83 Parasites (Cestoda, Nematoda, ) of Western Starhead Topminnow, blairae (Cypriniformes: ), from the Red River Drainage, Southwestern Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern State College, Idabel, OK 74745 Donald G. Cloutman P. O. Box 197, Burdett, KS 67523 Stanley E. Trauth Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, AR 72467 Charles R. Bursey Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Valley Campus, Sharon, PA 16146 Henry W. Robison 9717 Wild Mountain Drive, Sherwood, AR 72120

Abstract: Between July 2016 and October 2017, and again during May and September 2018, 64 Western Starhead Topminnows, Fundulus blairae, were collected from a single site in the Red River GUDLQDJHRIVRXWKZHVWHUQ$UNDQVDVDQGH[DPLQHGIRUJLOO¿QHFWRSDUDVLWHVDQGFRHORPLFHQGRSDUDVLWHV Twenty-nine (45%) were infected, including 8 (13%) with Proteocephalus sp. plerocercoids, 1 (2%) with a metacestode, Valipora minuta, 23 (36%) with encapsulated larval nematodes, Spiroxys sp., 1 (2%) with larval Eustrongylides sp., and 1 (2%) with an unknown glochidium. Four (7%) possessed a multiple infection of various parasites. No monogeneans or myxozoans were found on the gills of DQ\¿VKQRUZHUHP\[R]RDQVIRXQGLQWKHJDOOEODGGHU:HGRFXPHQW¿YHQHZSDUDVLWHKRVWUHFRUGV in this contribution which represents only the second published report of any kind of parasite from this host.

and Robison 2004). Its range includes the Gulf Slope drainages from the Escambia River, Introduction and Florida, west to the Brazos River, Texas, and north into the Red River drainage The Western Starhead Topminnow, Fundulus of southwestern Arkansas and southeastern blairae Wiley and Hall, 1975 is a small fundulid Oklahoma (Page and Burr 2011). In Arkansas, that reaches a maximum total length of 80 mm F. blairae has a very restricted distribution, and inhabits heavily-vegetated barrow ditches, is considered rare in the state (Robison 1977; oxbow lakes, sloughs, streams, and swampy Robison and Buchanan 1988), and listed as S2 backwaters (Wiley 1980; Ross 2001). The (imperiled) by NatureServe (2018). species is a surface-feeding insectivore (Miller Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018) 84 C.T. McAllister, D.G. Cloutman, S.E. Trauth, C.R. Bursey, and H.W. Robison

Little is known about the parasites of F. methods (Presnell and Schreibman 1997) with blairaeDQG+R൵PDQ  GRHVQRWSURYLGH VHFWLRQLQJ DW ௅ —P IROORZHG E\ VWDLQLQJ any taxa from this topminnow. A trematode, with hematoxylin and eosin. Voucher specimens Plagiocirrus loboides Curran, Overstreet, and (photovouchers or slides) of parasites were Tkach, 2007, has been described from F. blairae deposited in the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of (as F. dispar blairae) from the Pascagoula Parasitology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, River, George County, (Curran et al. Nebraska. Host voucher specimens were 2007). Here, after surveying 64 F. blairae from deposited in the Henderson State University $UNDQVDVZHGRFXPHQW¿YHQHZSDUDVLWHKRVW Museum (HSU), Arkadelphia, Arkansas as HSU records. 3644.

