureau of Economic Research Invacare Corp. Rutgers University Jacquelin Perry Henrik Blum Rancho Los Amigos Hospital University of California, Berkeley Barbara W. Sklar Frank Bowe Mount Zion Hospital Woodmere, N. Y. William Stason Jim Gallagher Veterans Administration and Harvard School of Martha Porter Graham Center Public Health University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Gregg Vanderheiden Melvin Glasser Trace Research and Development Center Committee for National Health Insurance University of Wisconsin Ralf Hotchkiss Michael Zullo Oakland, Calif. Corporate Partnership Program U.S. Council for International Year of John Kimberly Disabled Persons Yale School of Organization and Management Yale University iv OTA Staff for Background Paper #2 H. David Banta, Assistant Director, OTA Health and Life Sciences Division Clyde J. Behney, Health Program Manager Clyde J. Behney, Project Director Anne Kesselman Burns, Analyst Chester Strobel, Analyst Kerry Britten Kemp, Editor Virginia Cwalina, Administrative Assistant Mary E. Harvey, Secretary Pamela J. Simerly, Secretary OTA Publishing Staff John C. Holmes, Publishing Officer John Bergling Kathie S. Boss Debra M. Datcher Joe Henson Doreen Cullen Donna Young Acknowledgments In addition to the advisory panel to the overall project on Technology and Handicapped People, a number of people provided helpful comments on drafts of this background paper. The case study authors and the staff of the Office of Technology Assessment would like to give particular thanks to the following individuals: H. Latham Breunig Bryan R. Luce Arlington, Va. Office of Research and Demonstrations Health Care Financing Administration Diane Castle Washington, D.C. National Technical Institute for the Deaf Rochester Institute of Technology James C. Marsters Rochester, N.Y. Pasadena, Calif. Sy Dubow James Reswick The National Center for Law and the Deaf National Institute of Handicapped Research Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Reese Robrahn Sarah Geer American Coalition of Citizens With Disabilities The National Center for Law and the Deaf Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Barry Strassler Harriet Loeb Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc. Washington, D.C, Silver Spring, Md. Darld Long Don R. Warren National Institute of Handicapped Research Wisconsin Foundation for Applied Technology Washington, D.C. Madison, Wis. OTA Note These case studies are authored works commissioned by OTA. The authors are responsible for the conclusions of their specific case study. These cases are not statements of official OTA position, OTA does not make recommendations or endorse particular technologies. During the various stages of the review and revision process, therefore, OTA encouraged the authors to present balanced information and to recognize divergent points of view. vi Contents Chapter Page 1. Background Information on the Hearing-Impaired Population . ... 1 2. Background Information on Technology for the Hearing-Impaired Population . 3 3. The Development and Diffusion of Teletypewriters for Hearing-Impaired People . 5 4. Issues and Concerns . ..., 9 Rate Reduction for Intrastate Long-Distance Calls. 9 Telephone Customer Services for TDD Users . 9 Rate Reduction for Interstate Long-Distance Calls . 10 Eligibility for Reduced Rates . 10 Public TDDs . 10 Cost of TDDs . 11 Distribution of Free TDDs in California . 11 ASCII-Baudot Standardization and the Impact of Computer Technology . 13 New Legislation. ..., . ., . 13 Deaf Politics . 13 Appendix A: Personal Communications . 15 Appendix B: Sample Personal Communications by TDD and TDD-Related Services . 16 Appendix C: Sample Printout of a TDD Communication. ..., . 17 References . ., . 19 vii 1. Background Information on the Hearing-Impaired Population The hearing-impaired (i.e., hard-of-hearing and defined and possibly still the most poorly iden- deaf) population of the United States is difficult tified of all the handicapped groups. to define. A census of the people with hearing im- The Office of Demographic Studies, located pairments, taken in 1970-71, is the only extensive at Gallaudet College, Washington, D. C., was effort that has been made to date. Subject to errors formed to organize the 1970-71 census of the deaf, resulting from nonresponse, this census still of- and it has continued publishing statistics, notably fers the best available figures: 13,362,842 hearing- the results of its annual survey of hearing- impaired persons (persons with any degree of impaired youth receiving education in special hearing impairment) in the United States, includ- schools and programs. The Office of Demo- ing 1,767,046 deaf persons (35). graphic Studies and the National Center for A 1978 survey conducted by Bell Laboratories Health Statistics make prevalence estimates based as part of its planning for products and services on the census and on new information from the indicated that 16,650,000 people in the United annual survey of schools. Current estimates show States are hearing impaired to some degree (2). 14.5 million persons with any type of hearing That survey found that 4,070,000 of these peo- disorder and 2 million severely hearing-impaired ple have a hearing impairment that affects tele- persons who could be termed “deaf” (24). phone use: 440,000 people who have a profound Approximately 300,000 deaf persons were born or total hearing loss and cannot use the telephone deaf or lost their hearing before the age of 3 and without a telecommunications device such as a thus are considered “prelingually” deaf. Tradi- teletypewriter (TTY); * 1,630,000 severely hearing- tionally, it was said that these children could not impaired people who use a hearing aid and who be educated in the regular school system, because cannot use the telephone
