Reading Group Guide, No. 16 prepared by Kianoosh Hashemzaeh

THE GERMAN MUJAHID by Boualem Sansal translated from the French by Frank Wynne

Malrich and Rachel were born in an Algerian village to a German father and an Algerian mother, but were raised by an elderly uncle in a tough immigrant “estate” outside of Paris. Rachel is a model immigrant—married, law abiding and a hardworking employee of a multinational corporation. Malrich, on the other hand, is alienated and angry. He spends most of his days with his equally lost friends, evading the local police. His future seems certain: either incarceration or a violent, premature death.

Upon the suicide of Rachel, Malrich is given his diary and discovers not only that Islamic fundamentalists murdered the young men’s parents in , but also the shocking truth about his father’s past as an SS officer. With intimate details, Rachel’s journal recounts his travels as he retraces his father’s military record. He begins in Frankfurt and from there visits his father’s various posting including places in , Poland and Austria. His last European stop is the grim Auschwitz, where his father worked as a chemical engineer. Rachel’s travels end with a trip to Istanbul and Egypt, where his father escaped as the Third Reich was defeated. Rachel returns to France, feeling defeated himself and takes his life in his own impromptu gas chamber. Malrich, through a journal and journey of his own, confronts the demise of Rachel and the wrenching details of his father’s past.

FOR DISCUSSION

1. The novel is split into two narratives, drawing on the diaries of Rachel and Malrich. How are the styles of these sections alike and different? What does each diary tell you about the identity of Rachel and Malrich? Which character do you feel like you know better

2. When in France, both Rachel and Malrich assume first names that no longer allude to their Algerian roots. Why do they do this? Are there advantages in going by a non- Arab name in France?

3. Both Rachel and Malrich are upset that their parents were not identified by their real names in the victim lists and on their headstones in Algeria. Their mother was identified as “Aïcha Majdali,” her maiden name and their father was identified as “Hassan Hans, known as Si Mourad,” his pseudonym. Both Rachel and Malrich allude to different theories as to why their names were changed. What are some of these theories and do you agree or disagree with them?

4. Towards the end of the novel, Malrich reveals that Rachel wrote in his diary that he did not conceive of his death as a suicide and spoke of his death in terms of retribution and justice. On page 220 Malrich says “He calls it an act of love for papa and for the victims.” Do you agree with Rachel’s logic here? 5. Throughout the novel, Sansal compares Islamic fundamentalism with National Socialism, the ideology that Nazi Germany drew upon. What are the similarities and differences between these two ideologies? Is Sansal successful in making a case that they are alarmingly similar?

6. The “H24 estate” is where Rachel and Malrich live and grew up. A large portion of the novel is set here. What kind of place is the estate and how does it change by the end of the novel?

7. The novel recounts several important historical events, including and the Algerian Civil War. Is Rachel and Malrich’s portrayal of events objective? Do works of fiction provide richer accounts of events than the traditional history book? Is it necessary to consult outside texts while reading a book such as this?

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Boualem Sansal was born in 1949 in Algeria. Since his debut novel, Le serment des Barberes, winner of the 1999 Best First Novel Prize in France, he has been widely considered one of his country’s most important contemporary authors. Sansal lives with his wife and two daughters in Algeria.

© J. Sassier / Gallimard

AN INTERVIEW WITH BOUALEM SANSAL

"There Are Parallels between Islamism and National Socialism" from Qantara.de

In 1945, following the Second World War, many prominent Nazis sought refuge in Arab countries. The Algerian writer Boualem Sansal has addressed this chapter of history in his latest novel. Martina Sabra met him in Frankfurt, Germany

Boualem Sansal: "Young people in the know almost nothing about National Socialism and the Holocaust"

Herr Sansal, your novel is about a former SS officer who was involved in mass murder and other crimes in Auschwitz and Buchenwald. The man, called Hans Schiller in your novel, flees in 1945 first to Turkey then to Egypt where, in the 1950s he is recruited by the Algerian National Liberation Army as a military expert. After the war of independence he lives unnoticed for several decades until he is killed in a terrorist attack in the 1990s. Is this character wholly fictional or is he based on a real person?

