Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance Developments in Hydrobiology 155

Series editor H. J. Dumont Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance

Proceedings of the International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama, 12-14 January 2000

Edited by

J. E. Purcell1, W. M. Graham2 & H. J. Dumont3

1 University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Lab., Cambridge, MD, U.S.A. 2Dauphin Island Sea Lab., Dauphin Island, AL, U.S.A. 3 University of Ghent, Institute of Animal Ecology, Belgium

Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, volume 451 (2001)

SeaUfaiit Mississippi-Alabama

:5> ^ SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Jellyfish blooms: ecological and societal importance / edited by J.E. Purcell, W.M. Graham and H.J. Dumont. p. cm. - (Developments in hydrobiology; 155) This volume developed from a conference held in Gulf Shores, Alabama in January 2000. Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 978-94-010-3835-5 ISBN 978-94-010-0722-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1 1. -Congresses. I. Purcell, J. E. II. Graham, W. M. HI. Dumont, H. J. (Henry J.) IV. Series.

QL377.S4 J48 2001 593.5'3--dc21 2001029532

ISBN 978-94-010-3835-5

Cover illustration: Chrysaora fuscescens aggregation in Monterey Bay, California. Photo by Dave Wrobel.

All Rights reserved ©2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conference information and group photo lX-X Introduction xi-xiii

A complete listing of conference presentations XV-XVlll

JELLYFISH AND HUMAN ENTERPRISE: AND

Medical aspects of jellyfish envenomation: pathogenesis, case reporting and therapy Joseph W. Burnett 1-9 Jellyfish as food Y-H. Peggy Hsieh, Fui-Ming Leong, Jack Rudloe 11-17 Jellyfish fisheries in southeast Asia Makoto Omori, Eiji Nakano 19-26 Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: a review Jennifer E. Purcell, Mary N. Arai 27-44 Feeding on survival-food: gelatinous plankton as a source of food for anchovies Hermes Mianzan, M. Pajaro, G. Alvarez Colombo, A. Madirolas 45-53

JELLYFISH AND CHANGING ECOSYSTEMS Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Claudia E. Mills 55-68 Pelagic coelenterates and : a review Mary N. Arai 69-87 Effects of low dissolved oxygen on survival and asexual reproduction of scyphozoan polyps () Robert H. Condon, Mary Beth Decker, Jennifer E. Purcell 89-95 Numerical increases and distributional shifts of Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor) and Aurelia aurita (Linne) (: Scyphozoa) in the northern Gulf of Mexico William M. Graham 97-111 VI

Timing and size of blooms of the ctenophore leidyi in relation to temperature in Narragansett Bay, RI Barbara K. Sullivan, Donna Van Keuren, Michael Clancy 113-120 The impact of El Nino events on populations of mesopelagic hydromedusae Kevin A. Raskoff 121-129 Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child Mike N Dawson, Laura E. Martin, Lolita K. Penland 131-144 The ctenophore Mnemiopsis in native and exotic habitats: U.S. versus the Black Sea basin Jennifer E. Purcell, Tamara A. Shiganova, Mary Beth Decker, Edward D. Houde 145-176 Chemical composition, respiration and feeding rates of the new alien ctenophore, Beroe ovata, in the Black Sea G. A. Finenko, B. E. Anninsky, Z. A. Romanova, G. I. Abolmasova, A. E. Kideys 177-186 The new invader Beroe ovata Mayer 1912 and its effect on the ecosystem in the northeastern Black Sea Tamara A. Shiganova, Yulia V. Bulgakova, Stanislav P. Volovik, Zinaida A. Mirzoyan, Sergey I. Dudkin 187-197

PHYSICALIHYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS WITH JELLYFISH

A physical context for gelatinous aggregations: a review William M. Graham, Fransesc Pages, William M. Hamner 199-212 Developing jellyfish strategy hypotheses using circulation models Donald R. Johnson, Harriet M. Perry, W. David Burke 213-221 Flow and prey capture by the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 Isabella D' Ambra, John H. Costello, Flegra Bentivegna 223-227