Methods Results and Discussion

Between July 2016 and October 2017, and Twenty-nine (45%) F. blairae were infected, again during May and September 2018, 64 8 (13%) with Proteocephalus sp. plerocercoids, juvenile and adult F. blairae (mean ± 1SD total 1 (2%) with a Valipora minuta metacestode, length [TL] = 40.5 ± 7.8, range 32–66 mm) 23 (36%) with encapsulated larval nematodes, were collected from a small lake (backwater Spiroxys sp., 1 (2%) with larval Eustrongylides of the Rolling Fork River) in Sevier County sp., and 1 (2%) with an unknown glochidium; 4 DQGH[DPLQHGIRUSDUDVLWHV%HFDXVHWKHVH¿VK (7%) possessed a multiple infection of various DUH HOXVLYH DQG GL൶FXOW WR FDSWXUH ZH XVHG parasites. No myxozoans or monogeneans were a 244 cm long-pole dipnet with a 41 long × found on the gills and no myxozoans were found 42 cm wide basket to collect specimens. The LQWKHJDOOEODGGHU6SHFL¿FLQIRUPDWLRQRQHDFK study site was typical of habitat for F. blairae parasite follows. as it was heavily vegetated with duckweed Cestoda: Proteocephalidea: Proteocephalidae (Lemna minor), watermilfoil (Myriophyllum), ProteocephalusVS )LJV$௅& and pondweed (Potamogeton). Topminnows were placed in containers with aerated water Hosts and locality: 8 F. blairae (56.0 ± 3.1, from their collection site and necropsied within 51–59 mm TL); 5 collected on 22 May 2017, 1 24 hr. We followed accepted guidelines for collected on 15 May 2018, and 2 collected on 30 processing specimens (Use of Fishes in Research 6HSWHPEHUIURPMXVWHDVWRI:HVW2WLVR൵ Committee 2014); they were overdosed with a St. Hwy 24, Sevier County, Arkansas (33° 57’ concentrated tricaine methanesulfonate solution, 14.6088”N, 94° 25’ 37.452”W). and a mid–ventral incision was made to expose the gastrointestinal tract and internal viscera, Prevalence: 8/64 (13%). which were placed in Petri dishes containing normal saline (0.9%). The stomach, intestinal Intensity: Numerous plerocercoids (not tract, heart, liver, mesenteries, and urinary counted) in each host. bladder were examined under a stereoscopic PLFURVFRSH DW ௅î  7KH JDOO EODGGHU ZDV Site of infection: Mesenteries and liver scanned for myxozoans by placing whole tissue tissue. under coverslip pressure on a microscopic slide and examining by light microscopy. All Other reported fundulid hosts: Northern  ¿VK ZHUH SUHVHUYHG LQ  IRUPDOLQ DQG 6WXG¿VK Fundulus catenatus; Golden WKHLU JLOOV VHWV OHIW DQG ULJKW JLOOV ௅  ZHUH Topminnow, F. chrysotus %DQGHG .LOOL¿VK examined for monogeneans and myxozoans F. diaphanus *XOI .LOOL¿VK F. grandis; XQGHU D VWHUHRPLFURVFRSH DW ௅î 7LVVXHV , F. heteroclitus; Blackstripe suspected of being infected with helminths Topminnow, F. notatus; Starhead Topminnow, ZHUH ¿[HG LQ  QHXWUDO EX൵HUHG IRUPDOLQ F. dispar %DQJKDP$PLQ+R൵PDQ and processed following standard histological 1999; McAllister et al. 2016a, b). Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018) Parasites of Western Starhead Topminnow from SW Arkansas 85

