FUNDAMENTALLY HUMAN Tania Bahar

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FUNDAMENTALLY HUMAN Tania Bahar MORNAME MORNAME Sergi Kataloğu / Exhibition Catalogue Pera Müzesi Yayını / Pera Museum Publication 47 İstanbul, Aralık / December 2010 ISBN:........................... TEMELDE İNSAN Küratör | Curator: Helga Prignitz-Poda Yayına Hazırlayanlar | Editors: Begüm Akkoyunlu Ersöz FUNDAMENTALLY HUMAN Tania Bahar Yayın Koordinatörleri | Publication Coordinators: ÇAĞDAŞ SANAT VE NÖROBİLİM CONTEMPORARY ART AND NEUROSCIENCE Zeynep Ögel, Magda Carranza de Akle Çeviri | Translation: İCem Akaş Türkçe Düzelti | Turkish Proofreading: Müge Karalom İngilizce Düzelti | English Proofreading: Melis Şeyhun Grafik Tasarım | Graphic Design: TUT, www.tutajans.com Renk Ayrımı ve Baskı | Color Separation and Printing: Boyut Matbaacılık A.Ş. Matbaacılar Sitesi, 1. Cad., No. 115 Bağcılar- İstanbul © Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı, Pera Müzesi Meşrutiyet Caddesi No: 65, 34443, Tepebaşı, İstanbul www.peramuzesi.org.tr Bu katalog, 22 Aralık 2010 tarihinde Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı Pera Müzesi’nde açılan “Gelman Koleksiyonu’ndan FRIDA KAHLO & DIEGO RIVERA” sergisi için hazırlanmıştır. This catalogue has been prepared for the exhibition “FRIDA KAHLO & DIEGO RIVERA from the Gelman Collection”, opening on 22 December 2010 at the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Pera Museum. Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı Pera Müzesi, serginin gerçekleştirilmesindeki destek ve katkılarından dolayı INBA, Banco de México ve Meksika Büyükelçiliği’ne teşekkür eder. Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Pera Museum would like to thank to INBA, Banco de Mexico and the Embassy of México for their support and contribution in the realization of the exhibition. Sunus Foreword Suna, İnan & İpek Kıraç 7 Teşekkürler Acknowledgements 7 Beyin ve Sinir Sistemi The Brain and the Nervous System Nazlı Başak 7 Temelde İnsan: Çağdaş Sanat ve Nörobilim Fundamentally Human: Visual Art and Neuroscience Suzanne Anker 7 Katalog Catalogue 7 4 Temelde İnsan: Çağdaş Sanat ve Nörobilim Fundamentally Human: Visual Art and Neuroscience Suzanne Anker Yaşamın çözülmeyi bekleyen binbir sırrı arasında, Of all life’s mysteries yet to be solved, the complexity hisseden varlıklar olmamızı sağlayan duygu, süreç ve of emotions, processes and actions that make us sen- eylemlerin karmaşıklığı gizemini koruyor. Bizler, sinir tient remains enigmatic. Set in motion by neural net- ağlarının bizi harekete geçirmesiyle, canlı varlıklar works, we think, act and love as living beings. Like olarak düşünür, eylemde bulunur, severiz. Haritası çı- uncharted galaxies or unending reveries, every karılmamış galaksiler ya da sonu gelmeyen düşler thought is a web of electrical impulses generating gibi, her düşünce de bir elektrik impulsları ağıdır; bu and regenerating all that is unknowable and won- ağ, bilinmeyen ve olağanüstü, hüzünlü ve neşeli, coş- drous, melancholic and blissful, rapturous and un- kulu ve çözüp dağılan her ne varsa, onları hep yeni- raveling. By way of astute advances in comprehend- den üretir. Çeşitli araç ve yöntemlerden yararlanarak ing the nervous system by various means and ways, -sözgelimi, beyin dalgalarını ölçme, somatik tepkiler, e.g. measurement of brainwaves, somatic responses, teknolojik görüntüleme, bilince dair felsefi araştırma- technological imaging, philosophical studies of con- lar ve mecaz dilleri- sinir sistemini anlama yönünde sciousness and the languages of metaphor, can we kaydettiğimiz zekice ilerlemelerle, bizi temelde insan ever hope to know what makes us fundamentally hu- kılan şeyi bir gün gelip de bilebilmeyi umabilir miyiz? man? Duygusal olarak yüklü ve kavramsal olarak derin Emotively charged and conceptually profound, our olan düşüncelerimiz ile hislerimiz, tepkiler çerçeve- thoughts and feelings are embodied in responsive sinde somutluk kazanır. Bu tür temel nitelikler hem frameworks. Such core essentials are both autono- özerktir, hem kendi yönlerini kendileri belirlerler. Ör- mous and self-directed. For example, the bodily pro- neğin sağlıklı bir birey, soluk almayı, yutkunmayı, hat- cesses incorporating breathing, swallowing, and even ta göz kırpmayı bütünleştiren bedensel süreçleri, blinking are taken for granted by a healthy individual “umur-u âdiye”den sayar, bunları zaten olması gere- who relegates them to the status of already given. To ken şeylermiş gibi kabul eder. Sinir sistemi bozulmuş a person whose nervous system is in disarray, such bir kişi için, bu tür basit işlevler, Christopher Reeves simple tasks can be life threatening, as in the case of örneğinde olduğu gibi, yaşamı tehdit edici olabilir. Bir Christopher Reeves. Injured in an equestrian acci- at kazası geçiren Reeves, omurgasını yaralamıştı ve dent, Mr. Reeves damaged his spinal column and al- ömrünün kalanı boyunca tekerlekli sandalyeye though he