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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: a Qualitative Study in a Canadian City

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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: a Qualitative Study in a Canadian City International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City Jennie A. Petersen 1,2,* , Calli Naish 1,3, Dalia Ghoneim 1, Jason L. Cabaj 1,4 , Patricia K. Doyle-Baker 5,6 and Gavin R. McCormack 1,5,6,7 1 Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; [email protected] (C.N.); [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (J.L.C.); [email protected] (G.R.M.) 2 Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada 3 Department of Communication, Media and Film, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada 4 Provincial Population & Public Health, Alberta Health Services, 10301 Southport Lane SW, Calgary, AB T2W 1S7, Canada 5 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] 6 School of Planning, Architecture, and Landscape, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada 7 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-403-220-2976 Abstract: Public health measures introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the Citation: Petersen, J.A.; Naish, C.; physical activity, health, and well-being of millions of people. This grounded theory study explored Ghoneim, D.; Cabaj, J.L.; Doyle-Baker, how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected physical activity and perceptions of health among adults P.K.; McCormack, G.R. Impact of the in a Canadian city (Calgary). Twelve adults (50% females; 20–70 years) were interviewed between COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical June and October (2020) via telephone or videoconferencing. Using a maximum variation strategy, Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City. participants with a range of sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity levels, and perceptions Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, of seriousness and anxiety related to COVID-19 were selected. Semi-structured interviews captured 18, 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ participant perceptions of how their physical activity and perceptions of health changed during the ijerph18094441 pandemic. Using thematic analysis, four themes were identified: (1) Disruption to Daily Routines, (2) Changes in Physical Activity, (3) Balancing Health, and (4) Family Life. Participants experienced Academic Editor: Paul B. Tchounwou different degrees of disruption in their daily routines and physical activity based on their individual circumstances (e.g., pre-pandemic physical activity, family life, and access to resources). Although Received: 12 March 2021 participants faced challenges in modifying their daily routines and physical activity, many adapted. Accepted: 21 April 2021 Some participants reported enhanced feelings of well-being. Public health strategies that encourage Published: 22 April 2021 physical activity and promote health should be supported as they are needed during pandemics, such as COVID-19. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: pandemic; COVID-19; coronavirus; physical activity; sedentary behaviour; health; qualitative published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus dis- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ease (COVID-19) a pandemic [1]. As of 12 March 2021, there have been over 118 million This article is an open access article total confirmed COVID-19 cases and more than 2,621,000 related deaths globally. Across distributed under the terms and Canada, 896,739 COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, with 22,335 related deaths, and conditions of the Creative Commons counts will likely continue to increase [2]. In response to the pandemic, governments world- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// wide, including Canada, have implemented public health emergency measures to reduce creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the spread of COVID-19. These restrictions involve legally enforced closures, and/or limi- 4.0/). tations on the maximum capacity of destinations where people congregate (e.g., schools, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094441 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4441 2 of 15 recreational facilities, and shops) [3]. Additional mandatory and voluntary measures that have disrupted pre-pandemic routines consist of physical distancing, mask wearing, re- strictions on non-essential international and domestic travel, and self-isolation/quarantine requirements [3,4]. The Alberta Government (Canada) declared a state of public health emergency on 15 March 2020 and implemented a 3-month closure of sport programs, fitness centers and recreation facilities [5]. These restrictive measures may have negatively impacted physical activity levels [6]. 1.1. Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Public health responses to infectious disease pandemics, such as COVID-19, have the potential to impact the daily physical activity levels of millions of people [7,8]. Sedentary behaviour includes activities such as sitting, reclining, watching TV, playing video games and use of a computer [9], and is associated with negative health outcomes [10]. Prolonged reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour, especially for ex- tended periods of time, could lead to deleterious effects on cardio-metabolic [11–13] and mental health outcomes [14,15]. Decreases in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviours can put individuals at increased risk of chronic health conditions (e.g., CVD, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and depression) [16]. From the opposite perspective, moderate physical activity strengthens the immune system [17] and can protect against respiratory infection [18,19]. The World Health Organization [20] recommends that adults participate in at least 150–300 min of moderate or 75–150 min of vigorous physical activity per week and reduce their time spent in sedentary behaviour to achieve health benefits. Recent quantitative studies undertaken in Canada [21], Europe [22], China [23], and the United States [24] identified changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour due to COVID-19. A cross-sectional study conducted in Canada found that when compared to pre-COVID-19 physical activity levels, adults perceived a decrease in their weekly moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity despite 58% still accumulating the recommended levels of physical activity [21]. In France and Switzerland, enforced lockdowns have been associated with increases in walking, moderate-intensity physical activity and leisure- based sedentary behaviour [22]. In the U.S., adults have reported decreases in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour [24]. Despite consistent findings in regard to increased sedentary behaviour, impacts of the pandemic on physical activity are equivocal. 1.2. Adaptation and Behaviour Change Shifts towards alternative forms of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic might be necessary for adults to maintain benefits of their regular routines [6,25]. Life events such as marriage, pregnancy, and retirement are known to impact physical activity routines. However, these transitions are often planned [26]. Few studies have explored how people have adapted their behaviour, including the facilitators and/or barriers to physical activity and sedentary behaviour, during the COVID-19 pandemic [6,27]. Several theories exist to predict changes in health behaviour [28], although these theories were not created within the context of pandemic conditions. Individual behaviour change theories such as the Health Belief Model [29], Transtheoretical Model of Change [30], and Theory of Planned Behaviour [31] suggest that beliefs, attitudes, expectations, self-efficacy, and intentions are important factors within health behaviour change processes [32]. In contrast, socioecological models posit that there are reciprocating factors at multiple levels (e.g., cultural, policy, legislative, environmental, interpersonal, and intra-personal) that influence health behaviours, such as physical activity [33,34]. An individual’s environment should be considered in the development of effective intervention strategies [35], especially during crises [36]. The pandemic has created a unique opportunity to explore how people adapt their physical activity and health behaviours during unforeseen circumstances in which individuals are facing challenging restrictions to their movement. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected physical activity, sedentary behaviour and perceptions of health among adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4441 3 of 15 The study objectives were to: (1) describe how physical activity and sedentary behaviour have been impacted by the public health response to COVID-19 in Calgary (AB, Canada); and (2) explore perceptions of health in relation to changes in physical activity during the pandemic. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Design This qualitative study
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