JELLYFISH REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION BIOLOGY Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, in relation to its ambient environment Cathy H. Lucas 229-246 In situ estimation of ephyrae liberated from polyps of Aurelia aurita using settling plates in Tokyo Bay, Japan Tomoko Watanabe, Hamto Ishii 247-258 Geographic variation and ecological adaptation in Aurelia (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae): some implications from molecular phylogenetics Mike N Dawson, Laura E. Martin 259-273

GENERAL ECOLOGY OF JELLYFISH Observations on the distribution and relative abundance of the scyphomedusan Chrysaora hysoscella (Linne, 1766) and the hydrozoan Aequorea aequorea (Forskal, 1775) in the northern Benguela ecosystem Conrad Sparks, Emmanuelle Buecher, Andrew S. Brierley, Bjl1lrn Erik Axelsen, Helen Boyer, Mark 1. Gibbons 275-286 vii

A novel cilia-based feature within the food grooves of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi Mayer Anthony G. Moss, Rebecca C. Rapoza, Lisa Muellner 287-294 Protistan epibionts of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi Mayer Anthony G. Moss, Anne M. Estes, Lisa A. Muellner, Darrell D. Morgan 295-304 Digenea parasites of jellyfish and ctenophores of the southern Atlantic Sergio R. Martorelli 305-310 Food and feeding of Aurelia aurita in Tokyo Bay with an analysis of stomach contents and a measurement of digestion times Haruto Ishii, Fusako Tanaka 311-320 Distribution, abundance, behavior and metabolism of Periphylla periphylla, a mesopela- gic coronate medusa in a Norwegian fjord Marsh J. Youngbluth, Ulf Bamstedt 321-333 * Hydrobiologia 451: ix, 2001. IX

International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms

Gulf Shores, Alabama 12-14 January 2000

Conference Organizers: Dr W. M. Graham (Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama) Dr 1. E. Purcell (Horn Point Laboratory, Maryland)

Conference Sponsors: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Dauphin Island Sea Lab

The conference logo depicting the 'global jellyfish aggregation' was conceived by Dr Graham, and graciously placed on paper by Mr R. Dixon.

The photograph on the cover of Chrysaora fuscescens aggregation in Monterey Bay, California, is by David Wrobel.

Bibliographic references to works from this volume should be in the following form:

For the entire volume: Purcell, J. E., W. M. Graham & H. J. Dumont (eds), 2001. Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance. Developments in Hydrobiology 155. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: xviii + 334 pp. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 451.

For individual papers: Burnett, J. W., 2001. Medical aspects of jellyfish envenomation: pathogenesis, case reporting and therapy. Hydrobiologia451 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 155): 1-9. x

Participants of the International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms held in Gulf Shores, Alabama, 12-14 January 2000. " Hydrobiologia 451: xi-xiii, 2001. Xl

Introduction

Scientific awareness of gelatinous zooplankton, which includes medusae, siphonophores, cteno• phores, salps, and larvaceans, has increased markedly in the past three decades. At the forefront of this research field is the possibility that ecological change, forced by a variety of factors, may be enhancing gelatinous zooplankton populations in estuarine and marine environments. To address ecological and societal issues of jellyfish blooms around the world, the International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms was held in Gulf Shores, Alabama, on the coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico, in January 2000. This conference convened many of the world's current and future investigators of gelatinous zooplankton ecology to discuss the past, present and future of our field. The Conference was hugely successful in assembling scholars that ranged from patriarchs and matriarchs in the field to graduate and undergraduate students. In total, more than 70 scientists representing 13 countries from 5 continents attended the three-day conference hosted by the Dauphin Island Sea Lab. and the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. This group of scientists represents the majority of jellyfish researchers worldwide. A total of 53 oral and poster presentations were contributed. The International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms was a natural progression in the lineage of jellyfish ecology across scales of understanding. We can even link historical events to major transitions in how scientists have approached ecological studies of jellyfish. The first major transition occurred in the late 1960s following the United States' passage of a legislative bill entitled 'The Jellyfish Act', which released the single largest research allocation at that time to study the regulation of jellyfish populations, primarily Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor) in the . The 'Jellyfish Act' served as a significant transition of emphasis from the or• ganism to the. population. We would like to especially acknowledge the important contributions of Mr David Cargo (e.g., Cargo & Schultz, 1966, 1967; Cargo & King, 1990), who, regrettably, passed away before the Gulf Shores conference. The anticipated product of the Jellyfish Act, which was the ability for humans to regulate jellyfish populations, never materialized. Never• theless, Jellyfish Act-funded research produced a wealth of information on feeding, growth, reproduction, development, and behavior of jellyfish. The next transition in jellyfish ecology research was from the population level to the eco• system level in the 1970s and 1980s. A major factor contributing to this transition was the development of an action plan to address pollution issues in the Mediterranean Sea. As part of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), workshops were held in 1983 (Athens, Greece) and in 1986 and 1987 (Trieste, Italy) to understand the possible linkages between environmental pollu• tion and jellyfish blooms, principally of (Forsskal), in the Mediterranean Sea. These workshops and their subsequent scientific reports (UNEP 1984, 1991) highlighted the complex relationships between jellyfish blooms, environmental variability, and human activity. It was not until the late 1980s that the 'human dimension' to jellyfish blooms could be fully appreciated. It was at this transition point when ecosystem level research was linked to socio• economics and politics as a consequence of the major ecological shift that took place in the xii