)LJXUHV $௅) &HVWRGHV RI Fundulus blairae. A. Proteocephalus sp. plerocercoid (P) within capsule (C); scale bar = 250 μm. B. Proteocephalus sp. plerocercoid showing numerous calcareous corpuscles; scale bar = 250 μm. C. Proteocephalus sp. plerocercoid (P) encapsulated in liver (L) tissue; scale bar = 250 μm. D. Valipora minuta larvae from gallbladder showing URVWHOOXP 5 ZLWKKRRNVVFDOHEDU —P(+LJKHUPDJQL¿FDWLRQRIDQWHULRUYLHZRIVDPH V. minuta showing rostellum (R) with hooks and suckers (S); scale bar = 100 μm. F. Posterior view of same V. minuta; scale bar = 250 μm. Geographic range of genus in North Other reported fundulid hosts: None. America: The genus has been reported in nearly HYHU\86VWDWH VHH+R൵PDQ0F$OOLVWHU 2WKHUUHSRUWHG¿VKKRVWV The larval form et al. 2016a, b). (metacestode) of the family infects more than  IUHVKZDWHU ¿VK VSHFLHV DQG WKH DGXOWV DV $GGLWLRQDO$UNDQVDV UHFRUGV LQ ¿VKHV see ZHOODUHLQWHVWLQDOWDSHZRUPSDUDVLWHVRI¿VK McAllister et al. (2016a). eating birds, mainly those in the Palearctic realm (Scholz et al. 2004). Valipora minuta Specimens deposited: HWML 139402 RFFXUVLQDZLGHYDULHW\RI¿VKHVRIWKHIDPLOLHV (slide). Centrarchidae, Heptateridae, and Poeciliidae, thus exhibiting a euryxenous type of host Remarks: Because these were plerocercoids, VSHFL¿FLW\ 6FKRO]HWDO  VSHFL¿F LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH  7KLV is the initial report of Proteocephalus sp. in F. *HRJUDSKLF UDQJH RI JHQXV LQ ¿VKHV RI blairae. North America: USA: $UNDQVDV +R൵PDQ 1999; Scholz et al. 2004); Texas (Davis and Cyclophyllidea: Gryporhynchidae +X൵PDQ   México: Guerrero, Quintana Valipora minuta (Coil, 1950) Baer and Bona, Roo, Yucatán (Scholz et al. 2004). Coil  )LJV'௅) (1950) described V. minuta from a green heron Host and locality: 1 F. blairae (54 mm TL) (Butorides virescens) from . collected on 30 September 2018 from same locale noted herein. $GGLWLRQDO $UNDQVDV UHFRUGV LQ ¿VKHV: Spotted Bass, Micropterus punctulatus, Prevalence: 1/64 (2%). Largemouth Bass, M. salmoides +R൵PDQ 1999). Intensity: A single metacestode. Specimens deposited: HWML 139884 Site of infection: Gall bladder epithelium. (photovoucher). Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018) 86 C.T. McAllister, D.G. Cloutman, S.E. Trauth, C.R. Bursey, and H.W. Robison

Remarks: This specimen is tentatively Intensity: Numerous larval worms (not LGHQWL¿HG DV V. minuta based on its delicate counted) in each host. hooks and shape of the smaller hooks (see ¿J ( OHQJWK RI ODUJHU KRRNV a± —P  Site of infection: Encapsulated in mesenteries ,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI JU\SRUK\QFKLG ODUYDH LV DQGOLYHUWLVVXH )LJV$௅'  almost always based on the number, shape, and size of rostellar hooks, which are situated Other reported fundulid hosts: F. diaphanus in one layer. However, our specimen was not (Amin 1984); F. notatus (McAllister et al. processed properly and future specimens should 2016a); Bayou Topminnow, F. notti +R൵PDQ be prepared according to the GAP method of 1999). Malmberg (1957). We nevertheless document a new host record for this cestode. *HRJUDSKLFUDQJHRIJHQXVLQ¿VKHVRI1RUWK America: USA: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Nematoda: Spirurida: Gnathostomidae Georgia, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, SpiroxysVS ODUYDH  )LJV$௅( Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, West , Hosts and locality: 23 F. blairae (48.0 ± 5.7, Wisconsin. Canada: British Columbia, Ontario. 39–54 mm TL); 2 collected on 9 July 2016, 1 México: Campeche, Durango, Guanajuato, collected on 21 August 2016, 1 collected on 22 Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Querétaro, May 2017; 7 collected on 8 October 2017; 4 Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, State of México, collected on 15 May 2018; and 8 collected on 30 Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán (see Salgado- September 2018 from same locale noted herein. Maldonado 2006; McAllister et al. 2016a).

