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Human Development in South Asia 2000 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIA 2000 The Gender Question Published for The Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris S˜ao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Oxford University Press at the address below. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. ISBN 0 19 579509 1 Desktop Composition: Jawaid Iqbal Cover Design: HDC Staff Printed in Pakistan at Mas Printers, Karachi. Published by Ameena Saiyid, Oxford University Press 5-Bangalore Town, Sharae Faisal PO Box 13033, Karachi-75350, Pakistan. DEDICATED TO MAHBUB UL HAQ Who changed the debate on gender relations by analysing the real issues and asserting that, ‘Human development, if not engendered, is fatally endangered.’ Foreword I could not but start the Foreword to this Mahbub ul Haq was talking about. With Report on the state of women in South the release of the UNDP Human Asia without quoting some memorable Development Report 1995 the gender words of Mahbub ul Haq, the creator of debate experienced a paradigm shift: it is the 1995 UNDP Human Development equality that is important and not only Report—the Report that changed the equity. debate on gender relations in the world. In 1998, when we were discussing At that time Mahbub ul Haq wrote, ‘As themes for the forthcoming South Asia we approach the 21st century, we hear Human Development Reports, Mahbub the quiet steps of a rising revolution for ul Haq decided that the theme for the gender equality. The basic parameters of year 2000 Report should be ‘The Gender such a revolution have already changed. Question’ in order to assess the progress Women have greatly expanded their made in the region five years after the capabilities over the last few decades Beijing Conference. He not only prepared through a liberal investment in their the outline for the Report that far in education. At the same time, women are advance, he also talked at length about acquiring much greater control over their how he was going to shock the world by lives through dramatic improvements in telling the truth about the inhuman reproductive health. They stand ready and condition of South Asian women. In prepared to assume greater economic and 1997, he had already termed South Asia political responsibilities. And ‘the least gender-sensitive region in the technological advances and democratic world.’ So we had the outline and we had processes are on their side in this struggle. Mahbub ul Haq’s innumerable articles Progress in technology is already and ideas to draw inspiration from. overcoming the handicaps women suffer The earlier Reports on Human in holding jobs in the market, since jobs Development in South Asia 1997, 1998 and in the future industrial societies will be 1999 documented the magnitude of based not on muscular strength but on human deprivation in the region. This skills and discipline. And the democratic year’s Report focuses on the transition that is sweeping the globe will disproportionate share of this burden of make sure that women exercise more deprivation that is borne by the women political power as they begin to realise of South Asia. The Report analyses the real value of the majority votes that gender-discriminatory practices in the they control. It is quite clear that the 21st legal, economic, political and social century will be a century of much greater spheres and it raises the following gender equality than the world has ever questions: How have patriarchal systems seen before.’ These insights of the affected women’s lives? Why are women founder of the Human Development invisible in economic and political Centre set the tone and the substance of spheres? How can women’s capabilities this year’s Report. be enhanced? How can women’s Mahbub ul Haq made visible the issue economic and political opportunities be of women’s invisibility in national enlarged? And what institutional accounting systems, and he wrote gender mechanisms are needed to bridge the into the human development indicators. prevalent gender gaps in South Asia? This was the quiet revolution that The Report contains nine chapters, in Foreword v addition to the Overview. Chapter one Sri Lanka. The papers on ‘Gender and presents a brief snapshot of South Asia’s Governance’ were written by Bal Gopal socio-economic scenario over the past Baidya of Nepal, Sarala Gopalan of India, half century. Chapter two introduces the Meghna Guhathakurta of Bangladesh and theme of this year’s Report by presenting Kumari Jayawardena of Sri Lanka. My a conceptual