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK
    AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 1 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 2 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 3 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 4 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 5 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 6 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 7 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services 1st Revised Sheet 8 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services (D) ATT TN WG-19-0018 Effective: March 15, 2019 AT&T WISCONSIN GUIDEBOOK PART 20 - Grandfathered Services Original Sheet 9 SECTION 8 - Miscellaneous Services 3. OBSOLETE UNIVERSAL EMERGENCY NUMBER SERVICE - 911 A. DESCRIPTION 1. When requested by local authorities, the Company will provide a universal Central Office number 911 for use of public emergency answering centers engaged in assisting local governments in protecting the safety and property of the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • ED299427.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 299 427 CE 051 056 AUTHOR O'Neil, Sharon Lund; Everett, Donna R. TITLE Telecommunications/Networking. Course Four. Information Systems Curriculum. INSTITUTION Association of Information Systems Professionals, Deerfield, IL.; Houston Univ., Tex. Coll. of Technology. SPONS AGENCY Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Austin. PUB DATE 88 NOTE 173p.; For related documents, see CE 051 053-059. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Behavioral Objectives; *Business Education; *Computer Networks; Computer Oriented Programs; *Computer Science Education; Computer Software; Curriculum Guides; Higher Education; Information Processing; *Information Science; *Information Systems; Learning Activities; *Telecommunications; Word Processing ABSTRACT This course is the fourth of seven in the Information Systems curriculum. The purpose of the course is to review data, text, graphics, and voice communications technology. It includes an overview of telecommunications technology. An overview of the course sets forth the condition and performance standard for each of the five task areas in the course. These components are provided for each task area: behavioral objective, suggested teaching strategies, content, and summary. Topics covered include telecommunications/networking terms, concepts, vocabulary, and principles; hands-on operational knowledge of telecommunications/networking systems and sr- vices; factors to consider in comparison and evaluation, selection,
    [Show full text]
  • Uniphone 1150 User Instructions
    USING YOUR UNIPHONE 1150™ 305-011653 Acknowledgement In 1963, Dr. Robert H. Weitbrecht, an American physicist who was deaf, developed an acoustic coupler that could send and receive teletypewriter signals over the telephone lines. His invention, the Weitbrecht Modem, enabled people who are deaf to use the telephone for the first time. While modern technology now makes it possible to build advanced microcomputer devices like your Dr. Robert H. Weitbrecht, new Ultratec text telephone, the 1920-1983, inventor of the first Weitbrecht modem remains the major text telephone modem. technological breakthrough that began telecommunications for the deaf. Ultratec wishes to acknowledge the importance of Dr. Weitbrecht’s contribution to the welfare of people who are deaf the world over. Ultratec, Inc. 450 Science Drive Madison, WI 53711 (608) 238-5400 (Voz/TTY) Fax: (608) 238-3008 Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.ultratec.com Questions about repairs/warranty? Please contact the dealer that you purchased your Text Phone/Uniphone from for Customer Service details. Sixth edition April 2008 First printing © 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006 Ultratec, Inc. and Turbo Code are registered trademarks of Ultratec, Inc. Uniphone 1150 and Auto ID are trademarks of Ultratec, Inc CONTENTS Important safety instructions p. 3 Introduction p. 5 Overview of the Uniphone 1150 6 CHAPTER 1 Set-up p. 7 Installing a battery 8 Plugging in power and the telephone line 9 About the Menu key 10 Setting display contrast 12 Handset volume (amplification) 14 Inductive coupler 14 Turning off the ringer 14 CHAPTER 2 Calling p. 15 Making a voice call 16 Answering a voice call 16 Making a telephone call with text 17 Answering a telephone call with text 18 CHAPTER 3 Advanced calling p.
