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Assessing Resiliency and Passive Survivability in Multifamily Buildings

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Assessing Resiliency and Passive Survivability in Multifamily Buildings 2020 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild co-organized by ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA ASSESSING RESILIENCY AND PASSIVE SURVIVABILITY IN MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS Lisa M. White1 and Graham S. Wright1 1PHIUS, Chicago, U.S.A assessment of various multifamily building prototypes in ABSTRACT Chicago. Resilient building design is becoming increasingly The climate is changing and along with will come more important as occurrence and duration of extreme weather extreme weather events and natural disasters such as events increase. These events cause disruptions in drought, floods, earthquakes, and severe storms (IPCC, building operation and safety due to lack of electric 2018). These disruptions can cut off electrical grid power power or fuel. Several resilient design strategies exist, from a building, which hinders the building’s ability to many of which are also sustainable or energy saving operate critical systems and maintain a habitable indoor design strategies. Specifically, passive building environment. They can even compromise the building strategies that favor energy conservation in buildings structure. Recent natural disasters illustrate the also have a positive impact on the building’s resilience. vulnerability of buildings to power loss. Super-Storm Passive survivability is a key element to resilience, Sandy in 2012 left much of the New York City which can be assessed by simulating interior conditions Metropolitan area and East coast without power for more during power outages in building energy modeling than five days, while the 2005 Hurricane Katrina & Rita software. This paper will address passive survivability left some without power for weeks. Many buildings metrics and assessment protocol for passive survivability become uninhabitable when cut off from electricity or including a proposed methodology to derive climatic fuel. From 1992 to 2010, 1,333 significant electric grid resilience design weeks. Additionally, it will cover disruptions occurred in the United States, 78% of them simulation results from dynamic modeling completed in being weather related. These outages affected more than WUFI Plus. These simulations assess passive 178 million metered customers. (Campbell, 2012) The survivability during power outages in varying number of weather-related power outages also increases multifamily building designs and inform the audience on each year, with almost 20x more incidents in 2011 than how building design influences a building’s ability to in 1992. maintain desirable interior conditions during outages. Figure 1 shows the cause of large blackouts in the United INTRODUCTION States dating back to 1984 and categorizes natural The term resilience has grown in interest substantially disasters and the amount of time a region may be affected over the last few decades, with the numer of resilience- by them. Hurricanes, tropical storms, blizzards and ice related publications increasing by more than 15x from storms are categorized by impacts of hours to days, 2000 to 2016. (Wyss & Shroder 2016) In a general which often include extended power outages. sense, resilience refers to a system’s capacity to adapt to Sustainability efforts in buildings have grown disturbances and recover from them, returning to the significantly over the past few decades, in an effort original condition. Or in other words, a system’s lessen impact on the earth’s ecological systems, reduce readiness to react towards disruptive events. This differs energy use in buildings, and therefore limit carbon from resistance, which is the ability to not be affected by emissions. However, resilient building design still has a something. A variety of systems can be resilient; from lot of room for growth. the human body to the built environment, it is a universal With respect to climate change and global warming, the term and covers a wide range of elements. The focus of question is not if it will happen, but rather to what extent this paper will be the assessment of resilience in it will happen and what effects will come along with it. buildings, with a focus on passive survivability. This will Right now, under the Paris Climate Agreement, the goal be done through defining potential metrics and the is to limit warming to below 3.6 °F (2 °C). Even with this © 2020 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org) and IBPSA-USA (www.ibpsa.us). 