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SACOA The Summer Spraying Alternative

Summer spraying presents some of the toughest conditions for getting herbicides onto and into weeds. Hot temperatures, dry & dusty conditions, staggered germinations and varying weed sizes all mean the correct adjuvant choice is critical.

A summer fallow spray adjuvant must do the following;

• Increase droplet size - to reduce drift whilst still providing good coverage. • Increase the rate of droplet survival on the leaf – to enable the active ingredient to penetrate. • Increase the rate of uptake into the leaf, by increasing penetration. • Improve the mixing compatibility of multiple products in poor quality water. • Work with a wide range of active ingredients on both broadleaf and grass weeds. • Be cost effective.

Acidification – fact or myth? Much information in the industry implies that glyphosate works best at pH below 7 and that an acidifier is required if using high pH water. It is true that glyphosate works best at a pH of 4-5, however glyphosate itself is a strong acidifier and will reduce the pH of water multiple points on its own, similar to an adjuvant such as LI700®. Recent independent lab studies conducted by SACOA has measured the acidifying effect of a range of products (see Figure 1).

9 Glyphosate effect on pH 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 UTC LI700 0.5% ANTIEVAP GLYPHOSATE GLYPHOSATE GLYPHOSATE GLYPHOSATE GLYPHOSATE GLYPHOSATE 1% 1.0L 1.0L + LI700 1.0L + ANTIEVAP 1.0L + 1.0L + GARLON 1.0L + 0.5% 1.0% GARLON 200mL + GARLON pH @ 20oC 30 secs 200mL ANTIEVAP 200mL + 1.0% LI700 0.5%

Figure 1: Glyphosate effect on water pH: Glyphosate alone is a strong acidifier when added to water. Source: pH investigation of popular summer herbicide mixtures containing glyphosate – AgSense Dec 2012.

In addition, water pH is not as critical for glyphosate activity as hardness or turbidity – that is why AMS should always be used with glyphosate in hard water and a defloculant used in muddy water.

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1 ANTIEVAP® has the following advantages as a summer spraying adjuvant; • Provides industry-leading efficacy when used in triclopyr mixtures and equivalent performance to leading industry products when used in glyphosate mixes (see Figure 2). • Mineral oils such as ANTIEVAP® produce larger droplets than mixes containing non-ionic surfactants such as Wetta 1000® (see Figure 3). 8 DAT 16.12.14 UTC 8 DAT 16.12.14 ANTIEVAP® 1% • Is a cost effective alternative. ANTIEVAP® provided industry-leading control of melons in Glyphosate + Garlon mixtures. Source: T.Boyes – Agvivo East Quairading Dec 14.

Equivalent brownout in Glyphosate mixes % e r 100 a a a ab c abc 90 abc 80 cd 70 a-d 60 a-d a-d 50 cd 40 30 20 10 0 CONTROL GARLON 80mL + 2,4D 500mL GARLON 80mL + 2,4D 500mL GLYPHOSATE 1.5L + GARLON GLYPHOSATE 1.5L + GARLON (LV ESTER 680) + ALLY 5g + (LV ESTER 680) + ALLY 5g + 80mL + 2,4D 500mL 80mL + 2,4D 500mL ANTIEVAP 1.0% LI700 0.5% (LV ESTER 680) + ALLY 5g + (LV ESTER 680) + ALLY 5g + ANTIEVAP 1.0% LI700 0.5% 8DAT 16.12.14 15DAT 23.12.14 32DAT 9.1.15

Figure 2: ANTIEVAP® provided industry-leading control of melons in Glyphosate + Garlon mixtures. Source: T.Boyes – Agvivo East Quairading Dec 14. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

Bigger Droplets V riu u ui 300

250

200

150

100

50

0 50L/Ha WATER 50L/Ha WATER + 50L/Ha WATER + GLYPHOSATE 450 GLYPHOSATE 450 ANTIEVAP 1.0% ANTIEVAP 1.0% + 1.0L/Ha + TRICLOPYR 1.0L/Ha + TRICLOPYR WETTA 1000 0.2% 150mL/Ha + 150mL/Ha + ANTIEVAP 1.0% ANTIEVAP 1.0% + WETTA 1000 0.2%

Figure 3: The addition of ANTIEVAP® increases the VMD in spray solutions while the addition of Wetta 1000® often decreases the VMD.

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2 TECH NOTE SERIES

SELECT CORRECT ADJUVANT FOR EFFECTIVE SUMMER WEED CONTROL

 Droplet survival on leaf SACOA’s ANTIEVAP is excellent at adjuvant to improve this process. improving the efficacy of most surfaces is a key determinant Droplet survival on the leaf summer fallow herbicides such as of herbicide efficacy surface is an important indicator Triclopyr and/or Glyphosate.  ANTIEVAP and ENHANCE of herbicide efficacy, and is improve droplet survival and An acidifying surfactant such as influenced by three key factors COHORT may be of use as a final herbicide efficacy  Environmental loss through drift buffering agent if water quality is and evaporation influenced by  ANTIEVAP and poor, otherwise provides little temperature and humidity, travel ENHANCE have been proven benefit in improving droplet and wind speed, droplet size and superior to LI700 in Triclopyr, survival and penetration. Glyphosate & LVE mixes for viscosity of spraying liquid. melon control. Generally measured using Delta Spray Coverage & Droplet T, volume median diameter of Recent rainfall across much of Survival droplets (VMD) and leaf the western winter cropping coverage (see Chart 1). The final efficacy of a herbicide areas, has resulted in good soil results from the active ingredient  Evaporation and run-off loss moisture profiles. As a result getting from the nozzle into the once droplets have landed on effective summer weed control plant for translocated herbicides leaf surface programs will be essential to or onto the leaf surface for  Rate of adsorption through the maintain yield potential into 2015. contact herbicides. In most cases leaf surface as a result of Timing of application is critical herbicides are sprayed out using penetration water as a carrier and an for effective control and as most summer weed herbicides provide little residual activity, controlling later germinations depends on stopping seed set. Whether you decide to spray early or late, adjuvant selection is critical to the performance of most active ingredients. Adjuvants improve herbicide efficacy by reducing evaporation and drift, increasing droplet survival on leaf surfaces and increasing penetration of herbicide active ingredients into the plant. Which of these is best suited to your needs depends on the active ingredient being used, the weed spectrum and stage, water volume and desired droplet size, spraying Chart 1: Oil based adjuvants such as ANTIEVAP have a positive effect on conditions and timing of the year, increasing droplet size versus non-ionic surfactants. USDA 2014 which may require the use of a particular type of adjuvant.

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Differences Between Adjuvant Improved coverage is important day on herbicide efficacy and Types for non-translocated herbicides the efficacy of ANTIEVAP, LI700 & such as paraquat, which work on ENHANCE in some commonly Adjuvants have an important contact and don’t need to enter used melon control mixtures. The role in improving herbicide through the leaf surface. trial found; efficacy by: As a result of reduced surface  ENHANCE & ANTIEVAP proved  Protecting the active tension, surfactants can superior to LI700 in Triclopyr & ingredient from drift and decrease droplet size and LVE mixtures evaporative losses increase drift. This may result in  ENHANCE proved superior to increased runoff of the active  Improving the coverage on the LI700 in Triclopyr, Glyphosate & ingredient from the leaf surface, target surface and facilitating LVE mixtures uptake through the leaf particularly fine leaf grasses,  Time of day did not affect the surface. which may result in reduced efficacy (see Chart 1). performance of ANTIEVAP and Oils and adjuvants can be split LI700 into two broad types -  The Untreated Control had penetrants and spreaders. Role of Adjuvants in Melon Control >300 surviving melons 3WAA. Penetrants A 2012 trial conducted by Penetrants have properties AgSense at Goomalling which break down waxy leaf examined the effect of time of surfaces, allowing the active ingredient to enter the plant faster. They are generally plant or mineral oil based and due to their higher viscosity have the ability to increase droplet size or Volume Median Diameter (VMD) (see Chart 1). Many grass selective herbicides such as the Group A’s are very poor on their own at entering leaf surfaces, particularly if they are waxy like ryegrass, but are translocated once inside the plant. Hence most are labelled to be used in conjunction with an oil based penetrant adjuvant, where leaf surface coverage is not as critical as penetration. Spreaders Most spreading type adjuvants are surfactant based, which work by reducing the surface tension of liquids and thereby improve coverage on the leaf Chart 2: ANTIEVAP 1.0% and ENHANCE 0.5% proved superior to LI700 with Triclopyr & Triclopyr + LVE mixtures. Western Australia 2012. surface.

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SACOA’s Research Program SACOA have been conducting research into the role of oils and adjuvants in improving droplet survival and final herbicide efficacy, under summer spraying conditions for a number of years. SACOA's research work will continue over the 2014/15 summer with work in Western Australia & the Victorian Mallee correlating the impact of droplet size on final herbicide efficacy. Data from a recently implemented trial in Western Australia comparing SACOA’s locally developed and manufactured products with imported alternatives will be published over the next few weeks.

References Disclaimer and Copyright GRDC - Summer Fallow Spraying This document should act as a guide only and no purchase or usage decisions should http://tinyurl.com/l5a2hy2 be made based on the information provided without obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA and contributors do not necessarily recommend or endorse any GRDC - Summer Fallow Weed products or manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, Management Reference Manual damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on http://tinyurl.com/paf7j86 the information contained in this document. More information is available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. PIR (SA) - Code of Practice, Summer Weed Control © 2014 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, http://tinyurl.com/pdzbls6 CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR and LURE H20 are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd.

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KNOCKDOWN CONTROL OF DIFFICULT WEEDS – FLEABANE, MELONS & GRASSES

During the summer of 2014/15, Fleabane Control – Key SACOA set out to find the best Findings herbicide and adjuvant  In glyphosate tank mixes, high  A double knock within 7-10 combinations for controlling emulsifier loaded mineral oils – days of the initial application difficult weeds using in-field such as ENHANCE® or can double the efficacy of the efficacy trials. ANTIEVAP® at 1% - provide a initial treatment and prevent A number of independent balance between leaf surface seed set. replicated field trials have now coverage and penetration,  On difficult to control, stressed been completed across northern enabling effective coverage weeds, a penetrant type and translocation, and proved NSW, southern Queensland and mineral oil such as ANTIEVAP® Western Australia. superior to other types. or ENHANCE® proved the most The results have provided some  Glyphosate activity can be effective mix partner with interesting takes on traditional reduced by the presence of paraquat in the double knock, herbicide mixtures and proved Ca and Mg ions in hard water – being superior to non-ionic the role of different adjuvant the addition of Ammonium surfactants. types – emulsified mineral oils, Sulphate will alleviate this. esterified seed oils, non-ionic surfactants and soyal % Fleabane Control phospholipids - in spreading and penetrating actives on leaf 90 80 surfaces. 70 1. What are the best adjuvant 60 options for glyphosate 50 mixtures? 40 30 2. How are group A’s affected by 20 different types of adjuvants 10 and which is the best option? 0 Control Paraquat 2.0L Paraquat 2.0L Paraquat 2.0L Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate 3. How effective is the double + Ester 0.8L + + Ester 0.8L + + Ester 0.8L + 2.0L + Ester 2.0L + Ester 2.0L + Ester knock? Wetta 1000 Enhance 1.0% AntiEvap 0.8L + 0.8L + Anti 0.8L + 0.25% 1.0% Liberate 0.5% Evap 1.0% Enhance 1.0% 4. Which adjuvants work best with paraquat? % Control 3DAT 9.2.15 % Control 10DAT 16.2.15 % Control 28DAT 6.3.15 5. Are adjuvants with water Chart 1: Control of Fleabane with Paraquat + Ester mixtures and Glyphosate + conditioning properties of any Ester mixtures with various adjuvants. benefit? Source: T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, York Feb 15

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% Fleabane Control with Double Knock

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control Paraquat 2.0L + Paraquat 2.0L + Paraquat 2.0L + Glyphosate 2.0L + Glyphosate 2.0L + Glyphosate 2.0L + Glyphosate 2.0L + Ester 0.8L + Ester 0.8L + Ester 0.8L + LI700 Ester 0.8L + Ester 0.8L + Ester 0.8L + Ester 0.8L + LI700 Enhance 1.0% AntiEvap 1.0% 0.3% Liberate 0.5% AntiEvap 1.0% Enhance 1.0% 0.3%

% Control 28DAT Paraquat 2.0L + AntiEvap 1.0% 7DAT

Chart 2: Control of Fleabane with Paraquat + Ester mixtures and Glyphosate + Ester mixtures with various adjuvants. Source: T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, York Feb 15

Melon Control – Key Findings Select + Verdict  The addition of glyphosate to Triclopyr + ester mixes substantially improved control, Garlon + 2,4D + particularly early brown out Ally + Wetta 0.5% two weeks after application.  Using a high emulsifier loaded mineral oil with spreading and droplet survival properties such as ANTIEVAP® or ENHANCE® proved most effective with triclopyr alone and glyphosate mixtures. Garlon + 2,4D + Ally  In mixed populations (melon + + ENHANCE® 1.0% eragrostis) grass weed control was not impacted when using a high emulsifier loaded mineral oil such as ANTIEVAP® or ENHANCE® at 1%. Figure 1: Melon Control – East Quairading Dec 2014

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% Melon control with Triclopyr mixes