    [Show full text]
  • Modems Matter from 300 Baud to 56K the Modem Is a Gatekeeper, Boundary-Walker, Border-Crosser, Turnstile-Hopper, Time Traveler, and Translator
    Modems Matter From 300 Baud to 56K The modem is a gatekeeper, boundary-walker, border-crosser, turnstile-hopper, time traveler, and translator. In the early days of the net, the modem was a technology of distinction. Those who knew the modem's song were identified with it-- they were modemers, inhabitants of a modem world, agents of a modem era. Properly cared for and initialized, the modem's incan- tation revealed a new communicative field enveloping the mundane. Operating at the brittle edge of rationality, the modem was a charged device, transforming data into song using a vibrating crystal to keep time. The term "modem" is a contraction of its two core functions: modulation and demodulation. In practical terms, a modem transmits a stream of digital information (e.g., 1001110100101) over a plain old telephone line by first generating an audible "carrier" signal and then periodically altering, or "modulating," that signal to represent a sequence of 1s and 0s. The receiving modem recovers the 1s and 0s by listening for changes in the carrier signal. The precise pitches and tempo of the modem's song are defined by a "protocol." Communication protocols are produced by committees of engineers aiming to efficiently push the maximum amount of information through a noisy medium. While modems typically include an error correction mechanism, they don't really care about the meaning of the data they transmit. A rogue messenger, the modem is a technology of communication rather than computation. In the late 1970s, dial-up modems brought together the long tradition of amateur telecommu- nications and the emerging technical culture of microcomputing.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Coupler Is an Interface Device for Coupling Electrical Signals by Acoustical (Sound) Means—Usually Into and out of a Telephone
    Acoustic Coupling Modem (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY In telecommunications, an acoustic coupler is an interface device for coupling electrical signals by acoustical (sound) means—usually into and out of a telephone. The link is achieved through converting electric signals from the phone line to sound and reconvert sound to electric signals needed for the end terminal, such as a teletypewriter, and back, rather than through direct electrical connection. HISTORY Prior to its breakup in 1984, Bell System's legal monopoly over telephony in the United States allowed the company to impose strict rules on how consumers could access their network. Customers were prohibited from connecting equipment not made or sold by Bell to the network. The same set-up was operative in nearly all countries, where the telephone companies were nationally owned. In many households, telephones were hard-wired to wall terminals before connectors like RJ11 and BS 6312 became standardized. The situation was similar in other countries. In Australia, until 1975 the PMG, a Government monopoly, owned all telephone wiring and equipment in user premises and prohibited attachment of third party devices, and while most handsets were connected by 600 series connectors, these were peculiar to Australia so imported equipment could not be directly connected in any case, despite the general electrical compatibility. It was not until a landmark court ruling regarding the Hush-A-Phone in 1956 that the use of a phone attachment (by a third party vendor) was allowed for the first time; though AT&T's right to regulate any device connected to the telephone system was upheld by the courts, they were instructed to cease interference towards Hush-A-Phone users.