144 For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE or IBPSA-USA's prior written permission. minimal level of warming, many predictions show that metric to describe or rate resilience. A full resilience there will be dramatic sea level rise, increased number of assessment requires looking at many potential hazards or weather events, and increased severity of these weather disturbances through both a qualitative and quantitative events (IPCC, 2018). Therefore, even if carbon lens. Below, a methodology and protocol for quantitively emissions are limited and global warming is slowed, it assessing passive survivability is described. should be recognized that resilient buildings will be essential for the future. PASSIVE SURVIVABILITY The term passive survivability was coined in 2005 by Alex Wilson, of Environmental Building News (EBN) and president of GreenBuilding.com. (Wilson 2006) This refers to a building’s ability to maintain livable conditions when sources such as electricity, water or heating fuel are cut off. To quantitatively assess ‘passive survivability’, a metric for acceptable indoor conditions must be defined. During standard operating conditions, according to ASHRAE’s Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Standard 55-2004, the indoor summer comfort range is about 74°F to 83°F (23- 28°C), while the winter indoor comfort range is about 67°F to 79°F (19-26°C), both with a maximum humidity ratio of 84 grains/lbdryair (0.012 kgwater/kgdryair.) However, in extreme conditions, such as a power outage, expectations for the indoor environment are not as high and therefore an acceptable range may need to be considered simply on what is still be safe for occupation. Separately from the comfort ranges above, ASHRAE defines acceptable temperature ranges for naturally ventilated spaces based on outdoor temperature, which ranges from 50°F to 93°F (10-34°C). (Institute of Medicine 2011) This range seems appropriate for acceptable indoor comfort during an outage, though the ‘safe to occupy’ range would cover a larger span. An appropriate metric for interior moisture must also be defined, based on health implications as well as building longevity, though it is not covered in detail in this paper. Homeothermy is a form of temperature regulation used Figure 1. Statistics for large blackout causes in the US by humans, where the body maintains the same internal (top), Disaster characteristics (bottom). core temperature, regardless of external influences. The RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK MEASURES zone of homeothermy shown in Figure 2a represents the range where humans can maintain a steady core A handful of building rating systems have started to temperature around 98.6°F (37°C). analyze resilience in buildings. A few of them are the US Hypothermia and hyperthermia are conditions that occur Resiliency Council, RELi, BREEAM, BuildingGreen when the core body temperature cannot be maintained Resilient Design Checklist, Resilient Design Institute, and decreases or increases from the average level. etc. So far, most of this is qualitative analysis that is used Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature to determine how resilient the building is based on the drops below 95°F (35°C), and the heart and nervous scope of resilient features and strategies integrated into system cannot function normally. During prolonged the building’s design. In general, these strategies fall into extreme heat events, or heat waves, the human body 5 categories; (1) Risk Avoidance, (2) Passive loses its ability to remove excess heat. Heat stroke and Survivability, (3) Durability & Longevity, (4) heat exhaustion may occur when the core temperature Redundant Systems, and (5) Response & Recovery reaches 104°F (40°C). Death often occurs when the Time. (Phillips et al. 2017) body’s core temperatures fall below 80.6°F (27°C) or As illustrated by those five measures, the scope of the exceed 107.6°F (42°C). (Moore & Krucik 2016) term is quite broad, and it is difficult to use a single © 2020 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org) and IBPSA-USA (www.ibpsa.us). 145 For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE or IBPSA-USA's prior written permission. the percentage of hours that fall within that range, over the total number of hours that the outage occurred for. For example, if it was a 5-day, 120-hour summer outage, and 10 hours were above ‘X°’ (maximum critical threshold), then 110 hours fell within the acceptable range and its passive survivability rating would be a 91.6% at a threshold of ‘X°’ F. However, more work and research is needed to determine what this acceptable threshold is, the measures of stress, and if there is a cumulative effect that may require tightening the threshold. Figure 2a. Range of homeothermy (Holmes et al, 2016). As to what conditions are survivable or non-damaging for humans, the margins vary by many factors; age, gender, and health being a few key elements. Mortality numbers during outages predominately from vulnerable populations such as elderly, young children, pregnant women, and persons with hypertension, obesity, diabetes or respiratory disease. (Holmes et al. 2016) Survivability depends on the body’s ability to regulate core temperature in the average range mentioned above. For the hot end of the range, a few studies from nursing homes and hospitals without air conditioning indicate severe occupant health problems when the indoor temperatures were near or above 104°F (40°C). However, vulnerable populations occupy those buildings. Because the main mechanism of cooling in humans is sweating, the wet bulb temperature (TW) has fundamental Figure 2b.
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