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv ester 680) + 500mL (lv ester 680) + 500mL (lv ester 680) + 500mL (lv ester 680) + 500mL (lv ester 680) + Ally 5g + Liberate 0.5% Ally 5g + AntiEvap 1.0% Ally 5g + Enhance 0.5% Ally 5g + Enhance 1.0% Ally 5g + Cohort 0.5%

8DAT 16.12.14 15DAT 23.12.14

Chart 3: Melon control with Triclopyr mixtures and various adjuvants. Source: T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, Quairading Dec 14

% Melon control in Glyphosate mixes

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv ester 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv ester 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv ester 80mL + 2,4D 500mL (lv ester 680) + Ally 5g + Liberate 0.5% ester 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + Enhance 0.5% 680) + Ally 5g + Enhance 1.0% 680) + Ally 5g + Cohort 0.5% AntiEvap 1.0%

8DAT 16.12.14 15DAT 23.12.14

Chart 4: Melon control with Glyphosate mixtures and various adjuvants. Source: T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, Quairading Dec 14

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% Eragrostis Control 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Glyphosate 1.5L + Glyphosate 1.5L + Glyphosate 1.5L + Glyphosate 1.5L + Select 500ml + 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Garlon 80mL + 2,4D Verdict 250ml + 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester 500mL (lv ester Plantocrop 1.0% Liberate 0.5% Enhance 0.5% Enhance 1.0% Cohort 0.5% 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + 680) + Ally 5g + Liberate 0.5% Enhance 0.5% Enhance 1.0% Cohort 0.5%

% control 15DAT 23.12.14

Chart 5: Eragrostis control with various common control mixtures and associated adjuvants. Source: T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, Quairading Dec 14

Figure 2: Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Figure 3: Glyphosate 1.5L + Garlon Figure 4: Untreated control, 8DAT on 80ml + 2,4D 500ml (lv ester 680) + 80ml + 2,4D 500ml (lv ester 680) + 16.12.14 Ally 5g + Enhance 1.0%, 8DAT on Ally 5g + Liberate 0.5%, 8DAT on 16.12.14 16.12.14

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Takeaway Messages References  Disclaimer and Copyright 1. For the majority of difficult T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, York This document should act as a guide only knockdown weed control Feb 15 and no purchase or usage decisions situations which include should be made based on the T. Boyes AgVivo Agronomy, glyphosate, a coarse emulsion information provided without obtaining Quairading Dec 14 independent, expert advice. SACOA and mineral oil with droplet survival contributors do not necessarily and penetrant properties such recommend or endorse any products or as ANTIEVAP® or high emulsifier manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd loaded mineral oil with will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by spreading properties such as reason of any person using or relying on ENHANCE®, provides the the information contained in this best balance of droplet document. More information is available survival, leaf surface coverage from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 and penetration, resulting in 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. © 2014 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. more complete weed control. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, 2. In a paraquat double knock – XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, under difficult conditions or on IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered stressed weeds a penetrant trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd. type mineral oil such as ANTIEVAP® will improve the effectiveness of the double knock.

3. Soyal phospholid based products such as Liberate and COHORT were of benefit only in hard water situations in mixtures with Glyphosate.

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AVOIDING COMMON TANK MIXING ISSUES

powdered metals, etc). Care Key Points 2. Slowing down and filling with at should be taken when using least 50% water volume before Tank mixing issues can be these, particularly when under adding product time constraints. avoided by… 3. Maintaining good agitation  Using correct mixing order This technote describes correct throughout the entire process mixing techniques to optimise  Fill tank with 50% water before active ingredient activity by One of the most common causes adding product maintaining them in suspension in of uneven application due to  Maintaining good agitation the spray tank during the entire poor agitation lies with the spray spray operation. Adjuvants and applicator. Examples are:  Using clean good quality water compatibilisers such as N-Flow®  Not ensuring slow to dissolve  Jar testing if unsure of play a major role in bonding the formulations such as water compatibility otherwise unmixable spray dispersible granules (WDG) are materials with water.  Being patient! in solution before adding more Many tank mix issues are  Dumping granules into water recoverable without dumping the volumes that are too small, mix! particularly granni pots  Not agitating during mixing/loading Multiple tank mixes are becoming increasingly prevalent, particularly  Shutting down a sprayer with for pre-plant and early post material in the tank when emergent applications where going on break or driving from getting across large areas in a paddock to paddock timely manner is critical.  Leaving a mixed solution in the Unfortunately water is often not a spray tank overnight great carrier for agricultural  Not periodically inspecting the chemicals as it is a charged polar agitation systems (mechanical molecule and variability in water or hydraulic) to prevent failure, temperature and quality can i.e. propeller wear, seal wear, affect how well products dissolve nozzle wear, filter blockages, into it. When the cost of product corrosion, etc. in a spray tank is considered, it pays to ensure that they are Figure 1: Modern spray equipment is  Not ensuring adequate mixed correctly. designed for efficient coverage of cleanout, particularly of filters large areas – however care should between jobs Most agricultural chemicals are be taken with speed of tank filling formulated to be as emulisifiable and mixing (Source: SACOA)  Attempting to mix in cold as possible, but many contain water elements that either do not Common Mixing Issues dissolve well (wettable powders – WP’s and water dispersible Some of the more common granules – WDG’s), petroleum mixing issues can be avoided distillates (emulisifiable simply in three ways: concentrates - EC's) or just 1. Maintaining correct mixing precipitate, as they are heavier order than the water (fertilizers,

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Multiple Component Tank Understand Chemical Mixing Formulations Tank mixes with multiple components may overload the Products with low water solubility product specific surfactant need to be added first! systems and cause physical Wettable Powders (WP’s) – these incompatibility. This can be are the slowest to dissolve as they observed as settling in the tank, have a very large surface area to thick paste residues on the tank be wetted and are often based bottom and filter blockages. on hydrophobic bases such as Incomplete dispersion or mixing clays – hence they should be will cause competition from added first. Oils in particular components for the water to reduce the mixing ability of allow dissolution, dispersion and wettable powders as they cause suspension to occur. coating. Incorrect order of addition and/or Water Dispersible Granules insufficient time between (WDG’s) or Dry Flowables – These additions of each component are similar to wettable powders in means it is likely that product will being difficult to dissolve. Due to settle in the tank. This settling will their additional weight they tend concentrate the active to sink to the bottom of the tank – ingredients in the lower half of the and hence require agitation to tank. This may lead to filter keep them suspended. Again blockages and also has the contact with oils will reduce the potential to cause both under ability to dissolve. and overdosing during the Flowables – are a slurry of wetted application. This will give either particles and hence are still limited control of target species or susceptible to non-mixing with oils setback the progress of the crop. or emusifiable concentrates, Tank mixes of dispersed insoluble particularly when added to low actives (flowables and granules) water volumes or cold water. can have physical incompatibility Soluble Liquids eg Emulsifiable when mixed with EC’s. Triazines Concentrates (EC’s) – these can be a problem as there are consist of active ingredients big differences in quality and size already dissolved in water and of granules. If intending to use therefore only require dilution in triazines in tank mix combination the spray tank. with other EC’s, only use a quality Figure 2: Example of filter blockage triazine product. and tank residues known as a reverse emulsion resulting from Tank mixes of glyphosate and incorrect mixing procedure flowables/granules may also be (Source: SACOA) antagonistic without the use of water conditioning agents, such as Ammonium Sulphate or compatibilisers such as N-Flow®.

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Precautions to Avoid Trouble recommendation for any product.  Use clean water (+10C) of low Each step should be separated by dissolved solids and hardness appropriate time and amounts of with neutral pH. Many active water. ingredients are most stable in 1. Half fill the tank with agitation neutral or acid solutions, some running. like paraquat are broken down 2. With water still running into by alkaline hydrolysis, whilst tank, add water conditioners / glyphosate performs best in a pH acidifiers if required. of 3.5 to 4.0. Acid to neutral 3. For spray rigs that have a water with a pH of 4.5 to 6.0 is Figure 3: Chemical batch mixer chemical induction hopper, ideal. COHORT® is an acidifying (Source: SACOA) three quarter fill the hopper and penetrating surfactant that with water and have the rinsing is designed to reduce alkaline  Allow sufficient time to ensure sprinkler operating. Add WP's hydrolysis of glyphosate whilst complete dispersion / and once dissolved, transfer PLANTOCROP® and ENHANCE® suspension or dissolution of this batch into the half-filled are formulated to work in low chemical into the water before main tank. temperature water. next chemical addition or starting application. 4. Add WDG’s as per step 3.  Use water-conditioning agents 5. Continue agitation for at least if water is of poor quality. Poor  If in doubt, conduct a jar test to 15 minutes and add flowable or quality water has a high test for physical compatibility suspension concentrates as per percentage of calcium and before making up tank mix. This step 3. magnesium (water is classified will limit the chance of major as hard if it has >300ppm of Ca problems. 6. Add wetter if using EC’s. ions), a high proportion of  Problems occur when people 7. Add EC’s as per step 3. dissolved salts (high EC) or has are impatient and too eager to 8. Add more water to main tank organic material in it making it start application! until almost full. cloudy. Ammonium Sulphate is 9. Add water-soluble liquid useful for alleviating hard water concentrates (SLC) (eg and products like flocculants Glyphosate 450®) as per step 3. are useful for clarifying water. 10. Add adjuvants – oils  Make sure that spray (ENHANCE®, ANTI-EVAP® or equipment has good agitation, PLANTOCROP®) as per step 3. recirculation and replace old 11. Add liquid UAN. filters. Filters should be replaced annually, particularly if granule 12. Top up main spray tank to formulations have been used required water volume. regularly. 13. Maintain continuous agitation  Batch mixers such as the to ensure thorough mixing. Handler® reduce the risk of 14. Do not mix more than is cross contamination, incorrect needed for the application. rate and incompatibility Figure 4: Glyphosate is inactivated 15. Never leave a tank mix in hard water (Source: SACOA) between different formulation standing for long periods types. Suggested Mixing Order before use.  Make sure of chemical mixing These notes are for general sequences and allow time information and in no way between additions. replaces any label

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Chemical Mixers If product has started to settle in References the tank and possibly block filters, Exercise caution when adding then stop recirculation, remove GRDC Spray Water Quality Fact spray adjuvants (oils and wetters) filters and then resume Sheet – August 2013 to a tank mix through granulated recirculation at the fastest rate product mixers (e.g. granni pots) GRDC Spray Mixing possible. If severe settling has by ensuring the water is vortexing Requirements Fact Sheet – occurred, it may be necessary to (spinning) through the mixer. January 2013 use a high volume pump like a fire Chemical mixers are designed to fighter. help mix dry flowables and Manual agitation of the solids wettable granules. Care must be may be required to assist initial taken when using this equipment movement of material through to add wetters and oils to a tank the recirculation piping. For mix. Small amounts of water can mixtures of dry flowable/granules be trapped behind the tap or in and water-soluble products, the the plumbing, so when the tap is addition of small amounts (200mls opened, this small amount of at a time) of extra surfactant, water mixes with the large such as WETTA1000®, may be amount of oil, which will overload required to assist in the re- the surfactant package and suspending process. cause the oil to separate. Often a ricotta cheese like substance can Once the products have been be seen floating on top of the successfully re-suspended, apply tank. with constant agitation. Thoroughly clean out the tank after use and before a new mix is attempted. If extra help is required contact your reseller or chemical company representative. Finally, as prevention is always better than a cure, if unsure of tank mix combination, perform a jar test. The mix should not be Disclaimer and Copyright attempted if the following is This document should act as a guide only and Figure 5: Granni pot mixing intake observed; no purchase or usage decisions should be (Source: SACOA) made based on the information provided  Settling without obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA and contributors do not necessarily  Solid residues recommend or endorse any products or Tank Mix Recovery manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not  Separation of liquids, film on be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense If you have a problem, don’t top of the liquids incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this panic and dump the mix, as  Heat generated document. More information is available from many events are recoverable. Be  Lumps SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by prepared to spend the time and contacting your local reseller. © 2014 SACOA Pty  Gels Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S effort to resolve the issue. It may  Poached eggs on top icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, require the addition of other BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, ® IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered products, such as N-Flow or an trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd. additional surfactant such as WETTA1000® to assist recovery.