Boualem Sansal: There is a real-life background to the story: at the beginning of the 1980s, I was working as an engineer for the Algerian Ministry for Industry. On one of my work- related journeys, I stumbled upon a small village near Setif which seemed very exotic to me. In the next town I told some friends about it. Then someone suddenly said, "oh, you mean the village with the German". I was told that this was a very particular German figure, as the man was a former SS officer, an old Nazi with a dark past. I have to say this was a big shock for me. I had very romantic, idealistic notions of the of independence. To discover that a Nazi was involved was very disturbing.

This discovery is likely to surprise many Germans too. Books such as Die Kofferträger by Claus Leggewie or Mourad Kousserow's autobiography have taught us that in the 1950s, it was mainly young left-wing Germans who supported Algeria's fight for independence. Do you know how many ex-Nazis sought refuge in independent Algeria?

Sansal: I don't have any precise figures; I believe they were isolated cases. What I do want to emphasise, however, is that in 1945, not all German war criminals fled to South America. Many of them found refuge in the Arab world, in Egypt, Syria and other countries. There were less of them in Algeria because it still belonged to France until 1962.

Did you get to know the German and his village yourself?

Sansal: No, he was already old by then. But I was not trying to write the umpteenth story about a war criminal. I wanted to tell the story from the perspective of succeeding generations, to ask what it might mean to take responsibility for ensuring that such crimes are never repeated. Young people in the Arab world know almost nothing about National Socialism and the Holocaust. In Algeria, the Second World War is on the curriculum, but the

historical uniqueness of German fascism is not discussed. And the murder of millions of Jews and other people is not talked about at all.

Nevertheless, it's important to address this, along with prejudices about Jews in Arab countries. When I was young, many people in Algeria didn't say simply "ihudi", they added "hachek", which means something like, "excuse me for uttering the word 'Jew'". A similar custom was followed when mentioning the wife of the man you were talking to. This habit has now largely died out, but it is still part of our history.

Your novel contains powerful descriptions of the sites where the horror unfolded, Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Did you visit them specially for the book?

Sansal: No, I had already been to Auschwitz before. My first wife was Czech; we visited Prague often and at some point I suggested we visited Poland for the weekend. My experiences there left a deep impression on me. Visiting Auschwitz is a huge personal test and I would not recommend anyone to delve too deep. It can really throw you into confusion, because all the convictions and values you have as a human being are shaken: belief in God, in humanity, everything. Nothing remains as it is.

In Algeria it's not yet possible to buy the book. Many Algerians who have managed to read it, as well as the Algerian population in France, have criticised it because it draws parallels between National Socialism and Islamism. Are you not exaggerating here? Islamism does not aim per se to eradicate or subjugate another race of people. And not all Islamists want to introduce Sharia law or hide women under veils.

Sansal: On the contrary! I have followed the development of Islamism from its beginnings to the present day and analysed its discourses. In my opinion there are enormous similarities, in every sense. There is the concept of conquering – the conquering of souls, but also of territories. And there is the idea of extermination, the extermination of all those who do not submit to the ideology of Islamism. To this extent I certainly do see parallels, and I believe we have to analyse National Socialism if we are to keep Islamism in check.

To date there have been no plans to translate your book into , whereas the Hebrew translation is nearly finished. Would you travel to to present the book?

Sansal: I had already been invited to Israel by the newspaper Haaretz and my publisher there. At the moment I do not intend to travel there. The new government under Netanyahu and Liebermann is too right wing for me, verging on fascist.

Martina Sabra

© Qantara.de 2009

Boualem Sansal, b.1948 in Teniet el Had in Algeria, is a qualified engineer and economist. Until the spring of 2003, he worked as director of the Algerian Ministry for Industry. He was awarded the Prix du Premier Roman in France for his debut novel Le Serment des Barbares in 1999. He also won the prestigious Michel Dard Award for his novel L'Enfant fou de l'arbre creux.

Translated from the German by Steph Morris.