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CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 6, Issue 3 Trinity 2010

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CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 6, Issue 3 Trinity 2010 CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 6, Issue 3 Trinity 2010 ISSN 1756-6797 (Print), ISSN 1756-6800 (Online) Labyrinth Lost: From Ancient Maps AUTHORSHIP IN A HEBREW CODEX ...MS 199 to Filming for National Geographic Tracing Two Lost Works by Delmedigo One of the privileges of studying at Christ Church is I first came across Christ Church Ms.199 whilst the access it provides to the largest collection in trawling the catalogue of the Institute of Microfilmed Oxford of ancient manuscripts and maps outside the Hebrew Manuscripts at the Jewish National Library in Bodleian. It was with this in mind that in the spring of Jerusalem. I was looking for primary sources 2008, having just returned from the School of concerning the acceptance of converts by the Geography field trip to Crete, I followed the ornate nascent Jewish communities in Holland and England wrought-iron banister up the wide spiralling staircase during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. קונטרס הלכי בדיני “ to the library’s historic collections on the first floor. The Hebrew catalogue entry read which translates as “An Halachic Treatise on ”גרים Gerim - גרים While in Crete, I had unexpectedly come across a the Laws of Gerim”. The Hebrew word Ger, which can mean either a - גר curious motif of the famous Labyrinth from the myth is the plural of of Theseus and the Minotaur on some 16th century proselyte to Judaism or a stranger or sojourner, maps. The history of Crete has always reflected its depending on the context in which it appears. geography having been colonised first by Neolithic Quoting from the treatise itself, the catalogue entry peoples, Minoans, Mycenaean Greeks, Dorians, continues (in translation): Romans, Arabs, Byzantines, Venetians and Ottomans. Over the years its various occupiers and “It was written in consequence of a legal question. A liberators have produced maps of the island. These man of the seed of Israel, one of the Anussim maps, while containing useful factual information that [Critianos Nuevos, Conversos or Marranos] in was no doubt helpful for Ottoman raiding parties or Portugal, profaned himself with a gentile woman who Venetian traders, are artworks in their own right. bore him a son; the man subsequently died… continued on page 11 continued on page 2 THIS ISSUE Labyrinth Lost, Ancient Maps and Filming Authorship in a Hebrew Codex ... MS 199 Libraries and Scaliger’s Legacy of Learning News from the Early Printed Books Project Writing in an Unusual Portrait of Wolsey Esther Inglis and the French Psalter Benefactors and the Kimbell Art Museum Postscript to Shakespeare’s Mentor Preserving the Past Detail of 13th century French illumination representing God St John Chrysostom’s Homilies holding the world with King David praying (MS 98, fol.54v). The lad remained with his mother until he grew up but the last two pages of the codex, are prefaced by and learned wisdom, and ‘the spirit of the Lord began a cover page which gives their titles, the names of to stir in him’…And he chose well and did not follow their authors and a short abstract of their contents the ways of her idolatry and went in search of the and purpose. Lord. And he came to Holland…and became a Sefer Nefesh - ספר נפש הגר Jew…And they appointed him to a position of The first opus is entitled authority and made him Charity Warden in the Ha-Ger (The Book of the Soul of the Ger) and its כלכל בכמוהר"ר פנחס אל קנאה Rotterdam community … and he was later appointed author is given as one His Honour, our Teacher, Rabbi Calcal – כמוהר"ר a Parnass [warden] in the Amsterdam community …And it was on the day the leaders of the son of His Honour, our Teacher, Rabbi Phineas El community were assembled …and they proposed to Kanah. appoint him Parnass and head of the community or Sefer Batei – ספר בתי הנפש Gabai [treasurer] of the community chest for the The second is entitled redemption of prisoners, and [one of those present] Ha-Nefesh (The Book of the Houses of the Soul) objected …calling out “he is disqualified by the Torah and, according to the cover page, was composed by His Honour, our Teacher, Rabbi – כמוהר"ר כלאב from holding the positions]”…but many stood up for] him …and supported the righteous Ger.” Calev, who we are told, was the son of Rabbi Calcal. There is no mention of the third (a much shorter The objection to his appointment was based on the work) on this cover page. Torah statute that “from amongst your brethren shall you set a king over you …You may not place a foreigner over you” (Deuteronomy 17:15). This rule had been taken subsequently to apply to all