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EARLY POST ONE-PASS SOLUTIONS

Key Points • Select the correct adjuvant based on mode of action of most important active. • ENHANCE® was as safe as Uptake® on both cereals and canola. • Weed control with herbicide mixtures containing ENHANCE® was equivalent to Uptake®. • PLANTOCROP® proved equivalent to Hasten® on canola, with no difference in weed control. Figure 1: An example of crop phytotoxicity caused by incorrect spraying procedure. (Source: SACOA) • Alternative adjuvants provided no advantages but did cause mixing and nozzle blocking Avoid crop damage by; 2014 Trial Work issues, particularly under cold • Using correct mixing and Throughout 2014 SACOA conditions. application practice – right contracted a large number of • Generally mineral oils, such as spray quality (usually means independent field trials aimed at; ®, proved more switching nozzle type from ENHANCE • Testing multiple component efficacious on mixed summer spraying), correct tank mixes including foliar populations of grass and water volumes, avoid overlaps nutrients, fungicides and tank broadleaves, whilst and ensuring boomspray is mix compatibilisers to prove methylated seed oils, such as correctly calibrated. crop safety and provide PLANTOCROP®, proved more • Ensuring thorough tank agronomic one-pass solutions. efficacious on grass weed cleaning between differing • Proving the crop safety and populations. actives/crops. weed control performance of • Selecting the correct adjuvant ENHANCE® and PLANTOCROP® Correct application timing is based on mode of action of in common herbicide mixtures. critical to maximise the most important active. performance of most crop • Evaluating the performance of protection products, particularly • Being aware of crop/weed a range of products in the for selective herbicides, stresses, such as water market. logging/droughting/frosting/soil preventative fungicides and foliar Products evaluated included; nutrients. Large programs and disease, which may slow weather challenges often require growth resulting in more crop Cereal Solutions the application of multiple damage and/or reduced • Herbicides – Crusader®, products in a single pass, which weed control. Velocity®, Precept®, 2,4 D, can result in compromised MCPA, Monza®, Topik®, Axial®, product activity or crop safety. Intervix®

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• Fungicides – Tilt® Canola Solutions Trial Outcomes • Nutrients – Flexi N®, Stratosol® • Herbicides – Atrazine, • Crop effects in cereals with Copper Clethodim, Quizalafop-Ethyl, multiple component tank mixes Propyzamide, Intervix® were generally transient and • Compatibilisers – Ammonium had limited impact on yield. ® Sulphate (AMS), N-Flow • Compatibilisers – AMS Crusader® and multiple hormone-type herbicides with Trial Locations Flexi-N® mixes were least safe, but still caused only transient damage. • Compatibilisers, such as AMS and N-Flow®, proved safe in post emergent situations. • ENHANCE® was as safe as Uptake® on both cereals and canola. • Weed control with herbicide mixtures containing ENHANCE® was equivalent to Uptake®. • PLANTOCROP® proved equivalent to Hasten® on canola, with no difference in weed control. • Alternative provided no advantages to the current standards, but did cause mixing and nozzle blocking issues particularly under cold conditions. • Generally mineral oils, such as ENHANCE®, proved more efficacious on mixed populations of grass and broadleaves, whilst methylated seed oils, such as PLANTOCROP®, proved more efficacious on grass weed populations.

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Cereal Weed Control A range of broadleaf and grass Results showed ENHANCE® proved selective herbicides with mineral equivalent to Uptake® in terms of oil, methylated seed oil and soy crop safety, even in tank mixtures lecithin adjuvants were evaluated with liquid UAN, auxin-type in tank mixtures with liquid UAN, herbicides and fungicides. fungicide, compatibilisers and PLANTOCROP® proved equivalent micro nutrients. Herbicides to other methylated seed oils in evaluated included Crusader®, Monza®, Topik® and Axial® mixes. Velocity®, Precept®, MCPA, 2,4D, Crop phyto effects observed were Metribuzin, Intervix®, Axial®, Topik® generally transient with no impact and Monza®. on yield. The tank mix ® compatibiliser N-Flow was found Figure 2 : Cereal stage at to be safe to apply in-crop. application at Gnowangerup (GS 13) and Walkaway (GS 21-25) 18.6.14 (Source: SACOA)

Cereal Post Emergent Herbicides Crop Effect 25

20

15

10 % % Phyto Crop 5

0 Crusader Velocity Velocity Velocity Velocity *Intervix *Intervix *Intervix Topik 85ml Topik 85ml Monza 25g Monza 25g 500ml + 1.0L + Flexi- 1.0L + Flexi- 1.0L + Flexi- 1.0L + Flexi- 600ml + 600ml + 600ml + + Flexi-N + Flexi-N + Flexi-N + Flexi-N Flexi-N 50L N 50L + N 50L + N 50L + N 50L + MCPA MCPA MCPA 50L + 50L + 50L + Bonza 50L + + BS1000 MCPA MCPA MCPA MCPA 300ml + Tilt 300ml + Tilt 300ml + Tilt Hasten Plantocrop 1.0% Enhance 0.25% 500ml + 500ml + 500ml + N- 500ml + N- 500ml + 500ml + 500ml + 0.5% 0.5% 1.0% 2,4D 800ml 2,4D 800ml Flow 0.2L + Flow 0.2L + Uptake Enhance Liberate + Uptake + Enhance Tilt 250ml + Tilt 250ml + 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Uptake Enhance 0.5% 0.5% Average % Phyto 9-19DAT

Chart 1: Crop effect of common cereal herbicide mixtures measured as biomass reduction and leaf discolouration relative to the untreated. Average of 7 sites – Walkaway, Moora, Yorkrakine, Quairading, Gnowangerup (BT Parkin) and Quambatook - 2 sites(Agrivision). *Intervix® treatments applied to Scope barley. July 2014.

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Canola Weed Control In this series of independently clethodim + quizalofop ethyl conducted canola trials across which were also the highest the Victorian Mallee, mid north of yielding. Propyzamide caused a South Australia and Western significant amount of crop Australia – a range of adjuvants damage when applied early post were trialled in the triazine emergent. tolerant canola system in mixtures Trials comparing the efficacy and Figure 3: Gnowangerup TT Canola with atrazine, propyzamide, crop safety of methylated seed Atrazine + Clethodim + Quazalifop- clethodim and quazilofop ethyl. oils found PLANTOCROP® to be Ethyl + Hasten 11DAA 25/06/14. The most efficacious treatments equivalent to Hasten®, with no White necrotic spots indicate on annual ryegrass were the difference in crop safety, weed dessication from rapid penetration three-way mixes of atrazine + control or final yield. with methylated seed oil. (Source: SACOA)

Crop Effect, Ryegrass Efficacy and Yield of Common Canola Herbicide Mixtures 100 1.80

90 1.64 1.60 1.51 1.54 80 1.36 1.39 1.39 1.40 1.31 70 1.25 1.20

% % Control ARG 60 – 1.00 50 0.80

40 Yield (T/ha) 0.60 30

20 0.40

% Biomass Production Biomass Production % 10 0.20

0 0.00 UTC Platinum 0.5L + Platinum 0.5L + Atrazine 1.1kg + Atrazine 1.1kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1kg + QPE 0.3L + QPE 0.3L + Enhance 0.5% Uptake 0.5% Platinum 0.5L + Platinum 0.5L + Platinum 0.5L + Enhance 0.5% Uptake 0.5% QPE 0.3L + QPE 0.3L + Propyzamide Enhance 0.5% Uptake 0.5% 1.0L + Uptake 0.5%

%Biomass Redn 21DAT ARG Control 21DAT Yield T/Ha

Chart 2: Crop effect, ryegrass efficacy and yield of common canola herbicide mixtures measured as biomass reduction and leaf discolouration relative to the untreated. Average of 4 sites – Gnowangerup (SACOA) Saddleworth (AW Vater), York (ADAMA) and Mallee (Agrivision). July 2014 – Yield LSD: 0.118 @95%

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Crop Effect, Ryegrass Efficacy and Yield of GRP A and Atrazine Mixtures with Methylated Seed Oils 100.00 1.80

90.00 1.63 1.60 1.49 1.48 1.51 80.00 1.40 1.31 1.33 70.00 1.25

1.20 % % Control ARG

– 60.00 1.00 50.00 0.80 40.00 Yield (T/ha) 0.60 30.00 20.00 0.40 10.00 0.20 % Biomass Production Biomass Production % 0.00 0.00 UTC Platinum 500ml + QPE Platinum 500ml + QPE Atrazine 1.1kg + Atrazine 1.1kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + 300ml + Plantocrop 300ml + Hasten 1.0% Plantocrop 1.0% Hasten 1.0% Platinum 500ml + QPE Platinum 500ml + QPE 1.0% 300ml + Plantocrop 300ml + Hasten 1.0% %Biomass Redn 21DAT % ARG Control 21DAT Yield T/Ha 1.0%

Chart 3: Crop effect, ryegrass efficacy and yield of GRP A and Atrazine mixtures with methylated seed oils. Source: ADAMA/SACOA joint trial York WA. July 2014 – Yield LSD: 0.118 @95%

Future Work References SACOA are continuing to invest in Early post one-pass agronomy – B. research to provide agronomic Parkin July 2014 – Walkaway, solutions in broadacre cropping in Yorkrakine, Gnowangerup, 2015. Work currently underway Quairading - WA includes; Crop Safety and Efficacy of • Targeting difficult fallow Herbicides in TT Canola – weeds. ADAMA/SACOA July 2014 – York WA • Improving the efficacy of pre- Disclaimer and Copyright This document should act as a guide only plant knockdown actives Crop Oil Adjuvant Trial – C. Davis – and no purchase or usage decisions glyphosate and paraquat. AW Vater August 2014 – should be made based on the Saddleworth SA information provided without obtaining • Improving early crop independent, expert advice. SACOA and emergence, nutrient uptake SACOA Adjuvant Trial – J. Brown – contributors do not necessarily and vigour, particularly for dry Agrivision Consultants March 2015 recommend or endorse any products or seeding. – Quambatook VIC manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, damage, • Developing the next cost or expense incurred or arising by generation of post emergent reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this adjuvants. document. More information is available • Alternative sclerotinia control from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. options in canola. © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. • Alternate MOA products for SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, aphid control in canola XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, • Alternative disease control IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd. programs in pulses. • Extending the lifespan of existing herbicide and fungicide mode of actions  through improved efficacy. Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 19 TECH NOTE SERIES

APPLICATION TIPS FOR TARGETING STRESSED WEEDS

spray quality and water volume. Key Points Spending some time calibrating, • Use the correct water rate particularly when changing from • Use the correct nozzle summer fallow or knockdown jobs to post emergent spraying is • Use the correct target pressure invaluable, particularly to meet • Spray when weather conditions APVMA labelling requirements, won’t compromise the spray around spray quality. Targeting job weeds which are not stressed from lack of moisture or • Consider the coverage, immediately following frosts is also spreading, penetration and important, along with spraying droplet-modifying during ideal Delta T conditions. characteristics of an adjuvant when partnering with a herbicide Adjuvant Selection – matching to the mode of action and • Use tools available to check the boomspray setup target Dry and cold conditions put Adjuvants can influence how well Figure 1: Variable weed control on a herbicide works mainly by weeds under stress which makes large and stressed ryegrass in modifying two things; them more difficult to kill, canola. Source: SACOA particularly when using herbicides 1. Coverage – through modifying that are poorly translocated, like adjuvant and matching it to the the viscosity of the spraying grass selectives. mode of action being used has solution and; A number of aspects are the biggest influence on leaf 2. Herbicide leaf surface important for setting up a spray surface spreading and spreading and penetration - by boom to target stressed weeds – penetration. these are aimed at achieving two things – Boom setup basics – to 1. Hitting the target with optimise coverage adequate coverage – by starting There are four basic variables that out with the boom set up can be managed to get the most correctly out of a boomspray. Water rate, 2. Getting the herbicide into nozzle type, spraying pressure and weeds – by matching the weather conditions. These will adjuvant to the mode of action vary for every application but being used, and ensuring weeds should always be aimed at are actively growing prior to producing the required spray spraying quality – fine, medium or coarse, to produce the optimum target There are a number of tools coverage whilst minimising drift. available to optimise target coverage and herbicide A huge variety of boomspray and nozzle types are available. Each Figure 2 – Impact of adjuvants on a penetration into leaf surfaces. leaf surface. Source: SACOA Proper boom spray setup has the manufacturer publishes specific biggest impact on coverage, guidelines of pressure, travel whilst selecting the correct speeds etc. to target the required

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reducing the surface tension of Droplet Surface Surface Crop Tank the spray solution and breaking Adjuvant Type Size penetration spreading Safety mixing down waxy leaf coatings (see Increase Figure 2). Seed Oil – The four major types of adjuvant - Plantocrop **** ** **** ** *** emulsified mineral oils, seed oils (methylated or soyal Mineral Oil – Enhance ** *** *** **** *** phospholipids), non-ionic surfactants and compatibilisers - Surfactant none **** negative *** **** vary greatly in their properties as droplet modifiers, leaf surface Compatibiliser – AMS N/A **** spreading/penetrating agents, improvers of mixing multiple tank Table 1 – Relative properties of various adjuvant types component, and improvers of poor water quality (see Table 1). Calibrating the boomspray with commonly used mixes versus water can be useful to understand how the mixture modifies sprayer output through viscosity changes. As an example, in aerial applications, using a carrier such as CROPSHIELD® or BIOPEST® can be useful to improve coverage. In a demonstration trial conducted by Agvivo in 2014, the addition of a high viscosity product such as BIOPEST® resulted in an equivalent improvement in coverage to an additional 10L/Ha of water. BIOPEST® also has insecticidal properties, particularly on developing aphid populations, and as such can make an ideal tank mix partner for herbicide applications. The effect of adjuvant type on spray quality was also evaluated in a range of summer fallow trials. As clearly seen on water sensitive paper – non-ionic surfactant products produce finer, more readily driftable droplets than methylated seed oils (PLANTOCROP®) or emulsified Figure 3 – Effect of adjuvant type on spray quality. ® mineral oils (ANTI-EVAP and SACOA Fallow Trial December 14 ENHANCE®) (see Figure 3).

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Tools to optimise spray jobs References Disclaimer and Copyright This document should act as a guide only There are a couple of handy tools SACOA Fallow Trial, December and no purchase or usage decisions that are available to ensure the 2014 should be made based on the information provided without obtaining boomspray is set up to achieve Agvivo Demonstration Trial Avon independent, expert advice. SACOA and the best possible weed control. Valley, June 2014. contributors do not necessarily recommend or endorse any products or Water sensitive paper – these manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd cards are a useful tool to measure will not be liable for any loss, damage, droplet size and coverage. Try cost or expense incurred or arising by and replicate actual target reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this orientation by attaching to leaves document. More information is available or on ground. from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. SnapCard app – this app is © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. available for download on Apple SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, and android devices, it allows a CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, photo of water sensitive paper to XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, be taken with a mobile phone IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd. and will calculate actual and estimated coverage. Weather meter – critical for understanding whether conditions, particularly wind speed and Delta T are suitable for spraying.