Black Sea. As discussed in this volume, the introduction of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz in the Black Sea following extreme environmental changes (including over-harvesting of fish, cultural eutrophication and freshwater diversion) was implicated in the collapse of the valuable Black Sea anchovy (e.g., GESAMP, 1997). In the wake of the Black Sea 'envir• onmental disaster', the scientific community has made significant advances into understanding the complex nature of the relationships of coastal marine ecosystems and the functional role of gelatinous zooplankton. The naYve belief in the 1960s that jellyfish were the 'problem' has been replaced today with the sobering realization that jellyfish blooms more likely are symptoms of environmental problems such as cultural eutrophication and associated effects like , commercial over-harvesting of fish and invertebrates, habitat modification, freshwater diversion, species introductions, and global climate change. Unfortunately, not since the MAP workshops (UNEP 1984, 1991) has the international community of gelatinous zooplankton scientists come together with the specific intent to ad• dress jellyfish blooms (but see GESAMP, 1997). The International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms clearly reaffirmed the high degree of collegiality and devotion among the scientists of this research community. It is this international collegiality that will ultimately foster the next major advances in understanding global dynamics of jellyfish blooms. The Conference also recognized a unified voice that will give direction to this rapidly expanding field. The attendees realized that a greater impact could be achieved with a collective voice, and called for future meetings to be held every 5-6 years. It was recommended that increased efforts be made to globalize our research, and discussions on specific mechanisms to accomplish this resulted in the conceptual foundation of the 'JellyWatch' network of global jellyfish bloom dynamics. The research community also called for increased public awareness, expansion of interdisciplinary activities, larger scale studies, and increased funding potential. This volume serves as an extension of the Conference as a message to the larger scientific community and to the world. While this volume was being compiled, the northern Gulf of Mexico provided striking ex• amples of the socio-economic effects of jellyfish and our lack of understanding of most jellyfish populations. During the summer of 2000, public attention was drawn to 'invasions' of two large, previously unseen jellyfish species. The first was identified as Phyllorhiza punctata (von Lendenfeld), which is native to the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Millions of these large medusae (50-60 cm bell diameter) accumulated in the coastal waters of the northern Gulf. An immediate economic impact on shrimp harvesting was felt in the region due to fouling of nets, however, longer-term ecological effects due to predation are unknown. The second highly unusual species, the large cyaneid medusa, Drymonema dalmatinum (Haeckel), occurred over a large area of the northern Gulf from Florida to Louisiana. Individuals measuring up to 75 cm in bell diameter, with tentacles of 20 m in length were observed preying heavily on local populations of Aurelia aurita medusae. Whether these species will persist in the northern Gulf of Mexico is unknown at this time. This example illustrates that we need to better understand why jellyfish often suddenly appear in profusion, and their effects on the coastal ecosystems. This volume is comprised of a subset of papers from the Conference, including both reviews and research papers. The Conference was designed to integrate various aspects of jellyfish blooms as they impact societies around the world. In the first section, Jellyfish and Human Enterprise: Fisheries and Tourism, topics range from the medical aspects of jellyfish stings (Bur- xiii nett), jellyfish as food (Hsieh et al.) and jellyfish fisheries (Omori & Nakano), to interactions between jellies and fish (Purcell & Arai; Mianzan et al.). In the second section, Jellyfish and Changing Ecosystems, papers consider whether jellyfish blooms have increased in recent years (Mills; Arai; Graham; Sullivan et al.), the effects of environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity on jellyfish population size (Condon et al.; Graham; Sullivan et al.; Raskoff; Dawson et al.), and the effects of introductions of ctenophores in the Black Sea region (Purcell et al.; Finenko et al.; Shiganova et al.). The third section, Physical and Hydrodynamic Interactions with Jellyfish, pertains to the role that physical processes play in mediating aggregations and distributions of jellyfish (Graham et al.; Johnson & Perry) and feeding (D' Ambra et al.). The fourth section comprises a review of reproduction and life history strategies (Lucas), asexual reproduction rates (Watanabe & Ishii), and molecular phylogenetics (Dawson & Martin). The final section encompasses a variety of topics related to morphology (Moss et al.), epibionts and parasites of jellies (Moss et al.; Martorelli), and feeding (Ishii & Tanaka; Youngbluth & Bamstedt). All papers were SUbjected to the full peer review procedure of the journal Hydrobiologia, in which these manuscripts also are published. To those of us at the Conference, the importance of jellies is obvious, but to most other aquatic scientists, their importance often goes unnoticed. We believe that this volume will be a key reference for the experts in our field. We hope that it also will stimulate the interest of other scientists and provide valuable references to those who may enter the field.