framework for analysing heartfelt thanks to all of them for making gender issues in South Asia. Chapter three such important contributions to this assesses the follow-up actions in the Report. region five years after the Beijing In compiling this Report we have Conference. Chapter four focuses on the benefitted enormously from the help invisibility of South Asian women in the extended to us by the field offices of economy. Chapter five analyses legal UNDP in South Asia, particularly Onder systems in South Asia and examines their Yucer and Brenda McSweeney, UNDP impact on women. Chapters six and seven Representatives in Pakistan and India. I analyse South Asian women’s educational, am grateful to Nay Htun, UNDP health and nutritional deprivation. Regional Director for Asia and the Chapter eight gives an overview of the Pacific, for providing UNDP support for systems of governance that perpetuate this project. Nafis Sadik, Executive women’s unequal position everywhere in Director of UNFPA, was particularly society and the state. And finally, in helpful in guiding this project in chapter nine, the Report proposes an numerous ways. Chandni Joshi, UNIFEM agenda that identifies the most pressing Regional Adviser for South Asia, policy and institutional changes required consistently supported this work through to achieve gender equality in South Asia. her network of experts. And Nazir This year we have been very fortunate Ladhani, Chief Executive Officer of the in having some of the best gender experts Aga Khan Foundation Canada, provided in the region write background papers. I the best support the Centre needed—two am extremely grateful to three great legal dedicated professionals from Canada to experts for writing background papers on work with us in the preparation of the ‘Women and the Law’. Savitri Report. This in-kind contribution is much Goonesekere, Vice Chancellor of appreciated. Colombo University, wrote on India, Sri The research team at the Centre Lanka and Nepal; Salma Sobhan from worked hard and for long hours to Ain-o-Salish Kendro in Bangladesh and complete this Report. I must recognise, Shahla Zia from Aurat Foundation in in particular, Virginia Appell and Karen Pakistan wrote on Bangladesh and Moore who came from Canada to work Pakistan respectively. The contributions for this Report. Both of them worked of these legal experts to women’s issues with complete dedication and made are well-known. But what is not known enormous contributions to the outcome is that, despite their heavy commitments of the final product. Our own research elsewhere, each of them readily agreed to team consisting of Aasim Akhtar, Shazra do a paper for the Report. This showed Azhar, Tazeen Fasih, Seemeen Saadat, their commitment to the cause of women and Hyder Yusafzai, young and utterly as well as their willingness to help the committed to the cause of human Centre. development, once again rose to the Other experts from the region were occasion and did whatever was needed to equally committed and professionally be done without complaint. That was the competent. The background papers on tradition set by Mahbub, and each time ‘Women and the Economy’ were written we get a new team it works with the same by Meena Acharya of Nepal, Aasha dedication, idealism and team spirit as the Kapoor Mehta of India, Simeen Mahmud very first team did. They are the best of Bangladesh, and Danny Atapattu of example of the new generation of vi Human Development in South Asia 2000 professionals that Pakistan can truly be Once again, we dedicate the Report to proud of. I also thank Farhan Haq for Mahbub ul Haq whose ideas and words writing the Overview in his wonderful, dominate every page of this Report. reader-friendly style. Islamabad Khadija Haq 21 June 2000 Team for the preparation of the 2000 Report Team leader: Khadija Haq HDC Research Team Panel of Consultants Aasim Akhtar Meena Acharya (Nepal) Virginia Appell Danny Atapattu (Sri Lanka) Shazra Azhar Bal Gopal Baidya (Nepal) Tazeen Fasih Sarala Gopalan (India) Cindy Huang Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka) Karen Moore Meghna Guhathakurta (Bangladesh) Seemeen Saadat Kumari Jayawardena (Sri Lanka) Hyder Yusafzai Simeen Mahmud (Bangladesh) Aasha Kapur Mehta (India) With the assistance of Salma Sobhan (Bangladesh) Syed Mohammad Ali Shahla Zia (Pakistan) Malia Asim Nasreen Mahmood Foreword vii Acknowledgements The preparation of this Report owes a Institute of Development Economics great deal to many individuals and (PIDE), Institute of Regional Studies organisations.
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