Ongoing Research SACOA have an ongoing substantial field research program aimed at providing solutions to broadacre agronomic issues, particularly in non-wetting soils, nutrition management, weed- insect-disease control.

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THE ONE-PASS SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE CANOLA & CEREAL PRODUCTION

What Is It? How does it work? On Insects BIOPEST® is a high-grade paraffinic oil developed and On low level populations, BIOPEST works by physically formulated specifically to be safe to apply to leaf smothering & suffocating as well as affecting the surfaces whilst still maintaining insecticidal & nervous system of insects, such as aphids and other fungicidal properties. Over the last five years, BIOPEST relatively immobile pests. When used preventatively, has been extensively field tested in a range of prior to insect numbers building, BIOPEST creates a Australian winter crops and has proven to be leaf surface coating which deters insects from extremely effective: colonising and egg laying.

As an IPM friendly alternative and/or tank mix partner Beneficial insects such as predatory wasps, lady birds to traditional insecticides for: and bees are generally not impacted as they are · Green Peach & Cabbage/Turnip aphid relatively mobile and not contacted during management in canola application. In addition, the physical mode of action means there is little to no chance of resistance · Aphids in cereals including Russian Wheat developing in insect populations. aphid · DBM in canola In managing insects – BIOPEST works in three ways As an effective tank mix partner to improve fungicide · Controls existing populations by physically effectiveness on a range of diseases including: smothering and affecting the nervous system · Canola diseases such as blackleg & sclerotinia · Deters populations building by reducing the · Cereal disease including powdery mildew, net attractiveness of leaf surfaces for colonising blotch & yellow spot and egg laying As an effective tank mix partner to improve the · Allows beneficial insects such as predatory effectiveness of a range of herbicides for: wasps to survive and provide control in their · TT, RR & IT Canola own right, leaving affected pests as a food source for predators. · Grass and Broadleaf herbicides in cereals

15 c a 10 c Total Aphids 7DAT bc 5 bc bc Total Aphids 14DAT ab ab 0 Untreated Transform 240 SC Aphidex 500 WG Biopest 2L/Ha 24gai/Ha 250gai/Ha

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BIOPEST has been extensively trialled for insect control in canola and cereals over the last four years, with results indicating that it is as effective as traditional insecticides, with none of the downsides such as resistance development, impacting on beneficial populations and low user safety.

Untreated control

Lorsban 150gai/Ha Sum of RWA Mean % Tillers Infested Pirimor 100gai/Ha 14DAA Sum of RWA Mean % Tillers Infested Lorsban 150gai/Ha + Biopest 21DAA 815ml/100L

Pirimor 100gai/Ha + BIOPEST 815ml/100L

0 10 20 30 40 50

Source: AgXtra – Murray Bridge February 2017 12DAT On weeds 100 To simplify the use of BIOPEST, SACOA have invested 80 heavily in evaluating the incorporation of BIOPEST into 60 existing agronomic practices, as an adjuvant replacement with a range of herbicide actives and 40 cropping systems. 20 0 Incorporating BIOPEST into an early post-emergence Roundup Ready Roundup Ready Roundup Ready Roundup Ready Roundup Ready 900g 900g + AMS 1.0% 900g + AMS 1.0% + 900g + AMS 1.0% + 900g + AMS 1.0% + herbicide application enables insect populations to BIOPEST 2L/Ha Flexi N 65L/Ha BIOPEST 2L/Ha + be suppressed prior to numbers building, provides an Flexi N 65L/Ha anti-feed effect, provides some protection from low Phyto Assessment ARG Assessment levels of early disease and is no less effective than a standard adjuvant in controlling weeds, with a range of commonly used herbicide actives. 12DAT As an herbicide adjuvant alternative, BIOPEST, being formulated from a paraffinic base oil, has a number 50 40 of properties which make it effective at increasing 30 herbicide performance including: 20 10 0 · Controls existing populations by coating and Clethodim 500ml Clethodim 500ml Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + Atrazine 1.1 kg + physically smothering + QPE 100ml + + QPE 100ml + Clethodim 500ml Clethodim 500ml Clethodim 500ml Clethodim 500ml AMS 1% + AMS 1% + + AMS 1% + + AMS 1% + + QPE 100ml + + QPE 100ml + · Increasing droplet size to improve coverage & BIOPEST 2L/Ha ENHANCE 0.5% ENHANCE 0.5% BIOPEST 2L/Ha AMS 1% + AMS 1% + ENHANCE 0.5% BIOPEST 2L/Ha droplet survival · Penetrant properties to assist herbicide actives Phyto Assessment ARG Assessment into leaves, which is particularly important for Group A herbicides Source: Avon Valley, SACOA May 2016 · Safe emulsifier package which will not result in an increase in crop phytotoxicity with common herbicides and/or UAN mixtures.  Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 24 TECHTECH NOTE NOTE SERIES SERIES

Mean Radish control 6DAT 29.6.16

Velocity 670mL + Enhance 1.0%

Velocity 670mL + Biopest 1.0%

Talinor 670ml + Enhance 1.0%

Talinor 670ml + Biopest 1.0%

UTC

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Source: – Doodenanning - SACOA June 2016 effectiveness of some fungicides resulting in yield On Disease increases of up to 350kg/Ha in canola. In managing disease BIOPEST works in three ways; Blackleg and Sclerotinia in canola can be devastating for yield but can also result in the · Modifies the spray droplet spectrum to buildup of sclerotes in the soil affecting later crops. increase the droplet size and improve Given BIOPEST’s proven fungicidal effects in a coverage range of other crops, including Bananas & Pulses, · Improves the longevity of the fungicide on BIOPEST has been rigorously tested over the last the leaf by increasing weatherability four years with a range of fully replicated · Increase the uptake of the fungicide active independent and internal trials, as a carrier for into the leaf and plant cell – thereby common canola and cereal fungicides. In this increasing its effectiveness. work BIOPEST has been proven to double the

Chapman Valley 2.3 +130kg +320kg 8 + 51kg +110kg 2.2 6 2.1 2 4 1.9 2 1.8 1.7 0 Prosaro 390ml/Ha Tebuconazole 450ml/Ha Aviator 1.0L/Ha + Flexi- Procymidone 1.0L + UTC - Flexi-N 45L/Ha N 45L/Ha Tebuconazole 450mL/Ha

Yield T/Ha Yield + 2L/Ha Biopest Mean Stem Infection 24/8/16

Source: –SACOA November 2016

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South Stirlings

Prosaro 195mL/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha +9.66kg Tebuconazole 450ml/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha +59kg Iprodione 500SC 1L/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha +217kg Veritas 1L/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha + 117kg Sumisclex 1.0L+ Tebuconazole 450mL + Flexi-N 45L/Ha +225kg UTC - Flexi-N 45L/Ha 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Sum of Yield T/Ha Sum of Yield + Biopest 2.0L/Ha

Source: –SACOA November 2016 Application Tips Mode of action – Coverage is critical – Always use BIOPEST in relatively high water volumes (80-100L/Ha) with medium to BIOPEST manages insect populations by contact and coarse droplets to improve canopy penetration. smothering. It also works as a feeding deterrent by BIOPEST is an effective droplet modifier and will reducing the attractiveness of leaves to pests. Being a increase the average droplet size. Ensure that the physical mode of action – it will not impact beneficial spray solution contacts the part of the plant with the populations which tend to be mobile. Maintenance heaviest disease and or insect pressure. This is of beneficial populations, by not using broad particularly important for GPA which tend to colonise spectrum insecticides, is the basis of an IPM strategy the underside of leaf surfaces, setting up the boom to when using BIOPEST. It is therefore important to apply create turbulence or applying in a cross wind are early prior to insect populations developing and to effective ways of getting coverage on the underside ensure thorough coverage of both upper and lower of leaves.

Sclerotinia leaf lesions in Canola Green Peach Aphids Source: - SACOA Source: - SACOA

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12.0%

10.0%

8.0%

Top 1/3 Canopy 6.0% Middle 1/3

4.0% Canopy Bottom

2.0%

0.0% 30L/H 40L/H 30L/Ha + Biopest a a 1% Increase in canola leaf surface coverage with the addition of BIOPEST®. Source: Agvivo demonstration trial June 2014 Table 1 Grains resistance management strategy for the green peach aphid across Australia Crop type and Crop type and Post establishment / Rationale location location pre-flowering Imidacloprid (4A) or Lambda Canola >50km from commercial Carbamate (e.g. pirimicarb) resistance is cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (3A + Sulfoxaflor (4C) or paraffinic oil horticultural regions commonplace. Its use is not recommended. 4A)

Carbamate (e.g. pirimicarb) resistance is commonplace. Its use is not Canola <50km from recommended. Neonicotinoid (e.g. imidacloprid, commercial horticultural Sulfoxaflor (4C) Paraffinic oil* thaimethoxam) resistance regions is probably emerging in horticultural crops. Its use is not recommended.

Carbamate (e.g. pirimicarb) resistance is Dimethoate/omethoate (1B) or paraffinic oil (Note: commonplace. Its use is not recommended. Pulses >50km from commercial apply a single treatment of 1B only, do not use Imidacloprid (4A) Organophosphate (e.g. dimethoate, omethoate) horticultural regions repeated applications. Efficacy of 1B may be reduced resistance is due to amplified E4 esterase, which is if insecticides have been applied previously) caused by prior exposure to organophosphates.

Source: https://grdc.com.au/

Further Research Disclaimer and Copyright This document should act as a guide only and no Throughout 2017, SACOA are continuing to purchase or usage decisions should be made based on invest in research on the beneficial effects of the information provided without obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA and contributors do not necessarily BIOPEST in a range of crops – specifically recommend or endorse any products or manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, targeting the fit in existing agronomic damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of practices and measuring beneficial safety. any person using or relying on the information contained in this document. More information is available from A major focus of our work will be on aphid SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by control in cereals and how BIOPEST can contacting your local reseller.. © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the improve the efficacy of a range of cereal GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR and fungicides targeting pyrenophera diseases. LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd

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APPLICATION TIPS FOR CONTROL OF APHIDS IN CANOLA

Recent outbreaks of aphids in WA canola have seen growers looking for alternatives to traditional insecticides, which can be harsh on beneficials and rapidly develop resistance. BIOPEST® has been proven with independent replicated field work to provide cost effective control of cabbage and turnip aphid as well as green peach aphid, without harming beneficial populations.

Here are some tips to maximise the efficacy of BIOPEST® on aphids in canola; • BIOPEST® kills existing aphids by physical smothering, so good coverage is essential. Keep water volumes as high as possible (80-100L/Ha), with a medium spray quality and BIOPEST® rate at a minimum of 2L/Ha. • Coating leaf surfaces with BIOPEST® will also prevent populations building by acting as a deterrent to juvenile production, so apply early to developing populations to provide greater control. • On the flowering parts of larger plants, efficacy on aphids is excellent due to their physical exposure. However, as BIOPEST® has no translaminar or systemic activity, aphids on the underside of leaves on smaller plants can be more difficult to control (see Figure 1), particularly as new unprotected leaves emerge. • To protect new growth on smaller pre-flowering plants, aphid populations should be monitored and consideration given to follow up applications within 10 days. • BIOPEST® is extremely soft on beneficials (see Table 1, page 2), particularly mobile insects such as lacewings and predatory wasps. Monitoring and maintenance of these beneficial populations is an important part of any management strategy. Figure 1: Research conducted by SACOA in cotton indicates BIOPEST® is only effective when • If beneficial insects aren’t a concern and infestation is applied to the leaf surface where aphids are severe, consider tank mixing with a standard insecticide present. Source: SACOA to provide additional activity and reduce reliance on one mode of action. • BIOPEST® doesn’t require warm conditions for activation and is generally rainfast within a four hour period or when the leaf surface is dry. Unlike other insecticides BIOPEST® will not cause dead aphids to drop from the plant, providing a useful food source for beneficials. • For single pass disease and insect control, BIOPEST® can be tank mixed with sclerotinia fungicides or liquid UAN to act as a deposition agent and provide an aphid anti-feed effect prior to populations building. More information on the role of BIOPEST® in managing sclerotinia will be published shortly.

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References Disclaimer and Copyright Cotton Research Compendium ‘Leaders in This document should act as a guide only and no on the information contained in this document. More information is available from SACOA via spray oil and adjuvant technology for the purchase or usage decisions should be made based on the information provided without sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting cotton industry’ 2003-2010 obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA your local reseller. © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/fiel and contributors do not necessarily recommend Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, d/field-crops/fibres/cotton/cotton-pest- or endorse any products or manufacturers ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, management-guide referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of arising by reason of any person using or relying SACOA Pty Ltd.