W. M. GRAHAM & J. E. PURCELL Organizers and Editors

Acknowledgments

The International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms was generously funded primarily by the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Dr B. Costa-Pierce, Director. Additional support was graciously provided by the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, the Maryland Sea Grant College and the Hom Point Laboratory of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

References

Cargo, D. G. & D. R. King. 1990. Forecasting the abundance of the sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 13: 486-491. Cargo, D. G. & L. P. Schultz, 1966. Notes on the biology of the sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, in Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 7: 95-100. Cargo, D. G. & L. P. Schultz, 1967. Further observations on the biology of the sea nettle and jellyfishes in the Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 8: 209-220. GESAMP (IMOIFAO/UNESCO-IOCIWMOIWHO/IAEAIUN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environ• mental Protection), 1997. Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP 58: 84 pp. UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme), 1984. Workshop on Jellyfish Blooms in the Mediterranean. Athens, 31 October-4 November 1983: 221 pp. UNEP, 1991. Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean, Proc. of II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Action Plan Technical Reports Series 47: 320 pp. • Hydrobiologia 451: xv-xviii, 2001. xv

A Complete Listing of Conference Presentations

ORAL PRESENTATIONS vironmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD 21403, U.S.A. Jellyfish and Global Change: Population Increases Are Jellyfish Blooms in the Northern Gulf of Mex• and Decreases in Response to Changing Con• ico on the Increase? An Analysis of 10 Years of ditions in the Sea. C. E. Mills. Friday Harbor Fishery Survey By-Catch Data. W. M. Graham, Laboratories and Department of Zoology, Univer• Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Marine Environmental sity of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Sciences Consortium, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Harbor, WA 98250, U.S.A. Dauphin Island, AL 36528, U.S.A. Pelagic Coelenterates and Eutrophication: A Re• Distribution of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria), Pleur• view. M. N. Arai. Pacific Biological Sta• obraehia pileus and Mnemiopsis leidyi (Cteno• tion,Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5K6, phora) in the Southern Black Sea During 1995- Canada and Department of Biological Sciences, 1998. A. E. Kideys! and Z. Romanova2. !Institute University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, of Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 28, Erdemli, 33731, Calgary, Alberta, T2N IN4, Canada. Turkey. 2Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Does Low Dissolved Oxygen Favor Gelatinous Zo• Nachimov Avenue 2, Sevastopol, Ukraine. oplankton in Eutrophic Estuaries? D. L. Breit• Spatio-Temporal Distributions of Jellyfish (Hy• burg. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Estuarine dromedusae and Scyphomedusae) Along the Research Center, St. Leonard, MD 20685, U.S.A. West Coast of South Africa: Difficulties of Fore• Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on Predation casting Their Fluctuations. E. Buecher!,2 and of Zooplankton by the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis M.1. Gibbons!. ! Zoology Department, University leidyi. M. B. Decker!, D. L. Breitburg2 and 1. E. of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Purcell!. ! Horn Point Laboratory, University of 7535, South Africa. 2Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cam• Biologique et Ecologie du Plancton Marin, Station bridge, MD 21613-0775, U.S.A. 2The Academy Zoologique, B.P. 28, F-06234, Villefranche-sur• of Natural Sciences, Estuarine Research Center Mer, France. 10545 Mackall Road, St. Leonard, MD 20685, Distribution Patterns of Chrysaora hysoseella and U.S.A. Aequorea aequorea in the Northern Benguela The Influence of Hypoxia on the Ctenophore Mne• Ecosystem. C. Sparks 1 and M. Gibbons2. 1 School miopsis leidyi: Behavior and Predation on Go• of Life Sciences, Cape Technikon, Box 652, Cape biosoma bose Larvae and Anehoa mitehilli Eggs Town, 8000, South Africa, and Zoology Depart• and Yolk Sac Larvae. S. E. Kolesar!, D. L. ment, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag Breitburg2, K. A. Rose3 and J. H. Cowan, Jr4. X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa. 2Zoology De• lChesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, partment, University of the Western Cape, Private MD 20688, U.S.A. 2The Academy of Natural Sci• Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa. ences Estuarine Research Center, St. Leonard, MD Jellyfish Swarms, Tourists, and "The Christ• 20685, U.S.A. 3Louisiana State University, Baton child". M. N Dawsonl,2, L. E. Martin1.2 and L. Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A. 4University of South K. Penland2. 1 Department of Organismic Biology, Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A. Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Historical and Current Trends in Jellyfish Popula• Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A. 2Coral Reef tion Abundance in Chesapeake Bay, and a Trib• Research Foundation, Box 1765, Koror, PQ 96940, ute to Dave Cargo. 1. E. Purcell! , K. Mountford2 Republic of Palau. and! M. B. Decker. ! Horn Point Laboratory, Uni• Is there a need for a Jellywatch Network? L. P. versity of Maryland Center for Environmental Sci• Madin! and P. Kremer2. I Woods Hole Ocean• ence, Cambridge, MD 21613, U.S.A. 2U.S. En- ographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, xvi

