Peruvian Rosewood ( rosaeodora Ducke): Its threats, therapeutic uses, spiritual qualities, and protectors

NAHA Webinar March 30, 2019 Dr. Kelly Ablard Outline • Kelly’s background • Central • The Shipibo peoples • Rosewood tree • Rosewood • Linalool • Rosewood protection • GoFundMe • You can win!

Rosewood pieces: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Kelly Ablard PhD,RA,EOT

• PhD Biology; MSc Conservation • Certified aromatherapist • The Airmid Institute: Founder and Chief Executive Officer • Essence of Thyme College of Holistic Studies: Co-Director • The Project (2015 – ) Conservation/Sustainability of Peruvian Rosewood (Aniba rosaedora) Kelly and colleagues: central Peru © Kelly Ablard

Peru

• 13% of the Amazon jungle • Number of with known medicinal properties ranks 5th in the world • Plant medicine used for healing • High # of threatened species e.g. Rosewood ()

Amazon jungle: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Ucayali region – central Peru Shipibo

Shipibo women cooking: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Shipibo woman and child: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Shipibo men – welcoming ceremony: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Shipibo Lifestyle and Culture

• Amazon rainforest • Water • Food • Income • Shelter/Villages • Seeds and dye for pottery and embroidery • Plant medicine - Shamanism • Spiritual ceremonies - aromatics Shipibo embroidery: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Shipibo and Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora)

• Traditional medicine • Aromatic baths • Tinctures • Heart medicine • Grief/healing • Strengthen relationships • Spiritual connection • Good fortune; financial security

Shipibo embroidery: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) • Family: • , , , , , , , Peru • Evergreen • Fruit is a purple drupe • Purple flowers • Can reach height of 98 feet/diameter 6.6 feet • All parts are fragrant Rosewood: Faces extinction

• Endangered • Trade-protected • Unsustainable harvest • No regeneration • Habitat loss • Illegal acquisition • Illegal logging • Essential oil: ~40 tons of oil annually harvested from ~4,000 whole trees

Signs of illegal logging: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Rosewood essential oil: Global distribution

• Most commercially valued oil • Fragrance • Cosmetics • Perfume • Healthcare; pharmaceutical research • Aromatherapy Rosewood Essential Oil: Activities/Profile

• Therapeutic properties: sedative, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, and tonic • Fragrance profile: sweet-woody, floral, spicy • Hazards/Contraindications: None • Primary constituent: Linalool 82.3 – 99% Rosewood pieces: central Peru © Kelly Ablard • (3R)-(-)-linalool (licarcol) prevalent enantiomer Linalool activities • Fixative • Vitamin E synthesis • Food/beverages • Represents 70% of terpenoids of floral scents • Anti-inflammatory • Anxiolytic • Anticonvulsant • Antiviral • Sedative Rosewood essential oil: synergistic activities • Selectively kills human carcinoma A431 cells and pre-cancerous HaCAT cells • Antiviral activity: avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) • Pesticidal activity: Tyrophagus putrescentiae (a cosmopolitan mite) • Insecticidal activity: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse white fly) Rosewood oil – Adulteration

• Supply can’t meet high demand • Cost is high for ethically-sourced oil (permits, sustainable management) • Aniba species with less linalool • Synthetic oil • Chinese Ho leaf oil Recap • Highly valued in traditional medicine and spiritual practice • Commercially valued oil – worldwide • Demand is not met by supply • Unsustainable management/illegal acquisition • Endangered • Trade-protected • Adulterated, and unethically sourced essential oil Time to protect

• The Sixth Extinction • Protect one, protect many • Biodiversity • Why conserve biodiversity? • Ethical reasons • Ecosystem services • Useful resources • Preservation of culture Rosewood protectors

Shipibo Rosewood protectors: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Baby rosewood trees: central Peru © Kelly Ablard How to become a Rosewood-protector

• Self-education • Alternative oils • Reforestation projects • Community education • Research

Ucayali river and Rosewood habitat: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Self-education

• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) • http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/search • Last assessment on Aniba rosaeodora – 1998 Endangered • Sustainably-managed (Eco-certified) • Convention on International Trade in of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) • https://www.speciesplus.net • Changes to A. rosaeodora regulations in near future • Exporter must have CITES permit • Adulterated oil? Make sustainable-based decisions • Meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. • Seven generation stewardship – Great Law of the Iroquois Nation • Make decisions today to benefit children seven generations (~140 years) into the future. Alternative oils Ho Leaf (linalool CT) (Cinnamomum camphora)

• (3R)-(-)-linalool (licarcol) 66.7 – 90.6% • Primary adulterant of rosewood oil • Therapeutic properties: antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, antibacterial • Similar fragrance profile – floral, woody and spicy • Not yet assessed • No contraindications • Hazards: may contain methyleugenol Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed

• (3R)-(-)-linalool (licarcol): 59.0 – 87.5% • Therapeutic properties: antispasmodic, sedative, anxiolytic, and antibacterial • Fragrance profile: green, sweet, pungent • Not yet assessed • Contraindications/hazards: None Community education

• Alternative oils • Sustainable-management • Sustainable-harvesting methods • Quality-distillation – adulteration • IUCN and CITES

Kelly training blossoming Shipibo aromatherapist on the benefits of Rosewood oil and its conservation: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Game Changers

Enfleurage Production Manager, Joe Richkus (l); Store Manager, Tom Carson (r) © Kelly Ablard Research • Environmental impact • Species assessments • United Plant Savers • http://bit.ly/2b2yVrv • IUCN • https://bit.ly/2UTMy26 • Ethnobotanical • Therapeutic benefits • Industry uses • Oil adulteration

Rosewood tree measurements: Soil collection for analysis: central central Peru © Kelly Ablard Peru © Kelly Ablard The Toucan Reforestation Project I can - so you too can! GoFundMe

• Raising money to increase and sustain cultivated rosewood population numbers through reforestation, education, protection, sustainable harvesting, and community engagement initiatives. https://uk.gofundme.com/conservation-amp- education-peru

Kelly and Toucan Project Members/land assessment: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Donate by April 15th to earn the chance to win a piece of Shipibo embroidery! The winner will be drawn April 16th!

Shipibo women and their embroidery: central Peru © Kelly Ablard Keep connected!

• Email: [email protected] • Website: www.kellyablard.com • Facebook: @theairmidinstitute • Twitter: @kellyablard • Instagram: @kelly_ablard

Amazon river: northern Peru © Kelly Ablard References • Aprotosoaie, A.C., Hancianu, M., Costache, I.-L., and Miron, A. 2014. Linalool: a review on a key odorant molecule with valuable biological properties. Flavour and Fragrance Journal Published online in Wiley Online Library: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3197 • CITES: https://www.speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/19724/distribution (Accessed March 2019). • Elisabetsky, E., Brum, L.F., and Souza, D.O. 1999. Anticonvulsant properties of linalool in glutamate-related seizure models. Phytomedicine 6 pp. 107-113. • Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., and Briscoe, D.A. (2002). Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. • International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). www.redlist.org (Accessed March 2019) • ITHMA (2015). Aromatherapy and Oriental Medicine Reference Notes • Krebs, C. (2008). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Sixth Ed. Pearson Education: NJ, USA. • Letizia, C.S., Cocchiara, J., Lalko, J., and Api, A.M. 2003. Fragrance material review on linalool. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41 pp. 943-964. • Lupe, F., Souza, R., and Barata, L. 2008. Seeking a sustainable alternative to Brazilian rosewood. Fragrance Sustainability 33 pp. 40-43. • Peana, A.T., D’Aquila, P.S., Panin, F. Serra, G., Pippia, P., and Moretti, M.D.L. 2002. Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils. Phytomedicine 9 pp. 721-726. • Raintree Nurtrion Tropical Plant Database rain-tree.com (Accessed May, 2018). • Sampaio, L.F.S., Maia, J.G.S., Parijos, A.M., Souza, R.Z., and Barata, L.E.S. 2012. Linalool from rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) oil inhibits adenylate cyclase in the retina, contributing to understanding its biological activity. Phytotherapy Research 26 pp. 73-77. References • Simic, A., Sokovic, M.D., Ristic, M., Grujic-Javanovic, S., Vukojevic, J., and Marin, P.D. 2004. The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities. Phytotherapy Research 18 pp. 713-717. • Soeur, J., Marrot, L., Perez, P., Iraqui, I., Kienda, G., Dardalhon, M., Meunier, J.R., Averbeck, D., and Huang, M.E. 2011. Selective cytotoxicity of Aniba rosaeodora essential oil towards epidermoid cancer cells throughout induction of apoptosis. Mutation Research718 pp. 24-32. • Souza, R.C.Z., Eiras, M.M., Cabral, E.C., Barata, L.E.S., Eberlin, M.N., and Catharino, R.R. 2011. The famous Amazonian rosewood essential oil: Characterization and adulterations monitoring by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting. Analytical Letters 44 pp. 2417-2422. • Tisserand, R. and Young, R. 2014. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Churchill Livingstone; 2nd Ed. • Varty, N. 1998. Aniba rosodora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T33958A68966060. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33958A68966060.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2017. • Wikimedia commons: Non-copyrighted photos • World Wildlife Fund (2018). https://wwf.org.uk