29 TECH NOTE SERIES

IMPROVING SCLEROTINIA CONTROL IN CANOLA WITH BIOPEST CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS BEFORE OPENING OR USING This tech note discusses the ability for BIOPEST to improve fungicide efficacy when used for the treatment of sclerotinia in Canola. As an effective aphid management tool, BIOPEST provides additional benefits by keeping aphid populations below economic thresholds

ACTIVE CONSTITUENT: 815 g/L PARAFFINIC OIL (as 1888 - 1976), unsulphonated residue no less than 98.0% and is safe to apply in mixtures with liquid UAN. A narrow range emulsifiable paraffinic oil for the management of pests as per directions for use. CONTENTS 20L

Key Points Sclerotinia Life Cycle 1. Good coverage is critical – particularly to protect lower leaves where infection from rain splash spores can be initiated. 2. Many protectant type fungicides such as procymidone Apothecia (fruiting require adjuvants to improve leaf bodies) form in July and produce spores coverage, uptake and rainfastness. Sclerotia ‘resting’ in soil

3. The unique characteristics Spores of BIOPEST® as a spreader and airborne in July sticker improve the efficacy of fungicides by increasing droplet size for targeting lower leaves, increasing coverage & uptake Direct infection from the fungus, from on hard to wet waxy canola ger minating sclerotia in Sclerotia the soil leaf surfaces and increasing contaminate seed the persistence of preventative fungicides through improved rainfastness. 4. As an effective aphid management tool, BIOPEST has the added benefit of Sclerotia in stem cavity Spores infect plants reducing the potential for aphid through fallen petals that stick to leaf populations to build - when used surfaces of lodge on as a carrier for fungicides. leaf axis

White ‘bleached’ stems

Lesions weaken stems and result in stem break

Fig 1: Life cycle of sclerotinia stem rot

Fig 2: Infection starting from petal fall on leaf  Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 30 TECH NOTE SERIES

Application Good spray coverage is required to provide the effective dose of fungicide needed to protect susceptible leaf surfaces. When 2.0L/Ha of Biopest was used in 30L/Ha of water applied by air - coverage was equivalent to 40L/Ha of water alone. If using ground rigs it is important to set up nozzles, water volumes, pressures and travel speed to deliver droplets in the medium to coarse range – larger droplets will better penetrate the crop foliage and target disease lower on the plant (refer Fig 3 & 4). Application methods and adjuvants greatly influence fungicide coverage; by emulsifying the active ingredient Fig 4: Coverage & leaf wetting using specialised micro emulsions can be improved significantly with the addition of Biopest in a spray to improve leaf deposition, mix rainfastness, droplet formation and most importantly tissue absorption. For fungicides like procymidone – oil based adjuvants such as BIOPEST have been proven to be more efficacious than non-ionic South Stirlings surfactants as they result in greater movement into the leaf of the Prosaro 195mL/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha +9.66kg fungicide, and improved surface Tebuconazole 450ml/Ha + Flexi-N… +59kg retention (refer Fig 5 & 6). Iprodione 500SC 1L/Ha + Flexi-N… +217kg In addition, the higher viscosity Veritas 1L/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha + 117kg of oil based products such as Sumisclex 1.0L+ Tebuconazole… +225kg BIOPEST – results in a more even droplet spectrum, greater crop UTC - Flexi-N 45L/Ha foliage penetration and coverage on lower leaves. 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Sum of Yield T/Ha Sum of Yield + Biopest 2.0L/Ha

Fig 5: Canola yield from Biopest + fungicide mixtures Source: SACOA/Kalyx DEC 16– Application timing 15% flowering

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Efficacy of BIOPEST on Chapman Valley sclerotinia in fungicide +130kg +320kg mixtures 2.3 + 51kg +110kg 8 2.2 Over the winter of 2016 SACOA 6 conducted seven fully replicated 2.1 field trials - to evaluate the 2 4 effectiveness of BIOPEST in 1.9 2 improving the effectiveness of 1.8 fungicides such as Prosaro, 0 Aviator, Folicur, Sumisclex and 1.7 Prosaro Tebuconazole Aviator 1.0L/Ha Procymidone UTC - Flexi-N Strobulurins. 390ml/Ha 450ml/Ha + Flexi-N 45L/Ha 1.0L + 45L/Ha Tebuconazole Applied at various stages of 450mL/Ha flowering in mixtures with liquid UAN - these trials proved the Yield T/Ha Yield + 2L/Ha Biopest Mean Stem Infection 24/8/16 benefits of BIOPEST in assisting fungicides control disease with positive yield impacts of up to Fig 6: Canola yield from Biopest + fungicide mixtures 300kg/Ha. (refer Fig 5 & 6). Source: SACOA/Planfarm DEC16– Application timing 50% flowering Further Research Following from extensive work on aphid, weed and disease control in canola in 2016, SACOA are continuing to invest in field research to evaluate the agronomic fit for BIOPEST in a range of crops, with a focus on cereal aphid and disease control.

Christiaan Valentine from DPIRD with new sclerotinia spore traps – A number are now in place across WA with the Wickepin area showing high levels of apothecia development

References Managing Sclerotinia in Canola http://bit.ly/29FQbmT Serve-Ag Research – Control of Sclerotinia in Green beans http://bit.ly/29F38Mw Smart Traps http://bit.ly/2vX1Nxb This document should act as a guide only and no purchase or usage decisions should be made based on the information provided without obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA and contributors do not necessarily recommend or endorse any products or manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this document. More information is available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. © 2017 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd

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IMPROVING FUNGICIDE ACTIVITY WITH SACOA ADJUVANTS

Key Points role in improving fungicide coverage on the target disease, • Fungicide activity can be particularly with aerial application increased with the use of and they assist the active adjuvants by improving ingredient to enter the plant. coverage, droplet survival and increasing leaf surface As with herbicides however, it is penetration. important to match the adjuvant to the fungicide type; • As a general rule, protectant fungicides should be matched Protectant fungicides including with adjuvants that improve actives such as azoxystrobin and leaf surface coverage, whilst chlorthalonil, are best used with curative fungicides work best adjuvants that improve leaf with penetrant type adjuvants. surface coverage. • Using low quality mineral oils or Curative fungicides such as the low quality methylated seed triazoles, can be assisted by more oils with fungicides can penetrant-type oils but respond increase the risk of damage to well when used with high emulsifier Figure 1: Plant damage caused by poorly selected adjuvants when plant tissue. loaded mineral oils. used with a triazole fungicide. • CROPSHIELD® and ENHANCE® However, as most fungicides are Source: SACOA provide excellent efficacy and applied at important yield plant tissue damage caused by safe delivery of systemic generating timings, ie flag leaf the impurities they contain fungicides such as emergence, preventing leaf oxidising and forming acids on the Tebuconazole (Folicur®) and surface damage should always be leaf surface. Propiconazole (Tilt®). the priority. ® Similarly, the reacted alcohol base • PLANTOCROP® is an esterified SACOA’s CROPSHIELD , ® ® in esterified seed oils and their seed oil with penetrant ENHANCE and PLANTOCROP ability to dissolve and penetrate properties which can improve have unique characteristics rather than passively solubilise the fungicide activity, through making them ideal for use with ® protective cell waxes, can expose increasing plant uptake. fungicides, whilst BIOPEST has the additional benefit of providing or penetrate the epidermal ® • BIOPEST is synergistic with sucking pest control as well as membranes. This results in an ® fungicides such as Prosaro improving fungicide coverage uninterrupted diffusion site due to its spreading and without the risk of crop damage. between the under lying tissue protectant properties and has and the spray material. the additional benefit of Some adjuvants can cause This localised cell damage may providing aphid knockdown phytotoxicity problems to then be an entry point for and anti-feed effects. maturing winter cereal crops when used with late applications secondary infection of other of crop protection products (see normally benign pathogens. Since the outbreak of widespread Figure 1). Therefore the use of low quality cereal diseases over a decade mineral oils designed for ago, SACOA has commissioned Adjuvants designed particularly for fallow/knockdown herbicides or several independent trials pre-emergent and knock-down methylated seed oils should investigating the role of crop oils herbicides are not intended to be beavoided because of their and adjuvants in enhancing the used with post-emergent crop aggressive nature on plant tissue. activity of cereal fungicides. protection products. This is Adjuvants can play an important because of their inherent risk of

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Importance of plant structure This can be done with adjuvants in transport or carrier proteins, with and cell function on fungicide a few ways active transport of Demethylation- Inhibiting (DMI) fungicides only mobility • By passive diffusion using high occurring in intact, closed As annual plants grow and move grade paraffinic oils such as membranes. from vegetative growth and rapid ENHANCE® or BIOPEST® to help cell multiplication to laying down move fungicides through the DMI fungicides do not enter the carbohydrates for seed formation, external waxes into the internal protoplasm but only the apoplast, plants stop replacing soft cell tissue. moving within the xylem, cuticle, protective epicuticular waxes. cell walls/membrane and • By prolonging leaf contact with Normally if damaged by external intercellular spaces. Agricultural the fungicide solution and occurrences the plant will try and chemical manufacturers describe hence prolonged osmotic replace exposed cells with new them as Casual Systemic. exchange. protective material. Therefore it is optimal to passively • By creating the phenomena The epidermal tissue functions to transport the fungicide though the known as ‘stomata flooding’ prevent water loss and acts as a plant waxes and into the with specially designed super barrier to fungi and other invaders. intercellular spaces rather than wetters, which drop the Thus, epidermal cells are closely cause tissue damage to create a contact angle of the solution. packed with little intercellular site of entry. space. Fungicide movement in the plant Seed oils will place the active To further cut down on water loss ingredient into the epidermal cells, Fungicides are generally absorbed and protect internal cells, due to their ability to volatise, by plant surfaces in one of two epidermis cells secrete a cuticle rather than into intercellular methods, by passive diffusion waxy layer on top of all the spaces. There is a risk of causing (osmosis) or actively by electron epidermal cells like an physical injury, and interfering with transport systems (ATP and ADP) uninterrupted film. plant metabolism and hence along cell membranes. The absorption of the fungicide (see As the plant matures, it starts to membrane contains specific Chart 1). rely on more permanent physical barriers. The rod and plate cells % Leaf damage following application withTebuconazole bind and harder cuticle waxes and a range of adjuvants to control Stripe Rust (Puccinia and hairs are developed by the spp.) in wheatB – 21 DAA 40 plant to protect itself from Untreated moisture loss caused by climatic 35 Control conditions - particularly as Folicur 145 30 ml/ha temperatures increase in Enhance 0.5 % September. 25 V/V 20 Biopest 1 % Fungal hyphae penetrate the plant V/V tissue through wounds of the 15 Crop Shield 2 cuticle, wounds of the epidermatic % V/V tissue or open stomata. Stripe Rust 10 Hasten 1 % V/V Puccinia spp. have extensive 5 mycelium, which spread through BS1000 0.2 % the intercellular spaces of the host 0 V/V plants, therefore fungicides aimed % Leaf rust damage at controlling rust need to be Chart 1: Leaf damage in the treatment of Tebuconazole with methylated placed into these intercellular seed oil was equivalent to the UTC. spaces. Source: Agritech AGRO3-055, Pingrup, November 2003

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Yellow leaf spot control in wheat with Folicur® and a range of adjuvants (T/Ha) 4.5 a 4 a-d ab cde b-e de a-e de e 3.5 f 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Untreated Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Folicur Control 145mL/Ha 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + 145mL/Ha + Enhance Enhance Crop Shield Crop Shield Plantocrop Plantocrop Hasten 1% BS1000 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 1% 2% 0.5% 1.0%

Chart 2: The high quality phytobland, paraffin based mineral oils CROPSHIELD® and ENHANCE® provided excellent efficacy and safe delivery of the casual systemic fungicide Tebuconazole. Source: Kalyx WA-W07-342, Cunderdin, Aug 2007 (Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.)

Match the correct adjuvant to Yellow leaf spot control in wheat with Prosaro® the fungicide pathway 120 High quality mineral oils (e.g. CROPSHIELD® or ENHANCE®) have 100 a provided the best efficacy and safest delivery of casual systemic 80 fungicides such as Tebuconazole b (Folicur®) and Propiconazole (Tilt®) 60 bcd (see Chart 2). The paraffinic based cd cd cd d BIOPEST® has proven to be synergistic with fungicides such as 40 Prosaro® due to its spreading and protectant properties, acting as a 20 leaf surface coating. 0 In situations where the risk of crop Untreated Prosaro Prosaro Prosaro Prosaro Prosaro Prosaro damage is low, the use of a high control 150ml/Ha 150ml/Ha 150ml/Ha 300ml/Ha 300ml/Ha 300ml/Ha quality esterified seed oil with + + Enhance + + Enhance lower levels of methylated esters, Plantocrop 0.5% Plantocrop 0.5% such as PLANTOCROP®, can 1% 1% improve fungicide activity (see Mean % leaf area (F-2) damaged by yellow leaf spot Chart 2 and 3). While Yield relative to untreated control (%) PLANTOCROP® can improve fungicide activity, if the conditions Chart 3: PLANTOCROP® with Prosaro® provided excellent control of yellow leaf at application mean that leaf spot without causing leaf burning. burning is more likely, there is a Source: Kalyx WA-W07-342, Cunderdin, Aug 2007 greater risk of leaf damage when (Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.) using PLANTOCROP® compared to both CROPSHIELD® and ENHANCE®.