positions of authority in a Jewish community. Though this son of an Anuss and a Christian woman was now undoubtedly a Jew—he had undergone Giur, the formal procedure for becoming a Jew—was he a “brother” in the sense this rule required? Only his father had been a Jew; his mother had not. Faced with this dilemma, the Amsterdam community had sought the opinion of rabbinic scholars throughout the Jewish world. Ms.199 records three of the replies that were given. Intrigued though I was by this story, I could not pursue it further at the time as parts of the microfilm Two pages from Sefer Nefesh Ha-Ger turned out to be almost illegible. The opportunity for a closer examination of the manuscript only came The first opus, Sefer Nefesh Ha-Ger, occupies the this year when, with the aid of a digital copy kindly initial eighty eight pages (forty four leaves or 80%) of provided by Christ Church Library, I was able to the codex. More that just a responsum (a rabbinical examine and study it properly. legal opinion), it is an halachic tour de force which goes far beyond the immediate question of the The manuscript has fifty five leaves. It was re-bound eligibility of the said son of an Anuss to the position at some point in the past and is in a good state of of Parnass. Written in rabbinic Hebrew, it surveys the preservation. Its Hebrew script is quite legible and is legal standing of Gerim over a whole range of typical of central European Ashkenazi manuscripts of matters, including their filial and levirate obligations, the middle and late seventeenth century. It is also inheritance rights and kinships. It also emphasises clearly the product of a single scribe. The borders the moral imperative of showing consideration are decorated with line patterns that issue from the towards Gerim and reviews the biblical and post- letters of the words at its edges. Many are also biblical precedents of Gerim occupying positions of inscribed with corrections and additions, some in a authority. The colophon reads: “Written here in the hand similar to that of the main text, others in a city of iron [Eisenstadt], near the city of Vienna, in the cruder hand. The manuscript was evidently reviewed state of Hungary, Wednesday 15th Menahem (5)411 and annotated after its initial writing, perhaps [2 August, 1651].” It is not absolutely clear whether because it was to serve as a legal precedent for this date refers to the original source from which the reference or perhaps in preparation for printing. present manuscript was copied or to the manuscript itself. The codex comprises three distinct, though related, works, each apparently the opus of a different The second opus, Sefer Batei Ha-Nefesh, fills the author, which were collated and transcribed from next eighteen pages of the codex (45a-54a). In earlier manuscripts. The first two, which occupy all contrast to the other two works, it is not so much a 2 responsum as a polemic, in part a lyrical paean in circumstances of the Anussim and Jews of praise of Gerim and in part a passionate outpouring Amsterdam. Thus we learn (i) that unions between against those who are unwelcoming of them. In a an Anuss and a gentile woman, such as that preamble written partly in rhyming Hebrew couplets between the Ger’s father and mother, were rare “for and triplets, the author explains that he was driven to it was not usual for Anussim to cohabit with gentile write by the grudging manner in which Gerim were women …and moreover, the gentiles distanced - זרע מוכר"חים often accepted by their host communities. themselves from them …for they are the seed of forced converts [to Christianity];” (ii) that The body of the work comprises twenty-two the authority of the officers of the Jewish community paragraphs, composed and ordered such that their over its members was limited by deference towards initial letters give the sequence of letters in the them (they were not to be publicly embarrassed), by Hebrew alphabet, from Aleph through to Tav. In the the volatility of their financial circumstances (they first nine paragraphs, the author berates the Jewish were not to be pressed when behind in their dues) burghers of Amsterdam for their attitude towards the and by the restrictions imposed by civil law; (iii) that Gerim amongst them; at one point even comparing financial disputes between Jews were not brought their inhospitality to that of the biblical Sodomites. before the Bet Din (the Jewish court of law) but The next ten paragraphs are in the first person as the before the civil courts; and (iv) that the Ger in son of the Anuss tells his own story. He recounts question was held in high regard in the community by how his father had been beguiled by a gentile virtue of his great Torah learning, wealth and woman (his mother) and had died shortly afterwards; generosity.
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