    [Show full text]
  • First Section
    Proceedings of the FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE of agents of TELETYPEWRITERS FOR THE DEAF, INC. Gallaudet College Washington, D.C. November 13-14, 1971 Published by TELETYPEWRITERS FOR THE DEAF, INC. P.O. Box 622 Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 Report of the Conference 5 Appendices: A. TELETYPEWRITERS FOR THE DEAF, INC. Input Processing Routine 20 B. A Telephone-Teletypewriter System ..21 c. Telephone Pioneers and PTTY 50 This conference and the publication of the Proceed~ngs were supvorted by a contract D. Radio Teletypewriters for the Deaf.53 fro~ the Office of Public Service Programs, Gallaudet College. E. Commercial Telephone Answering Services 60 F. Effect on People's Lives 68 G. A Look into the Future 72 H. NY/NJ News Service 87 I. Distribution of TTYs by States ..... 91 J. Authorized Agents of TDI 92 2 , FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AGENTS OF TELETYPEWRITERS FOR THE DEAF, INCORPORATED Gallaudet College Washington, D. C. November 13 - 14, 1971 A meeting was held at Gallaudet College in Washington, D. C. on November 13-14, 1971, involving 17 agents of Teletypewriters for the Deaf, Inc. (TDI). This National Agents Conference, at the urging of several agents, had been organized by the TDI President, Dr. H. Latham Breunig, in cooperation with Mr. Albert T. Pimentel, Director of Public Service Programs at Gallaudet College, whose office provided a contract enablin8 1UI to defray the expenses of assembling invited agents from allover the United States. The meeting was opened at approximately 8:45 o'clock in the morning on Saturday, November 13, by President Breunig who appointed Joseph S.
    [Show full text]
  • Racal-Vadic RACAL-VADIC - World Leader in Low- and Medium­ Serious Problems Sue H As Line Turnaround Delay Speed Modems for Lhe OEM and Lhe End User
    ta munlcatlons• • A USER'S Arr----l HANDBOOK • I _I • 11 ..1 .. 1111 .. 11 .. 11 li Racal-Vadic RACAL-VADIC - World leader in low- and medium­ serious problems sue h as line turnaround delay speed modems for lhe OEM and lhe end user. associated with Bell 202-type hall duplex trans­ Founded in 1969, Racal-Vadic today is lhe largest missions. Racal-Vadic has already delivered over independenl manufaclurer 01 low- and medi um­ 200,000 VA3400s to a customer base 01 more than speed modems that handle 300 through 2400 bps 5,000 companies. transmission. Racal-Vadic also supplies CCITI modems lor Racal-Vadic's broad product line serves both OEMs international use and a series 01 automatic dialing and end users 01 voice-grade line lacilities, whether systems. switched or private line. The VA300 and VA1200 Racal-Vadic again scooped the industry in 1977 by series, both introduced in 1969, are used widely by becoming the li rst manufacturer to have a modem the communications industry in place of Bell 103/113 (VA317S) approved under Rule 68 01 the FCC 's long­ and 202 datasets. To date, Racal-Vadic has delivered term reg istration programoThe VA317S, Be1l113- more than 450,000 modems to a world-wide compatible, is available as a PC card, in a stand­ customer base. alone cabinet, or in Racal-Vadic's 16-channel Multiple Racal-Vadic stunned the data communications Data Set System. industry in 1973 by announcing a modem capable 01 In April, 1978, the VADIC Corporation was acquired lull duplex operation at 1200 bps in both directions by RACAL Electronics Limited 01 Reading, England.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Analyze Your Data Communications Needs
    70G-050-01a Communications How to Analyze Your Data Communications Needs Data communications is a hot topic. C~sua1 observation of the Joint Computer Conferences over the last five years or This report explains, in down-to-earth terms, just so might lead one to the conclusion that you can't really what data communications can do and how you can have a full-fledged EDP installation without terminals of put it to work in your organization. You'll find some kind hanging out there in the boondocks anxiously awaiting the word from the computer. The trade press has straightforward procedures for determining your been filled with the activities of various vendors com­ communications needs and implementing an effec­ peting to fill the data communications needs of data tive system to satisfy them, plus guidelines for tak­ processing installations everywhere. New types of equip­ ing full advantage of all the other helpful informa­ ment-programmable communications processors, intelli­ tion in OAT APRO 70. gent terminals, multiplexors, etc.-as well as new applications-time-sharing, management information systems, etc.-abound. F or data processing managers, the question remains, do I Decisions that affect the day-to-day business operations really need data communications, and, if so, what kind of can be made more quickly via information transmitted to system do I need? This report seeks to answer this ques­ headquarters. tion by providing an analysis of what data communica­ tions is all about and some practical guidelines for putting Customers can receive better service by shortcutting the this new technology to work for your organization.