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Importance of spray coverage Canola leaf surface coverage in the top, middle Good spray coverage is essential and bottom canopy with BIOPEST® to provide the effective dose of 12.0% fungicide needed to protect susceptible leaf surfaces. 10.0% Emulsified mineral oils play a role in improving coverage by increasing the droplet size, particularly in 8.0% aerial applications and are Top 1/3 Canopy essential to ensure adequate 6.0% coverage on the middle and Middle 1/3 Canopy lower canopy. A recent aerial 4.0% Bottom 1/3 Canopy application using BIOPEST® resulted in the equivalent 2.0% coverage in the middle canopy in canola to an additional 10L/Ha of water (see Chart 4). 0.0% 30L/H 40L/H 30 L/Ha + Biopest Application methods and 1% adjuvants greatly influence Chart 4: Increase in canola leaf surface coverage with the addition of BIOPEST®. fungicide coverage; by Source: Agvivo demonstration trial June 2014 emulsifying the active ingredient using specialised micro emulsions References to improve leaf deposition, rain Agritech AGRO3-055, Pingrup, fastness, droplet formation and November 2003 most importantly tissue absorption. When applying fungicide it is Agvivo demonstration trial, June important to consider where in the 2014 canopy the disease is located – Kalyx WA-W07-342, Cunderdin, stem rust is generally found in the Aug 2007 middle canopy, whilst leaf diseases such as yellow leaf spot Disclaimer and Copyright or net blotch infect the flag leaf This document should act as a guide only and upper canopy. Ideally, and no purchase or usage decisions fungicides should be applied as should be made based on the information provided without obtaining independent, close as possible to the infected expert advice. SACOA and contributors area. do not necessarily recommend or endorse any products or manufacturers referred Further Research to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or Over the spring of 2015, SACOA arising by reason of any person using or have commissioned a number of relying on the information contained in additional independent trials to this document. More information is confirm the beneficial effects of available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your ® ® CROPSHIELD and ENHANCE with local reseller. fungicides on common cereal © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. diseases as well as BIOPEST® for SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, sclerotinia and aphid control in CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, canola. IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd.

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SPRAY TOPPING WITH SACOA ADJUVANTS

Key Points prevent the onset of resistance. They need to be applied at • Glyphosate is more effective different timings, with glyphosate early. being more effective when used • Paraquat can be applied later early and paraquat later. than glyphosate. The key advantage of using • Clover seed set can be paraquat as a contact herbicide reduced if sprayed during is that it can be applied later than flowering. glyphosate, when weeds have developed past the flowering or ® ® • Use ENHANCE or ANTIEVAP for milky dough stage. Glyphosate Figure 1: Cereal grain at the soft spray topping. requires time to translocate dough stage. through the plant and therefore Source: Agriculture Victoria Preventing seed set with a well should be applied at seed head timed spring herbicide application emergence prior to the dough Mineral oils, such as ANTIEVAP®, is an essential tool to reduce stage (see Figure 1). This is useful are particularly effective at weed burdens – particularly for for controlling barley grass which reducing evaporation in warm difficult to control in-crop weeds has a longer flowering period – conditions (>25°C). such as ryegrass, brome and but care should be taken when barley grass. applying in flowering legume With the recent launch of newer and easier to handle paraquat To properly setup paddocks for a pastures. Seed set in legumes can formulations, such as Gramoxone cropping phase, correct be reduced significantly if spray 360 Pro® from Syngenta, a number application timing and using the topping takes place during early of independent collaborative trials right herbicide with the right to mid-flowering. have been conducted to assess adjuvant is critical in getting SACOA’s adjuvants ENHANCE® the performance of SACOA’s complete weed set control. and ANTIEVAP® make effective range with these formulations. Glyphosate and paraquat are the tank mix partners for glyphosate Results from this work will be two main actives used for spray and paraquat, improving their published in the near future. topping – the latter gives a good activity by decreasing drift while opportunity to rest glyphosate for increasing leaf coverage and resistance management and herbicide uptake into the plant.

Key spray topping timings Active (Rate gai/Ha) Key weed controlled & timing Paraquat (100gai/Ha) Ryegrass – flowering heads in dough stage Barley & Brome grass – post flowering in the dough stage Silver Grass – prior to haying off Glyphosate Ryegrass – during flowering when all tillers are in head (110gai/Ha – 165 gai/Ha) Barley & Brome grass – at seed head emergence prior to dough stage Silver grass – early head stage

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References Disclaimer and Copyright This document should act as a guide only http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agric and no purchase or usage decisions ulture/grains-and-other- should be made based on the information crops/crop-production/when-to- provided without obtaining independent, cut-forage-cereals expert advice. SACOA and contributors do not necessarily recommend or endorse https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/grai any products or manufacturers referred ns/spray-topping-pastures to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this document. More information is available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. © 2015 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd.

Source: Agriculture Western Australia

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CROP TOPPING – CEREALS AND CANOLA

Key Points  ENHANCE® and ANTIEVAP® increase efficacy by improving coverage, droplet survival and active ingredient uptake.  In denser crops, the addition of ENHANCE® and ANTIEVAP® will increase droplet size thus increasing penetration through the canopy.  Higher water rates improve coverage on small grass Timing is critical for effective weed set control with crop topping. Herbicides need to weeds. be applied when the crop is mature but before weeds have matured. Fig 1 – Flowering ryegrass, wild oats, and volunteer canola in barley. Source: SACOA  Adhere to product labels to Registrations for late season herbicide use ensure MRL’s are not breached Paraquat Diquat Glyphosate Saflufenacil* and markets compromised. Wheat No Yes Yes Yes Barley No Yes No Yes Canola No Yes Yes No Crop topping is becoming Chickpeas Yes Yes Yes Yes increasingly important to reduce Lentils Yes Yes Yes Yes seed set and prevent seed bank Faba Beans Yes Yes Yes Yes replenishment, particularly as Field Peas Yes Yes Yes Yes weeds adapt to changing seeding practices and in-crop *Saflufenacil is labelled for use with a high quality MSO such as Plantocrop herbicides to germinate over a longer period. Even though only a Avoiding Herbicide As a result, correct usage is essential. Product labels must be small number of herbicides are Residues registered for this use, they do followed and withholding periods offer the ability to utilise an and buyer’s MRLs must be Late season application of understood and adhered to for all alternate mode of action to herbicides needs to factor in the incrop selective herbicides. herbicides. Rates referred to in withholding period and approval labels have been developed of grain buyers. With some markets specifically for the use pattern – ie Products registered for crop having tolerances lower than the topping include glyphosate a weed seed set reduction rate Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) it is may be lower than that required (Roundup Ultra® Max, important to avoid herbicide WeedMaster DST®), paraquat for crop dessication. There is residues in delivered cereal, pulse significant risk of residue carryover, (Gramoxone 360 Pro®) and diquat and oilseed grains. (Reglone®). But not all crops are particularly with paraquat use, late registered for these products eg, in the season if higher than label As per GRDC recommendations, “it paraquat is not registered for use rates are used. If the aim is to is essential that growers seek in cereal or canola crops (see dessicate a crop, alternative advice from their grain buyers Figure 1). registered products such as before using late applications of glyphosate or diquat (Reglone®) herbicides. This is especially must be used. important for seed that is intended for sprouting”.

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Improving Efficacy of Contact Feed Barley and Translocated Actives Feed barley can only be crop SACOA’s broadacre adjuvants topped with diquat when the crop ENHANCE® and ANTIEVAP® will is mature and ready for harvest. improve the efficacy of both Maltsters generally impose contact and translocated restrictions on its use on malt herbicides when applied late in barley. Note that while diquat the season, by improving does not have a WHP when used coverage, droplet survival and as directed, glyphosate is not active ingredient uptake, registered for crop topping barley. particularly in warmer conditions. Canola Timing and Coverage are Reglone® and Weedmaster DST® Critical are the only products registered for pre-harvest spray topping for Timing and adequate coverage weed seed set control. Canola are the main issues to consider can be crop topped when 70 per when planning crop topping, cent of the pods are yellow and particularly if you are targeting the seeds have turned from a Disclaimer and Copyright ryegrass or brome grass. green colour to brown, and it can This document should act as a guide only be harvested four days after and no purchase or usage decisions To be most effective in stopping should be made based on the information application. seed set, herbicides need to be provided without obtaining independent, applied prior to flowering or early Using ENHANCE® or ANTIEVAP® expert advice. SACOA and contributors grain fill with due consideration of do not necessarily recommend or endorse with registered herbicides along any products or manufacturers referred harvest withholding periods. with higher water rates will to. SACOA Pty Ltd will not be liable for any In denser crops such as canola, improve coverage on small grass loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or the addition of spray oils such as weeds below dense canola canopies. relying on the information contained in ENHANCE® or ANTIEVAP® will this document. More information is increase spray droplet size, Other Resources available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au providing better penetration or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your Australian Oilseeds: Using local reseller. through the canopy and droplet © 201 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. deposition on the target weeds. Paraquat in Wheat, Barley and SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, Canola CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, Crop-Specific Notes http://www.australianoilseeds.co XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, m/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/929 IRRIGATOR and LURE H2O are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd. Wheat 8/Using_paraquat_in_wheat_barle Wheat crops can be sprayed with y_and_canola.pdf glyphosate at the late dough stage or from 28% moisture in the GRDC: Pre-Harvest Herbicide Use grain onwards. Diquat can be Fact Sheet applied as soon as the crop is http://www.grdc.com.au/GRDC- mature and ready for harvest. Be FS-PreHarvestHerbicide aware that when spraying a References wheat crop with glyphosate, there is a mandatory withholding period http://www.grdc.com.au/GRDC- (WHP) of seven days before FS-PreHarvestHerbicide harvest.

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SEEDING BAR SETUPS FOR LIQUID APPLICATION

®  Liquid banding at seeding  There are a wide variety of  SACOA’s LURE H2O was enables accurate placement setups available with varying launched in 2011 as a of fertiliser, crop protection cost, complexity and flexibility boomspray-applied rainfall products and soil ameliorants harvest tool  SACOA’s IRRIGATOR® was the  Placement can vary from on first broadacre banded  A new seed zone top of the furrow, below, to the product designed to establishment product will be side or with the seed ameliorate non-wetting soils launched in 2015

Banding fertiliser and crop Seeding Setups protection products either on top of the furrow or with the seed is There are a wide variety of bar becoming increasingly popular, setups now available ranging particularly for hybrid canola and from relatively inexpensive dry seeding, where seed cost is microtube plumbing to more high and maximum germination is evolved systems which enable required. Australian, and in variable rate application and particular West Australian growers, mixing of multiple products across have been global leaders in the varying soil types. Factors to adoption of liquid systems over consider when designing a liquid the last 15 years. injection system include corrosiveness and compatibilities Banding enables liquid UAN, trace of the product to be applied, elements, fungicides and soil flexibility to change rate and ameliorants to be placed where placement and the ability to add the germinating seed can readily multiple products. access them through root or coleoptile uptake. In addition to cost savings by concentrating product in the seeding furrow, additional biological activity often results from germinating seedlings Figure 1: Placement options of coming into direct contact with fertiliser and crop protection treated soil. Banding is often a products (Source: Syngenta) more flexible, targeted method of applying product than broadacre surface application or seed treatment.

 Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 41 TECH NOTE SERIES

Press Wheel Set-Up Suggestion

Figure 3: A cross section view for a suggested single press and double or gang press setup

Figure 2: Various on top of furrow banding setups. Second from bottom has TeeJet caps allowing the addition of fan nozzles as opposed to dripper streams  Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 42 TECH NOTE SERIES

Banding with the seed  Complex Product Overview - Bulk on-farm storage tank SACOA’s IRRIGATOR® is designed - Poly transfer pump to be applied on top of the furrow - Batching tank to alleviate non-wetting sands, improving seed germination and - Applicator tank emergence. Since its launch over - Variable rate pump 10 years ago, impressive yield - Filter system results have been achieved, - Variable flow regulator particularly in dry sowing - Second inline filter situations. - Orifice plates at secondary Figure 4: Banding below the seed, manifolds placement can be modified to Small diameter injection tubes above the seed but there should - always be a 2-3cm seed/soil down the tynes separation particularly if applying with liquid UAN. Handy Hints Dual placement systems provide Irrespective of the liquid system the flexibility to place product on you choose, consider the top of the furrow and band following handy hints to minimise beneath with the seed. Split teething problems with your application can be an system. advantage where a surface Figure 5: IRRIGATOR® – indicating applied product such as  Maintain water volumes at 30- early emergence benefit – Binnu IRRIGATOR® is required to 50L/Ha 2014 S. Davies DAFWA – GRDC ameliorate non-wetting soils or  Watch out for furrow infill in project DAW00204 seasonal conditions require lighter sands and windy splitting a fungicide or fertiliser. conditions Product Overview  Ensure seed soil separation is LURE H20® is designed to improve Requirements for different Banding maintained at 2-3cm crop and pasture establishment Systems  Slow down and check for by improving rainfall infiltration  Simple blockages regularly and retention in non-wetting forest gravels. Applied by - An applicator pump  Watch for liquid UAN burn when dry sowing in lighter soils boomspray and incorporated by - A flow jet pump ®  An even dripper stream is rainfall, LURE H20 is well supported - An inline filter and manual flow important, particularly in by over five years of commercial regulator cloddy soils use and independent trial data. - A simple manifold with nozzle LURE H 0® is not designed for  Compatibility – always jar test if 2 bodies banding application and is not unsure particularly with trace compatible with products like - Orifice plates in the nozzle elements, fungicides and liquid liquid UAN. bodies with tubes down the UAN tynes

 Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 43 TECH NOTE SERIES

The Future SACOA will be conducting large- scale commercial demonstration trials in 2015 with a new banded product. It is a moisture attractant and retention agent to facilitate early seed germination and vigour, improve uptake of applied and bound nutrients and crop protection products.