U.S.A. 2Department of Marine Sciences, Univer• Angeles, P.O. Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA sity of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, U.S.A. 90095-1606, U.S.A. 2Coral Reef Research Found• Medical Complications of Jellyfish Blooms. J. W. ation, Box 1765, Koror, PQ 96940, Republic of Burnett. Department of Dermatology, University Palau. of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD Geographic Separation of Stocks of the Edible 21201-1703, U.S.A Jellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Rhizostomeae) in Venom and Cnidome Comparison Between Fatal New South Wales, Australia. K. A. Pitt and M. and Non-fatal Cubozoans. L. Oliveri, 1. Wilce2 1. Kingsford. University of Sydney, Sydney, New and 1. Seymourl. 1James Cook University, Cairns, South Wales, 2006, Australia. Queensland, 4878, Australia. 2University of West• Jellyfish as Food. Y-H. P. Hsieh. Department of ern Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6907, Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Australia. Auburn, AL 32849, U.S.A. Protistan Epibionts of Mnemiopsi mccraydii. A. G. Jellyfish Fishery in Southeast Asia: A Brief Review. Moss and L. A. Muellner. Department of Biolo• M. Omori! and E. Nakano2. !Tokyo University gical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL of Fisheries, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. 2Sanko 36849, U.S.A. Kaisanbutsu Co. Ltd., Kobe, 652-0842, Japan. Mechanism of Attachment by the Ciliate Trichod• Impact of Invader Mnemiopsis leidyi Bloom on ina ctenophorii. L. A. Muellner and A. G. Moss. Fisheries in the Black and Azov Seas. T. A. Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn Uni• Shiganova. P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, versity, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A. Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nakhimovskiy Tentacular Lumens; The Site for Digestive Uptake Prosp., Moscow, 117851, Russia. in Cubozoans. P. Cullen, M. Little, R. Mulcahy, P. Comparisons of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Pereira and 1. Seymour. Cairns Base Hospital, P.O. from Native and Non-Native Habitats. J. E. Box 902, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia. Purcell I and T.A. Shiganova2• I Hom Point Labor• In situ Experiments to Estimate Numbers of atory' University of Maryland Center for Envir• Ephyrae Liberated from Polyps of Aurelia aur• onmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613 U.S.A. ita on Settling Plates. T. Watanabe and H. Ishii. 2p. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Tokyo University of Fisheries, 4-5-7, Konan, Academy of Sciences, Russia. Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. A Search for Causes and Consequences of Exten• Food and Feeding of Aurelia aurita, and Their ded Seasonal Appearances of the Ctenophore Impact on Zooplankton Populations in Tokyo Mnemiopsis leidyi in Estuaries of the North• Bay. H. Ishii and F. Tanaka. Tokyo University of east U.S. Coast. B. K. Sullivan l, D. VanKeuren I , Fisheries, Kounan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, M. Clancy2 and P. M. Kremer3. lUniversityof Japan. Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02881, U.S.A. Comparative Morphology and Swimming Per• 2University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, formance of a Hydromedusan Guild. 1. H. U.S.A. 3University of Connecticut, Groton, CT Costello I and S. P. Colin2. I Biology Department, 06340-6097, U.S.A. Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A. Interactions of Pelagic Cnidarians and Cteno• 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of phores with Fishes. 1. E. Purcelll and M. N. Arai2. Connecticut, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, I Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland CT 06340, U.S.A. Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Patterns in Jellyfish Swimming: A New Approach MD 216l3, U.S.A. 2Pacific Biological Station, for Studying Behavior. 1. C. Matanoski, R. L. Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5K6, Canada Owens, R. R. Hood and 1. E. Purcell. University of and Department of Biological Sciences, University Maryland, Center for Environmental Studies, Horn of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N IN4, Canada. Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD 21613, U.S.A. Feeding on Survival-Food: Gelatinous Plankton Phylogeography and Molecular Evidence for Sib• as a Source of Food for Anchovies. H. Mian• ling Species of Pacific Aurelia (Cnidaria, zan, M. Pajaro, c. G. Alvarez and A. Madirolas. Scyphozoa), a Circumglobal Planktonic Jelly• CONICET and INIDEP, P.O. Box 175, 7600 Mar fish. M. N Dawsonl •2. 1Organismic Biology, Ecol• del Plata, Argentina. ogy and Evolution University of California at Los Jellyfish, Larval Fish and Individual-Based Mod- xvii

