GlobalGlobal DistributionDistribution ofof thethe AlienAlien MarineMarine AmphipodAmphipod CaprellaCaprella muticamutica

Gail Ashton Kate Willis, Elizabeth Cook John Chapman, Graham Fenwick, David Tierney, Wim Vader

13th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species

Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban www.sams.ac.uk Caprellid Amphipods – Skeleton Shrimps

Small amphipod crustaceans with a worldwide distribution

Body length of 1 to 5 cm

CaprellaCaprella is the largest genus with more than 100 species

Found on a range of substrates – algae, hydroids, buoys, ropes and nets, often in very high densities

Cling to the substrate with posterior pereopods

Abdominal appendages strongly reduced

             

Caprella mutica Mature females up to 35 mm Mature males up to 50 mm of diet often representative Live animals are orange/red to greenish brown in colour, - Found in abundance on artificial structures and Larger more robust than Asian watersNative to ( Caprellid amphipod Mature females up to 35 mm Mature males up to 50 mm of diet often representative Live animals are orange/red to greenish brown in colour, - Found in abundance on artificial structures and Larger more robust than Asian watersNative to ( Caprellid amphipod aquaculturefacilities, harbours,lines buoy aquaculturefacilities, harbours,lines buoy Crustacea Crustacea - - and East Russia Japan and East Russia caprellids caprellids , , Amphipoda Amphipoda native to Scotland native to Scotland , , Caprellidae Caprellidae ) )

Caprella mutica - Caprella mutica • General: • • dorsal and lateral spines each gill located on • and IV III propodus prominent projection is the most three projections - • General: • • dorsal and lateral spines each gill located on • and IV III propodus prominent projection is the most three projections Second Pereonites Three spines at the base of The grasping margin of the key features Second Pereonites Three spines at the base of The grasping margin of the key features pereonite pereonite of of III to VII have III to VII have gnathopod gnathopod – – longest longest the middle the middle pereonites pereonites II has II has

Scale: 2mm (A,B); 1mm (C) 2mm (A,B); 1mm Scale: 2 (male) c. Gnathopod b. Female a. Male

C. mutica C. mutica M. Fernando-Lozano CaprellaCaprella muticamutica -key features

a. Male C. mutica b. Female C. mutica c. Gnathopod II (male)

Scale: 2 mm (A,B); 1 mm (C)

M. Fernando-Lozano Male & Female Caprella mutica

22.43mm

Gnathopod II

9.30mm T. Nickell

0.46mm Invasive History

Native distribution: •Coastal waters of East Asia and Siberia; Schurin (1935)

Schurin A (1935) Zur Fauna der Caprelliden der Bucht Peter der Grossen (Japanisches Meer). Zoologischer Anzeiger 122:198-203 Reported Introductions: •Pacific Coast of North America: Pathway – Japanese •Atlantic coast of North America: Pathway- unknown •: Pathway – unknown (shipping, aquaculture ?) •New Zealand: Pathway – unknown (shipping ?)

1990s onwards 1970s 1990s & 1980s

2003 Invasive History- Europe

•The : Zeeland; Platvoet et al. (1995) •Belgium: Oostend, Zeebrugge; 1999 Kerchkof P. (pers. comm.) 2000 •: Rogaland 59*N to Nordland 69*N 1995 UK: Angelsey, Poole Harbour, 2003 Western Scotland; Willis et al. (in press) 2002 1998, 2000 •: Betraghboy Bay; 2002

Platvoet D, de Bruyne RH, Gmelig Meyling AW (1995) Description of a new Caprella-species from the Netherlands: Caprella macho nov.spec. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam 15:1-4 Willis KJ, Cook EJ, Lozano-Fernandez M, Takeuchi I (In press) First record of the alien caprellid amphipod, Caprella mutica, for the UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK. Worldwide Distribution of C. mutica

C. Mutica present C. Mutica absent

C. mutica C. mutica • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Wide temperature range (0 Wide temperature advantage Competitive Opportunistic feeders period breeding Continuous output High reproductive No Rapid growth Wide temperature range (0 Wide temperature advantage Competitive Opportunistic feeders period breeding Continuous output High reproductive No Rapid growth

planktonic planktonic

- - Invasive qualities Invasive qualities larval stage larval stage - - 22°C) 22°C) Invasion vectors

•70% introductions associated with international ports

www. Globallast.imo.org •15% recreational boating activity

•15% aquaculture activity

•Also found associated with drifting seaweed (Sano et al. 2003)

•Secondary vectors include aquaculture vessels, recreational craft, drifting seaweed, and aquaculture transfers

Sano M., Omori M., Taniguchi K. (2003) Predator-Prey systems of drifting seaweed communities off the Tohoku coast, northern Japan, as determined by feeding habit analysis of phytal animals. Fisheries Science 69: 260-268 Main sea routes based on traffic density as indicated by AMVER (2001) (Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System) Figure taken from Ballast Water News Issue 14 Potential distribution given natural temperature range

Temperature data from GOSTAplus Most rapid population growth observed at temperatures >11°C

0.5 14

12 0

10 -0.5

8 -1 scale) 6

-1.5 (°C) Temperature 4

Abundance (total per mesh area, log -2 2

-2.5 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Date Log abundance Average temp

Results from population study undertaken in Oban, Scotland Potential areas of marked population growth

Temperature data from GOSTAplus Conclusions

•CaprellaCaprella muticamutica highly successful invader- one of few to be found globally •Most coastal areas experiencing temperatures between 0 and 22°C susceptible •Ballast water, hull fouling and aquaculture transfers most likely vectorsmuticummuticum of introduction •Recreational craft and aquaculture transfers most likely secondary vectors •Associated with introductions and dispersal of SargassumSargassum (Pizzolla 2003)? Information Sub

-programme

Pizzolla, P.F, 2003. . Wireweed. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key [www.muticum marlin.ac.uk/species/Sargassummuticum ] Acknowledgements •Scottish and Norwegian fish farmers for their assistance and cooperation •Laurance Larmour for assistance in Lochaber •Ichiro Takeuchi for initial identification of Scottish samples •NZ Ministry of Fisheries National Port Baseline Survey: Project ZBS2000/04 •BES Small Ecological Project Grant No. 2135 •NERC PhD funding Collection of C. mutica samples:

L. Baldock, J. Blackadder, I. Dobson, G. Duncan, J. Mallison, M. Markey,H. Powell, N. Purvis, C. Ritch, B. Sainte-Maire, C. Sanderson, D. Smith, NIWA biosecurity team