Figure 6: IRRIGATOR® – showing placement on top of seed to improve furrow water harvesting

References Disclaimer and Copyright S.Davies (2014) DAFWA - GRDC This document should act as a guide only and no purchase or usage decisions Project DAW00204 should be made based on the Liquid Systems - information provided without obtaining independent, expert advice. SACOA and www.liquidsystems.com.au contributors do not necessarily Syngenta - recommend or endorse any products or manufacturers referred to. SACOA Pty Ltd www.syngentacereals.com.au/arti will not be liable for any loss, damage, cles/new-unifrom-appliaction- cost or expense incurred or arising by technical-cheat-sheet reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in this document. More information is available from SACOA via sacoa.com.au or 08 9386 7666, or by contacting your local reseller. © 2014 SACOA Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. SACOA and the GREEN S icon, ENHANCE, CROPSHIELD, PLANTOCROP, BIOPEST, XSEED, ANTIEVAP, COTTOIL, STIFLE, IRRIGATOR and LURE H20 are registered trademarks of SACOA Pty Ltd.

 Australian owned  Specialist company  QA manufacturing  National distribution  Full product support 44 ENHANCE TECHNOTE BROADACRE

PRODUCT OVERVIEW ENHANCE® is a premium crop oil concentrate developed through extensive research to improve the activity of a wide range of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. It is an emulsifable spray oil designed specifically to improve wetting and spreading properties of applied active ingredients.

ENHANCE® is developed and manufactured locally by Australia’s specialist adjuvant company SACOA. With a formulation consisting of highly refined paraffinic oil ENHANCE® is placed at the forefront of spray adjuvant technology providing equivalent weed control to other commonly used spray oils. THE ISSUE Getting the best out of your active ingredients is crucial when spraying in broadacre crops. Effective weed control relies on correct selection, rate and application of herbicides. Spraying under ‘ideal conditions’ when crops and weeds are at correct growth stages, plants are stress free and weather conditions are suitable can be challenging at the best of times.

Cold or hard water can cause mixing issues with some actives. ENHANCE® is formulated specifically to reduce such issues. Droplet bounce, poor surface contact between active ingredient activity and leaf and low droplet survival on leaves can also reduce herbicide activity. THE SOLUTION ENHANCE® provides improved weed control and cost-effectiveness of the spray application through: • Facilitating improved penetration of active ingredients by modifying target surface characteristics. • Improved spreading of active ingredient to the target plant by reducing surface tension of spray droplets. • Minimising any inadvertent losses due to spray drift and/or evaporation. • Offering improved solution stability under low water rates. • Reducing cold or hard water compatibility issues. • Reducing the potential clogging or blockage of spray nozzles. CROP SAFETY ENHANCE® is registered for use with an extensive range of active ingredients in a wide range of crop types including cereals, legumes and canola.

SACOA have an ongoing field and laboratory research program that assesses the efficacy and safety of ENHANCE® when mixed with new and existing active ingredients present in the market. ENHANCE® has been proven to provide similar levels of crop safety when compared to other commonly used spray oils.

Always follow directions for use on ENHANCE® and active ingredient labels. Under difficult conditions such as cold superscript (<15oC), moisture stress or when tank mixing multiple actives it is critical to follow correct mixing order procedures (refer SACOA mixing procedure technote). Always follow directions for use on active ingredient label.

45 Broadstrike® ® Uptake 0.5% Paterson's curse Enhance® 0.5% Verdict® 100 Eclipse® Ryegrass 80 Wild radish Velocity® 60 Nutrazine® Wireweed 40 Ryegrass 20 Velocity® 0 Precept® TECHNOTE d.f. fumitory Wild radish

Velocity® Precept® Wild radish d.f. fumitory Select® Precept® Ryegrass Wireweed Select® PRODUCT EFFICACY Wild oats ENHANCE® is supported by over Chart 1. Weed control (%) with ENHANCE® & Uptake® mixed with various a decade of independent field herbicides. Independent trial data 2000-2011 WA, NSW, SA, (Agrisearch, Agritech & Kalyx) trials and an ongoing research program continues to assess its PRODUCT COMPATIBILITY performance and develop new ENHANCE® is recommended for multi-component tank mixes such as ® uses. ENHANCE when mixed atrazine, clethodim and high loaded quizalofop and is formulated to be with various herbicides at 0.5% effective in cold water situations. It is suitable for use with hard to disperse v/v has proven to be statistically wettable granules (WGs) and dry flowables (DFs) when correct mixing equivalent in performance when procedure is followed. compared to other commonly ® used spray oils such as Uptake ENHANCE® is suitable for use with all products which state on their label (refer chart 1) that they are to be mixed with a crop oil or crop oil concentrate, including the ‘Fop’, ‘Dim’ and ‘Den’ grass herbicides. Examples are listed below:

USER GUIDE Product %v/v Product %v/v ENHANCE® is generally used at Achieve®WG 0.5 Intervix® 0.5 a rate between 0.5-1L/100L as ® ® directed on active ingredient Aramo 0.5 Mataven 90 0.5 labels. However, rate Broadstrike® 0.5 Midas® 0.5 recommendations will vary Axial® 0.5 Monza® 0.5 according to: Cadence®WG 0.5 Nutrazine®900 DF 0.5-1.0 Cheetah®Gold 0.5 Precept®300 EC 0.5 • The specific type of active ® ® ingredient(s). Conclude 0.5 Sharpen 0.5 • The prevailing weather and Decision® 0.5 Starane Advanced® 0.5 crop conditions. Eclipse®100 SC 0.5 Status®/Select® 0.5 • Weed load at the time of Factor®WG 0.5 Targa ® 0.5 spraying. Fusion®Super WG 0.5 Topik® 240 EC 0.5

Please read ENHANCE® and active Garlon®600 0.5 Torpedo® 0.5 ingredient label for specified Gesaprim®600 SC 0.5 Valor® 500 WG 0.5 application details. Grazon®Extra 0.5 Velocity® 0.5 Hammer® 400EC 0.5 Verdict® 520 0.5

SACOA Pty Ltd has used its best efforts in preparing this information. However, there is no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied with regard to the information in this publication, or its potential interpretation or application. To the maximum extent permitted by law, SACOA Pty Ltd shall not be liable in any event for any damages in connection with, or arising from, the use of any information, analysis, conclusions or recommendations contained in this publication. Always refer to specific product labels for instructions on their correct use. Always contact SACOA or a specialist consultant if you have any queries whatsoever in relation to the use of SACOA products. Please contact SACOA Pty Ltd if you have any queries regarding these terms or the contents of this publication. May 2014

46 CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN BARCODE HERE READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS BEFORE OPENING OR USING

DIRECTIONS FOR USE SITUATION APPLICATION RATE PER 100L WATER CRITICAL COMMENTS PLANTOCROP® may be used in place of non-ionic surfactants or crop oils. Subject to spray volumes, Post emergence herbicides 0.3 - 1.0L usage rates may vary between 0.2 - 2.0 Litres of PLANTOCROP®.

SELECT® 500mL SPINNAKER® 500mL For post-emergent use on peanuts and soybeans. Refer to pesticide label. SHOGUN® 500mL TOPIK® 500mL Pyrethroid 2.0 - 5.0L PLANTOCROP® may be used with certain emulsifiable concentrate formulations. Insecticides Defoliants 0.6 - 2.0L per Ha PLANTOCROP® may be used in place of crop oils. The higher recommended rate may be necessary Desiccants 0.6 - 2.0L when plants are subject to severe stress.

NOT TO BE USED FOR ANY PURPOSE, OR MIXING INSTRUCTIONS If recycling, replace cap and return clean MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET IN ANY MANNER, CONTRARY TO THIS Follow directions on pesticide label. Half fill container to recycler or designated collection Additional information is listed in the Material LABEL, UNLESS AUTHORISED UNDER the tank with water and add required amount point. Safety Data Sheet. APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION. of pesticide with agitation. Top up tank with If not recycling, break, crush or puncture and NOTICE TO BUYER water followed by addition of required amount bury empty containers in a local authority SACOA Pty Ltd accepts no responsibility for GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS of PLANTOCROP® and continue agitation landfill. PLANTOCROP® is a highly penetrating spray any consequence whatsoever arising from the while spraying. If no landfill is available, bury the containers adjuvant suitable for use with certain post use of the product other than in accordance COMPATIBILITY below 500mm in a disposal pit specifically emergent herbicides, pyrethroid insecticides, with this label. ® ® marked and set up for this purpose, clear of defoliants and desiccants. It improves the PLANTOCROP is compatible with SELECT , SACOA Pty Ltd makes no recommendations as PLANTOCROP SPINNAKER®, SHOGUN®, TOPIK®. waterways, desirable vegetation and tree pesticidal performance by utilising the to the compatibility of this product with any roots. Empty containers and product should excellent penetration effect of esterified PRECAUTION herbicide. not be burnt. vegetable oils in combination with the wetting Read all directions for use on the and spreading characteristics of non-ionic PLANTOCROP® label and on pesticide label. REFILLABLE CONTAINERS surfactants. The pesticide manufacturer’s directions and For 110L and 1000L containers empty HERBICIDE SPRAYS recommendations always take precedence contents fully into application equipment. Close all valves and return to point of supply PLANTOCROP® can be added to certain post over directions on this label. Select is a registered trademark of Arysta Lifescience for refilling or storage. All containers remain ACTIVE CONSTITUENT: 704g/L ETHYL AND METHYMETHYLL ESTERS OFOF FATTY ACIDS emergent herbicides to increase their efficacy. PROTECTION OF LIVESTOCK, WILDLIFE, Spinnaker is a registered trademark of Nufarm the property of SACOA Pty Ltd. In some situations PLANTOCROP® may FISH, CRUSTACEANS AND Shogun is a registered trademark of Farmoz DERIVED FROM REFINED CANOLA OIL reduce selectivity. Care must be exercised ENVIRONMENT SAFETY DIRECTIONS Topik is a registered trademark of Syngenta when applying PLANTOCROP® with post Do not contaminate streams, rivers or May irritate eyes and skin. Avoid contact with This product will enhance the penetrating properties of herbicides and pyrethroid insecticides. emergent herbicides on sensitive crops under waterways with the chemicals or used skin and eyes. Avoid inhaling vapour or spray SACOA Pty Ltd conditions where plants are subject to drought container. mist. Wear overalls, rubber gloves and goggles ACN. 089 114 090 xxx stress, high temperatures, and high humidity. If STORAGE AND DISPOSAL or disposable face shield. After each day’s use in doubt it is a sensible precaution to trial a wash contaminated clothing, gloves and face xxx KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN phone. +61 (0)8 9386 7666 CONTENTS small area before committing to a large scale shield or goggles with soap and water. fax. +61 (0)8 9386 7866 application. Store in closed, original container in a cool, FIRST AID email. [email protected] PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES well ventilated area. Do not store for If poisoning occurs, contact a doctor or web. www.sacoa.com.au 20L Addition of PLANTOCROP® to certain prolonged periods in direct sunlight. Triple or Poison Information Centre (Phone 13 11 26). preferably pressure rinse containers before BROADACRE emulsifiable formulations of pyrethroid If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting, give a disposal. Add rinsings to spray tank. Do not BATCH NUMBER: insecticides can improve efficacy. glass of water. dispose of undiluted chemicals on-site. DOM: TECHNOTE APVMA APPROVAL NUMBER: 54106/1201

PRODUCT OVERVIEW PLANTOCROP® is an esterified seed oil adjuvant designed to enhance the penetrating properties of in-crop post emergent selective herbicides. PLANTOCROP® is the result of a commitment by SACOA to develop an environmentally responsible and sustainable vegetable based product with high level efficacy and superior crop safety.

PLANTOCROP®’s formulation of ethyl and methyl esters of fatty acids is derived from Australian sourced food grade canola oil. THE ISSUE Getting the best out of your active ingredient is crucial when controlling weeds, pests and diseases in broadacre crops.

Effective weed control relies on correct selection, rate and application of pesticides. Spraying under ‘ideal conditions’ when crops and weeds are at correct growth stages, plants are stress free and weather conditions are suitable can be challenging at the best of times.

Some active ingredient labels advise against the use of crop oils or limit their use to reasonably warm weather conditions as their use in cold water can lead to mixing issues. THE SOLUTION PLANTOCROP® is particularly suitable for mixing with active ingredients in cold water applications. Labels such as Topik®240 EC herbicide specifically state that in water 10˚C or below, an esterified seed oil product is the preferred adjuvant.

PLANTOCROP® provides improved weed control and cost effectiveness of the spray application through: • Increasing penetration and uptake of active ingredients through waxy leaf surfaces • Reducing the evaporation of spray droplets before and after reaching the target surface • Improved spreading and sticking to leaf surfaces by reducing surface tension of spray droplet. • Excellent emulsion stability in cold water •High level of UV stability allowing for greater availability of active ingredient to the target plant CROP SAFETY PLANTOCROP® is registered for use in a wide range of crop types including cereals, legumes and canola.

SACOA’s ongoing field and laboratory research program assesses the safety of PLANTOCROP® when mixed with new and existing active ingredients present in the market. PLANTOCROP® has shown to provide similar levels of crop safety when compared to other commonly used esterified seed oils.

Do not spray any materials during extreme cold weather or to stressed crops as damage may occur and always follow label instructions of PLANTOCROP® and applied product.