    [Show full text]
  • (Tommy) L. Thompson and Robert Smith
    Interview of Thomas (Tommy) L. Thompson and Robert Smith Interviewed by: James L. Pelkey Recorded March 11, 1988 Middlebury, CT CHM Reference number: X5671.2010 © 2010 James L. Pelkey/Computer History Museum Interview of Thomas (Tommy) L. Thompson and Robert Smith Thomas Thompson: General DataComm was founded in 1969. The founder and still chairman and chief executive officer is Charles P. Johnson. Chuck has had extensive experience in the industry, going back to working for Illinois Bell Telephone Company back in the late '40s and '50s. He then went with International Telephone and Telegraph Corp, a division of ITT, and his job there got him involved in dealing with large government contracts that had to do with air defense systems, early warning systems, those kind of things, and the reason that's significant is because those were the very first data communications systems. The state of the art at the time was, and it was really pushing it, was 2400 bits per second modems. The telephone companies, none of them offered anything like that. In fact, my recollection is the data sets, the modems, 2400 bit modems that were used in some of these initial systems were provided by independent suppliers. They were not Telephone & Telephone Inc. (AT&T), they were not Western Electric designed or manufactured equipment. Data communications, as far as what was available from AT&T at that time, and a little later, was primarily limited to 300 bits per second. That was about it. As far as multiplexing is concerned; there really wasn't any customer premises multiplexing.
    [Show full text]
  • International Symposium on Diffusion of Telecommunication Relay Services and Information Accessibility
    International Symposium on Diffusion of Telecommunication Relay Services and Information Accessibility Telecommunications Relay Service Andrea J. Saks: Chairman ITU-T Joint Coordination Activity on Accessibility and Human Factors (ITU-T JCA-AHF) Tokyo, Japan, 23 November 2013 International Symposium on Diffusion of Telecommunication Relay Services and Information Accessibility Part 1: “TRS” in the USA, the Beginning and why we need Relay Services Andrea J. Saks: Chairman ITU-T Joint Coordination Activity on Accessibility and Human Factors (ITU-T JCA-AHF) 1 Tokyo, Japan, 23 November 2013 The Beginning Three Deaf Men Changed the World Robert Weitbrecht Andrew Saks James C Marsters Liberated the Telephone and that enabled deaf people to have a political voice that is now heard around the world! 2 A Historical View of events In the 1960’s they and their tiny company, Applied Communications Corporation (APCOM) created the first successful deaf telephone network with a modem and a surplus TTY. Surplus model 15 Phonetype acoustic coupler 3 Overview A Quick Historical View of events . 1960’s the first USA Deaf Telephone Network starts with 5 stations, one with Grandma! . For the Deaf by the Deaf working together reconditioning teleprinters/telex machines. TDI: Teletypewriters for the Deaf Inc. allowed to receive surplus telex machines. Compatibility without Standards so far so good as only in the USA. Beginning of 1973: The British Post Office gives permission for 5 Stations! 4 Overview The beginning of Relay Services . The first idea with a normal answering service using two telephones and two textphones (TTY). Result? Andrew Saks ordering room service in a Hotel via TTY.
    [Show full text]