remained wheel chair bound for the rest of mahkûm olsa ve bir respiratör yardımıyla soluk alsa his life, breathing with the aid of a respirator, he was da, kök hücre araştırmasını destekleyen yılmak bil- an avid activist in the support of stem cell research. mez bir aktivistti. Bu tür araştırmalar, Parkinson’a, Such research could possibly find cures for the crip- Alzheimer’e, ALS’ye ve benzeri sakatlayıcı nörodeje- pling neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkin- neratif hastalıklara büyük olasılıkla çare bulabilecek- son’s, Alzheimer’s, ALS et al. Stephen Hawking, the tir. Parlak kuramsal fizikçi Stephen Hawking, 21 ya- brilliant theoretical physicist was stricken with amyo- 20 21 şındayken ALS olarak bilinen amyotrofik lateral skle- trophic lateral sclerosis, known as ALS when he was Temelde insan olmanın diğer yönleri, bellek, imge- mental concepts of the brain, Nobel Prize biologist roza yakalanmıştı (şimdi 68 yaşında). Hawking, yar- 21 (he is now 68.) He is unable to perform any rudi- lem, zekâ, tutku gibi öznel niteliklerde yatar. Nobel Gerald Edelman provides an analysis of the brain’s dım olmadan en temel beden hareketlerini bile yerine mentary gestures of the body without help. He speaks ödüllü biyolog Gerald Edelman, sinirsel beyin kavra- plasticity and its transformation in response to envi- getiremiyor; bir ses birleştirici aracılığıyla konuşuyor. through a voice synthesizer, has authored many pre- mı ile zihinsel beyin kavramı arasında bağ kurarak, ronmental factors. He cites both genetic and experi- Hawking, ileri görüşlü pek çok yapıta imza atmış, pek scient works and received a host of honors. He even beynin plastikliğine ve beynin çevre faktörlerine tepki ential factors which function to create dynamic con- çok onur ödülüne layık görülmüş; hatta Uzay Yolu: Ge- played himself in an episode of Star Trek: The Next olarak dönüşümüne dair bir çözümleme ortaya koyar. nections between neuronal groups. He points out lecek Kuşak’ın bir bölümünde rol almıştır. Generation. Edelman, nöron grupları arasında dinamik bağlantı- that, like a fingerprint or the iris of the eye, each indi- ların oluşmasını sağlayan hem genetik, hem yaşantı- vidual has a unique form of brain circuitry.4 For phi- Daha yakınlarda, Fransız gazeteci Jean-Dominique More recently, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, a sal faktörleri anar. Edelman, parmak izi ya da gözün losopher Daniel Dennett, the “self” is a “responding, Bauby More’un anı kitabı Dalgıç Çanı ve Kelebek, Juli- memoir by French journalist Jean-Dominique Bauby, iris tabakası gibi, her bireyin benzersiz bir beyin dev- responsible artifact.” His is an interest in memory, its an Schnabel’in yönettiği bir filme konu oldu. Seyirci, was made into a film directed by Julian Schnabel. The releri biçimine sahip olduğunu belirtir.4 Filozof Daniel inflation and how consciousness is a bag of tricks. He “sürgüleme sendromu”na yakalanan kişi için iletişi- viewer becomes privy to what communication is like Dennett’a göre, “benlik, yanıt veren, sorumlu bir asks how hundreds of millions of cells could give rise min ne demek olduğunu içeriden bir bakışla kavrıyor. when one is stricken with “locked-in syndrome.” Un- aygıt”tır. Dennett’ın ilgi alanı, bellek, belleğin “şişme- to consciousness and how brains are positioned to Hareket edemeyen kahraman için geriye kalan tek able to move, the only communication method left for si” ve bilincin nasıl bir “eldeki olanaklar bütünü” oldu- absorb suggestions from expectation.5 iletişim yöntemi, zorlu bir alfabe sistemiyle sol gözü- the protagonist is to blink his left eye, in a cumber- ğudur. Dennett, yüz milyonlarca hücrenin nasıl olup nü kırpmaktır. Kozasına hapsolunmuş bir kelebek some alphabetic system. Like a butterfly trapped in da bilinci ortaya çıkarabildiğini ve beyinlerin beklenti- For George Lakoff, representations in the mind are gibi, kişi canlı canlı bedeninin hapishanesindedir, ama its chrysalis, he is alive in the prison of his body, but den gelen telkinleri özümsemek için nasıl konumlan- neurologically bound to deep-seated metaphorical zihinsel yetileri yerli yerindedir.1 Günümüzde teknolo- with his mental faculties intact.1 Currently, techno- dığını sorar.5 structures.6 In a recent essay “The Neural Theory of jideki ilerlemeler sayesinde, bu tür hastalarla iletişim logical advances have been made in communicating Metaphor,” Lakoff questions: “Have you ever asked kurulabiliyor. Hastaların, düşünceleri ile bir imleci with such patients. Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI) George Lakoff’a göre, zihindeki temsiller, norölojik why conceptual metaphor exists at all, why we should hareket ettirmelerini sağlayan beyin-bilgisayar ara- are being employed to allow patients to maneuver a olarak derinlerde bulunan metaforik yapılara bağlı- think metaphorically, why metaphors should take the birimleri (BCI) kullanılıyor.2
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