47 Broadstrike® Hasten® Paterson's curse ® Plantocrop Verdict® 100 Correct® Ryegrass 80 Wild radish

Velocity® 60 Correct® Wireweed 40 Ryegrass 20 CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN BARCODE HERE READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS BEFORE OPENING OR USING

DIRECTIONS FOR USE SITUATION APPLICATION RATE PER 100L WATER CRITICAL COMMENTS ® 0 ® PLANTOCROP® may be used in place of non-ionic surfactants or crop oils. Subject to spray volumes, Post emergence herbicides 0.3 - 1.0L usage rates may vary between 0.2 - 2.0 Litres of PLANTOCROP®. Velocity Precept SELECT® 500mL SPINNAKER® 500mL For post-emergent use on peanuts and soybeans. Refer to pesticide label. SHOGUN® 500mL TOPIK® 500mL Pyrethroid 2.0 - 5.0L PLANTOCROP® may be used with certain emulsifiable concentrate formulations. Insecticides d.f. fumitory Wild radish Defoliants 0.6 - 2.0L per Ha PLANTOCROP® may be used in place of crop oils. The higher recommended rate may be necessary Desiccants 0.6 - 2.0L when plants are subject to severe stress.

NOT TO BE USED FOR ANY PURPOSE, OR MIXING INSTRUCTIONS If recycling, replace cap and return clean MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET IN ANY MANNER, CONTRARY TO THIS Follow directions on pesticide label. Half fill container to recycler or designated collection Additional information is listed in the Material LABEL, UNLESS AUTHORISED UNDER the tank with water and add required amount point. Safety Data Sheet. APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION. of pesticide with agitation. Top up tank with If not recycling, break, crush or puncture and NOTICE TO BUYER water followed by addition of required amount bury empty containers in a local authority SACOA Pty Ltd accepts no responsibility for GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS of PLANTOCROP® and continue agitation landfill. PLANTOCROP® is a highly penetrating spray any consequence whatsoever arising from the while spraying. If no landfill is available, bury the containers adjuvant suitable for use with certain post use of the product other than in accordance COMPATIBILITY below 500mm in a disposal pit specifically with this label. TECHNOTE emergent herbicides, pyrethroid insecticides, ® ® marked and set up for this purpose, clear of defoliants and desiccants. It improves the PLANTOCROP is compatible with SELECT , SACOA Pty Ltd makes no recommendations as ® ® ® waterways, desirable vegetation and tree pesticidal performance by utilising the SPINNAKER , SHOGUN , TOPIK . to the compatibility of this product with any roots. Empty containers and product should excellent penetration effect of esterified PRECAUTION herbicide. not be burnt. vegetable oils in combination with the wetting Read all directions for use on the and spreading characteristics of non-ionic PLANTOCROP® label and on pesticide label. REFILLABLE CONTAINERS surfactants. The pesticide manufacturer’s directions and For 110L and 1000L containers empty HERBICIDE SPRAYS recommendations always take precedence contents fully into application equipment. Close all valves and return to point of supply PLANTOCROP® can be added to certain post over directions on this label. Select is a registered trademark of Arysta Lifescience for refilling or storage. All containers remain ACTIVE CONSTITUENT: 704g/L ETHYL AND METHYMETHYLL ESTERS OFOF FATTY ACIDS emergent herbicides to increase their efficacy. PROTECTION OF LIVESTOCK, WILDLIFE, Spinnaker is a registered trademark of Nufarm the property of SACOA Pty Ltd. DERIVED FROM REFINED CANOLA OIL In some situations PLANTOCROP® may FISH, CRUSTACEANS AND Shogun is a registered trademark of Farmoz reduce selectivity. Care must be exercised ENVIRONMENT SAFETY DIRECTIONS Topik is a registered trademark of Syngenta ® ® when applying PLANTOCROP® with post Do not contaminate streams, rivers or May irritate eyes and skin. Avoid contact with This product will enhance the penetrating properties of herbicides and pyrethroid insecticides. emergent herbicides on sensitive crops under waterways with the chemicals or used skin and eyes. Avoid inhaling vapour or spray SACOA Pty Ltd ACN. 089 114 090 Velocity Precept conditions where plants are subject to drought container. mist. Wear overalls, rubber gloves and goggles xxx stress, high temperatures, and high humidity. If STORAGE AND DISPOSAL or disposable face shield. After each day’s use in doubt it is a sensible precaution to trial a wash contaminated clothing, gloves and face xxx KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN phone. +61 (0)8 9386 7666 CONTENTS small area before committing to a large scale shield or goggles with soap and water. fax. +61 (0)8 9386 7866 application. Store in closed, original container in a cool, FIRST AID email. [email protected] PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES well ventilated area. Do not store for If poisoning occurs, contact a doctor or web. www.sacoa.com.au 20L Addition of PLANTOCROP® to certain prolonged periods in direct sunlight. Triple or Poison Information Centre (Phone 13 11 26). preferably pressure rinse containers before emulsifiable formulations of pyrethroid If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting, give a insecticides can improve efficacy. disposal. Add rinsings to spray tank. Do not BATCH NUMBER:Wild radish d.f. fumitory glass of water. dispose of undiluted chemicals on-site. DOM: APVMA APPROVAL NUMBER: 54106/1201

Topik® Precept® Ryegrass Wireweed Raptor® PRODUCT EFFICACY Wild Oats PLANTOCROP®’s performance Chart 1. Weed Control (%) with PLANTOCROP® & Hasten® when mixed is supported by over a decade of with various herbicides. Independent trial data 2000-2011 WA, NSW, SA (Agrisearch, field trials. PLANTOCROP® when Agritech & Kalyx). mixed with various herbicides at 0.5% v/v has proven to be PRODUCT COMPATIBILITY statistically equivalent when PLANTOCROP® may be used wherever an esterified seed oil is compared to other common recommended. Some examples include: esterified seed oils such as • Post-emergent Herbicides: can be used with foliar-applied post Hasten® (refer chart 1). emergent herbicides • Group B Herbicides: Esterified seed oils are also recommended for imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides USER GUIDE • Insecticides: PLANTOCROP® has shown to be compatible with a PLANTOCROP® is generally range of pyrethroid insecticides. used at a rate of 0.5% to 1.0% • Fungicides: PLANTOCROP® has shown to be compatible with a v/v (1L/100L) of spray volume as range of DMI and strobilurin fungicides, improving coverage and directed on active ingredient label final efficacy. and should not be applied at less than 0.2L/100L. Product %v/v Product %v/v

Water Atlantis® OD 1.0 Raptor® WG 0.5 Plantocrop Spray Spray Rate per 100L ® ® Application vol Axial 100 EC 0.5 Shogun 0.5 of spray vol. (L/Ha) Broadstrike® 0.5 Spinnaker® 700 WDG 0.5 Low volume 10-20 2-5L Cheetah Gold® 1.0 Status®/Select® 1.0 Broadacre Decision® 1.0 Targa Bolt 200® 1.0 boom-spray 50-80 0.5-2.0L Hammer® 400 EC 0.5 Terbyne ® 1.0 200- High volume 0.2-0.5L 500 Hussar® OD 1.0 Topik® 240 EC 0.5 Intervix® 0.5-1.0 Valor® 500 WG 0.5-1.0 ® Please read PLANTOCROP Logran B-Power® 1.0 Velocity® 1.0 and active ingredient label for Midas® 0.5-1.0 Amistar Xtra® 2.0 specified application details. Precept® 300 EC 0.5-1.0 Prosaro® 420Sc 1.0

SACOA Pty Ltd has used its best efforts in preparing this information. However, there is no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied with regard to the information in this publication, or its potential interpretation or application. To the maximum extent permitted by law, SACOA Pty Ltd shall not be liable in any event for any damages in connection with, or arising from, the use of any information, analysis, conclusions or recommendations contained in this publication. Always refer to specific product labels for instructions on their correct use. Always contact SACOA or a specialist consultant if you have any queries whatsoever in relation to the use of SACOA products. Please contact SACOA Pty Ltd if you have any queries regarding these terms or the contents of this publication. May 2014

48 MIXING PROCEDURE 1 Water (50% 0f volume required) In addition to following the correct mixing order, three Water Conditioners, Acidifiers considerations are always critical to tank mixing: 2

1. Refer to the Product Label: Always read the 3 Wettable, Dispersible Powders product label prior to use to determine individual

product compatibility options and to confirm 4 Dry Flowable granules (WDG) correct mixing orders. Flowables 2. Perform a Jar Test: It is always advisable to 5 (Suspension concentrates) perform a jar test to confirm physical compatibility. Physical compatibility does not *Wetter - if using ECs always ensure biological compatibility.

3. Agitation: Use constant agitation in the spray 6 Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) tank. Use either mechanical or bypass agitation to ensure the oil remains an emulsion in the tank. 7 Water Soluble concentrates Never leave a spray tank of oil + water overnight to be sprayed out the next day. 8 Adjuvants JAR 9 Liquid UAN TEST A jar test is always recommended when realising a mix for the first time. This can be realised easily by dividing all quantities by 50 and using a 2L jar, a tea spoon and a syringe. Equivalences are given below.

1 Add 80% of water to a 2L jar Test Quantity Conversion from Field Rate/ha Liquid Granular 2 Add the first chemical as per mixing Products Products procedure Test Test Rate/ha Rate/ha tsp Tblsp Vol. Wt g

3 Replace lid on jar and invert to mix 100 mL 2 mL 100 g 2 g 1 200 mL 4 mL 200 g 4 g 1.5 Add further chemicals separately as per 300 mL 6 mL 300 g 6 g 2.5 4 mixing procedure then repeat step 3 400 mL 8 mL 400 g 8 g 3.25 500 mL 10 mL 500 g 10 g 4 1 Add remaining 20% of water, replace lid 600 mL 12 mL 600 g 12 g 5 5 and invert jar 700 mL 14 mL 700 g 14 g 5.5 800 mL 16 mL 800 g 16 g 6.5 Equivalent Water Rates 900 mL 18 mL 900 g 18 g 7.25 50L/ha = 1000mL water in jar 1000mL 20 mL 1000 g 2 0 g 8 2 80L/ha = 1600mL water in jar

The above information is intended as a guide only and does not constitute any recommendation by SACOA Pty Ltd. Always read the product label prior to use to determine individual product compatibility options and to confirm correct mixing orders. It is always advisable to perform a premix jar test to confirm physical compatibility. Physical compatibility does not guarantee biological compatibility. www.sacoa.com.au SACOA PTY LTD ph +61 8 9386 7666 LEADERS IN SPRAY OIL AND ADJUVANT TECHNOLOGY fax +61 8 9386 7866 49 GRANNY POT MIXING PROCEDURE

Chemical Induction Hoppers (Granny Pots) are a vital tool in making the handling of chemicals safer but can also increase the likelihood of mixing issues, especially when adjuvants are involved. With the use of these induction hoppers it is essential that products are mixed thoroughly with water prior to entering the main tank. Make sure all residues are rinsed off before the next product is added to the tank mix.

1 Half fill the spray tank maintaining agitation

2 Water Conditioners, Acidifiers while water is running into tank

For spray rigs that have a drop down chemical induction hopper, three quarter fill this hopper with water and have the rinsing sprinkler operating. Add wettable 3 dispersible powder, and once dissolved, transfer this batch into the half filled main tank. Continue to rinse the hopper until the entire product has washed through.

4 Add dry flowable granules (WDG) as per step 3

Continue tank agitation for 15 min and add flowables suspension concentrates as 5 per step 3

6 Add wetter - if using ECs

7 Add emulsifiable concentrate (EC) as per step 3

8 Add more water to main tank until almost full 9 Add water soluble liquids (e.g. Roundup®) as per step 3

Add adjuvants (e.g. Cropshield, Plantocrop or Enhance) paying special attention to 10 the procedure in step 3 of three-quater filing the hopper BEFORE adding the adjuvants (refer also to their labels)

11 Add liquid UAN (e.g. Easy N) 12 Top up main spray tank to required water volume 13 Maintain continuous agitation to ensure thorough mixing 14 Do not mix more than is needed for the application

15 Do not leave mixture standing for long periods in tank before use

www.sacoa.com.au SACOA PTY LTD ph +61 8 9386 7666 LEADERS IN SPRAY OIL AND ADJUVANT TECHNOLOGY fax +61 8 9386 7866 50 ABOUT THIS BOOKLET

Please note that continued use of this publication indicates acceptance of the terms, conditions and obligations stated below. If any of these terms and obligations are not acceptable, please contact SACOA Pty Ltd to arrange for immediate return of this publication.

COPYRIGHT Copyright 2019© SACOA Pty Ltd This edition released: August 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced by any means without permission in writing from the publisher (SACOA Pty Ltd). Please note that this includes any form of copying, even for internal circulation. Refer below for further details on Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty.

LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

SACOA Pty Ltd have used their best efforts in preparing this information. However, there is no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied with regard to the stated data in this publication, or its potential interpretation or application. SACOA Pty Ltd shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising from, the use of any information, analysis, conclusions or recommendations contained in this publication. Always refer to specific product labels for instructions on their correct use. Always contact SACOA or a specialist consultant if you have any queries whatsoever in relation to the use of SACOA products. Please contact SACOA Pty Ltd if you have any queries regarding these terms or the contents of this publication.

CONTACT DETAILS FOR SACOA PTY LTD

Head Office - Perth Address: Level 1, 229 Stirling Highway, CLAREMONT, WA Tel: 08 9386 7666 - Fax: 08 9386 7866 - [email protected]

Matt Sherriff - Technical and Marketing Manager Address: Level 1, 229 Stirling Highway, CLAREMONT, WA Tel: 0434 595 520 - email: [email protected]

More information on our company and our products is available at www.sacoa.com.au