els. 1. H. Cowan, Jr.1 and K. A. Rose2. 1University POSTER PRESENTATIONS of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, The Relationship Between Temperature, Size and U.S.A. 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Metabolic Rate in the Cubozoan Chiropsalmus Louisiana, U.S.A Sp. M. Gordon, A. Krockenberger and J. Seymour. Up Close, In situ Investigations of the Midwater James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Medusa Periphylla periphylla. M. 1. Youngbluth 1 Australia. and U. Bamstedt2. 1Harbor Branch Oceano• The Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on the Sur• graphic Institution, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, U.S.A. vival and Development of Sea Nettle Polyps 2Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology, (Chrysaora quinquecirrha). R. H. Condon I, M. University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. B. Decker2 and 1. E. Purce1l2. 12/32 Stephen• Functional roles of the lobate ctenophore Bolinop• sons Road, Mount Waverley, VIC 3149, Australia. sis mikado in the marine coastal ecosystem of 2Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Japan. S. Uyel and T. Kasuya2. 1Faculty of Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima Univer• MD 21613, U.S.A. sity, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan. 2Tokyo Food Groove Morphology and Function in the Lob• University of Fisheries, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan. ate Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis. R. C. Rapoza, A. The Impact of El Nino Events on Blooms of Mid• G. Moss and L. Muellner. Woods Hole Ocean• water Hydromedusae. K. A. Raskoff. Monterey ographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, U.S.A. and Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, CA 93950, U.S.A. U.S.A. Developing Jellyfish Strategy Hypotheses Using Effect of Medusa Size on Prey Selectivity in the Circulation Models. D. R. Johnson 1, H. M. Perry2 Jellyfish Aurelia aurita in the Northern Gulf and W. D. Burke2. INRL Code 7332, Stennis of Mexico. R. M. Kroutil and W. M. Graham, Space Center, MS 39529, U.S.A. 2Gulf Coast Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA. U.S.A. Parasites of Jellyfishes and Ctenophores of the A Physical Context for Jellyfish Aggregations: A Southern Atlantic. S. R. Martorelli. Gulf Coast Review. F. Pages 1, W. M. Graham2 and W. M. Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach Drive, Hamner3. IInstitut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC), Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000, U.S.A. Visiting Pla<;a del Mar sin, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08039, Research Scholar (CONICET-Argentina). Spain. 2University of South Alabama and Dauphin Flow and Prey Capture by the Scyphomedusa Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Phyllohriza punctata von Lendenfeld 1884. I. Island, AL 36528, U.S.A. 3University of Califor• D' Ambra I, F. Bentivegna I and 1. H. Costello2. nia, Los Angeles, Deparment OBEE, Box 951606, 1Naples Aquarium, Stazione Zoologic a "A. Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A. Dohrn", Villa Communale, 80121 Naples, Italy. Population Dynamics and Sexual Reproduction of 2Biology Department, Providence College, Provid• the Scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita from Two ence, RI 02918-0001, U.S.A. Contrasting Ecosystems. C. Lucas. School of Partial Purification and Characterization of a Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southamp• Hemolysin (CAl) From Hawaiian Box Jellfish ton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European (Carybdea alata) Venom. 1. Chung, 1. Kuroiwa, Way, Southampton S014 3ZH, United Kingdom. L. Ratnapala, I. M. Cooke and A. A. Yanagihara. Population Structure, Growth and Age Determ• Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Bio• ination in the Cubozoan Chiropsalmus Sp. M. medical Research Center, University of Hawaii, Gordon, C. Hatcher and 1. Seymour. James Cook Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A. University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia. Temporal Variability in the Unfished Abundance First bloom of the invader Beroe ovata in the Black and Biomass of the Commercially Harversted Sea. T. A. Shiganova, P. Yu. Sorokin and Yu. Jellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Rhizostomeae) in F. Luksahev. P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceano• New South Wales, Australia. K. A. Pitt and M. logy RAS, 36 Nakhimovsky Pr., Moscow, 117851, 1. Kingsford. University of Sydney, Sydney, New Russia. South Wales, 2006, Australia. xviii

Two Metacercariae (Parasites) of Jellyfishes and South Alabama, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Ctenophores in the Gulf of Mexico, With Island, AL 36528, U.S.A. Notes About Their Probable Life-Histories. S. Lipid Composition of Jellyfish Tissue: A Useful R. Martore11i1,2 and R. M. Overstreet1. IGulf Indicator of Recent Feeding and Nutritional Coast Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach Drive, Condition. R. R. Alley and W. M. Graham. Uni• Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000, U.S.A. 2Yisiting versity of South Alabama and Dauphin Island Sea Research Scholar (CONICET-Argentina). Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL Brazilian Coastal Waters Scyphozoans and Cubo• 36528, U.S.A. zoans. A. C. Morandini and F. L. da Silveira. Vertical Distribution and Abundance of Meso• Departamento de Zoologia, IB-USP, Sao Paulo, pelagic Scyphomedusae in Deep Waters of SP, c.P. 11461, 05422-970, Brazil. Monterey Bay, California. D. A. Murray, Univer• Using in situ Videography to Describe Fine-Scale sity of California Santa Cruz and Monterey Bay Distributions of Gelatinous Macrozooplankton Aquarium Research Institute, 1156 High Street, in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. 1. C. Mar• Earth and Marine Science A316, Santa Cruz, CA tin and W. M. Graham, Dauphin Island Sea Lab. 95064, U.S.A. and Department of Marine Sciences, University of