Prevalence: 23/64 (36%). Additional Arkansas records in fundulids:

)LJXUHV$௅(1HPDWRGHVRIFundulus blairae. A. Three encapsulated Spiroxys sp. in liver WLVVXHVFDOHEDU —P%+LJKHUPDJQL¿FDWLRQRIVLQJOHHQFDSVXODWHGSpiroxys sp. in liver tissue; scale bar = 250 μm. C. Cross section of Spiroxys sp. encapsulated in mesenteries; scale bar = 25 μm. D. Single Spiroxys sp. teased from encapsulation. Scale bar = 125 μm. E. Anterior end of Spiroxys sp. showing characteristic lips (arrows); scale bar = 25 μm. F. Eustrongylides sp. nematode removed from cyst in coelomic cavity; scale = each bar on ruler is 1.0 mm. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018) Parasites of Western Starhead Topminnow from SW Arkansas 87

F. notatus (McAllister et al. 2016a). Eustrongylides are found in the proventriculus of piscivorous wading birds, with larvae encysted Specimens deposited: HWML 139373 LQ WKH ERG\ FDYLW\ DQG PXVFXODWXUH RI ¿VKHV (photovoucher). +R൵PDQ ,QWKHOLIHF\FOHHDUO\ODUYDO GHYHORSPHQWRFFXUVLQWKHEORRGYHVVHOVRI¿UVW Remarks: Because these were larval intermediate host (freshwater oligochaetes) after specimens, we were unable to assign them to they ingest infective eggs (Measures, 1988a), species. Adult worms are found in the intestinal ¿VKHVDUHVHFRQGLQWHUPHGLDWHKRVWV 0HDVXUHV tract of amphibians and the stomach of turtles; 1988b) and piscivorous birds are generally WKH¿UVWLQWHUPHGLDWHKRVWLVWKHFRSHSRGCyclops FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHGH¿QLWLYHKRVW 6SDXOGLQJ (see Hedrick 1935). and Forrester 1993; Franson and Custer 1994). +RZHYHU SUHGDWRU\ ¿VK WKDW LQJHVW LQIHFWHG Dioctophymatoidea: Dioctophymatidae ¿VK VHUYH DV SDUDWHQLF RU WUDQVSRUW KRVWV Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Fig. 2F) ;LRQJ HW DO   6SHFL¿F LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI Host and locality: 1 F. blairae (54 mm TL) Eustrongylides requires rearing larvae in an collected on 30 September 2018 from same site avian host, and our study did not include this noted herein. experimental transmission. However, we report, IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH Eustrongylides sp., from F. Prevalence: 1/64 (2%). blairae. Mollusca: Bivalvia Intensity: 1 worm. *ORFKLGLD )LJV$௅% Site of infection: Encapsulated in coelomic Host and locality: 1 F. blairae (60 mm TL) cavity. collected on 15 May 2018 from same locale noted herein. Other reported fundulid hosts: Summarized by McAllister et al. (2016a). Prevalence: 1/64 (2%).

Geographic range of genus in North Intensity: Three glochidia. America: USA: Arkansas, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, Site of infection: (QFDSVXODWHGLQFDXGDO¿Q New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, )LJV$௅%  , Texas, Utah, Wyoming. Canada: British Columbia, Ontario. México: Campeche, Other reported fundulid hosts: F. diaphanus, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Canada (Margolis and Arthur 1979). Morelos, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Yucatán (see McAllister et al. 2016a). Additional Arkansas records in fundulids: None. $GGLWLRQDO $UNDQVDV UHFRUGV LQ ¿VK Pirate Perch, Apheroderus sayanus, Ozark Specimens deposited: HWML 139852 Bass, Ambloplites constellatus, Grass Carp, (photovoucher). Ctenopharyngodon idella 1RUWKHUQ 6WXG¿VK F. catenatus, , F. chrysotus, Remarks: Larvae of most freshwater clams and Blackspotted Topminnow, F. olivaceus go through an obligate parasitic stage on the (McAllister et al. 2015, 2016a, b). JLOOVRU¿QVRIYDULRXV¿VKHV &RNHUHWDO  We made no attempt to collect mussels at the Specimens deposited: HWML 139885 study locale and, although it is not possible to (photovoucher). identify the parent species of this glochidium, we document a new host record. Remarks: As adults, nematodes of the genus Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018) 88 C.T. McAllister, D.G. Cloutman, S.E. Trauth, C.R. Bursey, and H.W. Robison

