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United States and Western Europe Cooperation in Planetary Exploration

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United States and Western Europe Cooperation in Planetary Exploration United States and Western Europe Cooperation in Planetary Exploration (li~S~-ca-I84941) BUITIC SSALPfZ AND 61ESTEBY EGbOPE CCOPE&ITICL Ill ELBIE1A-EP ESELOBATIOY besearch(liaticnal Council) Academy of212 Sciences r; - bationalCSCL 05A 189-25776 Unclas C3/84 02 1465 1 UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE COOPERATION IN PLANETARY EXPLORATION Report of the Joint Working Group on Cooperation in Planetary Exploration Space Science Board Space Science Committee National Research Council/ European Science Foundation National Academy of Sciences NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1986 Notice by the National Research Council: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technol- ogy with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. Notice by the European Science Foundation: The Report has been reviewed according to the procedures of the Space Science Committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF). The Report was approved by the ESF Executive Council in March 1984. The European Science Foundation was established in 1974 to act as a coordinator for the major Western European academies and research councils which support scientific research at a national level. Although these are funded mainly by governments, the ESF itself is a nongovernmental organization. The principal objects of the Foundation are to advance cooperation in basic research; to promote mobility of research workers; to assist the free flow of information and ideas; and to facilitate the harmonization of the basic research activities supported by Member Organizations. This study was supported by Contract NASW-3482 between the Na- tional Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istrat ion. Copies available from: Space Science Board Space Science Committee 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. 1, Quai Lezay-Marnesia Washington, D.C. 20418 67000 Strasbourg, France Printed in the United States of America THE JOINT WORKING GROUP ON COOPERATION IN PLANETARY EXPLORATION The United States Delegation The European Delegation Eugene H. Levy Hugo Fechtig Head of the US. Delegation Head of the European Delegation Department of Planetary Max-Planck-Institut fur Sciences Kernphysik University of Arizona Heidelberg, FRG Donald M. Hunten Hans Balsiger Department of Planetary Sciences Physikalisches Institut University of Arizona Universitat Bern Tucson, Arizona I Bern, Switzerland Harold Masursky Jacques Blamont Branch of Astrogeology Studies Centre National d'Etudes Spatiale US. Geological Survey Paris, France Flagstaff, Arizona 1 Marcello Fulchignoni Frederick L. Scarf Istituto Astrofisica Spaziale TRW Space Systems Group Reparto di Planetologia Redondo Beach, California Rome, Italy Sean C. Solomon S. Keith Runcorn Department of Earth, School of Physics Atmospheric, and Planetary University of Newcastle Sciences upon Tyne Massachusetts Institute of United Kingdom Technology I' Cambridge, Massachusetts Frederic W. Taylor Department of Atmospheric' Physics Laurel L. Wilkening Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford Vice-president for Research and United Kindgom Dean of the Graduate Office University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona ... 1ll SPACE SCIENCE BOARD Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan, Chairman Don L. Anderson, California Institute of Technology D. James Baker, Joint Oceanographic Institution Roger Blandford, California Institute of Technology Jay M. Goldberg, University of Chicago Donald N.B. Hall, University of Hawaii Donald M. Hunten, University of Arizona William Kaula, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Harold Klein, The University of Santa Clara Stamatios Krimigis, Johns Hopkins University Robert M. MacQueen, National Center for Atmospheric Research Carl E. McIlwain, University of California at San Diego Robert Pepin, University of Minnesota Christopher Russell, University of California at Los Angeles Blair Savage, University of Wisconsin J. William Schopf, University of California at Los Angeles Darrell Strobel, Johns Hopkins University Anthony L. “urkevich, University of Chicago Rainer Weiss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology NAS/NRC Stafl Dean P. Kastel, Staff Director Ceres Rangos, Secretary iv COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES Herbert Friedman, National Research Council, Chairman Clarence R. Allen, California Institute of Technology Thomas D. Barrow, Standard Oil Company, Ohio Elkan R. Blout, Harvard Medical School Bernard F. Burke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology George F. Carrier, Harvard University Charles L. Drake, Dartmouth College Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joseph L. Fisher, Office of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia James L. Fletcher, University of Pittsburgh William A. Fowler, California Institute of Technology Gerhart Friedlander, Brookhaven National Laboratory Edward D. Goldberg, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mary L. Good, UOP, Inc. J. Ross MacDonald, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Thomas F. Malone, Saint Joseph College Charles J. Mankin, Oklahoma Geological Survey William D. Phillips, Mallinckrodt, Inc. Robert E. Sievers, University of Colorado John D. Spengler, Harvard School of Public Health George W. Wetherill, Carnegie Institute Raphael G. Kasper, Executive Director Lawrence E. McCray, Associate Executive Director V EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION/ SPACE SCIENCE COMMITTEE Johannes Geiss, Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Bern, Chairman J. E. Blamont, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiaies, Paris Carl-Gunnar Falthammar, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm A. Johnsson, University of Trondheim, Dragvoll, Norway Anne McLaren, Medical Research Council, London F. Mariani, Universitir “La Sapienza” di Roma F. M. Neubauer, Universitat zu Koln, Federal Republic of Germany H. Tennekes, Royal Netherlands Meteorolgical Institute J. Trumper, Max-Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik H. C. Van De Hulst, Sterrewacht Laboratorium, RaLeiden, Netherlands U. Van Twembekke, Ecole Royale Militaire, Brussels ESF Staff Josip Hendekovic Catherine Bour vi CONTENTS PREFACE ix 1. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 1 2. INTRODUCTION 6 3. SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PLANETS 10 4. PAST PLANETARY EXPLORATION PROGRAMS 13 5. EXISTING PLANS FOR THE FUTURE 16 6. CASE FOR INCREASING LEVEL OF NASA-ESA COOPERATION 25 7. CANDIDATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS 31 8. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 37 APPENDIXES: WORKING PAPERS OF THE STUDY TEAMS A. Inner Planet Missions 51 B. Outer Planet Missions 88 C. Primitive Body Missions 129 vii PREFACE PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED For a decade a formal liaison relationship has existed between the U.S. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Coun- cil’s Space Science Board and the European Science Foundation’s Space Science Committee, which has provided a regular forum for the exchange of views on the substance and direction of the space sciences and the opportunity to jointly study future cooperative endeavors between the United States and Western Europe. Our joint efforts have resulted in three earlier study reports: An In- ternational Discussion of Space Observatories (1976); X-ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy in the 1980’s (1978); and An Interna- tional Discussion on Research in Solar and Space Physics (1983). In keeping with this tradition and acting on a joint request from Dr. Frank Press, President, National Academy of Sciences, and Professor Hubert Curien, President, European Science Foun- dation, representatives of the Space Science Board and the Space Science Committee met in June 1982 and developed the structure and terms of reference for this joint study, whose purpose was to define a new framework for cooperation in planetary exploration. In agreeing to undertake this joint effort and approving its con- clusions, we are recognizing that the nature of future cooperation in planetary exploration, in this case, and space exploration, gen- erally, will undergo a significant change that will be characterized by truly joint enterprises between the United States and West- ern Europe. This change is driven largely by an expansion
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