)LJXUHV$௅%*ORFKLGLDIURPFundulus blairae$7KUHHJORFKLGLD *DUURZV LQFDXGDO¿Q VFDOHEDU PP%+LJKHUPDJQL¿FDWLRQRIVLQJOHJORFKLGLXPLQFDXGDO¿QVFDOHEDU  μm. In summary, we examined a large sample of Amin OM. 1990. &HVWRGDIURPODNH¿VKHVLQ F. blairae from a single location in southwestern Wisconsin: Occurrence of Proteocephalus in Arkansas and its parasite fauna is depauperate. EsoxDQGRWKHU¿VKVSHFLHV-+HOPLQWKRO6RF 7KLVSDUDVLWHIDXQDLQFOXGHG¿YHWD[DDQGIRXU Wash 57:132–139. were represented by larval specimens, indicating %DQJKDP 59  3DUDVLWHV IURP ¿VK RI these small topminnows are forage species that, Buckeye Lake, Ohio. Ohio J Sci 41:441–448. as part of the life cycle, pass their parasites onto Coil WH. 1950. The genus Ophiovalipora ODUJHU ¿VK UHSWLOLDQ RU ELUG GH¿QLWLYH KRVWV Hsü, 1935 (Cestoda: Dilepididae) with the Additional populations from a variety of aquatic description of Ophiovalipora minuta sp. nov. VLWHV VKRXOG EH VXUYH\HG LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR ¿QG from the green heron (Butorides virescens L.). DGGLWLRQDOSDUDVLWHVLQWKLVUDUHO\VWXGLHG¿VK J Parasitol 36:55–61. Coker REA, Shira SF, Clark HW, Howard AD. Acknowledgments 1921. Natural history and propagation of freshwater mussels. Bull US Bur Fish 37:75– We thank Drs. Scott L. Gardner and Gabor 182. Racz (HWML) and Renn Tumlison (HSU) for Curran SS, Overstreet RM, Tkach VV. 2007. expert curatorial assistance. We also thank 3K\ORJHQHWLF D൶QLWLHV RI Plagiocirrus Van the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission for Cleave and Mueller, 1932 with the description 6FLHQWL¿F&ROOHFWLQJ3HUPLWVLVVXHGWR&70DQG of a new species from the Pascagoula River, HWR, and James T. McAllister, III (University Mississippi. J Parasitol 93:1452–1458. of Arkansas-Fayetteville, AR) and Nikolas H. 'DYLV-+X൵PDQ'*7KHHFRORJ\RIWKH McAllister (Lukfata Elementary School, Broken helminth parasites of *DPEXVLD D৽QLV and Bow, OK) for assistance with collecting. Dr. geiseri (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) 7RPiã6FKRO] ,QVWLWXWHRI3DUDVLWRORJ\ýHVNp from the area of San Marcos, Texas. Aquat Stn %XGČMRYLFH  SURYLGHG YDOXDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ Southwest Texas State Univ, San Marcos, Res. gryporhynchid cestodes. Rep. No. 75–1, 161 p. Franson JC, Custer TW. 1994. Prevalence of References eustrongylidosis in wading birds from colonies in California, Texas, and Rhode Island, USA. Amin OM. 1984. Camallanid and other Col Waterbirds 17:168–172. QHPDWRGH SDUDVLWHV RI ODNH ¿VKHV LQ Hedrick LR. 1935. The life history and southeastern Wisconsin. Proc Helminthol Soc morphology of Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi); Wash 51:78–84. Nematoda: Spiruridae. Trans Amer Microsc Soc 54:307–335.

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Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 98: pp 83 - 89 (2018)